316:
1836:
1058:. For three centuries following the Carolingian Reform, the only coin minted in Europe was the silver penny. Shillings and pounds were units of account used for convenience to express large numbers of pence, not actual coins. The Carolingian Reform also reduced the number of mints, strengthened royal authority over the mints, and provided for uniform design of coins. All coins bore the ruler's name, initial, or title, signifying royal sanction of the quality of the coins. Charlemagne spread the
124:
1302:
1822:
25:
1266:
1324:
147:
1102:, and in Britain the pound-shilling-penny relationship survived until 1971. Even in England the pennies were eventually debased, leaving 240 pennies representing substantially less than a pound of silver, and the pound as a monetary unit became divorced from a pound weight of silver. After the breakup of the
1045:
established the
European monetary system, which can be expressed as: 1 pound = 20 shillings = 240 pennies. Originally the pound was a weight of silver rather than a coin, and from a pound of pure silver 240 pennies were struck. The Carolingian Reform restored the silver content of the penny that was
365:
and other Greek cities in southern Italy. These coins were inscribed with a legend that indicated that they were struck for Rome, but in style they closely resembled their Greek counterparts. They were rarely seen at Rome, to judge from finds and hoards, and were probably used either to buy supplies
1106:
pennies debased much faster, particularly in
Mediterranean Europe, and in 1172 Genoa began minting a silver coin equal to four pennies. Rome, Florence, and Venice followed with coins of denominations greater than a penny, and late in the 12th century Venice minted a silver coin equal to 24 pennies.
1054:, the money of account that prevailed in Europe before the Carolingian Reform; it originated from the Byzantine gold coin that was the foundation of the international monetary system for more than 500 years. Debts contracted before the Carolingian Reform were defined in
2189:
1454:/day (with no tax deductions), around 300% inflation compared to the early period. Using the cost of bread as a baseline, this pay equates to around US$ 20 in 2013 terms. Expressed in terms of the price of silver, and assuming 0.999 purity, a
940:" by modern writers, although this phrase does not appear in any ancient text). The coin carried on the reverse the numerals XXI, or in Greek κα (both meaning 21 or 20:1). Some scholars believe that this shows that the coin was equal to 20
1770:
says the price of the wheat and barley as described in the vision appears to be ten to twelve times their normal cost in ancient times. Revelation thus describes a condition where basic goods are sold at greatly inflated prices. Thus, the
1403:
It is difficult to give even rough comparative values for money from before the 20th century, as the range of products and services available for purchase was so different. During the republic (509 BC – 27 BC), a legionary earned 112.5
2173:
1244:
The penny, now struck in bronze, was worth around one-sixth of its value during the Middle Ages. British government sources suggest that there has been an 8700% price inflation since 1914, or an average of 4.2% annually.
465:
of a pound, or 3.4 grams. Debasement of the coin's silver content continued after Nero. Later Roman emperors also reduced its weight to 3 grams around the late 3rd century.
880:. The coin invariably carried the radiate imperial portrait. Elagabalus demonetized the coin in 219, but the senatorial emperors Pupienus and Balbinus in 238 revived the
1775:
depicts times of deep scarcity or famine, but not of starvation. Apparently, a choinix of wheat was the daily ration of one adult. Thus, in the conditions pictured by
1159:
of silver in weight, and the monetary value of 240 pennies also became known as a "pound". The silver penny remained the primary unit of coinage for about 500 years.
1133:, king of Mercia, minted and introduced to England a penny of 22.5 grains of silver. The coin's designated value, however, was that of 24 troy grains of silver (one
353:. Contact with the Greeks had prompted a need for silver coinage in addition to the bronze currency that the Romans were using at that time. This predecessor of the
996:
and halved its tariffing to 2.5 d.c. (hence coins of
Antioch and Tripolis (in Phoenicia) carry the value marks X.I), but Probus (276–282) immediately returned the
924:
In 274, the emperor
Aurelian reformed the currency and his denominations remained in use until the great recoinage of Diocletian in 293. Aurelian struck a radiate
3444:
1151:). The penny led to the term "penny weight". 240 actual pennies (22.5 grains; minus the 1.5 grain for the seigniorage) weighed only 5,400 troy grains, known as a
1608:
was no longer regularly issued, it continued to be used as a unit of account, and the name was applied to later Roman coins in a way that is not understood. The
1155:
and later known as the tower pound, a unit used only by mints. The tower pound was abolished in the 16th century. However, 240 pennyweights (24 grains) made one
1779:, the normal income for a working-class family would buy enough food for only one person. The less costly barley would feed three people for one day's wages.
2274:
1553:). The fineness of the silver content varied with political and economic circumstances. From a purity of greater than 90% silver in the 1st century AD, the
1176:
Charlemagne new penny with smaller diameter but greater weight. Average weight of 1.7 g, but ideal theoretical mass of 1.76 g. Purity is from 95% to 96%.
