27:
653:
153:. Fungi decompose organic matter by releasing enzymes to break down the decaying material, after which they absorb the nutrients in the decaying material. Hyphae are used to break down matter and absorb nutrients and are also used in reproduction. When two compatible fungi hyphae grow close to each other, they will then fuse for reproduction and form another fungus.
133:. While bacteria are restricted to growing and feeding on the exposed surfaces of organic matter, fungi can use their hyphae to penetrate larger pieces of organic matter below the surface. Additionally, only
1778:
1031:
192:
264:; Janssens, Ivan A.; Ceulemans, Reinhart; Polle, Andrea; Velthorst, Eef J.; Scarascia-Mugnozza, Giuseppe; De Angelis, Paolo; Miglietta, Franco (2006-03-01).
1922:
1992:
442:
Hunt HW, Coleman DC, Ingham ER, Ingham RE, Elliot ET, Moore JC, Rose SL, Reid CPP, Morley CR (1987) "The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie".
1529:
406:
Bear, MH; Hendrix, PF; Cheng, W (1992). "Microbial and faunal interactions and effects on litter nitrogen and decomposition in agroecosystems".
2002:
1730:
231:
2007:
1564:
2195:
1612:
1948:
1771:
1024:
1284:
479:
26:
220:. Eds. M. McGinley & C. J. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
2027:
1740:
1607:
1319:
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2012:
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1138:
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1236:
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879:
874:
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864:
859:
488:
2493:
2105:
1997:
1855:
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1835:
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998:
105:
are technically detritivores, not decomposers, since they are unable to absorb nutrients without ingesting them.
2252:
2483:
2478:
2448:
1715:
1597:
313:"Decomposers in disguise: mycorrhizal fungi as regulators of soil C dynamics in ecosystems under global change"
2327:
2190:
2100:
1968:
1850:
1820:
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1362:
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1304:
978:
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1103:
623:
472:
145:, a chemically complex substance found in wood. These two factors make fungi the primary decomposers in
2503:
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628:
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134:
266:"Mycorrhizal Hyphal Turnover as a Dominant Process for Carbon Input into Soil Organic Matter"
2407:
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2017:
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832:
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1987:
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689:
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329:
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102:
42:
435:
297:
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2090:
1973:
1938:
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1314:
965:
842:
730:
551:
541:
90:
383:
1825:
1554:
1372:
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531:
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78:
58:
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2115:
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950:
806:
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281:
162:
126:
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661:
571:
561:
546:
536:
496:
352:
Blanchette, Robert (September 1991). "Delignification by Wood-Decay Fungi".
265:
114:
94:
74:
50:
2498:
2427:
1958:
1465:
1377:
1324:
1279:
781:
669:
122:
98:
54:
38:
2488:
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2165:
2160:
1787:
1735:
1395:
1040:
921:
607:
587:
511:
427:
926:
916:
457:
149:, where litter has high concentrations of lignin and often occurs in
146:
142:
138:
70:
66:
419:
125:, which are unicellular organisms and are decomposers as well, most
89:
nutrients through external chemical and biological processes. Thus,
193:"NOAA. ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve: Decomposers"
130:
118:
46:
25:
196:
1760:
1013:
461:
77:
for growth and development. While the terms decomposer and
41:
that break down dead or decaying organisms; they carry out
260:
Godbold, Douglas L.; Hoosbeek, Marcel R.; Lukac, Martin;
311:
Talbot, J. M.; Allison, S. D.; Treseder, K. K. (2008).
45:, a process possible by only certain kingdoms, such as
453:. Sixth edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA.
85:
and digest dead matter internally, while decomposers
16:
Organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms
2436:
2336:
2261:
2134:
2071:
1931:
1799:
1701:
1580:
1507:
1464:
1386:
1353:
1250:
1162:
1056:
820:
744:
723:
660:
616:
580:
504:
495:
30:
Fungi acting as decomposers of a fallen tree branch
1772:
1025:
473:
81:are often interchangeably used, detritivores
8:
19:For The Matches album of the same name, see
1993:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
1779:
1765:
1757:
1032:
1018:
1010:
501:
480:
466:
458:
377:
375:
388:Introduction to the Funge=24 January 2014
328:
113:The primary decomposer of litter in many
1891:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1530:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1923:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
184:
1731:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
129:fungi grow as a branching network of
7:
1746:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
2196:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
366:10.1146/annurev.py.29.090191.002121
1949:Ecological effects of biodiversity
14:
1285:Generalist and specialist species
384:"Fungi: Life History and Ecology"
2008:Occupancy–abundance relationship
651:
444:Biology and Fertility of Soils 3
330:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01402.x
2028:Relative abundance distribution
1741:Plant defense against herbivory
1608:Competitive exclusion principle
1320:Mesopredator release hypothesis
354:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1613:Consumer–resource interactions
1:
2459:Biological data visualization
2286:Environmental niche modelling
2013:Population viability analysis
382:Waggoner, Ben; Speer, Brian.
