682:– a new realism in painting that evokes non-objectivity to experience "white emptiness of a liberated nothing," as said by Malevich himself. In nihilism, life has, in a sense, no truth, therefore no action is objectively preferable to another. Malevich's decadent painting shows the complete abandonment of depicting reality, and instead creates his own world of new form. When the painting was first exhibited, the public was in chaos, as society was in its first World War and Malevich reflected a new social revolution as a symbol of a new tomorrow, disregarding the past in order to move forward. Because of this painting and Degas's, decadence can be portrayed as a physiological foundation for nihilism, bringing out a term called "Decadent Nihilism:" existing beyond the world, and that of vain virtues. According to Nietzsche, Western metaphysical and nihilistic thought is decadent because of its confirmation from 'others' (apart from oneself) based on ideas of a nihilistic God. The extreme position an artist takes is what makes their pieces decadent.
54:
313:, represents "the artist…most glorious revel in Roman Decadence." To Barrow, "he authenticity of the …perhaps had little importance for the artist its appeal is the entertaining and extravagant vision it gives of later imperial Rome." Barrow also makes a point to mention "that Alma-Tadema’s Roman-subject paintings …make use of historical, literary and archaeological sources" within themselves. Thus, the presence of roses within the painting as opposed to the original "'violets and other flowers'" of the source material emphasizes how "the Roman world…h extra connotations of revelry and luxuriant excess" about them.
835:. As seen in the lives of decadents in their literary and visual art pursuit and creation, so too has the postmodernist been given more global connection and experience. During the rise of postmodernism, there has been a clear concentration of power and wealth that supported globalization. This resurgence of power to apply has restructured the desires of the disintegration-loving postmodernist, indulging themselves in all the newness of globalized life. This renewed interest in a global view of the world brought along a renewed interest in different forms of artistic representation as well.
642:
638:, generally, is the rejection of moral principles, ultimately believing that life is meaningless. Nihilism, for Nietzsche, was the ultimate fate of Western civilization as old values lost their influence and purpose, in turn, disappeared among society. Predicting a rise in decadence and aesthetic nihilism, creators would renounce the pursuit of beauty and instead welcome the incomprehensible chaos. In art, there have been movements connected to nihilism, such as cubism and surrealism, that pushes for abandoned viewpoints to ultimately tap into the potential of one's conscious mind.
328:
882:
the school, appeal to reason and science in order to block off the paths leading (back) to power, and are quick to denounce science, power, the power of science, and above all perhaps a power which, like the triumphant technology of the moment, appeals to science in order to legitimate itself. This postmodern way of thought is guided by an anti-institutional temperament that flees competitions and hierarchies. These systems allow art to become confined by labels – postmodern work is difficult to define. In the name of the fight against
804:
entrepreneurial class . The values of
Decadence formed as an opposition to "those of an earlier and supposedly more vital bourgeoisie". Aesthetically, progress turns into decay, activity becomes play instead of goal-oriented work, and art becomes a way of life. To individuals that observe the changes in social structure after rapid industrialization, the idea of progress becomes something to rebel against, because this real-world progress seems to be leaving them behind.
678:
to portray ambiguity in random subjects that seem to be drifting between depression and euphoria. Using nihilism in a synonymously way, Degas denoted his paintings to a general mood of despair, mainly at existence as a whole. Comparing this piece to
Kazimir Malevich's "Black Square," abstract nihilistic art in the Western tradition was only beginning to take shape as the 20th century came about. Malevich's perception of this piece embraced a philosophy connected to
285:
40:
612:
839:
178:. The Decadent title was originally used as a criticism but it was soon triumphantly adopted by some of the writers themselves. The Decadents praised artifice over nature and sophistication over simplicity, defying contemporary discourses of decline by embracing subjects and styles that their critics considered morbid and over-refined. Some of these writers were influenced by the tradition of the
887:(cinema, strip cartoons, the underground), to every-day life (street art), the personal sphere (sexuality, cosmetics, child-rearing, leisure) and the existential (the relation to nature, love, death). Their craft evolves into a way of being that directly criticizes modernist attitudes, and enables postmodern artists and writers with a newfound sense of freedom through rebellion.
634:(1844–1900), a specific philosopher of decadence, conceptualized modern decadence on a more influential scale. Holding decadence to be in any condition, ultimately limiting what something or someone can be, Nietzsche used his exploration in nihilism to critique traditional values and morals that threatened the decline in art, literature, and science.