2436:
3057:
2461:
1802:
passage in
Matthew 22:15–22 and Mark 12:13–17 uses the word (δηνάριον) to describe the coin held up by Jesus, translated in the King James Bible as "
2573:
581:, etc.) continued to be used as a currency unit, and survives e.g. in the British monetary system, which still uses the pound, abbreviated as £.
3082:
2221:
2183:
2143:
1985:
138:, struck at Ephesus in 41 BC. The coin commemorated the two men's defeat of Brutus and Cassius a year earlier as well as celebrating the new
2518:
2149:
1787:
1759:
1479:
565:
its name, which translates as "containing ten". The original copper coinage was weight-based, and was related to the Roman pound, the
2419:
2362:
2064:
1940:
982:, were also coined. At the same time, Aurelian reorganized the provincial mint at Alexandria, and he minted an improved Alexandrine
108:
2295:
323:
in 64 AD, the Romans continuously debased their silver coins until, by the end of the 3rd century AD, hardly any silver was left.
2390:
2084:
1214:
The purity of 92.5% silver (i.e. sterling silver) was instituted by Henry II in 1158 with the "Tealby Penny" — a hammered coin.
369:
The first distinctively Roman silver coin appeared around 226 BC. Classical historians have sometimes called these coins "heavy
3147:
3077:
2508:
2329:
1772:
3434:
46:
2227:
2106:
1791:
1147:
of a troy pound, or about 1.56 grams), with the difference being a premium attached by virtue of the minting into coins (
3260:
2248:
307:("I") conversion rate. However it can also be represented as X̶ (capital letter X with combining long stroke overlay).
89:
3439:
3072:
2566:
1107:
By the mid-13th century
Florence and Genoa were minting gold coins, effectively ending the reign of the silver penny (
643:
to four; although they retained their original names. It also appears, from Pliny and other writers, that the ancient
315:
2503:
61:
1966:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities, William Smith, D.C.l., LL, D., John Murray, London 1875, pp. 393, 394.
35:
3062:
2618:
2266:
1849:
1000:
to the standard and tariffing of
Aurelian, and was the official tariffing until the reform of Diocletian in 293.
42:
68:
1070:
were derived from the Latin word for pound. Until the French
Revolution, the unit of account in France was the
1722:. The pre-decimal currency of the United Kingdom until 1970 of pounds, shillings and pence was abbreviated as
1646:
used from pre-Islamic times, and still used in several modern Arab nations. The major currency unit in former
2432:
2939:
1514:
248:. It continued to be minted in very small quantities, likely for ceremonial purposes, until and through the
299:
as 𐆖 (U+10196), a numeral monogram that appeared on the obverse in the
Republican period, denoting the 10
3298:
2559:
2009:
Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome, Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins. Oxford University Press, New York 1994.
1647:
1613:
1577:, a local ruler in southern Britain, started issuing coins that appear to have been made from melted down
75:
3449:
3036:
2720:
2457:
1042:
928:
of increased weight (84 to the Roman pound) and fineness (5% fine) that was tariffed at five notational
884:
as the principal silver denomination which successive emperors reduced to a less intrinsically valuable
1229:
By the 16th century it contained about a third the silver content of a Troy pennyweight of 24 grains.
3092:
2976:
864:
from a bronze alloy with a heavy lead admixture, and discontinued fractional denominations below the
57:
3389:
3293:
3140:
3106:
2971:
1699:
1305:
395:, was the prototype for the most common designs used on Roman silver coins for a number of years.
3113:
3067:
2107:"Aurelian Æ Denarius. Rome mint. IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, laureate, draped & cuirassed bust right"
1873:
1841:
1799:
1755:
1598:
1103:
1059:
139:
2514:
426:, hence its name, which means 'tenner'. It formed the backbone of Roman currency throughout the
1420:/yr, with soldiers having to pay for their own food and arms, while in the reign of Augustus a
123:
3397:
3381:
3275:
2864:
2415:
2358:
2217:
2210:
Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A.; Adkins, Both Professional Archaeologists Roy A. (2014-05-14).
2179:
2172:
Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A.; Adkins, Both Professional Archaeologists Roy A. (2014-05-14).
2139:
2060:
1981:
1936:
1935:
Crawford, Michael H. (1974). Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press, 2 Volumes.
1747:
1651:
1586:
1301:
1038:
163:
2490:
The New International Commentary on the New Testament, "The Book of Revelation", p. 155)
2133:
3225:
2538:
1898:
1878:
1767:
1707:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1274:
437:
began to undergo slow debasement toward the end of the republican period. Under the rule of
229:
3454:
3201:
2896:
2666:
2522:
1669:
1557:
fell to under 60% purity by 200 AD, and plummeted to 5% purity by 300 AD. By the reign of
1537:
1385:
1019:
484:
478:
its name, which translates as "containing ten". In about 141 BC, it was re-tariffed at 16
470:
332:
268:
181:
159:
958:
or 5% of silver, and was thus slightly better than many of the coins in circulation. The
752:
Tiberius slightly improved the fineness as he gathered his infamous hoard of 675 million
2000:
The Numismatic Circular, Volume 8–9, Spink & Son, 1899–1900 Piccadilly West, London.
