868:
513:
822:
677:
metallurgically significant about ambient temperature. The cryogenic process continues this action from ambient temperature down to −320 °F (140 °R; 78 K; −196 °C). In most instances the cryogenic cycle is followed by a heat tempering procedure. As all alloys do not have the same chemical constituents, the tempering procedure varies according to the material's chemical composition, thermal history and/or a tool's particular service application.
525:
49:
66:
840:(NMR) is one of the most common methods to determine the physical and chemical properties of atoms by detecting the radio frequency absorbed and subsequent relaxation of nuclei in a magnetic field. This is one of the most commonly used characterization techniques and has applications in numerous fields. Primarily, the strong magnetic fields are generated by supercooling electromagnets, although there are
962:
694:
572:, which are double-walled containers with a high vacuum between the walls to reduce heat transfer into the liquid. Typical laboratory Dewar flasks are spherical, made of glass and protected in a metal outer container. Dewar flasks for extremely cold liquids such as liquid helium have another double-walled container filled with liquid nitrogen. Dewar flasks are named after their inventor,
455:
38:
96:'s (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to distinguish these terms from the conventional refrigeration. This is a logical dividing line, since the normal
143:
materials with critical temperatures significantly above the boiling point of nitrogen has provided new interest in reliable, low-cost methods of producing high-temperature cryogenic refrigeration. The term "high temperature cryogenic" describes temperatures ranging from above the boiling point of
858:
by overhead cables, so underground cables are used. But underground cables get heated and the resistance of the wire increases, leading to waste of power. Superconductors could be used to increase power throughput, although they would require cryogenic liquids such as nitrogen or helium to cool
676:
Cryogenic processing is not a substitute for heat treatment, but rather an extension of the heating–quenching–tempering cycle. Normally, when an item is quenched, the final temperature is ambient. The only reason for this is that most heat treaters do not have cooling equipment. There is nothing
844:
that do not require cryogens. In traditional superconducting solenoids, liquid helium is used to cool the inner coils because it has a boiling point of around 4 K at ambient pressure. Cheap metallic superconductors can be used for the coil wiring. So-called high-temperature superconducting
851:(MRI) is a complex application of NMR where the geometry of the resonances is deconvoluted and used to image objects by detecting the relaxation of protons that have been perturbed by a radio-frequency pulse in the strong magnetic field. This is most commonly used in health applications.
883:. When very large quantities of food must be transported to regions like war zones, earthquake hit regions, etc., they must be stored for a long time, so cryogenic food freezing is used. Cryogenic food freezing is also helpful for large scale food processing industries.
52:
This is a diagram of an infrared space telescope, that needs a cold mirror and instruments. One instrument needs to be even colder, and it has a cryocooler. The instrument is in region 1 and its cryocooler is in region 3 in a warmer region of the spacecraft (see
1042:
are in wide use with selection based on required base temperature and cooling capacity. The most recent development in cryogenics is the use of magnets as regenerators as well as refrigerators. These devices work on the principle known as the
561:, are used in many cryogenic applications. Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world. Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the
215:
The conservation of genetic material with the intention of conserving a breed. The conservation of genetic material is not limited to non-humans. Many services provide genetic storage or the preservation of
1149:"Cryogenics is usually defined as the science and technology dealing with temperatures less than about 120 K , although this review does not adhere to a strict 120 K definition." K.D. Timmerhaus, R. Reed.
634:
called CryoTech in 1966. Busch originally experimented with the possibility of increasing the life of metal tools to anywhere between 200% and 400% of the original life expectancy using
148:
on July 10, 1908. The discovery came after the ability to reach a temperature of 2 K. These first superconductive properties were observed in mercury at a temperature of 4.2 K.
183:
The branches of engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures (ultra low temperature i.e. below 123 K), how to produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures.
1345:
929:
By freezing the automobile or truck tire in liquid nitrogen, the rubber is made brittle and can be crushed into small particles. These particles can be used again for other items.
144:
liquid nitrogen, −195.79 °C (77.36 K; −320.42 °F), up to −50 °C (223 K; −58 °F). The discovery of superconductive properties is first attributed to
1207:
J. M. Nash, 1991, "Vortex
Expansion Devices for High Temperature Cryogenics", Proc. of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 521–525.
618:
The field of cryogenics advanced during World War II when scientists found that metals frozen to low temperatures showed more resistance to wear. Based on this theory of
932:
Experimental research on certain physics phenomena, such as spintronics and magnetotransport properties, requires cryogenic temperatures for the effects to be observable.
