736:
46:
vague, dreamlike, surreal, or strange, leading to a diminished sense of individuality or identity. Sufferers often feel as though they are observing the world from a distance, as if separated by a barrier "behind glass". They maintain insight into the subjective nature of their experience, recognizing that it pertains to their own perception rather than altering objective reality. This distinction between subjective experience and objective reality distinguishes depersonalization from
797:, a drug used to reverse the intoxicating effects of opioid drugs, can successfully treat depersonalization disorder. According to the study: "In three of 14 patients, depersonalization symptoms disappeared entirely and seven patients showed a marked improvement. The therapeutic effect of naloxone provides evidence for the role of the endogenous opioid system in the pathogenesis of depersonalization." The anticonvulsant drug
31:
288:
Canadian sample. In clinical populations, prevalence rates range from 1% to 16%, with varying rates in specific psychiatric disorders such as panic disorder and unipolar depression. Co-occurrence between depersonalization/derealization and panic disorder is common, suggesting a possible common etiology. Co-morbidity with other disorders does not influence symptom severity consistently.
685:
Depersonalization is an overgeneralized reaction in that it doesn't diminish just the unpleasant experience, but more or less all experience – leading to a feeling of being detached from the world and experiencing it in a more bland way. An important distinction must be made between depersonalization
564:
activities, notably in the theta band, suggest potential biomarkers for emotion processing, attention, and working memory, though specific oscillatory signatures associated with depersonalization are yet to be determined. Reduced brain activities in sensory processing units, along with alterations in
45:
phenomenon characterized by a subjective feeling of detachment from oneself, manifesting as a sense of disconnection from one's thoughts, emotions, sensations, or actions, and often accompanied by a feeling of observing oneself from an external perspective. Subjects perceive that the world has become
631:, characterized by reduced physiological responses to stressors or emotional stimuli. This blunting may reflect a diminished capacity to engage with the external world or to experience emotions fully, contributing to the subjective sense of detachment from oneself. Additionally, dysregulation of the
164:
Individuals who experience depersonalization feel divorced from their own personal self by sensing their body sensations, feelings, emotions, behaviors, etc. as not belonging to the same person or identity. Often a person who has experienced depersonalization claims that things seem unreal or hazy.
743:
Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause, whether it is organic or psychological in origin. If depersonalization is a symptom of neurological disease, then diagnosis and treatment of the specific disease is the first approach. Depersonalization can be a cognitive symptom of such diseases as
287:
between 26 and 74%. A random community-based survey of 1,000 adults in the US rural south found a 1-year depersonalization prevalence rate at 19%. Standardized diagnostic interviews have reported prevalence rates of 1.2% to 1.7% over one month in UK samples, and a rate of 2.4% in a single-point
307:
location of first-person perspective such that self and other or self and world may seem to be non-distinguishable, or in which the individual self or field of consciousness takes on an inordinate significance in relation to the objective or intersubjective world" (emphasis in original).
489:
in the normal population reported the highest rate. In a study, 46% of college students reported at least one significant episode in the previous year. In another study, 20% of patients with minor head injury experience significant depersonalization and derealization.
427:, which can occur with long-term use of benzodiazepines, can induce chronic depersonalization symptomatology and perceptual disturbances in some people, even in those who are taking a stable daily dosage, and it can also become a protracted feature of the
72:, which underscores its association with disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. This classification is based on the findings that depersonalization and derealization are prevalent in other dissociative disorders including
180:
is unreality of the outside world. Although most authors currently regard depersonalization (personal/self) and derealization (reality/surroundings) as independent constructs, many do not want to separate derealization from depersonalization.
576:
signal processing, crucial for balance and spatial orientation, is increasingly recognized as a factor contributing to feelings of disembodiment during depersonalization experiences. Research suggests that abnormal activity in the
440:
291:
Depersonalization is reported 2-4 times more in women than in men, but depersonalization/derealization disorder is diagnosed approximately equally across men and women, with symptoms typically emerging around the age of 16.