3429:
3373:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3265:
3241:
3185:
3177:
3133:
3000:
2950:
2768:
2582:
1888:
1795:
1751:
1436:
1327:
885:
427:
387:
217:
198:
151:
2299:
82:
3423:
3346:
3280:
3270:
3233:
3209:
3087:
3041:
2379:
2080:
1893:
1863:
1803:
1739:
1633:
1413:
3125:
2321:
1198:
Tower pound of 5400 grains abolished and replaced by the Troy pound of 5760 grains.
3354:
3306:
3217:
2843:
2784:
2608:
2586:
1827:
1776:
1474:
1440:
497:
493:
244:
222:
573:, was to weigh 1 Roman pound. This was a large cast coin, and subdivisions of the
2211:
2110:
856:
from a standard of 78.5% to 50% fine. In 212 Caracalla reduced the weight of the
3193:
2652:
2647:
2027:
Plutarch's Lives, Vol 2, John Langhorne, DD, William Langhorne, AM, London 1813.
1152:
1148:
1134:
1030:
404:
374:
350:
239:
225:
173:
131:
24:
962:(minted at 50 or 60 to the Roman pound) was exchanged at rates of 600 to 1,000
3288:
3013:
2870:
2688:
2642:
1883:
1868:
1817:
1655:
1617:
1574:
1550:
1464:
1372:
1156:
505:
177:
948:), but it is more likely that it was intended to guarantee that it contained
3005:
2958:
2890:
2855:
2660:
2252:
1858:
1616:
of the land that once belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire issued their own
1558:
1495:
1421:
1377:
1352:
1309:
1265:
379:, a term which survives in one or two ancient texts and is derived from the
249:
169:
155:
2530:
441:(27 BC – 14 AD) its weight fell to 3.9 grams (a theoretical weight of
385:, or four-horse chariot, on the reverse. This, with a two-horse chariot or
2551:
1589:
around the same time, appear to have derived design elements from various
3156:
2918:
2800:
2752:
2603:
2018:
As the Romans Did, Jo-Ann Shelton. Oxford University Press, New York 1998
1594:
1582:
1397:
1317:
501:
438:
381:
135:
1916:
Its value was increased to 16 assēs in the middle of the 2nd century BC.
802:; in 180 Commodus reduced its weight by one-eighth to 108 to the pound.
500:
in the early 3rd century AD. The coin was last issued, in bronze, under
3018:
2835:
2672:
1280:
732:
at 3.9 g. Legionary (professional soldier) pay was doubled to 225
451:
of a Roman pound). It remained at nearly this weight until the time of
296:
2543:
1762:("quart") of wheat and three quarts of barley were each valued at one
1041:. So a single coin contained 21 grains of silver. Around 755, Pepin's
398:
Rome overhauled its coinage shortly before 211 BC, and introduced the
3031:
3026:
2963:
2830:
2736:
2629:
2531:"Mints not Mines: a macroscale investigation of Roman silver coinage"
1665:
1629:
1381:
1368:
1357:
1346:
1098:
to Switzerland and Belgium. The Italian unit of account remained the
992:
The emperor Tacitus in 276 briefly doubled the silver content of the
362:
2036:
The New Deal in Old Rome, HJ Haskell, Alfred K Knoff New York, 1939.
1723:
1323:
146:
3161:
2902:
2704:
1660:
1642:
1625:
1624:
can be seen in the use of "d" as the abbreviation for the British
1391:
1322:
1313:
1300:
1046:
already in circulation and was the direct descendant of the Roman
289:
260:
145:
1640:
also survives in the common Arabic name for a currency unit, the
2509:
From Octavian to Augustus: Images Illustrating His Rise to Power
1609:
1529:
1342:
1130:
452:
336:
320:
3129:
2555:
798:
to 94.5% fine. Successive emperors lowered the fineness of the
504:
between 270 and 275 AD, and in the first years of the reign of
611:
first struck. According to Pliny, it was established that the
422:
of a Roman pound, of silver, and was at first tariffed at ten
18:
2081:"Aurelian, Roman Imperial Coinage reference, Thumbnail Index"
1029:), the first king of the Carolingian dynasty and father of
1517:
was issued in 301 AD, the same item cost 8 debased common
615:
should be given in exchange for ten pounds of bronze, the
1450:), a common soldier or unskilled laborer would be paid 1
331:
was first struck in 269 or 268 BC, five years before the
1954:
Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 BC–AD 480
1470:
had a precious metal value of around US$ 2.60 in 2021.
860:
from 45 to 50 to the Roman pound. They also coined the
794:
to 96 to the Roman pound (3.30 g). He also lowered the
2433:"Matthew 20:2 NIV – He agreed to pay them a denarius"
2389:(Ph.D.). University of Nottingham. pp. 341–347.