896:
265:, decadence in Rome and the Victorian-era movement are connected through the idea of "decadent historicism." In particular, decadent historicism refers to the "interest among…1880s and 1890s writers in the enduring authority of perverse personas from the past" including the later Roman era. As such, Bristow's argument references how
141:, to view the past more favourably and future more negatively. Declinism has been described as "a trick of the mind" and as "an emotional strategy, something comforting to snuggle up to when the present day seems intolerably bleak." Other cognitive factors contributing to the popularity of declinism may include the
238:
779:(1934) which assimilate themes of incest and sexual pathology into their decadent aesthetics, with the effect of bringing European temporalities into conflict with American social modernity". Using a controversial method, Nabokov employs decadent aesthetics to document a moment of historical transition.
1040:
had reached its highest stage and could no longer provide for the general development of society. He expected reduced vigor in economic activity and a growth in unhealthy economic phenomena, reflecting capitalism's gradually decreasing capacity to provide for social needs and preparing the ground for
881:
provides some insight into the attitudes of this new sub-class and its relation to post-modern theorists, embodied through students of bourgeois descent. They began to pursue their artistic interests at their schools after being shadowed academically. They are victims of verdicts which, like those of
821:
itself, the spirit and drive of it continued in the next end of the century. Unknowingly following in the footsteps of the decadents before them, postmodernists have subscribed to many of the same habits. Both groups have found themselves simultaneously exhausted by all the new experiences of society
677:
which first showed in 1876, was mocked and called disgusting when panned by critics. Some say the painting is a blow to morality, as a glass filled with
Absinthe, an alcoholic drink, rests in front of a woman at a table. Taken to be in bad faith and quite uncouth, Degas's art took decadence as a way
1127:
to be basically correct on this question, thus accepting capitalism as a world epoch similarly to Lenin, but a world epoch from which no capitalist state can oppose or avoid being a part of. On the other hand, the theoretical framework of capitalism's decadence varies between different groups while
803:
Decadence offers a world-view, in that "it is an ideological phenomenon originating in the experience of a particular group, and it became the aesthetics of the upper-middle class". Changes in
European industrialization and urbanization led to the development of the proletariat, nuclear family, and
830:
disintegration all while enjoying the products of their dying predecessor. This ravenous eye for the new is reflective of the lives of the practicing decadent, where they too enjoyed all the new experiences offered by their own time's modernity. Both events were deeply intertwined with expanding
745:
in his own 'Edgar H. Humbert', as the
European aesthete embarks on his road-trip with Dolores...". The text exemplifies Nabokov's desire to replicate the many social disparities of American culture while using his character, H. Humbert, to demonstrate a lack of moral judgement. Norman continues,
886:
and the liquidation of 'complexes' they adopt the most external and most easily borrowed aspects of the intellectual life-style, liberated manners, cosmetic or sartorial outrages, emancipated poses and postures, and systematically apply the cultivated disposition to not-yet-legitimate culture
740:
purposefully exemplifies a moral decline, while simultaneously disregarding the ethics of
Nabokov’s time. The emphasis on its temporal standing in history captures an intermediate state of decadent literature itself. Norman describes that "... Nabokov reproduces the tension between American
344:
Decadence was the name given to a number of late nineteenth-century writers who valued artifice over the earlier
Romantics' naĂŻve view of nature. Some of them triumphantly adopted the name, referring to themselves as Decadents. For the most part, they were influenced by the tradition of the
795:. The belief that women could not separate morality from their writing due to their purposeful prose to argue for women's writes suggests a theme of misogyny, in which men excluded women from being considered Decadent writers because of the possibility of a desire for social change.