662:
Psychologically depersonalization can, just like dissociation in general, be considered a type of coping mechanism, used to decrease the intensity of unpleasant experience, whether that is something as mild as
581:
may play a role, although abnormalities in right hemisphere brain activity, responsible for self-awareness and emotion processing, may also contribute to depersonalization symptoms. Higher activity in the
813:
Interest in DPDR has increased over the past few decades, leading to a large accumulation of literature on dissociative disorders. There has been a shift towards the use of research studies, rather than
377:
further supported the lack of distinction. The severity of clinical depersonalization symptoms remains consistent regardless of whether they are triggered by illicit drugs or psychological factors.
2430:
Sierra, Mauricio; Baker, Dawn; Medford, Nicholas; Lawrence, Emma; Patel, Maxine; Phillips, Mary L.; David, Anthony S. (2006). "Lamotrigine as an Add-on
Treatment for Depersonalization Disorder".
1622:
1070:
79:
Though degrees of depersonalization can happen to anyone who is subject to temporary anxiety or stress, chronic depersonalization is more related to individuals who have experienced a severe
1560:
327:. Individuals high on the absorption subscale, which measures a subject's experiences of concentration to the exclusion of awareness of other events, showed weaker cortisol responses.
705:
Currently, no universally accepted treatment guidelines have been established for depersonalization. Pharmacotherapy remains a primary avenue of treatment, with medications such as
818:
to understand depersonalization. However, there remains a lack of solid consensus on its definition and scales used for assessment. Salami and colleagues argued that studies of
844:, Vesuna, et al. describe experimental findings which show that layer 5 of the retrosplenial cortex is likely responsible for dissociative states of consciousness in mammals.
724:
In addition to pharmacological interventions, various psychotherapeutic techniques have been employed in attempts to alleviate depersonalization symptoms. Modalities such as
635:, which governs the body's stress response system, is frequently observed in individuals who experience depersonalization. This dysregulation can manifest as alterations in
369:
conducted at a specialized depersonalization clinic included 164 individuals with chronic depersonalization symptoms, of which 40 linked their symptoms to illicit drug use.
1230:
Sass, Louis; Pienkos, Elizabeth; Nelson, Barnaby; Medford, Nick (2013). "Anomalous self-experience in depersonalization and schizophrenia: A comparative investigation".
189:
Despite the distressing nature of symptoms, estimating the prevalence rates of depersonalization is challenging due to inconsistent definitions and variable timeframes.
139:, and it has been suggested that there could be common aetiology between depersonalization symptoms and panic disorder, on the basis of their high co-occurrence rates.
909:
2147:
Shufman, E.; A. Lerner; E. Witztum (2005). "Depersonalization after withdrawal from cannabis usage" [Depersonalization after withdrawal from cannabis usage].
2201:
Mourad, I.; M. Lejoyeux; J. Adès (1998). "Evaluation prospective du sevrage des antidépresseurs" [Prospective evaluation of antidepressant discontinuation].
721:
being commonly prescribed. However, it is important to note that none of these medications have demonstrated a potent anti-dissociative effect in managing symptoms.
2667:
1797:
Giesbrecht, T.; T. Smeets; H. Merckelbac; M. Jelicic (2007). "Depersonalization experiences in undergraduates are related to heightened stress cortisol responses".
2634:
Loewenstein, Richard J; Frewen, Paul; Lewis-Fernández, Roberto (2017). "20 Dissociative
Disorders". In Sadock, Virginia A; Sadock, Benjamin J; Ruiz, Pedro (eds.).
1558:
Michelle V. Lambert; Mauricio Sierra; Mary L. Phillips; Anthony S. David (May 2002). "The
Spectrum of Organic Depersonalization: A Review Plus Four New Cases".
1187:
88:
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interferes with formation of a single cohesive identity, treatment requires proper psychotherapy, and—in the case of additional (co-morbid) disorders such as
632:
2610:
335:
Depersonalization can arise from a variety of factors, of both a psychological and physiological nature. Common immediate precipitants include instances of
889:
822:
depersonalization-derealization markers are urgently needed, and that future research should use analysis methods that can account for the integration of
311:
For the purposes of evaluation and measurement depersonalization can be conceived of as a construct and scales are now available to map its dimensions in
1643:
Lickel J; Nelson E; Lickel A H; Brett Deacon (2008). "Interoceptive
Exposure Exercises for Evoking Depersonalization and Derealization: A Pilot Study".