2267:"XE: Convert XAG/USD. Silver to United States Dollar"
373:", but they are classified by modern numismatists as
1524:
Silver content plummeted across the lifespan of the
569:, which was about 325 g. The basic copper coin, the
272:. The word for "money" descends from it in Italian (
266:"containing ten", as its value was originally of 10
242:(AD 238–244), when it was gradually replaced by the
3366:
3339:
3253:
3170:
3050:
2990:
2938:
2820:
2617:
2593:
2414:English Coinage 600–1900 by C.H.V. Sutherland 1973
2045:
Ancient coin collection 3Wayne G Sayles. pp. 21–22.
1852:– for the detailed description of a specific Roman
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2458:"Jn 12:5; NIV – "Why wasn't this perfume sold ..."
2135:Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700
1980:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 300.
1718:, all meaning money, are also derived from Latin
1493:American cups) of ordinary wine cost roughly one
852:Several emperors (193–235) steadily debased the
402:alongside a short-lived denomination called the
391:which was used as a reverse type for some early
2322:"The Concept of Inflation in the Roman Empire"
1978:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage
986:that might have been tariffed at par with the
3141:
2567:
1712:
786:. In 64 AD, Nero reduced the standard of the
8:
790:to 45 to the Roman pound (7.2 g) and of the
2348:
2346:
2055:Melville-Jones, John R (1990). "Denarius".
1565:was a copper coin with a thin silver wash.
1428:per year, and for the highest rank, 15,000
1037:("new penny"): 240 pennies minted from one
819:Reduction in silver content under Domitian
782:pound. This more closely matched the Greek
482:, to reflect the decrease in weight of the
3148:
3134:
3126:
2574:
2560:
2552:
1115:) as the only circulating coin in Europe.
2542:
2529:Wood, JR; Ponting, M; Butcher, K (2023).
1956:. Vol. II. Sydney, Ohio: Coin World.
1573:In the final years of the 1st century BC
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1758:, during the Third Seal: Black Horse, a
627:was reduced in weight to one ounce, the
515:
412:contained an average 4.5 grams, or
314:
122:
1928:
1909:
1283:holding a sword and a barbarian's head
1062:throughout Western Europe. The Italian
2515:Denarius – A Roman soldier's daily pay
2357:. Shire Publications. pp. 29–30.
1746:as a day's wage for a common laborer (
1664:, and it is still used in present-day
1050:. The shilling was equivalent to the
876:, containing 80% of the silver of two
335:, with an average weight of 6.81
3445:New Testament Latin words and phrases
2152:from the original on 4 September 2023
1252:Value, comparisons and silver content
1094:, and Napoleon's conquest spread the
707:due to the decrease in weight of the
492:continued to be the main coin of the
468:The value at its introduction was 10
216:
197:
7:
1082:, each of which in turn equalled 12
728:Death of Julius Caesar, who set the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2216:. Infobase Publishing. p. 79.
2057:A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins
455:(AD 37–68), when it was reduced to
203:
168:Second row (left to right): 199 AD
2387:The coinage of Atrebates and Regni
2296:"Roman Currency of the Principate"
1806:". It is commonly thought to be a
1788:Parable of the Unforgiving Servant
1540:, 3.24 grams, or 0.105 ozt (about
868:. In 215 Caracalla introduced the
357:was a Greek-styled silver coin of
14:
623:for two-and-a-half. But when the
288:). Its name also survives in the
2213:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome
2175:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome
2132:Kenneth W. Harl (12 July 1996).
2087:from the original on 20 May 2008
1834:
1820:
1628:until 1971. It also survived in
1528:. Under the Roman Empire (after
1264:
150:Top row (left to right): 157 BC
23:
2464:from the original on 2023-09-04
2439:from the original on 2013-10-04
2396:from the original on 2016-09-10
2332:from the original on 2018-07-10
2277:from the original on 2023-09-04
2249:"Buying Power of Ancient Coins"
2230:from the original on 2023-09-04
2192:from the original on 2023-09-04
2109:. Wildwinds.com. Archived from
1678:is also derived from the Roman
1024:
34:needs additional citations for
1259:Marco Sergio Silo: 116–115 BC
703:pound. Retariffed to equal 16
1:
2320:Katsari, Constantina (2002).
1792:Parable of the Good Samaritan
1444:
1331:
1181:
496:until it was replaced by the
295:Its symbol is represented in
232:
228:from its introduction in the
3261:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
2138:. JHU Press. pp. 94–5.
1976:Metcalf, William E. (2012).
1620:. The lasting legacy of the
1086:. During the Revolution the
970:. Rare fractions of billion
872:(5.1 g; 52% fine), a double
361:weight, which was struck in
3409:(historical source of name)
1810:with the head of Tiberius.
1742:, the gospels refer to the
1632:as the name of a coin, the
1536:contained approximately 50
966:, equivalent to 120 to 200
3471:
3078:Antony's Legionary denarii
2353:De Jersey, Philip (1996).