859:
special alloy-containing cables to increase power transmission. Several feasibility studies have been performed and the field is the subject of an agreement within the
649:, are further used for specialty chilling and freezing applications. Some chemical reactions, like those used to produce the active ingredients for the popular
210:
93:
1523:
1244:
1180:
940:
1084:
234:
The branch of surgery applying cryogenic temperatures to destroy and kill tissue, e.g. cancer cells. Commonly referred to as
Cryoablation.
545:
1584:
591:
Cryogenic barcode labels are used to mark Dewar flasks containing these liquids, and will not frost over down to −195 degrees
Celsius.
1067:
1622:
1009:
741:
657:
are used to remove reaction heat and provide a low temperature environment. The freezing of foods and biotechnology products, like
494:
20:
1217:
Radebaugh, R. (2007), Timmerhaus, Klaus D.; Reed, Richard P. (eds.), "Historical
Summary of Cryogenic Activity Prior to 1950",
987:
719:
476:
54:
867:
531:
265:
humans and animals with the intention of future revival. "Cryogenics" is sometimes erroneously used to mean "Cryonics" in
915:. It increases the tool life. Oxygen is used to perform several important functions in the steel manufacturing process.
661:, requires nitrogen in blast freezing or immersion freezing systems. Certain soft or elastic materials become hard and
512:
1643:
1513:
983:
860:
855:
715:
472:
1122:
972:
704:
1443:
1168:
In terms of the Kelvin scale the cryogenic region is often considered to be that below approximately 120 K (−153 C).
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58:
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205:). Other applications include Lyophilization (freeze-drying) of pharmaceutical components and medicine.
653:
drugs, must occur at low temperatures of approximately −100 °C (−148 °F). Special cryogenic
1222:
926:
use cryogenic gases as propellants. These include liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, and liquid methane.
908:
effect systems to create a chilling effect and white fog that can be illuminated with colored lights.
826:
787:
1638:
1056:
872:
845:
compounds can be made to super conduct with the use of liquid nitrogen, which boils at around 77 K.
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1153:. Springer Science+Business Media LLC (2007), chapter: 1.2 The Beginning of Cryogenics, p. 7
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31:
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Certain rare blood groups are stored at low temperatures, such as −165°C, at blood banks.
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562:
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160:
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97:
1585:"Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Vaccination Storage & Dry Ice Safety Handling"
1563:
1320:
1221:, International Cryogenics Monograph Series, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 3–27,
673:) an option for some materials that cannot easily be milled at higher temperatures.
524:
171:
which measures from the freezing point of a particular brine solution at sea level.
65:
923:
585:
943:
must be stored at temperatures of −90 to −60 °C (−130 to −76 °F). (See
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229:
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used cryogenic hydrogen/oxygen propellant as its primary means of getting into
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944:
244:
The study of electronic phenomena at cryogenic temperatures. Examples include
168:
1022:
Cryogenic cooling of devices and material is usually achieved via the use of
1451:
1295:
1235:
1139:
https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/free-resources/ashrae-terminology
905:
786:
kerosene, a non-cryogenic hydrocarbon, such as in the rockets built for the
626:
industry was founded in 1966 by Bill and Ed Busch. With a background in the
217:
37:
1404:
911:
Cryogenic cooling is used to cool the tool tip at the time of machining in
16:
Study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures
1119:
879:
Cryogenic gases are used in transportation and storage of large masses of
1371:"Cryopreservation of Human Stem Cells for Clinical Application: A Review"
767:
646:
595:
577:
535:
257:
198:
117:
109:
27:
1518:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 227.
220:
at birth. They may be used to study the generation of cell lines or for
73:
is being filled with liquid nitrogen by a larger cryogenic storage tank.
1066:, are used. For temperatures lower than 30 K, it is necessary to use a
936:
798:
662:
658:
631:
581:
479: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
194:
164:
78:
1386:
1034:(which uses high-pressure helium lines). Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers,
136:, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above 120 K.
1062:
For cryogenic temperature measurement down to 30 K, Pt100 sensors, a
919:
806:
802:
650:
302:
152:
121:
105:
1564:"ESO Signs Technology Transfer Licence Agreement for Cooling System"
642:. This evolved in the late 1990s into the treatment of other parts.
866:
820:
779:
129:
64:
47:
36:
783:
771:
167:
which measures from the freezing point of water at sea level or
113:
19:"Low temperature physics" redirects here. For the journal, see
955:
687:
448:
125:
101:
1260:"Observationer om twänne beständiga grader på en thermometer"
890:) cameras require their detectors to be cryogenically cooled.
939:
must be stored at cryogenic temperatures. For example, the
1262:(Observations about two stable degrees on a thermometer),
197:
involving the study of the effects of low temperatures on
85:
is the production and behaviour of materials at very low
1266:(Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences),
1321:"Fahrenheit: Facts, History & Conversion Formulas"
1310:, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 September 2015
829:are equipped with continuous-flow cooling systems.