2402:
1612:
1060:
385:
Depersonalization has been described by some as a desirable state, particularly by those that have experienced it under the influence of mood-altering
83:
or prolonged stress/anxiety. Depersonalization-derealization is the single most important symptom in the spectrum of dissociative disorders, including
834:
787:
57:
1879:
686:
as a mild, short-term reaction to unpleasant experience and depersonalization as a chronic symptom stemming from a severe mental disorder such as
2475:
Nuller, Yuri L.; Morozova, Marina G.; Kushnir, Olga N.; Hamper, Nikita (2001). "Effect of naloxone therapy on depersonalization: A pilot study".
1752:
Sierra, Mauricio; Berrios, German E. (2000). "The
Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale: A new instrument for the measurement of depersonalisation".
1418:
2005:
Cohen, P. R. (2004). "Medication-associated depersonalization symptoms: report of transient depersonalization symptoms induced by minocycline".
1453:
Sierra-Siegert M, David AS (December 2007). "Depersonalization and individualism: the effect of culture on symptom profiles in panic disorder".
462:
Experiences of depersonalization/derealization occur on a continuum, ranging from momentary episodes in healthy individuals under conditions of
802:
2643:
2386:
2321:
1799:
1693:
1455:
1376:
1111:
1339:"The significance of the social identity concept for social psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism and social influence"
1416:
Radovic, F.; Radovic, S. (2002). "Feelings of
Unreality: A Conceptual and Phenomenological Analysis of the Language of Depersonalization".
1343:
1842:
Medford, Nicholas; Baker, Dawn; Hunter, Elaine; Sierra, Mauricio; Lawrence, Emma; Phillips, Mary L.; David, Anthony S. (December 2003).
1395:
767:
If depersonalization is a symptom of psychological causes such as developmental trauma, treatment depends on the diagnosis. In case of
1645:
428:
124:
2354:
735:
1217:, CHANGES IN DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA TO THE DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS, Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria for Depersonalization Disorder
578:
156:
has a different meaning and refers to "the stereotypical perception of the self as an example of some defining social category".
116:
2662:
1091:
837:. Researchers there use the acronym DPAFU (Depersonalisation and Feelings of Unreality) as a shortened label for the disorder.
780:
601:
502:
120:
34:
Individuals who experience depersonalization feel divorced from their own personal self as not belonging to the same identity.
768:
691:
672:
316:
84:
73:
2477:
2054:
949:
Sierra, M.; Berrios, G. E. (2001). "The phenomenological stability of depersonalization: Comparing the old with the new".
745:
566:
229:
108:
729:
553:
2577:
474:, to severe and chronic disorders that can persist for decades. Several studies found that up to 66% of individuals in
1232:
1602:, GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS, Epidemiology of Depersonalization and Derealization Symptoms.
315:
A study of undergraduate students found that individuals high on the depersonalization/derealization subscale of the
1142:"Symptoms of depersonalisation/derealisation disorder as measured by brain electrical activity: A systematic review"
2432:
451:
370:
152:
147:
50:, where individuals firmly believe in false perceptions as genuine truths. Depersonalization is also distinct from
2606:
530:
424:
96:
42:
1939:
2007:
761:
628:
486:
340:
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and psychobiological hyperarousal helps preserving adaptive behaviors and resources under threat or danger.
652:
1715:
914:
904:
749:
605:
561:
435:
277:
213:
2311:
2267:
2265:
Terao T; Yoshimura R; Terao M; Abe K (1992-01-15). "Depersonalization following nitrazepam withdrawal".
1962:
1906:
475:
374:
273:
61:
1843:
756:(MS), or any other neurological disease affecting the brain. For those with both depersonalization and
2203:
1278:
Sharma, Kirti; Behera, Joshil Kumar; Sood, Sushma; Rajput, Rajesh; Satpal; Praveen, Prashant (2014).