1944:Density-dependent inhibition
2413:Liebig's law of the minimum
2248:Resource selection function
1139:Metabolic theory of ecology
2602:
2313:Niche apportionment models
2033:Relative species abundance
1237:Primary nutritional groups
1134:List of feeding behaviours
449:Smith TM, Smith RL (2006)
18:
2562:
2494:Ecosystem based fisheries
2106:Interspecific competition
1998:Minimum viable population
1856:Maximum sustainable yield
1841:Intraspecific competition
1836:Effective population size
1716:Anti-predator adaptations
1227:Photosynthetic efficiency
999:Category:Eating behaviors
974:
649:
282:10.1007/s11104-005-3701-6
2484:Ecological stoichiometry
2449:Alternative stable state
61:, meaning that they use
2328:Ontogenetic niche shift
2191:Ideal free distribution
2101:Ecological facilitation
1851:Malthusian growth model
1821:Consumer-resource model
1678:Paradox of the plankton
1643:Energy systems language
1363:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1330:Optimal foraging theory
1305:Heterotrophic nutrition
979:Antipredator adaptation
141:necessary to decompose
2474:Ecological forecasting
2418:Marginal value theorem
2216:Landscape epidemiology
2151:Cross-boundary subsidy
2086:Biological interaction
1436:Microbial intelligence
1124:Green world hypothesis
31:
2479:Ecological humanities
2378:Ecological energetics
2323:Niche differentiation
2186:Habitat fragmentation
1954:Ecological extinction
1901:Small population size
1653:Feed conversion ratio
1633:Ecological succession
1565:San Francisco Estuary
1479:Ecological efficiency
1421:Microbial cooperation
408:Ecological Monographs
262:Cotrufo, M. Francesca
29:
2504:Evolutionary ecology
2469:Ecological footprint
2464:Ecological economics
2388:Ecological threshold
2383:Ecological indicator
2253:Source–sink dynamics
2206:Land change modeling
2201:Insular biogeography
2053:Species distribution
1792:Modelling ecosystems
1451:Microbial metabolism
1290:Intraguild predation
1079:Biogeochemical cycle
1045:Modelling ecosystems
2554:Theoretical ecology
2529:Natural environment
2393:Ecosystem diversity
2363:Ecological collapse
2353:Bateman's principle
2308:Limiting similarity
2221:Landscape limnology
2043:Species homogeneity
1881:Population modeling
1876:Population dynamics
1693:Trophic state index
994:Carnivorous protist
848:Intraguild predator
451:Elements of Ecology
2565:Outline of ecology
2514:Industrial ecology
2509:Functional ecology
2373:Ecological deficit
2318:Niche construction
2281:Ecosystem engineer
2058:Species–area curve
1979:Introduced species
1794:: Other components
1726:Deimatic behaviour
1628:Ecological network
1560:North Pacific Gyre
1545:hydrothermal vents
1484:Ecological pyramid
1431:Microbial food web
1242:Primary production
1187:Foundation species
989:Carnivorous fungus
639:Sexual cannibalism
624:Animal cannibalism
489:Feeding behaviours
317:Functional Ecology
57:, decomposers are
32:
21:Decomposer (album)
2571:
2570:
2454:Balance of nature
2211:Landscape ecology
2096:Community ecology
2038:Species diversity
1974:Indicator species
1969:Gradient analysis
1846:Logistic function
1754:
1753:
1711:Animal coloration
1688:Trophic mutualism
1426:Microbial ecology
1217:Photoheterotrophs
1202:Myco-heterotrophy
1114:Ecosystem ecology
1099:Carrying capacity
1064:Abiotic component
1007:
1006:
984:Carnivorous plant
860:Aquatic predation
647:
646:
629:Human cannibalism
137:have evolved the
2591:
2271:Ecological niche
2243:selection theory
2063:Umbrella species
2048:Species richness
1984:Invasive species
1964:Flagship species
1871:Population cycle
1866:Overexploitation
1831:Ecological yield
1781:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1663:Mesotrophic soil
1603:Climax community
1535:Marine food webs
1474:Biomagnification
1275:Chemoorganotroph
1129:Keystone species
1089:Biotic component
1034:
1027:
1020:
1011:
853:Pursuit predator
655:
634:Self-cannibalism
502:
482:
475:
468:
459:
439:
392:
391:
379:
370:
369:
349:
343:
342:
332:
308:
302:
301:
257:
251:
250:
248:
247:
238:. Archived from
236:citadel.sjfc.edu
228:
222:
214:
208:
207:
205:
204:
195:. Archived from
189:
135:wood-decay fungi
63:organic material
2601:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2558:
2544:Systems ecology
2432:
2403:Extinction debt
2368:Ecological debt
2358:Bioluminescence
2339:
2332:
2301:marine habitats
2276:Ecological trap
2257:
2137:
2130:
2073:
2067:
2023:Rapoport's rule
2018:Priority effect
1959:Endemic species
1927:
1886:Population size
1802:
1795:
1785:
1755:
1750:
1703:
1697:
1683:Trophic cascade
1593:Bioaccumulation
1576:
1503:
1460:
1382:
1349:
1246:
1158:
1119:Ecosystem model
1052:
1038:
1008:
1003:
970:
961:Surplus killing
833:Ambush predator
816:
740:
719:
656:
643:
612:
576:
491:
486:
456:
420:10.2307/2937317
405:
402:
400:Further reading
396:
395:
381:
380:
373:
351:
350:
346:
310:
309:
305:
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245:
243:
230:
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215:
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202:
200:
191:
190:
186:
181:
159:
111:
87:directly absorb
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Microecosystem
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2423:Thorson's rule