872:
Modernism tends to belittle popular culture through its oppressive nature, which can be seen as elitist and controlling, as it privileges certain works of art above others. As a result, postmodern artists and writers developed a contempt for the canon, rejecting tradition and
750:
as the dynamic historical agent, importing Poe wholesale (from caricature through to complex literary intellectual) into the present and facilitating his critique in the hands of the reader". Leaving the judgement in the hands of the reader, Nabokov uses
922:(published 2000) he describes decadent eras as times when "the forms of art as of life seem exhausted, the stages of development have been run through. Institutions function painfully." He emphasizes that "decadent" in his view is "not a
1090:
theory. Similar to Lenin's use of it, left communists, coming from the
Communist International themselves started in fact with a theory of decadence in the first place, yet the communist left sees the theory of decadence at the heart of
856:
1122:
Contemporary left communist theory defends that Lenin was mistaken on his definition of imperialism (although how grave his mistake was and how much of his work on imperialism is valid varies from groups to groups) and
791:. Viola Parente-Čapková, a Lecturer from the university in Prague, Czech Republic, argues that women writers following decadent literary structure have been overlooked due to their simultaneous influence of the
939:
characterizes decadence as a state of "economic stagnation, institutional decay and cultural and intellectual exhaustion at a high level of material prosperity and technological development". Douthat sees the
75:
refers to a late 19th century movement emphasizing the need for sensationalism, egocentricity; bizarre, artificial, perverse, and exotic sensations and experiences. By extension, it may refer to a decline in
734:
emerges as the risky reinstatement of a transatlantic decadent tradition, in which the failure of temporal and ethical containment disrupts a dominant narrative of modernism's history in
American letters"
107:, that such declines are objectively observable and that they inevitably precede the destruction of the society in question; for this reason, modern historians use it with caution. The word originated in
1074:" had the notion of material progress and scientific advance deeply inculcated to the extent that it was an expectation. He also argued that contemporary progress was opposite the true decadence of the
1019:, exaggerated individualism, broken families and a loss of religious faith as well as „treadmill consumption, growing income-disparity, b-grade leadership“ and money as the only benchmark for value.
53:
229:
440:. A few of these writers embraced the term while most avoided it. Although the aesthetics of Symbolism and Decadence can be seen as overlapping in some areas, the two remain distinct.
432:
The
Symbolist movement has frequently been confused with the Decadent movement. Several young writers were derisively referred to in the press as "decadent" in the mid-1880s.
1115:
706:
Aesthetics falling under the category of decadence often include controversy. An example of a controversial style founded through decadent literary influence is the novel,
963:, an Australian documentary and film maker, sees the western world in decay since the late 1960s. Viswalingam is the author of the six-episode documentary TV series
720:, while expressing the prose through a pedophile's narration, directly expresses Nabokov's discourse with decadent literature. According to Will Norman from the
2089:
1553:
217:
as reveling in luxury, in its extreme characterized by corrupting "extravagance, weakness, and sexual deviance", as well as "orgies and sensual excesses".
787:
Not only do the stylistic choices of literature in decadence cause ethical debate, but the presence of women in literature also causes controversy in
365:
1538:
The Psychology of Decadence: The Portrayal of Ancient Romans in Selected Works of Russian Literature of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
122:
soon afterwards. It bore the neutral meaning of decay, decrease, or decline until the late 19th century, when the influence of new theories of
2072:
1565:
1519:
1486:
1443:
262:
224:
562:", the sound films, were also becoming more popular with the general public across Europe, and Berlin was producing very many of them.
554:
was making huge technical and artistic strides during this period of time in Berlin, and gave rise to the influential movement called
369:
1806:
2058:
2044:
2025:
2008:
1994:
792:
258:
1914:
1431:
277:(1866), was "a decadent icon" for the Victorian movement. Bristow also notes that "he image summons many qualities linked with
1129:
392:
took the word as a badge of pride, as a sign of their rejection of what they saw as banal "progress." In the 1880s, a group of
641:
755:
to work through the complexities that decadence presents for ethical or moral obligations to society. Norman concludes, "
1190:
599:
1249:
2124:
2114:
555:
58:
103:
Usage of the term sometimes implies moral censure, or an acceptance of the idea, met with throughout the world since
1136:
analysis that makes an emphasis on the world market and its expansion, others hold views more in line with those of
327:
1889:
31:
301:
1066:
944:
in the 21st century in an "age of decadence", marked by stalemate and stagnation. He is the author of the book
1225:
1097:
1061:
2109:
2035:
917:
904:
765:
504:
93:
915:(1907–2012) gives a definition of decadence which is independent from moral judgement. In his bestseller
410:, often seen as the first great decadent work, though others attribute this honor to Baudelaire's works.
1220:
1012:
964:
574:
494:
237:
1595:
1015:, „decadence depicts the west's decline“. As symptoms he names increasing suicide rates, addiction to
484:
had developed in and around Berlin throughout the previous decade, including architecture and design (
989:
877:. This disdain for privilege extended to the fields of philosophy, science, and of course, politics.
843:
532:
385:
306:
292:
1057:
had reached the stage where it would destroy its own prior achievements more than it would advance.
