441:, shot him in the back. Mortally wounded, Sudeykin cried to his nephew: "Koka, take your gun and help me!" But Koka ran out of the apartment. While he was struggling with the locks trying to open the door Konashevich came from behind and with several blows of a crowbar cracked Sudovsky's skull. Unexpectedly Sudeykin was able to stand up and walk to the dining room. There he was shot by Starodvorsky. Degayev (and later Konashevich) ran away from the apartment without waiting for the end of the ordeal. Degayev was sure that his accomplices had been ordered to kill him after Sudeykin was killed. The gunshots and cries were heard all across the building; however, when the concierge reported to the local police they told him that they had instructions not to interfere with the apartment whatever happened there. The apartment was searched only the next day after Sudeykin's servant reported that his master had not returned at the expected hour. Rushing to the apartment police found the dying Koka and dead Sudeykin.
234:. Vladimir managed to inform the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya about the offer. Degayev participated in the discussions and proposed a plan: that Vladimir should accept Sudeikin's offer, and after becoming a police informer should arrange a secret meeting with Sudeykin at which Narodnaya Volya would kill Sudeykin. In March 1882 the plan was adopted by the Executive Commission of Narodnaya Volya. Vladimir agreed to work as an Okhrana agent, was released from prison and arranged a few meetings between Sudeykin and Sergey Degaev, who was charged with preparing for the assassination. However, soon most of Petersburg's Narodnaya Volya members were arrested. Sergey Degayev moved to
331:, to Russia to be arrested. Tikhomirov and Lavrov suspected foul play and refused to move but kept their suspicions to themselves for a while. Trying to deflect suspicions from Degayev, Sudeykin decided to sacrifice police informer Fyodor Shkryaba, a member of Narodnaya Volya recruited by the Okhrana who still provided information of low interest to the Okhrana. Sudeykin planted evidence of Shkryaba being an informant and Narodnaya Volya blamed all the recent arrests on Shkryaba. Subsequently Degayev organized the assassination of Shkryaba.
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meetings (6 December 1883 and 13 December 1883). To lure
Sudeykin to the next meeting Degayev told him a story that he had a woman from Narodnaya Volya staying in his apartment who had planned to assassinate the tsar but who could possibly be persuaded to become an Okhrana agent. Sudeykin came on 16 December accompanied by his nephew, another secret police officer, Nikolay (Koka) Sudovsky. Degayev invited Sudeykin to the bedroom to be introduced to the woman and in the passageway between the dining room and the bedroom, near the
425:, Degayev confessed that he was an Okhrana agent and offered to help kill Sudeykin. On 17 October – 19 October 1883, the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya, which at that time consisted of eight Russians and three Poles, decided to spare Degayev's life if he killed Sudeykin. They appointed two young Narodnaya Volya members, V. P. Konashevich and N. P. Starodvorsky to assist Degayev and to ensure that Degayev would not renege on his promise.
210:, a post specially created for him. As the primary hunter of Narodnaya Volya, he was also a main target of their assassination attempts. Sudeykin rarely lived in the same place for more than a few weeks; he used several passports and several uniforms of different governmental departments. He even temporarily lodged his wife and children in a Saint Petersburg prison, given that he felt it was the only safe place in the whole Empire.