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Assembly rules
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2233:
2231:Patch dynamics
2228:
2226:Metapopulation
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2121:Storage effect
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Neutral theory
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Native species
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Overpopulation
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Nutrient cycle
1665:
1660:
1658:Feeding frenzy
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:Energy quality
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Cascade effect
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:Microbial loop
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:Lithoautotroph
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1388:Microorganisms
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1345:Prey switching
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Photosynthesis
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:Chemosynthesis
1174:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Abiotic stress
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
936:Hypercarnivore
933:
932:
931:
930:
929:
919:
912:Cattle feeding
909:
904:
903:
902:
897:
895:Feeding frenzy
892:
887:
882:
880:Suction feeder
877:
872:
867:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
824:
822:
818:
817:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
748:
746:
742:
741:
739:
738:
733:
727:
725:
721:
720:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
690:Seed predation
687:
682:
677:
672:
666:
664:
658:
657:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
618:
614:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
582:
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
506:
499:
493:
492:
487:
485:
484:
477:
470:
462:
455:
454:
447:
440:
414:(4): 569–591.
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
371:
344:
323:(6): 955–963.
303:
270:Plant and Soil
252:
223:
209:
183:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
170:
165:
158:
155:
110:
107:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Urban ecology
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Kleiber's law
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Foster's rule
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1499:Trophic level
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1456:Phage ecology
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Microbial mat
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Bacteriophage
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Decomposition
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Mesopredators
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Apex predator
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Biotic stress
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
973:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:Mesocarnivore
944:
942:
941:Hypocarnivore
939:
937:
934:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
908:
905:
901:
900:Filter feeder
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:Bottom feeder
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Apex predator
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
825:
823:
819:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
747:
743:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
722:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
663:
659:
654:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
619:
617:cannibalistic
615:
609:
606:
604:
603:Breastfeeding
601:
599:
598:Placentophagy
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
583:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
517:Egg predation
515:
513:
510:
509:
507:
503:
500:
498:
494:
490:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
464:
463:
460:
452:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
403:
399:
389:
385:
378:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:
345:
340:
336:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
307:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
256:
253:
242:on 2019-06-26
241:
237:
233:
232:"Decomposers"
227:
224:
221:
219:
218:Trophic level
213:
210:
199:on 2014-10-09
198:
194:
188:
185:
178:
174:
173:Microorganism
171:
169:
168:Micro-animals
166:
164:
161:
160:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
104:
103:sea cucumbers
100:
96:
92:
91:invertebrates
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:to get their
64:
60:
59:heterotrophic
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:decomposition
40:
36:
28:
22:
2584:Microbiology
2534:Regime shift
2519:Macroecology
2240:
2236:
2176:Edge effects
2146:Biogeography
2091:Commensalism
1939:Biodiversity
1816:Allee effect
1555:kelp forests
1508:Example webs
1373:Detritivores
1354:
1212:Organotrophs
1192:Kinetotrophs
1144:Productivity
966:Trophallaxis
870:Pivot feeder
865:Lunge feeder
843:Egg predator
731:Phagocytosis
581:reproductive
552:Myrmecophagy
542:Molluscivore
450:
443:
411:
407:
387:
357:
353:
347:
320:
316:
306:
276:(1): 15–24.