2119:
1391:"Indirect Influence in Literature: The Case of Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Baudelaire, and Han Mac Tu"
949:
860:
775:
770:
631:
627:
594:
545:
401:
123:
413:
In Britain and Ireland the leading figure associated with the Decadent movement was Irish writer,
373:
1657:
1371:
1324:
1285:
1180:
1008:
729:
721:
389:
206:
171:
138:
47:
1807:"Decadence and Social Change: Arthur Schnitzler's Works as an Ongoing Process of Deconstruction"
724:, the novel makes many references to prominent historical figures related to decadence, such as
281:
decadence …queerness" thus "inspir late-Victorian writers …they…imagine anew sexual modernity."
2068:
2054:
2040:
2021:
2004:
1990:
1708:
1649:
1561:
1515:
1482:
1439:
1412:
1363:
1316:
1277:
1215:
818:
585:
551:
393:
322:
157:
146:
142:
213:
and 19th and early 20th century art depicting Roman life. This criticism describes the later
2085:
Collection of the articles of the International Communist Current on the Theory of Decadence
1853:
1783:
1750:
1700:
1641:
1603:
1474:
1402:
1355:
1210:
1205:
1141:
1016:
960:
760:
713:
670:
620:
509:
489:
455:
422:
354:
337:
278:
167:
162:
119:
284:
1200:
1175:
1145:
1004:
878:
742:
725:
570:
537:
350:
310:
200:
183:
150:
115:
2094:
1344:"Decadence, Decadentism and Decadent Romanticism in Italy: Toward a Theory of Decadence"
39:
2030:
1645:
1230:
1153:
1137:
1124:
1087:
1033:
931:
912:
899:
523:
514:
459:
433:
270:
245:
210:
134:
108:
63:
1560:, Cambridge Critical Concepts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 15–29,
611:
2103:
1875:
1046:
941:
848:
832:
823:
654:
646:
590:
579:
426:
418:
220:
175:
104:
1607:
1149:
1133:
1075:
1000:
936:
874:
838:
666:
616:
565:
Berlin in the 1920s also proved to be a haven for English-language writers such as
519:
473:
449:
358:
346:
214:
179:
2084:
1407:
1390:
406:
1937:
1536:
1509:
1195:
1109:
1050:
985:
981:
977:
865:
679:
662:
566:
480:. Likewise, the German far-right decried Berlin as a haven of degeneracy. A new
414:
381:
377:
332:
97:
1770:
1359:
1053:
proved the decadent nature of the advanced capitalist countries to Lenin, that
2013:
1857:
1787:
1103:
1054:
1037:
923:
527:
499:
477:
266:
89:
81:
1737:
1712:
1704:
1653:
1416:
1367:
1320:
1281:
364:
This concept of decadence dates from the eighteenth century, especially from
1754:
1688:
1478:
1092:
1042:
895:
827:
541:
130:
1466:
476:
rose to power in early 1933 and stamped out any and all resistance to the
1942:
1071:
1060:
One who directly opposed the idea of decadence as expressed by Lenin was
788:
635:
1841:
1661:
1629:
1328:
1304:
855:
17:
1432:"Nineteenth-Century Literary and Artistic Responses to Roman Decadence"
1289:
1265:
1185:
559:
544:), and fashion. This culture was considered decadent and disruptive by
485:
481:
437:
85:
1375:
1343:
626:
The philosophy of decadence comes from the work of German philosopher
1170:
1165:
708:
469:
1430:
Hurst, Isobel (2019-08-22), Desmarais, Jane H.; Weir, David (eds.),
822:
while still putting all their efforts into experiencing it all. The
1938:
Decadence: The Theory of Decline or the Decline of Theory? (Part I)
976:
According to Viswalingam, western culture started in 1215 with the
993:
894:
883:
854:
837:
640:
610:
397:
326:
283:
236:
52:
38:
1842:"Postmodernism as the Decadence of the Social Democratic State"
1266:"Concepts of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century French Literature"
129:
The idea that a society or institution is declining is called
77:
603:
evokes the attitude and atmosphere of the place at the time.
1630:"The Scent of Roses: Alma-Tadema and the Other Side of Rome"
969:, broadcast in 2006 and 2007, and the 2011 documentary film
577:, who wrote a series of 'Berlin novels', inspiring the play
1511:
The Dedalus Book of Roman Decadence: Emperors of Debauchery
1467:"Progress and Decadence—Poststructuralism as Progressivism"
1872:
From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life
1552:
Toner, Jerry (2019), Weir, David; Desmarais, Jane (eds.),
1471:
Decadence in Literature and Intellectual Debate since 1945
1438:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 47–65,
2095:
Decadence, symbolist, and the fin de siècle: a notebook
205:
Decadence is a popular criticism of the culture of the
372:. It was taken up by critics as a term of abuse after
133:. This may be caused by the predisposition, caused by
384:
in general. A later generation of Romantics, such as
1970:
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.