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389:. The double assassination would frighten the tsar into accepting all Sudeykin's demands over the powers of secret police and might, too, make the tsar more responsive to Degayev's suggestions about government reforms. Sudeykin also gave Degayev information about the movements of Sudeykin's own boss, the Minister of Interior
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idealism. Sudeykin promised that in a few years they both would be de facto rulers of the
Russian Empire by using the Okhrana to remove Degayev's superiors in Narodnaya Volya and by using Narodnaya Volya to remove Sudeykin's superiors in the Okhrana. He also promised Degayev secret meetings with tsar
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All the posts in the Empire were plastered with posters showing
Degayev's photographs and announcing 5000 roubles for information as to his whereabouts and 10,000 roubles for help in catching him. Still the conspirators had a good lead on their hunters and successfully arrived in Paris. At a winter
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The conspirators planned to get
Sudeykin to visit Degayev's apartment and to kill him there. Degayev insisted that because of Sudeykin's great physical strength and his great ability with guns, their only chance was to shoot Sudeykin unexpectedly. For some reason Sudeykin twice missed his appointed
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suggested that
Degayev started to work as an Okhrana informant a few years earlier purely for financial reasons. Researcher Yu.F. Ovchenko states that Degayev started to work as an Okhrana informant in 1882 after his wife was arrested by Sudeykin. His cooperation with the Okhrana was a condition of
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in Saint
Petersburg. Some sources also suggest that Degayev had a role in the successful assassination of the tsar on 1 March 1881 and even observed the explosion that killed him. Degayev was among those arrested in connection with the assassination, but his guilt was not proven; he returned to his
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Degayev had three sisters—Marie, Nathalie, and
Elizabeth—and a brother Vladimir, who was seven years his junior. While Marie was much older than Sergey, married early and did not play a large role in the life of the family, Nathalie (after marriage Makletsova) and Elizabeth (Liz) were very close to
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Toward the middle of 1883, Sudeykin and
Degayev established quite friendly relations. Sudeykin regularly visited the apartment of his agent and even used the apartment for his extramarital affairs. Sometimes they had wagers: once, Degayev announced that there was a person of interest to police in
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After interrogation by Georgy
Sudeykin, Degayev agreed to become an Okhrana informant. Almost all information about the deal came from Degayev himself, in an explanation he gave to his sister Natalia and to a Narodnaya Volya "court." According to Degayev, Sudeykin had appealed to his vanity and
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as a railroad engineer and organized
Narodnaya Volya circles among Tiflis military officers. He presented himself as a member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya although he was not a member at that time. In autumn 1882, most of the Narodnaya Volya members in Tiflis were arrested and
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inside the revolutionary movements not only to catch the active members but also to instigate quarrels and disputes, spread false rumours, and transmit the opinion that all the leading revolutionaries were spies or provocateurs. He was proud of his successes in recruiting his agents among the
381:) to be absurdly low for a person of his importance within the state security apparatus. Sudeykin proposed to Degayev a plan . Sudeykin would resign from his position, stating that he did not have enough powers to do his job properly. Soon Narodnaya Volya would assassinate the tsar's brother
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Saint Petersburg at the moment and claimed that Sudeykin would not be able to catch him without Degayev's help. Sudeykin answered that he had enough agents besides Degayev. The pair had a monetary bet that Sudeykin would not be able to effect an arrest: Sudeykin lost.
358:. On the other hand, many Narodnaya Volya members saw pogroms as incited by the tsarist Government and as one of the most revolting of the regime's crimes. The question of antisemitism was rendered even more divisive by the fact that many members were ethnic Jews.
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if he could suggest a suitable candidate. He replied that he "could suggest a first class mathematician who had the disadvantage of having a strong Russian brogue". The reply from South Dakota was "Send your Russian mathematician along, brogue and all".
92:. His father died in the 1860s, and Degayev's mother became the head of the family; she was, for her time, a well-educated woman, whose interests included reading and learning foreign languages. When the court sentenced pregnant revolutionary
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revolutionaries claiming that every member of an anti-government movement is either corrupt or naive: the corrupt can always be recruited by promise of money or by threats while the naive can always be recruited by appeal to their idealism.
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Alexander Pell was immensely popular among his students who referred to him as the "class father" and "Jolly Little Pell" (who could "crack jokes faster than the freshmen could crack nuts"). He was a good researcher, a member of the
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Around November 1881 Vladimir, the younger brother of Degayev, was arrested for his participation in the Narodnaya Volya movement. He was interrogated by Sudeykin, who offered Vladimir freedom in exchange for collaboration with the
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Alexander Pell had a habit of providing financial support from his own resources, and providing accommodation in his house to a few of his students. One such student was Anna Johnson, the future accomplished mathematician
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division of Narodnaya Volya almost entirely and was appointed the Head of the Secret Department of police of Saint Petersburg, responsible for coordination of all the secret agents in the capital of the
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1884 meeting, Narodnaya Volya, led by V. A. Karaulov, Lev Tikhomirov and German Lopatin, fulfilled its end of the bargain and granted Degayev his life on the condition that he never again appear in the
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considering that the killing might free a deserved position for Sudeykin. Unexpectedly the tsar refused Sudeykin's letter of resignation, causing the pair to postpone assassination plans to 1884.
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to death, most of the organization's resources were directed to the tsar's assassination. Degayev took an active part in an unsuccessful assassination attempt by digging and mining a tunnel under
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and the author of many journal publications. He was also an accomplished administrator who organized the School of Engineering of the University of South Dakota and became its first Dean (1905).