1416:, this was doubled to 225
932:(sometimes called "common
3101:
3063:Denarius of L. Censorinus
3058:Coinage of the Social War
2355:Celtic Coinage in Britain
1850:Denarius of L. Censorinus
1786:is also mentioned in the
1287:
1263:
1258:
619:for five pounds, and the
2380:"The coinage of Eppilus"
1730:and standing for penny.
1726:, with "d" referring to
1424:received at least 3,750
888:coin (2.60 g; 2% fine).
631:became equivalent to 16
577:were used. The "pound" (
527:
518:
512:Debasement and evolution
2178:. Infobase Publishing.
1515:Edict on Maximum Prices
1328:Quintus Antonius Balbus
3299:Republika Srpska dinar
2378:Bean, Simon C (1994).
1713:
1648:Principality of Serbia
1513:); after Diocletian's
1338:
1320:
430:and the early Empire.
324:
184:
143:
3435:Coins of ancient Rome
3068:Ides of March coinage
3037:Constantinian bronzes
1614:conquered large parts
1473:At the height of the
1326:
1304:
647:was equivalent to 84
327:A predecessor of the
318:
218:[deːˈnaːriiː]
199:[deːˈnaːriʊs]
149:
126:
3093:Judaea Capta coinage
2535:Internet Archaeology
2255:on 10 February 2013.
1074:, which equalled 20
366:or to pay soldiers.
259:is derived from the
43:improve this article
3390:Islamic State dinar
3294:Portuguese dinheiro
3276:Iraqi "Swiss" dinar
3107:Ancient Rome Portal
1593:, such as those of
1521:– 6300% inflation.
221:) was the standard
3440:Coins in the Bible
3289:Islamic gold dinar
3114:Numismatics Portal
2521:2011-09-30 at the
1874:Ides of March Coin
1842:Numismatics portal
1800:Render unto Caesar
1756:Book of Revelation
1483:(546 ml or about 2
1339:
1321:
1104:Carolingian Empire
1060:Carolingian system
1043:Carolingian Reform
639:to eight, and the
325:
185:
144:
140:Second Triumvirate
16:Ancient Roman coin
3417:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3398:Modern gold dinar
3394:
3386:
3382:Kelantanese dinar
3378:
3359:
3351:
3332:
3324:
3311:
3303:
3285:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3123:
3122:
3023:Copper and bronze
2865:Double sestertius
2657:Bronze and copper
2544:10.11141/ia.61.10
2435:. Bible Gateway.
2223:978-0-8160-7482-2
2185:978-0-8160-7482-2
2145:978-0-8018-5291-6
2083:. Wildwinds.com.
1987:978-0-19-937218-8
1773:black horse rider
1652:Kingdom of Serbia
1587:Calleva Atrebatum
1299:
1298:
1273:Helmeted head of
1249:
1248:
1039:Carolingian pound
557:pound. Equals 10
164:Septimius Severus
119:
118:
111:
93:
3462:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3357:
3349:
3330:
3322:
3309:
3301:
3283:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3226:Macedonian denar
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2326:Economic History
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2298:. Archived from
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2251:. Archived from
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1952:David. L. Vagi.
1949:
1943:
1933:
1917:
1914:
1899:Pay (Roman army)
1879:Macedonian denar
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1768:Robert H. Mounce
1766:. Bible scholar
1734:Use in the Bible
1716:
1585:, issued around
1549:
1548:
1544:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1412:per day). Under
1336:
1333:
1306:Flavia Domitilla
1268:
1256:
1255:
1186:
1183:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1028:
1026:
974:, and of bronze
957:
956:
952:
938:denarii communes
781:
780:
776:
702:
701:
697:
676:
675:
671:
606:
605:
601:
556:
555:
551:
516:
464:
463:
459:
450:
449:
445:
421:
420:
416:
348:
347:
343:
284:), and Spanish (
238:to the reign of
237:
234:
230:Second Punic War
220:
215:
205:
201:
196:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3377:(commemorative)
3362:
3340:As subunit
3335:
3249:
3202:Jordanian dinar
3166:
3154:
3124:
3119:
3097:
3046:
2986:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2613:
2589:
2580:
2528:
2523:Wayback Machine
2500:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2460:Bible Gateway.
