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233:, point to how raising densities results in more expensive real estate, greater road congestion, and more localized air pollution. At a broader level, there is evidence to indicate a strong negative correlation between the total energy consumption of a city and its overall urban density, i.e. the lower the density, the more energy consumed. The location and urban setting where densification processes occur therefore need to be considered for sustainable densification.
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A 2020 study concluded that urban density "boosts productivity and innovation, improves access to goods and services, reduces typical travel distances, encourages energy efficient construction and transport, and allows broader sharing of scarce urban amenities. However, density is also synonymous
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Median density - a density metric which measures the density at which the average person lives. It is determined by ranking the census tracts by population density, and taking the density at which fifty percent of the population lives at a higher density and fifty percent lives at a lower
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Population-weighted density - a density metric which measures the density at which the average person lives. It is determined by calculating the standard density of each census tract, assigning each a weight equal to its share of the total population, and then adding the
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A 2019 meta-analysis of 180 studies on a vast number of economic outcomes of urban density concluded that urban density had net positive effects. However, there may be some regressive distributional effects.
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A 2019 meta-analysis of 180 studies on a vast number of economic outcomes of urban density concluded that urban density had net positive effects. However, there may be some regressive distributional effects.
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It is commonly asserted that higher density cities are more sustainable than low density cities because they reduce urban sprawl, minimize land use, and make public services more efficient. Much urban
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Gross density - any density figure for a given area of land that includes uses not necessarily directly relevant to the figure (usually roads and other transport infrastructure)
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is a very specific measurement of the population of an urbanized area, excluding non-urban land-uses. Non-urban uses include regional open space, agriculture and water-bodies.
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427:"Spatial Distribution of U.S. Household Carbon Footprints Reveals Suburbanization Undermines Greenhouse Gas Benefits of Urban Population Density"
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Population-weighted density is the mean of the densities of subareas of a larger area weighted by the populations of those subareas.
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Kenworthy, J (1999) Cities and Sustainability: Overcoming automobile dependence, Washington, D. C. : Island Press
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Net density - a density figure for a given area of land that excludes land not directly related to the figure.
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Eggimann, Sven; Wagner, Michael; Ho, yoo Na; Züger, Mirjam; Schneider, Ute; Orehounig, Kristina (2021).
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There are a variety of other ways of measuring the density of urban areas:
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Achieving the compact city through intensification: An acceptable option
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A graph showing the relationship between urban density and petrol use.
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Residential density - the number of dwelling units in any given area
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with crowding and makes living and moving in cities more costly."
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415:." The compact city: A sustainable urban form (1996): 83-96.
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Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming
Automobile Dependence
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474:"NASA scientists relate urban population to air pollution"
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Employment density - the number of jobs in any given area
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Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.; Pietrostefani, Elisabetta (2019).
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List of countries and dependencies by population density
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Williams, Katie, Elizabeth Burton, and Mike Jenks. "
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to refer to the number of people inhabiting a given
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365:"The economic effects of density: A synthesis"
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211:remains a contested area of planning theory.
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311:List of cities proper by population density
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591:Ottensmann, John R. (1 Feb 2018).