136:. The accusations were never proven, but in 1879, Degayev was nevertheless expelled from the Academia. He briefly served as a military officer and was discharged from the Army with the rank of
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At that time Sudeykin was frustrated with his superiors. He did not like their attempts to put legal constraints on the actions of his secret police. He also considered his rank of
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and Alexander was the Dean of Engineering. In 1908 Pell resigned from the University of South Dakota and went with Anna to Chicago. There Anna completed her doctorate under
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and a minor in English. During his study he was financially supported by his wife who continued to work as a cook. He received his doctorate in 1897 for the dissertation
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and members of his circle; and in 1880, he became a full-fledged member of Narodnaya Volya, a revolutionary organization that turned to terrorist methods. After the 1879
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speculated that the article was a part of Sudeykin's plan to transform Narodnaya Volya from an anti-government to an ultra-nationalist organisation similar to the later
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so that Degayev could present to them his plan of state reforms. According to Degayev, he indeed met Plehve and Pobedonostsev but not the tsar. However, research in the
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Some immigrant members of Narodnaya Volya harbored suspicions about Degayev, which were confirmed after Degayev talked with another prominent Narodnaya Volya member,
171:. There he met Lyubov Ivanova, a young woman who shared his political views; he fell in love and married her on their trip to Saint Petersburg in November 1881.
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in the United States and moonlighted as a foreign correspondent for a few Russian publications printed an article claiming that Sergey Degayev was killed in
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From South America Degayev moved to the United States; there he joined his wife, Lyubov Degayeva. His brother, Vladimir Degayev, who worked at the time in a
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revolutionary movement. Vladimir was also deeply involved with Narodnaya Volya. As the oldest son, Sergey had to provide financial support for the family.
421:, an experienced escapee from prisons himself. Lopatin found many inconsistencies in Degayev's story about his escape from Odessa prison. Interrogated by
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Poster with Degayev's photographs and announcement of 5000 roubles for the information of his whereabouts and 10000 roubles for help in catching him
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Sudeykin staged Degayev's escape from prison. Information obtained from Degayev allowed the Okhrana to arrest the leader of Narodnaya Volya
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and started its classes in 1882. In 1897 they decided that they needed a professor of mathematics. They asked Professor L. S. Hulburt from
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railway. Vladimir Degayev abandoned the plan of killing Sudeykin and was soon removed from the list of Okhrana agents "for inactivity."
598:(his former comrades from Narodnaya Volya considered Republicans "ultra-bourgeois"). His opinion about his former country was strongly
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Despite his past as a political activist Alexander Pell was not much involved in American politics although he always voted for the
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Alexander (Sergey) took the name Alexander Pell and his wife took the name Emma Pell. At first they were poor; Sergey worked as a
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Both Vladimir and Sergey Degayevs were registered in the USA under the name Polevoi after their maternal grandfather
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Lyubov's release At any rate the agreement with Sudeykin provided a handsome monetary compensation for Degayev: 300
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against Jews and urging members to incite more pogroms. At the time, Narodnaya Volya had an ambivalent position on
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and organize an underground press there. On 18 December 1883 Degayev and the whole of his group was arrested.
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and married Anna in July 1907. They both returned to Vermillion where Anna taught classes in the theory of
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to death, she tried, unsuccessfully, to adopt the baby, despite a possible conflict with the authorities.
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543:. Anna Johnson received her A.B. degree under Pell's supervision in 1903 and continued her study at the
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575:). In 1911 Pell suffered a stroke and was unable to work thereafter. The same year the Pells moved to
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626:. The fund continues to operate. It is given to prominent undergraduates majoring in mathematics.
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him. Natalie was a musician, while Elizabeth was a poet. Both sisters were involved in the
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and became a prominent American mathematician, the founder of school of Engineering at the
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he wrote: "Accursed Russia: even after liberating herself, she does not let people live".
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449:. Lev Tikhomirov personally verified that he boarded a steamship bound for South America.
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was among the most dangerous enemies of Narodnaya Volya. He had eliminated the
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669:. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland
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Sergey Degayev was born in Moscow to the family of a military physician,
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Peter Degayev. His maternal grandfather was a prominent Russian writer,
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990:"Spring 2005 Pi-Mu-Epsilon Induction Ceremony and Math Awards Banquet"
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551:. In 1904 Emma Pell died. Three years later Alexander Pell went to
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and as an unskilled labourer while his wife worked as a cook and a
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ceremony would be safe. Alexander III was crowned on 27 May 1883.
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851:. Krotov library, originally Journal "Новый исторический вестник"
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Alexander Pell (Sergey Degayev) and Emma Pell (Lyubov Degayeva),
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63:. After emigrating to the United States, Degayev took the name
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After graduating Degayev obtained an engineering position in
71:. The Dr. Alexander Pell scholarship is named in his honor.