2456:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2155:
2153:
2146:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2113:on 12 June 2006
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1798:10:25–37). The
1736:
1604:Even after the
1581:. The coins of
1571:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1395:= 1,600 copper
1335: 83–82 BC
1334:
1254:
1184:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1066:and the French
1023:
1020:Pepin the Short
954:
950:
949:
778:
774:
773:
699:
695:
694:
673:
669:
668:
603:
599:
598:
553:
549:
548:
514:
461:
457:
456:
447:
443:
442:
418:
414:
413:
345:
341:
340:
333:First Punic War
313:
280:), Portuguese (
235:
213:
194:
182:Maximinus Thrax
167:
160:Marcus Aurelius
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:Roman denarius
3403:
3401:(bullion coin)
3395:
3387:
3379:
3374:Andorran diner
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:Yugoslav dinar
3325:
3320:Sudanese dinar
3317:
3315:Spanish dinero
3312:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Croatian dinar
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:Tunisian dinar
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3186:Bahraini dinar
3183:
3178:Algerian dinar
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3051:Notable series
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2940:Diocletian era
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2916:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2798:
2782:
2766:
2750:
2734:
2718:
2702:
2686:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2619:Republican era
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:Proto-currency
2591:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2526:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2498:External links
2496:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2481:Revelation 6:6
2474:
2449:
2424:
2407:
2370:
2363:
2342:
2312:
2287:
2258:
2240:
2222:
2202:
2184:
2164:
2144:
2124:
2098:
2072:
2065:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1986:
1968:
1959:
1944:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Solidus (coin)
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1831:
1815:
1812:
1754:12:5). In the
1735:
1732:
1570:
1567:
1437:Roman Republic
1408:per year (0.3
1312:and mother of
1297:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1035:novus denarius
1027: 751–768
1017:
1015:
1013:
1010:Novus denarius
1007:
1003:
1002:
922:
919:
916:
910:
906:
905:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
850:
847:
844:
841:
837:
836:
834:
831:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
804:
803:
771:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
750:
747:
744:
742:
738:
737:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
692:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
596:
593:
590:
587:
583:
582:
546:
543:
540:
537:
533:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
513:
510:
428:Roman Republic
319:Starting with
312:
309:
152:Roman Republic
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3467:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3347:Iranian qiran
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3281:Krajina dinar
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:French denier
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3234:Serbian dinar
3232:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3210:Kuwaiti dinar
3208:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Tribute penny
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Fleet coinage
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3042:Centenionalis
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2920:
2917:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2802:
2799:
2786:
2783:
2770:
2767:
2754:
2751:
2738:
2735:
2722:
2719:
2706:
2703:
2690:
2687:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:0-7134-0731-X
2417:
2411:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2364:0-7478-0325-0
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2302:on 2015-11-28
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2066:1-85264-026-X
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:0-521-07492-4
1938:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Tribute penny
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:French denier
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1832:
1829:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:tribute penny
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:New Testament
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Julius Caesar
1411:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:= 800 copper
1388:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:= 200 bronze
1375:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:replaced the
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:, minted the
1032:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:aurelianianus
995:
994:aurelianianus
989:
988:aurelianianus
985:
984:tetradrachmon
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:aurelianianus
923:
920:
917:
915:
911:
908:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
755:
751:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
706:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:, giving the
560:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
524:
521:
517:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
474:, giving the
473:
472:
466:
454:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
411:
407:
406:
401:
396:
394:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
338:
334:
330:
322:
317:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
246:
241:
236: 211 BC
231:
227:
224:
219:
211:
210:
200:
192:
191:
183:
179:
175:
171:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3450:Silver coins
3405:
3385:(unofficial)
3355:Iranian rial
3307:Yemeni dinar
3218:Libyan dinar
3160:
3112:
3105:
3083:Roman Judaea
2981:
2849:
2844:Antoninianus
2821:Early Empire
2637:
2609:Aes signatum
2587:Ancient Rome
2534:
2486:
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2452:
2441:. Retrieved
2427:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2386:
2373:
2354:
2334:. Retrieved
2325:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2270:
2261:
2253:the original
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2212:
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2174:
2167:
2154:. Retrieved
2134:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2075:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1931:
1912:
1853:
1828:Money portal
1807:
1783:
1781:
1777:Revelation 6
1763:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1659:
1641:
1637:
1621:
1605:
1603:
1590:
1578:
1572:
1563:antoninianus
1562:
1554:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1494:
1478:
1475:Roman Empire
1472:
1467:
1451:
1448: 27 BC
1441:Roman Empire
1435:By the late
1434:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1371:
1364:
1363:= 50 silver
1360:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1292:
1288:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1009:
997:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:aurelianiani
967:
963:
959:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
913:
882:antoninianus
881:
877:
873:
870:antoninianus
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
753:
733:
729:
708:
704:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
589:Introduction
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
498:antoninianus
494:Roman Empire
489:
483:
479:
475:
469:
467:
434:
432:
423:
409:
403:
399:
397:
392:
386:
380:
375:
370:
368:
358:
354:
328:
326:
304:
300:
294:
285:
281:
277:
276:), Slovene (
273:
267:
263:
256:
254:
245:antoninianus
243:
208:
207:
189:
188:
186:
127:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3194:Iraqi dinar
3171:Circulating
2991:Late Empire
2653:Quadrigatus
2648:Victoriatus
1654:and former
1599:M. Volteius
1185: 1527
1153:Saxon pound
1149:seigniorage
1135:pennyweight
1031:Charlemagne
1012:(new penny)
918:3.41 g
899:3.41 g
846:3.41 g
830:3.41 g
813:3.41 g
767:3.41 g
592:4.55 g
542:6.81 g
539:Predecessor
405:victoriatus
351:Roman pound
303:("X") to 1
252:(293–313).