1738:"Lolita's 'Time Leaks' and transatlantic decadence"
1473:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 67–81,
1805:
1769:
1736:
1095:method as well, expressed in famous works such as
992:and culminated with the social revolutions of the
1251:The Oxford Dictionary of American Political Slang
1086:Decadence is an important aspect of contemporary
396:referred to themselves as Decadents. The classic
1465:Hoffleit, Gerald (2014), Landgraf, Diemo (ed.),
1152:with an emphasis on monopolies and the falling
817:Nearly a century after the supposed end of the
1957:Ortega y Gasset: an outline of his philosophy.
1634:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
966:Decadence: The Meaninglessness of Modern Life
8:
1116:Preface to the Critique of Political Economy
826:is simultaneously aware of their desire for
209:'s elites, seen also in much of its earlier
971:Decadence: The Decline of the Western World
436:' manifesto was largely a response to this
2051:The Idea of Decadence in French Literature
653:Because of this, paintings like 1875-76's
583:, which was later adapted into a musical,
1987:Decadence: The Strange Life of an Epithet
1406:
27:Perceived decay of standards in a society
1689:"George Moore and Decadent Antinatalism"
597:. Spender's semi-autobiographical novel
253:Victorian-era Artwork on Roman Decadence
1776:NORA: Nordic Journal of Women's Studies
1395:Comparative Literature: East & West
1242:
1913:Molitorisz, Sacha (December 2, 2011).
1676:Weimar: A Cultural History, 1918-1933.
1128:left communist organizations like the
174:while spreading throughout Europe and
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1799:
1797:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
813:Postmodernist Connection to Decadence
488:, 1919–33), a variety of literature (
7:
1743:European Journal of American Culture
1674:Kirkus UK review of Laqueur, Walter
920:: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life
417:. Other significant figures include
299:Heliogabalus is also the subject of
275:Heliogabalus, High Priest of the Sun
242:Heliogabalus, High Priest of the Sun
1541:. University of Wisconsin--Madison.
1305:"The Literary Concept of Decadence"
126:contributed to its modern meaning.
2065:Jacques Barzun: Portrait of a Mind
1888:Douthat, Ross (February 7, 2020).
1646:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1998.tb00729.x
25:
1915:"Society is past its use by date"
1818:(2): 37–52 – via EBSCOhost.
1309:Nineteenth-Century French Studies
349:and by the poetry and fiction of
182:and by the poetry and fiction of
309:, which, according to Professor
1768:Parente-Capkova, Viola (1998).
1608:10.25602/GOLD.V.V3I1.1401.G1515
1348:Journal of Contemporary History
1254:edited by Grant Barrett, p. 90.
1130:International Communist Current
988:, the founding of America, the
1594:Bristow, Joseph (2020-06-19).
716:, a Russian-American citizen.
1:
1693:Christianity & Literature
1408:10.1080/25723618.2021.1886440
759:joins American works such as
732:. Norman states, "... Lolita
1955:Mora, José Ferrater (1956).
1508:Geoffrey Farrington (1994).
1389:Hoang, To Mai (2021-01-02).
1191:Competence (human resources)
1070:(1930). He argued that the "
999:Since 1969, the year of the
1554:"Decadence in Ancient Rome"
1303:Kaminsky, Alice R. (1976).
926:" but "a technical label".
353:, and were associated with
114:, appeared in 16th-century
59:Romans during the Decadence
2141:
1812:Modern Austrian Literature
1360:10.1177/002200948201700104
1113:but most significantly in
929:With reference to Barzun,
746:"Nabokov's text positions
741:regionalism and modernist
540:), philosophy/psychology (
453:
447:
320:
225:Excessive citations inline
198:
32:Decadence (disambiguation)
29:
1959:Bowes & Bowes. p. 18.
1919:The Sydney Morning Herald
1858:10.1080/10855660020028773
1788:10.1080/08038749850167897
1628:Barrow, Rosemary (1997).
1535:Patrick M. House (1996).
302:The Roses of Heliogabalus
289:The Roses of Heliogabalus
1804:Morse, Margaret (1977).
1705:10.1353/chy.2023.a904914
1687:Lockerd, Martin (2023).
1558:Decadence and Literature
1436:Decadence and Literature
1264:Smith, James M. (1953).