27:
Russian revolutionary terrorist, Okhrana agent and murderer
484:. In 1895 Alexander was enrolled into a PhD program in
206:. Later he would be appointed a special position of the
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The Degaev Affair: terror and treason in tsarist Russia
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in 1880. During his studies, he became acquainted with
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Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
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agent, and the murderer of inspector of secret police
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In June 1883 Narodnaya Volya resumed publication of
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Saint Petersburg Institute for Rail Road Engineering
622:In 1952, Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler established the
350:analysis and saw pogroms as a manifestation of the
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255:Degayev was ordered by the Narodnaya Volya leader
498:of the Congruences of Tangents to a Given Surface
354:between oppressed peasants and oppressive Jewish
964:"Scholarships at the University of South Dakota"
295:monthly plus 1000 roubles for each trip abroad.
164:institute and received his degree in June 1881.
323:to lure two remaining Narodnaya Volya leaders,
602:. He never spoke Russian at home. During the
8:
591:. Alexander Pell died in Bryn Mawr in 1921.
238:to avoid the arrests and work on the Tiflis-
120:At the age of nine, Sergey entered a Moscow
828:(in Russian). Great Biographic Encyclopedia
246:Leader of Narodnaya Volya and Okhrana Agent
155:of Narodnaya Volya, which "sentenced" tsar
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316:The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later
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55:) was a Russian revolutionary terrorist,
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124:. After graduation, Sergey entered the
75:Russian revolutionary and Okhrana agent
1122:Terrorism: The first or anarchist wave
108:Military officer, student and engineer
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1206:People from Vermillion, South Dakota
1171:20th-century American mathematicians
726:(in Russian). Hronos. Archived from
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175:Georgy Sudeykin and Vladimir Degayev
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250:In summer 1882, Degayev worked in
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1102:. Yale University Press. p.
51:; 1857 in Moscow – 1921 in
573:Illinois Institute of Technology
397:Assassination of Georgy Sudeykin
126:Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy
1176:Johns Hopkins University alumni
665:O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E.F.
569:Armour Institute of Engineering
488:with majors in mathematics and
1124:, Taylor & Francis, 2006,
849:"ПРОВОКАЦИЯ НА СЛУЖБЕ ОХРАНКИ"
624:Dr. Alexander Pell scholarship
618:Dr. Alexander Pell scholarship
606:he supported Japan. After the
583:. In 1918 they moved again to
208:Inspector of the Secret Police
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1146:Mathematics Genealogy Project
533:American Mathematical Society
346:. Some theoreticians applied
143:Degayev was enrolled to the
826:"Degayev, Sergey Petrovich"
766:(in Russian). Biographia.ru
577:South Hadley, Massachusetts
319:, Sudeykin sent Degayev to
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505:University of South Dakota
69:University of South Dakota
952:p. 120 (Internet Archive)
541:Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler
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486:Johns Hopkins University
387:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
284:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
41:Sergey Petrovich Degayev
585:Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
549:University of Göttingen
53:Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
49:Серге́й Петрович Дегаев
763:Дегаев Сергей Петрович
723:Дегаев Сергей Петрович
561:differential equations
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453:American mathematician
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926:pp. 92–108
610:and beginning of the
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273:Vyacheslav von Plehve
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808:pp. 33–39
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385:and the tsar's aide
377:(the seventh in the
336:Listok Narodnoy Voly
275:and the influential
1120:David C. Rapoport,
730:on 21 February 2009
383:Grand Duke Vladimir
271:, the police chief
1166:Okhrana informants
942:pp. 2–4
608:October Revolution
604:Russo-Japanese War
545:University of Iowa
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375:Lieutenant Colonel
356:petite bourgeoisie
223:agent provocateurs
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192:Lieutenant Colonel
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140:in the same year.
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1130:978-0-415-31651-4
847:Yu. F. Ovechkin.
589:Bryn Mawr College
459:Russian consulate
405:N.P. Starodvorsky
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463:New Zealand
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321:Switzerland
300:Vera Figner
259:to move to
257:Vera Figner
169:Arkhangelsk
47:; Russian:
1155:Categories
630:References
612:Red Terror
509:Vermillion
304:coronation
281:Holy Synod
557:functions
553:Göttingen
490:astronomy
482:laundress
478:stevedore
313:'s novel
134:Kronstadt
1094:(2003).
995:24 March
974:24 March
855:24 March
832:22 March
770:22 March
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673:22 March
600:negative
189:Gendarme
1144:at the
494:On the
348:Marxist
340:pogroms
279:of the
232:Okhrana
57:Okhrana
18:Degayev
1128:
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261:Odessa
252:Tiflis
236:Tiflis
80:Family
45:Degaev
1126:ISBN
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692:p.5
128:in
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