630:industry, the Busch brothers founded a company in
871:Cryogenic gases delivery truck at a supermarket,
1264:Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar
665:at very low temperatures, which makes cryogenic
594:Cryogenic transfer pumps are the pumps used on
1151:Cryogenic Engineering: Fifty Years of Progress
530:Cryogenic valves in situ, heavily frozen from
159:temperature scale, both of which measure from
301:Cryogenic fluids with their boiling point in
8:
211:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
1118:International Dictionary of Refrigeration,
990:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
813:or LNG, and made its first flight in 1989.
805:with a cryogenic fuel system, known as the
722:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
801:developed a version of its popular design
1394:
1234:
1010:Learn how and when to remove this message
766:(LOX) is even more widely used but as an
742:Learn how and when to remove this message
495:Learn how and when to remove this message
201:(most often for the purpose of achieving
1444:"Cryonics is NOT the Same as Cryogenics"
809:. The plane uses a fuel referred to as
307:
163:, rather than more usual scales such as
94:International Institute of Refrigeration
1120:http://dictionary.iifiir.org/search.php
1111:
1064:resistance temperature detector (RTD)
7:
1472:CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS BY RANDALL BARRON
1375:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
1181:"DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE at Pubchem"
1085:Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
1059:which are used to detect particles.
988:adding citations to reliable sources
854:In large cities, it is difficult to
720:adding citations to reliable sources
518:Catalogue image of a cryogenic valve
477:adding citations to reliable sources
44:under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).
26:For cryopreservation of humans, see
680:The entire process takes 3–4 days.
546:Low-temperature technology timeline
128:) lie below 120 K, while the
14:
1587:. Pfizer-BioNTech. Archived from
833:Some applications of cryogenics:
762:as the most widely used example.
21:Low Temperature Physics (journal)
960:
941:Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
825:Astronomical instruments on the
692:
523:
511:
453:
1369:Hunt, Charles (April 3, 2011).
782:. LOX is also widely used with
588:fitted in a protective casing.
568:These liquids may be stored in
464:needs additional citations for
797:Russian aircraft manufacturer
576:, the man who first liquefied
563:lowest attainable temperatures
55:MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)
1:
1419:"Cryosurgery to Treat Cancer"
1350:www.societyforcryobiology.org
754:Another use of cryogenics is
1617:, Academic Press, New York,
1448:Cryogenic Society of America
1308:Fahrenheit temperature scale
896:Cryogenics technology using
175:Definitions and distinctions
1285:; Ronald A. Bailey (2005):
861:International Energy Agency
610:, as are cryogenic valves.
100:of the so-called permanent
1665:
1288:Encyclopedia of Chemistry.
849:Magnetic resonance imaging
838:Nuclear magnetic resonance
543:
59:James Webb Space Telescope
25:
18:
645:Cryogens, such as liquid
1613:Haselden, G. G. (1971),
1515:Refrigeration: A History
1474:McGraw-Hill Book Company
888:forward looking infrared
1512:Gantz, Carroll (2015).
1298:, New York City. p. 43.
1258:Celsius, Anders (1742)
1236:10.1007/0-387-46896-x_1
445:Industrial applications
146:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1615:Cryogenic fundamentals
1544:www.globalsecurity.org
1346:"What is Cryobiology?"
1036:pulse tube cryocoolers
875:
830:
250:variable-range hopping
151:Cryogenicists use the
74:
62:
45:
1219:Cryogenic Engineering
1032:mechanical cryocooler
913:manufacturing process
870:
824:
811:liquefied natural gas
600:liquefied natural gas
544:Further information:
68:
51:
40:
1195:"PROPANE at Pubchem"
1137:ASHRAE Terminology,
1040:Stirling cryocoolers
984:improve this section
904:has been built into
827:Very Large Telescope
788:Soviet space program
716:improve this section
624:cryogenic processing
614:Cryogenic processing
584:bottles are smaller
473:improve this article
305:and degree Celsius.
42:Nitrogen is a liquid
30:. For the band, see
1227:2007cren.book....3R
1057:cryogenic detectors
873:Ypsilanti, Michigan
636:cryogenic tempering
620:cryogenic hardening
317:Boiling point (°C)
1644:Cooling technology
1591:on 24 January 2021
1488:"Cryogenic Labels"
1454:on 2 December 2018
1164:"About Cryogenics"
1125:2019-10-01 at the
1090:Cryogenic grinding
1055:There are various
876:
831:
817:Other applications
75:
63:
46:
1540:"Tu-155 / Tu-156"
1525:978-0-7864-7687-9
1387:10.1159/000326623
1246:978-0-387-46896-9
1020:
1019:
1012:
758:for rockets with
752:
751:
744:
655:chemical reactors
622:, the commercial
608:LNG storage tanks
505:
504:
497:
442:
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314:Boiling point (K)
246:superconductivity
222:stem-cell therapy
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1649:Industrial gases
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1486:Thermal, Timmy.