240:Gordian III
226:silver coin
174:Julia Domna
132:Mark Antony
3424:Categories
3165:or similar
3157:Currencies
3014:Miliarense
2887:; later 4)
2871:Sestertius
2846:(32 asses)
2643:Sestertius
2511:(archived)
2468:2013-10-02
2443:2013-10-02
2336:2006-12-06
2306:2015-12-01
2281:2021-01-28
2234:2022-03-01
2196:2022-04-14
1923:References
1884:Sestertius
1869:Gold Dinar
1706:, and the
1700:Portuguese
1670:Macedonian
1656:Yugoslavia
1618:gold dinar
1575:Tincomarus
1551:troy ounce
1465:troy ounce
1439:and early
1398:quadrantes
1308:, wife of
1279:Galloping
1157:troy pound
896:Debasement
843:Debasement
827:Debasement
810:Debasement
764:Debasement
746:3.9 g
736:per year.
722:3.9 g
719:Debasement
688:3.9 g
685:Debasement
662:3.9 g
659:Debasement
641:sestertius
621:sestertius
506:Diocletian
376:quadrigati
292:currency.
178:Elagabalus
69:newspapers
58:"Denarius"
3393:(de jure)
3006:Tremissis
2959:Argenteus
2891:Dupondius
2856:Quinarius
2663:(2 asses)
2661:Dupondius
2117:24 August
2091:24 August
2059:. Seaby.
1859:Dupondius
1790:& in
1672:currency
1569:Influence
1559:Gallienus
1496:dupondius
1480:sextarius
1422:Centurion
1373:sestertii
1350:= 2 gold
1310:Vespasian
976:sestertii
942:sestertii
637:quinarius
617:quinarius
255:The word
250:Tetrarchy
180:, 236 AD
176:, 219 AD
172:, 200 AD
170:Caracalla
162:, 194 AD
158:, 161 AD
156:Vespasian
99:July 2015
3367:See also
2982:Denarius
2977:Laureate
2919:Quadrans
2850:Denarius
2801:Semuncia
2753:Quadrans
2721:Quincunx
2638:Denarius
2604:Aes rude
2519:Archived
2504:Denarius
2462:Archived
2437:Archived
2391:Archived
2330:Archived
2275:Archived
2228:Archived
2190:Archived
2150:Archived
2085:Archived
1854:denarius
1814:See also
1808:denarius
1784:denarius
1764:denarius
1744:denarius
1728:denarius
1720:denarius
1704:dinheiro
1680:denarius
1638:denarius
1622:denarius
1606:denarius
1595:Augustus
1583:Eppillus
1555:denarius
1534:denarius
1526:denarius
1511:denarius
1468:denarius
1452:denarius
1392:semisses
1378:dupondii
1365:quinarii
1353:quinarii
1318:Domitian
1289:Denarius
1113:denarius
1048:denarius
914:Denarius
874:denarius
854:denarius
800:denarius
796:denarius
792:denarius
749:97.5–98%
741:14–37 AD
730:denarius
629:denarius
613:denarius
609:Denarius
563:denarius
502:Aurelian
490:denarius
476:denarius
439:Augustus
435:denarius
410:denarius
400:denarius
382:quadriga
363:Neapolis
359:didrachm
355:denarius
329:denarius
305:denarius
282:dinheiro
257:dēnārius
190:denarius
154:, 73 AD
136:Octavian
128:Denarius
3331:(динар)
3323:(دينار)
3310:(دينار)
3302:(динар)
3284:(динар)
3254:Defunct
3245:(دينار)
3237:(динар)
3229:(денар)
3221:(دينار)
3213:(دينار)
3205:(دينار)
3197:(دينار)
3189:(دينار)
3181:(دينار)
3019:Siliqua
3001:Solidus
2972:Radiate
2951:Solidus
2926:⁄
2910:⁄
2882:⁄
2836:Dacicus
2808:⁄
2792:⁄
2776:⁄
2769:Sextans
2760:⁄
2744:⁄
2728:⁄
2712:⁄
2696:⁄
2680:⁄
2673:Dodrans
2583:Coinage
2400:14 July
1760:choinix
1748:Matthew
1738:In the
1708:Slovene
1692:Spanish
1684:Italian
1591:denarii
1579:denarii
1545:⁄
1519:denarii
1504:⁄
1488:⁄
1459:⁄
1430:denarii
1426:denarii
1418:denarii
1410:denarii
1406:denarii
1361:denarii
1281:Equites
1142:⁄
1084:deniers
1052:solidus
972:denarii
964:denarii
953:⁄
946:denarii
934:denarii
930:denarii
912:Double
878:denarii
840:193–235
824:148–161
784:drachma
777:⁄
754:denarii
734:denarii
698:⁄
677:pound.
672:⁄
649:denarii
607:pound.