772:
664:
648:
80:
833:
The
Depersonalisation Research Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry in London conducts research into
697:
Chronic symptoms may represent persistence of depersonalization beyond the situations under threat.
1754:
884:
360:
296:
284:
265:
1280:"Study of cognitive functions in newly diagnosed cases of subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism"
651:, and may be highly prevalent in individuals involved in different traumatic situations including
444:, suggests that military training artificially creates depersonalization in soldiers, suppressing
2502:
2457:
2373:
Cardeña, Etzel (1994). "The Domain of
Dissociation". In Lynn, Steven J.; Rhue, Judith W. (eds.).
2292:
2129:
2032:
1987:
1960:
Raimo, E. B.; R. A. Roemer; M. Moster; Y. Shan (June 1999). "Alcohol-Induced
Depersonalization".
1931:
1824:
1779:
1662:
1540:
1480:
1435:
1257:
1153:
974:
805:
and is the first drug of choice at the depersonalisation research unit at King's
College London.
753:
549:
518:
386:
366:
1103:
1095:
454:(1974) claimed that depersonalization occurs in relation to the experience of falling in love.
2639:
2553:
2494:
2449:
2382:
2350:
2317:
2284:
2247:
2212:
2183:
2156:
2121:
2024:
1979:
1923:
1871:
1863:
1816:
1771:
1734:
1689:
1577:
1532:
1472:
1319:
1301:
1249:
1179:
1171:
1107:
1042:
1034:
966:
854:
819:
801:
has shown some success in treating symptoms of depersonalization, often in combination with a
718:
609:
573:
506:
390:
283:
In the general population, transient depersonalization and derealization are common, having a
197:
143:
132:
1391:
639:
and responsiveness to stress, potentially exacerbating feelings of detachment and unreality.
627:
In addition to this, research suggests that individuals with depersonalization often exhibit
91:" (DD-NOS). It is also a prominent symptom in some other non-dissociative disorders, such as
2586:
2543:
2533:
2486:
2441:
2276:
2239:
2113:
2086:
2077:
2075:
Arehart-Treichel, Joan (2003-08-15). "Depersonalization Again Finds Psychiatric Spotlight".
2016:
1971:
1915:
1855:
1808:
1763:
1724:
1654:
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1524:
1464:
1427:
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1026:
958:
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841:
776:
617:
494:
463:
394:
356:
336:
324:
100:
92:
919:
1729:
1710:
864:
783:, which can be treated in the long term with proper psychotherapy and psychopharmacology.
560:
activity as contributing factors to depersonalization experiences. Additionally, abnormal
418:
414:
410:
348:
237:
20:
1844:"Chronic depersonalization following illicit drug use: a controlled analysis of 40 cases"
732:
have been utilized, although their efficacy remains uncertain and not firmly established.
54:, which involves a sense of detachment from the external world rather than from oneself.
501:
soldiers, measures of depersonalization and derealization increased significantly after
2548:
2521:
2445:
2378:
2174:
Djenderedjian, A.; R. Tashjian (1982). "Agoraphobia following amphetamine withdrawal".
2020:
1812:
1685:
1357:
1338:
1314:
1279:
827:
557:
545:
514:
498:
478:
report at least transient depersonalization during or immediately after the accidents.
402:
261:
221:
193:
112:
24:
2104:
Marriott, S.; P. Tyrer (1993). "Benzodiazepine dependence: avoidance and withdrawal".
1975:
1767:
565:
visceral signal processing regions, are observed, particularly in the early stages of
373:
similarity between drug-induced and non-drug groups was observed, and comparison with
2656:
2280:
2243:
2117:
1919:
1859:
1783:
1573:
1528:
1439:
962:
874:
823:
613:
586:
583:
541:
300:
241:
217:
177:
104:
51:
2506:
2461:
2296:
2036:
1991:
1935:
1666:
1544:
1371:
1261:
1167:
978:
604:
pathways has also been proposed, alongside alterations in metabolic activity in the
2133:
1828:
1484:
894:
706:
656:
621:
352:
344:
303:
spectrum disorders. However, specific to the schizophrenia spectrum seems to be "a
1141:
355:. Additionally, there exists a correlation between frequent depersonalization and
2346:
1902:"Depersonalization Disorder: Effects of Caffeine and Response to Pharmacotherapy"
1468:
1245:
2230:
Ashton, Heather (1991). "Protracted withdrawal syndromes from benzodiazepines".