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659:"The Economics of Urban Density"
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1941:List of planning journals
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910:History of urban planning
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735:, vol.19, nr. 1, pg.66-76
541:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103068
381:10.1016/j.jue.2019.04.006
1877:Marine spatial planning
1389:Healthy community design
967:Village design statement
957:Preservation development
952:Conservation development
1892:Real estate development
1623:List of urban theorists
1119:City Beautiful movement
1047:Rational planning model
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1019:Sustainable development
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1936:List of planned cities
1872:Landscape architecture
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1350:Conservation community
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904:Comprehensive planning
638:Cite journal requires
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1847:Development economics
1698:Real estate education
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49:Definitions of cities
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1345:Complete Communities
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1129:Garden city movement
1072:Economic development
1004:Environmental design
605:10.2139/ssrn.3119965
221:automobile dependent
217:sustainable urbanism
72:Settlement hierarchy
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443:2014EnST...48..895J
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1492:High-rise urbanism
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869:World Urbanism Day
718:, NAi Publishers,
676:10.1257/jep.34.3.3
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1223:
1222:Urban renewal
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Structuralism
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
987:
984:
983:
981:
979:
975:
968:
965:
963:
962:Rural housing
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Redevelopment
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
894:
890:
887:
881:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
824:
820:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
788:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
762:
761:
758:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
734:
730:
727:
725:
724:9789056627423
721:
717:
713:
711:
710:1-55963-660-2
707:
703:
700:
699:
695:
686:
682:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
650:
645:
632:
625:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
587:
584:
572:
568:
561:
558:
552:
547:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
515:
510:
504:
500:
493:
490:
479:
475:
468:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
418:
414:
408:
405:
400:
396:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
359:
357:
353:
346:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
299:
297:
293:
286:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
260:
256:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
242:Urban density
236:
234:
232:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
182:
175:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Urban density
136:
131:
129:
124:
122:
117:
116:
114:
113:
110:
100:
99:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
84:
83:
78:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
19:
18:Densification
1951:
1928:
1909:
1837:Architecture
1810:Nazi Germany
1618:Thomas Adams
1598:Loretta Lees
1593:Le Corbusier
1563:Edmund Bacon
1528:Andrés Duany
1483:Urbanization
1469:Urban sprawl
1434:Rural flight
1414:Permeability
1409:Model cities
1281:Logging camp
1240:Company town
1154:Smart growth
1144:New Urbanism
926:Urban design
732:
715:
666:
662:
652:
631:cite journal
623:
616:. Retrieved
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:
560:
531:
527:
517:
498:
492:
481:. Retrieved
477:
467:
434:
430:
420:
407:
390:10419/173020
372:
368:
331:Urban sprawl
321:Smart growth
306:Compact city
294:
290:
246:
241:
240:
225:
206:
202:smart growth
194:New Urbanism
187:
170:
154:urban design
145:
144:
1830:disciplines
1653:Jane Jacobs
1578:James Rouse
1459:Urban decay
1444:Third place
1419:Placemaking
1269:Pit village
1259:Global city
669:(3): 3–26.
237:Measurement
228:libertarian
67:Megalopolis
57:Conurbation
1573:Ian McHarg
1518:Theorists/
1295:(New town)
1254:Ghost town
1093:Concepts/
829:Urban area
729:Dovey, Kim
483:2019-07-09
375:: 93–107.
347:References
1862:Geography
1774:Barcelona
1753:Singapore
1728:Australia
1721:Countries
1335:Cityscape
1102:Movements
702:Newman, P
685:0895-3309
613:202919206
399:157491186
262:segments.
1968:Category
1930:Category
1779:Shanghai
1681:Training
1323:Concepts
1314:Boomtown
1304:Arcology
1276:Man camp
1244:Monotown
1197:Ekistics
1179:Theories
1095:theories
936:Urbanism
885:branches
854:Planning
849:Land use
803:Theories
618:27 April
576:27 April
459:24328208
300:See also
258:density.
213:Jan Gehl
62:Megacity
34:Ekistics
1952:Commons
1828:Related
1641:Critics
1394:LEED-ND
892:General
822:General
813:Outline
798:History
439:Bibcode
1800:Africa
1784:Sydney
1767:Cities
1748:Serbia
1743:Russia
1714:Places
1510:People
1497:Zoning
1380:Infill
844:Suburb
722:
708:
683:
611:
505:
457:
397:
287:Impact
200:, and
1793:Other
1733:China
1169:YIMBY
1139:NIMBY
945:Rural
917:(Eur)
883:Major
808:Index
609:S2CID
395:S2CID
80:Lists
1362:(US)
969:(UK)
906:(US)
834:City
720:ISBN
706:ISBN
681:ISSN
644:help
620:2020
597:SSRN
578:2020
503:ISBN
455:PMID
152:and
671:doi
601:doi
546:hdl
536:doi
447:doi
385:hdl
377:doi
373:111
1970::
1490:/
1471:/
1387:/
1373:/
1242:/
679:.
667:34
665:.
661:.
635::
633:}}
629:{{
622:.
607:.
599:.
595:.
569:.
544:.
532:72
530:.
526:.
476:.
453:.
445:.
435:48
433:.
429:.
393:.
383:.
371:.
367:.
355:^
196:,
168:.
779:e
772:t
765:v
687:.
673::
646:)
642:(
603::
580:.
554:.
548::
538::
511:.
486:.
461:.
449::
441::
401:.
387::
379::
134:e
127:t
120:v
20:)
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