1067:The Revolt of the Masses
307:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
293:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
44:An orgy in Imperial Rome
2090:Chronology of Decadence
2001:Five Faces of Modernity
1755:10.1386/ejac.28.2.185_1
1479:10.1057/9781137431028_4
1342:Drake, Richard (1982).
1226:The Decline of the West
1098:The Communist Manifesto
808:Modern-day perspectives
607:Decadent Nihilistic Art
472:extended onwards until
269:, the title subject of
257:According to Professor
230:considered for deletion
96:, or (very loosely) to
2036:From Dawn to Decadence
1890:"The Age of Decadence"
1790:– via EBSCOhost.
1757:– via EBSCOhost.
1596:"Decadent Historicism"
918:From Dawn to Decadence
908:
905:From Dawn to Decadence
869:
852:
766:The Sound and the Fury
650:
630:(1788–1860), however,
623:
341:
296:
249:
66:
50:
1771:"Decadent New Woman?"
1735:Norman, Will (2009).
1221:Twilight of the Idols
1144:and most importantly
1013:Altamont Free Concert
898:
858:
841:
644:
614:
595:film of the same name
575:Christopher Isherwood
495:Berlin Alexanderplatz
330:
287:
240:
56:
42:
1972:Progress Publishers.
1846:Democracy and Nature
1840:Gare, Arran (2001).
1270:Studies in Philology
1062:José Ortega y Gasset
950:Simon & Schuster
946:The Decadent Society
844:One and Three Chairs
556:German Expressionism
536:, 1928), criticism (
533:The Threepenny Opera
145:as well as both the
30:For other uses, see
1968:Marx, Karl (1859).
1602:: 1–27 Pages, 4MB.
980:, continued to the
776:Tender is the Night
771:F. Scott Fitzgerald
696:Vladimir Nabokov's
686:Decadent Aesthetics
632:Friedrich Nietzsche
628:Arthur Schopenhauer
518:, 1930), painting (
402:Joris-Karl Huysmans
400:from this group is
166:intermingling with
156:In literature, the
124:social degeneration
2125:Political theories
2115:Concepts in ethics
2018:The Romantic Agony
1894:The New York Times
1181:Bread and circuses
1045:revolution in the
1009:Woodstock Festival
909:
870:
853:
783:Women in Decadence
730:Charles Baudelaire
722:University of Kent
651:
624:
390:Charles Baudelaire
342:
297:
250:
207:later Roman Empire
172:Aesthetic movement
160:began in France's
139:rosy retrospection
67:
51:
48:Henryk Siemiradzki
2073:978-1-929490-41-7
1999:Matei Calinescu,
1870:Barzun, Jacques:
1567:978-1-108-42624-4
1521:978-1-873982-16-7
1488:978-1-137-43102-8
1445:978-1-108-42624-4
1216:Societal collapse
1132:hold a basically
793:feminist movement
386:Théophile Gautier
323:Decadent movement
317:Decadent movement
176:The United States
158:Decadent movement
147:positivity effect
143:reminiscence bump
16:(Redirected from
2132:
2063:Michael Murray,
1985:Richard Gilman,
1973:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:, New York 2000.
1868:
1862:
1861:
1837:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1211:Privilege hazard
1206:Moral relativism
1142:Nikolai Bukharin
1049:. Politically,
1017:anti-depressants
961:Pria Viswalingam
956:Pria Viswalingam
761:William Faulkner
714:Vladimir Nabokov
671:Kazimir Malevich
649:" by Edgar Degas
621:Kazimir Malevich
456:Roaring twenties
423:Aubrey Beardsley
376:used it against
233:
135:cognitive biases
21:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2100:
2099:
2081:
1982:
1980:Further reading
1977:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1865:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1734:
1733:
1720:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1201:Late capitalism
1176:Behavioral sink
1162:
1146:Henryk Grossman
1084:
1030:
1025:
1005:My Lai massacre
958:
948:, published by
893:
879:Pierre Bourdieu
819:decadent period
815:
810:
743:cosmopolitanism
726:Edgar Allan Poe
693:
688:
609:
571:Stephen Spender
515:Der blaue Engel
498:, 1929), film (
466:fertile culture
462:
452:
446:
351:Edgar Allan Poe
325:
319:
311:Rosemary Barrow
255:
218:
203:
201:Roman decadence
197:
192:
184:Edgar Allan Poe
151:negativity bias
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2079:External links
2077:
2076:
2075:
2061:
2049:A. E. Carter,
2047:
2031:Jacques Barzun
2028:
2011:
1997:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1946:. Summer 1993.