1617:
1065:
929:
798:
779:—a team of specialists treating such an individual. It can also be a symptom of
714:
482:
406:
269:
30:
2490:
2050:
1658:
176:
Depersonalization is a subjective experience of unreality in one's self, while
2522:"Evidence-based treatment for Depersonalisation-derealisation Disorder (DPRD)"
1030:
899:
815:
710:
280:
is a non-pharmacological method that can be used to induce depersonalization.
253:
1867:
1305:
1296:
1175:
1038:
1014:
879:
869:
859:
593:
2557:
2538:
2498:
2453:
2403:"Overview of Child Neglect and Abuse - Overview of Child Neglect and Abuse"
2160:
2028:
1983:
1875:
1820:
1775:
1738:
1581:
1536:
1476:
1323:
1253:
1183:
1046:
970:
2288:
2251:
2216:
2187:
2125:
2090:
1927:
1431:
299:(ipse is Latin for "self" or "itself") may be part of the core process of
2313:
On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society
1140:
Salami, Abbas; Andreu-Perez, Javier; Gillmeister, Helge (November 2020).
794:
757:
636:
398:
320:
257:
245:
209:
205:
128:
47:
2591:
2572:
2571:
Medford, Nick; Sierra, Mauricio; Baker, Dawn; David, Anthony S. (2005).
2339:
1515:
Simeon D (2004). "Depersonalisation Disorder: A Contemporary Overview".
589:
has been linked to more severe depersonalisation, supporting this idea.
169:
breaks down (hence the name). Depersonalization can result in very high
1688:. DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION DISORDER, Epidemiology, pp. 454-455.
725:
679:
668:
552:. Studies spanning from 1992 to 2020 have highlighted abnormalities in
510:
467:
445:
233:
225:
201:
170:
136:
771:
or DD-NOS as a developmental disorder, in which extreme developmental
1102:(5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp.
597:
505:
that includes experiences of uncontrollable stress, semi-starvation,
1901:
1392:"Depersonalization disorder: A feeling of being 'outside' your body"
481:
Several studies, but not all, found age to be a significant factor:
2607:"Depersonalisation Research Unit - Institute of Psychiatry, London"
1158:
734:
69:
65:
29:
1613:"Depersonalization-derealization disorder - Symptoms and causes"
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1061:"Depersonalization-derealization disorder - Symptoms and causes"
687:
471:
249:
166:
1680:
Sadock, BJ; Sadock, VA (2015). "12: Dissociative Disorders".
540:
Depersonalization involves disruptions in the integration of
192:
Depersonalization is a symptom of anxiety disorders, such as
786:
The treatment of chronic depersonalization is considered in
2368:
2366:
2636:
Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
739:
An attempt at a visual representation of depersonalization
448:
and making it easier for them to kill other human beings.
1561:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
1015:"The epidemiology of depersonalisation and derealisation"
1013:
Hunter, E. C. M.; Sierra, M.; David, A. S. (2004-01-01).
347:, and the consumption of psychoactive substances such as
135:; it can also be a symptom of some types of neurological
2520:
Somer, Eli; Amos-Williams, Taryn; Stein, Dan J. (2013).
1595:
1593:
1591:
2573:"Understanding and treating depersonalisation disorder"
276:(less likely if unconscious for more than 30 minutes).
1599:
1214:
548:
signals, particularly in response to acute anxiety or
1100:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
60:
refers to chronic depersonalization, classified as a
2375:
Dissociation: Clinical and theoretical perspectives
1273:
1271:
2338:
2051:"Medication-Associated Depersonalization Symptoms"
173:levels, which further increase these perceptions.