273:
269:
255:
244:. Retrieved
240:the original
235:
226:
217:
212:
201:. Retrieved
197:the original
187:
151:large pieces
127:saprotrophic
112:
86:
82:
34:
33:
2171:Disturbance
2074:interaction
1896:Recruitment
1826:Depensation
1618:Copiotrophs
1489:Energy flow
1411:Lithotrophy
1355:Decomposers
1335:Planktivore
1310:Insectivore
1300:Heterotroph
1265:Bacterivore
1232:Phototrophs
1182:Chemotrophs
1154:Restoration
1104:Competition
787:Planktivore
772:Detritivore
767:Coprophagia
757:Bacterivore
752:Microbivory
736:Myzocytosis
695:Nectarivore
685:Graminivore
532:Lepidophagy
527:Insectivore
522:Hematophagy
360:: 281–403.
79:detritivore
35:Decomposers
2539:Sexecology
2116:Parasitism
2081:Antibiosis
1916:Resistance
1911:Resilience
1801:Population
1721:Camouflage
1673:Oligotroph
1588:Ascendency
1550:intertidal
1540:cold seeps
1494:Food chain
1295:Herbivores
1270:Carnivores
1197:Mixotrophs
1172:Autotrophs
1051:components
951:Parasitism
885:Bait balls
875:Ram feeder
807:Plastivore
802:Lithotroph
792:Saprophagy
715:Osteophagy
705:Palynivore
662:Herbivores
593:Paedophagy
567:Spongivore
557:Ophiophagy
497:Carnivores
246:2019-05-09
203:2012-09-17
179:References
163:Chemotroph
115:ecosystems
95:earthworms
51:herbivores
2444:Allometry
2398:Emergence
2126:Symbiosis
2111:Mutualism
1906:Stability
1811:Abundance
1623:Dominance
1581:Processes
1570:tide pool
1466:Food webs
1340:Predation
1325:Omnivores
1252:Consumers
1207:Mycotroph
1164:Producers
1109:Ecosystem
1074:Behaviour
956:Scavenger
828:Predation
797:Xenophagy
777:Geophagia
762:Fungivore
710:Xylophagy
700:Mellivory
680:Frugivore
675:Florivore
572:Vermivore
562:Piscivore
547:Mucophagy
537:Man-eater
339:1365-2435
290:1573-5036
121:. Unlike
75:nutrients
55:predators
39:organisms
2578:Category
2499:Endolith
2428:Xerosere
2340:networks
2156:Ecocline
1702:Defense,
1378:Detritus
1280:Foraging
1149:Resource
907:Browsing
782:Omnivore
724:Cellular
670:Folivore
436:86031411
298:24926892
157:See also
123:bacteria
99:woodlice
93:such as
2489:Ecopath
2296:Habitat
2166:Ecotype
2161:Ecotone
2138:ecology
2136:Spatial
2072:Species
1932:Species
1803:ecology
1788:Ecology
1736:Mimicry
1704:counter
1648:f-ratio
1396:Archaea
1084:Biomass
1057:General
1049:Trophic
1041:Ecology
922:Grazing
821:Methods
608:Weaning
588:Oophagy
512:Avivore
446:: 57-68
428:2937317
147:forests
139:enzymes
49:. Like
1520:Rivers
1416:Marine
927:Forage
917:Fodder
745:Others
434:
426:
337:
296:
288:
143:lignin
131:hyphae
101:, and
83:ingest
71:carbon
67:energy
2437:Other
2338:Other
2291:Guild
2263:Niche
1515:Lakes
505:adult
432:S2CID
424:JSTOR
294:S2CID
119:fungi
109:Fungi
47:fungi
1525:Soil
812:Pica
335:ISSN
286:ISSN
73:and
53:and
37:are
416:doi
362:doi
325:doi
278:doi
274:281
117:is
2580::
1986:/
1790::
1047::
1043::
430:.
422:.
412:62
410:.
386:.
374:^
358:29
356:.
333:.
321:22
319:.
315:.
292:.
284:.
272:.
268:.
234:.
97:,
69:,
2241:K
2239:/
2237:r
1780:e
1773:t
1766:v
1033:e
1026:t
1019:v
481:e
474:t
467:v
438:.
418::
390:.
368:.
364::
341:.
327::
300:.
280::
249:.
206:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