1930:
1905:
1880:
1863:
1821:
1793:
1760:
1749:(2): 185–204.
1718:
1699:(2): 154–173.
1679:
1667:
1613:
1579:
1566:
1544:
1527:
1520:
1500:
1487:
1457:
1444:
1422:
1381:
1334:
1315:(3): 371–384.
1295:
1276:(4): 640–651.
1256:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:Degenerate art
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1154:rate of profit
1138:Vladimir Lenin
1125:Rosa Luxemburg
1088:left communist
1083:
1082:Left communism
1080:
1034:Vladimir Lenin
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Use in Marxism
1021:
957:
954:
932:New York Times
913:Jacques Barzun
911:The historian
900:Jacques Barzun
892:
891:Jacques Barzun
889:
814:
811:
809:
806:
692:
689:
687:
684:
673:were created.
608:
605:
522:), and music (
460:Weimar culture
448:Main article:
445:
442:
407:Against Nature
394:French writers
321:Main article:
318:
315:
271:Simeon Solomon
259:Joseph Bristow
254:
251:
246:Simeon Solomon
211:historiography
199:Main article:
196:
193:
191:
188:
118:, and entered
109:Medieval Latin
98:self-indulgent
64:Thomas Couture
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2137:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Art movements
2108:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:0-8020-7078-7
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:0-06-017586-9
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:0-19-281061-8
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:0-8223-0767-7
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:0-374-13567-3
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:HarperCollins
1873:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1032:According to
1027:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
990:Enlightenment
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
967:
962:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
934:
933:
927:
925:
921:
919:
914:
907:
906:
901:
897:
890:
888:
885:
880:
876:
867:
863:
862:
857:
850:
849:Joseph Kosuth
846:
845:
840:
836:
834:
833:globalization
829:
825:
824:postmodernist
820:
812:
807:
805:
801:
800:
799:Social Change
796:
794:
790:
785:
784:
780:
778:
777:
772:
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
704:
703:
700:
699:
690:
685:
683:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
648:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
622:
618:
613:
606:
604:
602:
601:
596:
592:
591:Academy Award
588:
587:
582:
581:
580:I Am a Camera
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
461:
457:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
430:
428:
427:Ernest Dowson
424:
420:
419:Arthur Symons
416:
411:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Désiré Nisard
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
339:
338:FĂ©licien Rops
335:
334:
329:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
303:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
279:fin-de-siècle
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
222:
216:
212:
208:
202:
194:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
163:fin de siècle
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
105:ancient times
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
73:
65:
61:
60:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2064:
2050:
2034:
2017:
2000:
1986:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
1883:
1871:
1866:
1852:(1): 77–99.
1849:
1845:
1815:
1811:
1779:
1775:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1637:
1633:
1599:
1571:, retrieved
1557:
1547:
1537:
1530:
1510:
1503:
1492:, retrieved
1470:
1460:
1449:, retrieved
1435:
1425:
1401:(1): 29–45.
1398:
1394:
1384:
1354:(1): 69–92.
1351:
1347:
1337:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1250:
1245:
1150:Paul Mattick
1134:Luxemburgist
1121:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1076:Roman Empire
1065:
1059:
1031:
1001:moon landing
998:
975:
970:
965:
959:
945:
937:Ross Douthat
930:
928:
916:
910:
903:
902:, author of
875:essentialism
871:
859:
842:
816:
802:
798:
797:
786:
782:
781:
774:
764:
756:
752:
747:
737:
733:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
695:
694:
674:
667:Black Square
665:and 1915's "
656:
652:
625:
617:Black Square
598:
584:
578:
564:
550:
531:
513:
503:
493:
474:Adolf Hitler
465:
463:
450:1920s Berlin
444:1920s Berlin
431:
412:
405:
363:
359:Aestheticism
347:Gothic novel
343:
331:
300:
298:
288:
274:
273:'s painting
267:Heliogabalus
256:
241:
223:
215:Roman Empire
204:
195:Ancient Rome
180:Gothic novel
161:
155:
128:
112:(dēcadentia)
111:
102:
71:
70:
68:
57:
43:
36:
1782:(1): 6–20.
1640:: 183–202.
1514:. Dedalus.