1284:Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine
647:Depersonalization is a classic response to acute
910:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
2425:
2423:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1225:
1223:
1019:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
89:dissociative disorder not otherwise specified
8:
1711:"Schizophrenia, Consciousness, and the Self"
236:, the use of recreational drugs —especially
890:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
667:or something as severe as chronically high
1682:Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry
2590:
2547:
2537:
1728:
1356:
1313:
1295:
1157:
951:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
295:A similar and overlapping concept called
1419:Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology
1146:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
58:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
941:
397:, as well as a possible side effect of
2668:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
2341:The Psychology of Anomalous Experience
1709:Sass, Louis A.; Parnas, Josef (2003).
803:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
1800:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1730:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007017
1456:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1377:Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
1008:
7:
2232:Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
1900:Stein, M. B.; Uhde, TW (July 1989).
1344:British Journal of Social Psychology
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
1337:Turner, John; Oakes, Penny (1986).
200:(often occurring when experiencing
2446:10.1097/01.WNF.0000228368.17970.DA
2176:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2021:10.1097/01.SMJ.0000083857.98870.98
1813:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253822.60618.60
1646:Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy
1358:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00732.x
509:, as well as lack of control over
429:benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
14:
2638:(10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
2578:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
793:A 2001 Russian study showed that
2118:10.2165/00002018-199309020-00003
1860:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00548.x
1574:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14.2.141
1529:10.2165/00023210-200418060-00002
963:10.1097/00005053-200109000-00010
117:schizotypal personality disorder
2613:from the original on 2007-01-18
2057:from the original on 2015-02-14
1942:from the original on 2024-01-26
1882:from the original on 2023-04-30
1625:from the original on 2017-10-08
1398:from the original on 2007-09-29
1190:from the original on 2024-04-12
1168:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.011
1092:American Psychiatry Association
1073:from the original on 2017-10-08
781:borderline personality disorder
730:cognitive-behavioral techniques
359:, particularly cases involving
121:borderline personality disorder
769:dissociative identity disorder
692:dissociative identity disorder
673:post-traumatic stress disorder
357:childhood interpersonal trauma
317:Dissociative Experiences Scale
85:dissociative identity disorder
74:dissociative identity disorder
1:
2478:Journal of Psychopharmacology
1976:10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00257-1
1768:10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00100-1
1600:Dissociative Disorders (2017)
1215:Dissociative Disorders (2017)
746:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
230:obsessive-compulsive disorder
125:obsessive–compulsive disorder
109:schizoid personality disorder
2281:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90209-I
2244:10.1016/0740-5472(91)90023-4
1920:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90044-9
1469:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815c19f7
1246:10.1016/j.concog.2013.01.009
554:primary somatosensory cortex
319:exhibited a more pronounced
2407:MSD Manual Consumer Version
1233:Consciousness and Cognition
525:Psychobiological mechanisms
232:, severe stress or trauma,
19:For social philosophy, see
2684:
2491:10.1177/026988110101500205
2433:Clinical Neuropharmacology
1659:10.1891/0889-8391.22.4.321
1372:Depersonalization Disorder
835:depersonalization disorder
788:depersonalization disorder
610:prefrontal hyperactivation
606:sensory association cortex
528:
476:life-threatening accidents
148:self-categorization theory
18:
1031:10.1007/s00127-004-0701-4
840:In a 2020 article in the
762:tricyclic antidepressants
592:Potential involvement of
531:Symptoms of victimization
425:Benzodiazepine dependence
421:symptom from many drugs.
165:Also, a recognition of a
16:Anomaly of self-awareness
2008:Southern Medical Journal
1297:10.4103/0976-9668.127290
1096:"Dissociative Disorders"
196:. It can also accompany
115:or endocrine disorders,
2310:Grossman, Dave (1996).
653:motor vehicle collision
361:emotional maltreatment.
268:, and mild-to-moderate
218:complex-partial seizure
2663:Dissociative disorders
2539:10.1186/2050-7283-1-20
2345:. Hutchinson. p.
1716:Schizophrenia Bulletin
915:Psychedelic experience
905:Out-of-body experience
764:are often prescribed.
740:
726:trauma-focused therapy
567:information processing
278:Interoceptive exposure
220:, both as part of the
214:temporal lobe epilepsy
35:
2337:Reed, Graham (1972).