602:⁄
552:⁄
460:⁄
446:⁄
417:⁄
393:denarii
371:denarii
344:⁄
311:History
297:Unicode
209:dēnāriī
83:scholar
3455:211 BC
3358:(ریال)
3350:(قران)
3159:named
3032:Nummus
3027:Follis
3010:Silver
2968:Copper
2964:Nummus
2955:Silver
2861:Copper
2840:Silver
2831:Aureus
2737:Triens
2634:Silver
2630:Aureus
2600:Bronze
2537:(61).
2418:
2361:
2271:xe.com
2220:
2182:
2156:9 June
2142:
2063:
1984:
1939:
1750:20:2,
1698:, the
1696:dinero
1690:, the
1688:denaro
1682:. The
1668:. The
1666:Serbia
1636:. The
1634:denier
1630:France
1561:, the
1538:grains
1532:) the
1382:copper
1380:= 400
1369:bronze
1367:= 100
1358:silver
1347:aureus
1293:Sergio
1192:1.58 g
1173:95–96%
1170:1.76 g
1109:denier
1056:solidi
960:aureus
944:(or 5
936:" or "
886:billon
858:aureus
807:85–107
788:aureus
725:95–98%
691:95–98%
682:141 BC
665:95–98%
656:200 BC
635:, the
595:95–98%
586:211 BC
536:267 BC
531:Notes
528:Purity
525:Weight
488:. The
408:. The
286:dinero
274:denaro
214:Latin:
195:Latin:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3430:Dinar
3162:dinar
2903:Semis
2785:Uncia
2705:Semis
2394:(PDF)
2383:(PDF)
1905:Notes
1714:denar
1710:word
1702:word
1694:word
1686:word
1675:denar
1661:dinar
1643:dinar
1626:penny
1610:Arabs
1509:of a
1386:asses
1356:= 25
1314:Titus
1237:Penny
1222:Penny
1219:1500s
1211:92.5%
1206:Penny
1189:Penny
1167:Penny
1137:, or
1123:Penny
1096:franc
1092:livre
1088:franc
1072:livre
1068:livre
980:assēs
849:83.5%
833:83.5%
816:93.5%
770:93.5%
761:64–68
716:44 BC
705:assēs
645:libra
633:assēs
579:libra
567:libra
559:assēs
522:Event
480:asses
471:asses
424:asses
349:of a
339:, or
337:grams
301:asses
290:dinar
278:denar
269:assēs
261:Latin
223:Roman
90:JSTOR
76:books
2997:Gold
2947:Gold
2852:(16)
2827:Gold
2626:Gold
2422:p.10
2416:ISBN
2402:2016
2359:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2158:2019
2140:ISBN
2119:2006
2093:2006
2061:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1796:Luke
1782:The
1752:John
1658:was
1612:who
1597:and
1530:Nero
1343:gold
1316:and
1275:Roma
1234:1915
1203:1158
1131:Offa
1100:lira
1080:sous
1076:sols
1064:lira
978:and
519:Year
453:Nero
433:The
388:biga
321:Nero
264:dēnī
187:The
134:and
62:news
2899:(1)
2893:(2)
2867:(8)
2858:(8)
2689:Bes
2669:(1)
2585:of
2539:doi
1724:lsd
1195:99%
1164:790
1144:240
1120:785
1078:or
1006:755
909:274
902:48%
893:241
862:aes
204:pl.
130:of
45:by
3426::
2897:As
2810:24
2794:12
2730:12
2667:As
2533:.
2517:.
2385:.
2345:^
2328:.
2324:.
2273:.
2269:.
2226:.
2188:.
2148:.
1650:,
1601:.
1547:10
1477:a
1461:10
1445:c.
1432:.
1341:1
1332:c.
1295:1
1291::
1182:c.
1111:,
1025:r.
990:.
955:20
921:5%
866:as
779:96
756:.
711:.
709:as
700:84
674:84
651:.
625:as
604:72
575:as
571:as
554:48
508:.
485:as
462:96
448:84
419:72
346:48
233:c.
212:,
206::
202:;
166:;
3149:e
3142:t
3135:v
2931:)
2928:4
2924:1
2921:(
2915:)
2912:2
2908:1
2905:(
2884:2
2880:1
2877:+
2875:2
2873:(
2813:)
2806:1
2803:(
2797:)
2790:1
2787:(
2781:)
2778:6
2774:1
2771:(
2765:)
2762:4
2758:1
2755:(
2749:)
2746:3
2742:1
2739:(
2733:)
2726:5
2723:(
2717:)
2714:2
2710:1
2707:(
2701:)
2698:3
2694:2
2691:(
2685:)
2682:4
2678:3
2675:(
2575:e
2568:t
2561:v
2547:.
2541::
2525:.
2471:.
2446:.
2404:.
2367:.
2339:.
2309:.
2284:.
2237:.
2199:.
2162:.
2160:.
2121:.
2095:.
2069:.
1990:.
1794:(
1543:1
1506:8
1502:1
1499:(
1490:4
1486:1
1457:1
1443:(
1337:)
1330:(
1140:1
1022:(
951:1
775:1
696:1
670:1
600:1
550:1
545:?
458:1
444:1
415:1
342:1
193:(
142:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