1196:Kleptocracy
1110:Das Kapital
1051:World War I
986:Reformation
982:Renaissance
978:Magna Carta
866:Don DeLillo
861:White Noise
769:(1929) and
691:Controversy
680:Suprematism
675:L’Absinthe,
663:Edgar Degas
567:W. H. Auden
434:Jean Moréas
415:Oscar Wilde
382:Romanticism
378:Victor Hugo
366:Montesquieu
333:Pornocrates
94:work ethics
2120:Modern art
2104:Categories
2039:, (2000).
2014:Mario Praz
1924:2021-05-07
1899:2021-02-10
1573:2021-07-24
1494:2021-07-24
1451:2021-07-24
1237:References
1104:Grundrisse
1055:capitalism
1038:capitalism
935:columnist
657:L’Absinthe
647:L'Absinthe
600:The Temple
505:Metropolis
478:Nazi Party
454:See also:
305:(1888) by
100:behavior.
90:technology
82:literature
1713:2056-5666
1654:0076-0730
1417:2572-3618
1368:0022-0094
1321:0146-7891
1282:0039-3738
1043:socialist
952:in 2020.
828:modernist
589:, and an
546:rightists
355:Symbolism
228:is being
168:Symbolism
131:declinism
72:decadence
69:The word
2067:(2011).
2053:(1978).
2020:(1930).
1989:(1979).
1943:Aufheben
1662:43636546
1329:23536184
1160:See also
1072:mass man
1028:Leninism
1011:and the
884:'taboos'
789:politics
636:Nihilism
593:winning
538:Benjamin
510:Dietrich
508:, 1927,
221:template
170:and the
137:such as
18:Decadent
1600:Volupté
1290:4173078
1186:Buraiha
868:, 1985.
586:Cabaret
560:Talkies
486:Bauhaus
482:culture
438:polemic
357:and/or
234:
190:History
120:English
86:science
2071:
2057:
2043:
2024:
2007:
1993:
1711:
1660:
1652:
1564:
1518:
1485:
1442:
1415:
1376:260445
1374:
1366:
1327:
1319:
1288:
1280:
1171:Anomie
1166:Acedia
1093:Marx's
1007:, the
1003:, the
984:, the
851:, 1965
757:Lolita
753:Lolita
748:itself
738:Lolita
718:Lolita
709:Lolita
702:(1955)
698:Lolita
524:Brecht
490:Döblin
470:Berlin
464:This "
370:Wilmot
340:(1878)
295:(1888)
248:(1866)
116:French
92:, and
1658:JSTOR
1372:JSTOR
1325:JSTOR
1286:JSTOR
994:1960s
712:, by
669:" by
619:" by
528:Weill
520:Grosz
468:" of
398:novel
219:‹The
62:, by
46:, by
2069:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2022:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1709:ISSN
1650:ISSN
1562:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1413:ISSN
1364:ISSN
1317:ISSN
1278:ISSN
1148:and
1047:West
942:West
924:slur
728:and
573:and
552:Film
542:Jung
526:and
500:Lang
458:and
425:and
388:and
380:and
368:and
263:UCLA
149:and
1854:doi
1784:doi
1751:doi
1701:doi
1642:doi
1604:doi
1475:doi
1403:doi
1356:doi
1064:in
864:by
847:by
773:'s
763:'s
661:by
558:. "
336:by
291:by
261:of
244:by
78:art
2106::
2033:,
2016:,
2003:.
1940:.
1917:.
1892:.
1874:.
1848:.
1844:.
1824:^
1816:10
1814:.
1810:.
1796:^
1778:.
1774:.
1747:28
1745:.
1741:.
1721:^
1707:.
1697:72
1695:.
1691:.
1656:.
1648:.
1638:42
1636:.
1632:.
1616:^
1598:.
1582:^
1556:,
1481:,
1469:,
1434:,
1411:.
1397:.
1393:.
1370:.
1362:.
1352:17
1350:.
1346:.
1323:.
1311:.
1307:.
1284:.
1274:50
1272:.
1268:.
1156:.
1140:,
1119:.
1107:,
1101:,
1078:.
1036:,
996:.
973:.
736:.
569:,
548:.
530:,
512:,
502:,
492:,
429:.
421:,
404:'
361:.
232:.›
186:.
153:.
88:,
84:,
80:,
1927:.
1902:.
1860:.
1856::
1850:7
1786::
1780:6
1753::
1715:.
1703::
1664:.
1644::
1610:.
1606::
1577:.
1524:.
1498:.
1477::
1455:.
1419:.
1405::
1399:5
1378:.
1358::
1331:.
1313:4
1292:.
659:"
655:"
645:"
615:"
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