2268:Biological Psychiatry
2155:(4): 249–51 and 303.
2091:10.1176/pn.38.16.0018
1963:Biological Psychiatry
1907:Biological Psychiatry
1432:10.1353/ppp.2003.0048
1390:Hall-Flavin, Daniel.
738:
584:right parietal lobe's
550:trauma-related events
389:. It is an effect of
274:loss of consciousness
260:, extended mirror or
62:dissociative disorder
33:
820:electrophysiological
272:with little or full
146:, and in particular
2592:10.1192/apt.11.2.92
1755:Psychiatry Research
885:Falling (sensation)
809:Research directions
750:Alzheimer's disease
536:Proximate mechanism
519:social interactions
434:Lieutenant Colonel
341:depressive episodes
297:ipseity disturbance
285:lifetime prevalence
266:sensory deprivation
252:, certain types of
97:clinical depression
2381:. pp. 15–31.
2316:. Back Bay Books.
754:multiple sclerosis
741:
719:opioid antagonists
643:Ultimate mechanism
629:autonomic blunting
602:glutamatergic NMDA
417:. It is a classic
387:recreational drugs
367:case-control study
36:
2645:978-1-4511-0047-1
2388:978-0-89862-186-0
2323:978-0-316-33000-8
1854:(12): 1731–1736.
1695:978-1-60913-971-1
1684:(11th ed.).
1113:978-0-89042-555-8
614:limbic inhibition
598:endogenous opioid
507:sleep deprivation
198:sleep deprivation
153:depersonalization
144:social psychology
133:sleep deprivation
93:anxiety disorders
39:Depersonalization
2675:
2649:
2628:Other references
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2541:
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2511:
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2415:
2413:
2399:
2393:
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2370:
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2344:
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2327:
2307:
2301:
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2256:
2255:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2078:Psychiatric News
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2053:. medscape.com.
2047:
2041:
2040:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1957:
1951:
1950:
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1947:
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1891:
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1387:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1299:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1161:
1137:
1118:
1117:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1010:
983:
982:
946:
925:Spiritual crisis
777:eating disorders
678:The decrease in
618:aversive stimuli
495:general infantry
375:matched controls
371:Phenomenological
314:
101:bipolar disorder
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2616:
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2569:
2565:
2519:
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2514:
2474:
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2469:
2429:
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2421:
2411:
2409:
2401:
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2396:
2389:
2372:
2371:
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2331:
2324:
2309:
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2264:
2263:
2259:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1796:
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1791:
1751:
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1746:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1679:
1678:
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1642:
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1637:
1628:
1626:
1611:
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1606:
1598:
1589:
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1389:
1388:
1384:
1370:
1366:
1336:
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1331:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1139:
1138:
1121:
1114:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1012:
1011:
986:
948:
947:
943:
939:
934:
865:Catatonic state
850:
811:
703:
645:
637:cortisol levels
616:in response to
579:left hemisphere
556:processing and
538:
533:
527:
460:
415:antidepressants
383:
381:Pharmacological
333:
313:time and space.
312:
224:and during the
187:
162:
28:
21:objectification
17:
12:
11:
5:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2598:
2563:
2526:BMC Psychology
2512:
2467:
2440:(5): 253–258.
2419:
2394:
2387:
2379:Guilford Press
2362:
2355:
2329:
2322:
2302:
2257:
2238:(1–2): 19–28.
2222:
2193:
2166:
2139:
2096:
2067:
2042:
1997:
1970:(11): 1523–6.
1952:
1892:
1834:
1789:
1762:(2): 153–164.
1744:
1701:
1694:
1686:Wolters Kluwer
1672:
1635:
1604:
1587:
1550:
1490:
1463:(12): 989–95.
1445:
1408:
1382:
1364:
1329:
1267:
1240:(2): 430–441.
1219:
1200:
1119:
1112:
1083:
1052:
984:
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:
927:
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907:
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851:
849:
846:
842:Journal Nature
810:
807:
702:
699:
644:
641:
537:
534:
526:
523:
515:communications
499:special forces
459:
456:
438:, in his book
382:
379:
332:
329:
262:crystal gazing
194:panic disorder
186:
183:
161:
158:
113:hypothyroidism
25:dehumanization
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2680:
2669:
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2658:
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2641:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2585:(2): 92–100.