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1450:. Archived from
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297:Cryogenic fluids
293:– "generating".
203:cryopreservation
32:Cryogenic (band)
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1608:Further reading
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1425:. June 21, 2021
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1344:Evans, Nicole.
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1127:Wayback Machine
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1024:liquid nitrogen
1016:
1005:
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996:
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965:
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898:liquid nitrogen
886:Many infrared (
819:
760:liquid hydrogen
756:cryogenic fuels
748:
737:
731:
728:
713:
697:
686:
616:
565:to be reached.
555:liquid nitrogen
551:Liquefied gases
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267:popular culture
240:Cryoelectronics
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141:superconducting
69:A medium-sized
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1381:(2): 107–123.
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1270:: 171–180 and
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1095:Flash freezing
1092:
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1070:for accuracy.
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1045:magnetocaloric
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856:transmit power
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815:
792:Sergei Korolev
770:, not a fuel.
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269:and the press.
263:Cryopreserving
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207:
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193:The branch of
191:
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132:refrigerants,
98:boiling points
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1292:Facts On File
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1080:Absolute zero
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1068:silicon diode
1065:
1060:
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1028:liquid helium
1025:
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969:This section
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774:'s workhorse
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764:Liquid oxygen
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287:κρύος (cryos)
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139:Discovery of
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1589:the original
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1558:
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1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
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1427:. Retrieved
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1325:Live Science
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982:Please help
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714:Please help
702:
679:
675:
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604:LNG carriers
598:to transfer
593:
590:
570:Dewar flasks
567:
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534:atmospheric
491:
482:
471:Please help
466:verification
463:
300:
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279:
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138:
134:hydrocarbons
91:
87:temperatures
82:
76:
1595:17 December
1283:Don Rittner
1100:Frozen food
881:frozen food
671:cryomilling
638:instead of
574:James Dewar
289:– "cold" +
282:stems from
230:Cryosurgery
189:Cryobiology
1639:Cryogenics
1633:Categories
1549:2023-11-27
1492:MidcomData
1429:2023-11-27
1355:2023-11-27
1330:2018-02-09
1106:References
1000:March 2023
952:Production
945:cold chain
732:March 2023
553:, such as
485:March 2018
280:cryogenics
218:stem cells
180:Cryogenics
169:Fahrenheit
83:cryogenics
1497:11 August
1296:Manhattan
1051:Detectors
971:does not
906:nightclub
703:does not
596:LNG piers
532:condensed
438:−153.415
339:−268.936
278:The word
274:Etymology
199:organisms
104:(such as
92:The 13th
1405:21566712
1123:Archived
1074:See also
1047:effect.
937:vaccines
935:Certain
768:oxidizer
659:vaccines
647:nitrogen
578:hydrogen
536:humidity
427:−161.45
416:−182.97
405:−185.91
394:−187.91
388:Fluorine
383:−194.35
372:−196.06
366:Nitrogen
361:−246.06
350:−252.88
344:Hydrogen
333:Helium-4
328:−269.96
322:Helium-3
258:Cryonics
118:nitrogen
110:hydrogen
28:Cryonics
1569:11 June
1458:5 March
1396:3088734
1272:Fig. 1.
1223:Bibcode
1030:, or a
992:removed
977:sources
920:rockets
799:Tupolev
724:removed
709:sources
667:milling
663:brittle
632:Detroit
582:Thermos
432:Krypton
421:Methane
195:biology
165:Celsius
157:Rankine
79:physics
1621:
1522:
1403:
1393:
1243:
900:and CO
807:Tu-155
803:Tu-154
651:statin
435:119.93
410:Oxygen
303:Kelvin
153:Kelvin
122:oxygen
106:helium
918:Many
780:orbit
684:Fuels
602:from
424:111.7
413:90.18
402:87.24
399:Argon
391:85.24
369:77.09
358:27.09
347:20.27
336:4.214
311:Fluid
284:Greek
130:Freon
102:gases
71:dewar
1619:ISBN
1597:2020
1571:2015
1520:ISBN
1499:2014
1460:2013
1401:PMID
1241:ISBN
1038:and
975:any
973:cite
922:and
784:RP-1
772:NASA
707:any
705:cite
557:and
380:78.8
355:Neon
325:3.19
248:and
114:neon
1423:NCI
1391:PMC
1383:doi
1231:doi
986:by
790:by
718:by
606:to
580:.
475:by
377:Air
155:or
126:air
77:In
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