2584:
2580:
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2574:
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2564:
2559:
2555:
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2540:
2535:
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2356:9780091132408
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2223:
2218:
2214:
2211:(3): 215–22.
2210:
2207:(in French).
2206:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2182:(6): 248–49.
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:(in Hebrew).
2150:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:(2): 93–103.
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2085:(16): 18–30.
2084:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:(3): 315–20.
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:(4): 282–87.
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1723:(3): 427–44.
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:(4): 321–30.
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:(2): 141–54.
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:(6): 343–54.
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
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1412:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1380:Home Edition
1379:
1378:
1373:
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1359:
1354:
1351:(3): 237–52.
1350:
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1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
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991:
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976:
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964:
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957:(9): 629–36.
956:
952:
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928:
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875:Derealization
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828:exteroceptive
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619:
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587:angular gyrus
585:
580:
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570:
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546:exteroceptive
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542:interoceptive
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436:Dave Grossman
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353:hallucinogens
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345:panic attacks
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102:
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71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
53:
52:derealization
49:
44:
40:
32:
26:
22:
2635:
2615:. Retrieved
2601:
2582:
2576:
2566:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2485:(2): 93–95.
2482:
2476:
2470:
2437:
2431:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2377:. New York:
2374:
2340:
2332:
2312:
2305:
2275:(2): 212–3.
2272:
2266:
2260:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2045:
2015:(1): 70–73.
2012:
2006:
2000:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1911:
1905:
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1851:
1847:
1837:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1720:
1714:
1704:
1681:
1675:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1520:
1516:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1426:(3): 271–9.
1423:
1417:
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1385:
1375:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1332:
1290:(1): 63–66.
1287:
1283:
1237:
1231:
1192:. Retrieved
1149:
1145:
1099:
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1022:
1018:
954:
950:
944:
895:Human spirit
839:
832:
816:case studies
812:
792:
785:
766:
742:
723:
707:clomipramine
704:
696:
684:
677:
661:
657:imprisonment
646:
626:
620:revealed by
594:serotonergic
591:
571:
539:
513:, movement,
492:
487:young adults
480:
461:
450:
439:
433:
423:
395:psychedelics
384:
364:
334:
323:response in
310:
304:
294:
290:
282:
212:(especially
191:
188:
185:Epidemiology
175:
163:
151:
141:
78:
64:in both the
56:
43:dissociative
38:
37:
2204:L'Encéphale
2106:Drug Safety
1618:Mayo Clinic
1152:: 524–537.
1066:Mayo Clinic
1025:(1): 9–18.
930:Weltschmerz
799:lamotrigine
715:lamotrigine
483:adolescents
458:Situational
452:Graham Reed
407:amphetamine
270:head injury
160:Description
150:, the term
2657:Categories
2617:2006-11-07
2061:2009-03-30
1946:2019-07-12
1886:2024-03-30
1629:2019-11-20
1402:2007-09-08
1194:2024-03-29
1159:2111.06126
1077:2022-03-28
937:References
900:Nina Searl
855:Alienation
711:fluoxetine
574:vestibular
529:See also:
441:On Killing
419:withdrawal
254:meditation
2532:(1): 20.
1868:0965-2140
1848:Addiction
1784:206024895
1517:CNS Drugs
1440:145074433
1306:0976-9668
1176:0149-7634
1039:1433-9285
880:Ego death
870:Cognition
860:Brain fog
830:signals.
701:Treatment
624:studies.
349:marijuana
129:migraines
48:delusions
2611:Archived
2558:25566370
2507:22934937
2499:11448093
2462:38595510
2454:16960469
2297:26522217
2161:15889607
2149:Harefuah
2055:Archived
2037:27125601
2029:14746427
1992:34049706
1984:10356638
1940:Archived
1936:34396397
1880:Archived
1876:14651505
1821:17435477
1776:10725532
1739:14609238
1667:12746427
1623:Archived
1582:11983788
1545:18506672
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