Depression (mood) - Knowledge (XXG)

62: 3760: 3655: 835: 3694:…the histories of genocide, slavery, and exclusion and oppression of immigrants that seep into our daily lives of segregation, often as invisible forces that structure comfort and privilege for some and lack of resources for others, inequities whose connection to the past frequently remain obscure. These are depressing conditions, indeed, ones that make depression seem not so much a medical or biochemical dysfunction as a very rational response to global conditions. 869:, and exposure to noise and air pollution are linked to depressive moods, emphasizing the need for consideration in planning to prevent such outcomes. Locality has also been linked to depression and other negative moods. The rate of depression among those who reside in large urban areas is shown to be lower than those who do not. Likewise, those from smaller towns and rural areas tend to have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and psychological unwellness. 1265:(PHQ-9). Both of these measures are psychological tests that ask personal questions of the participant, and have mostly been used to measure the severity of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report scale that helps a therapist identify the patterns of depression symptoms and monitor recovery. The responses on this scale can be discussed in therapy to devise interventions for the most distressing symptoms of depression. 1386:

preference for privacy. An analysis of 40,350 undergraduates from 70 institutions by Posselt and Lipson found that undergraduates who perceived their classroom environments as highly competitive had a 37% higher chance of developing depression and a 69% higher chance of developing anxiety. Several studies have suggested that unemployment roughly doubles the risk of developing depression.

1214:, and colonialism are productive of segregation, both material and psychic material deprivation, and concomitant circumstances of violence, systemic exclusion, and lack of access to legal protections. The demands of navigating these circumstances compromise the resources available to a population to seek comfort, health, stability, and sense of security. The historical memory of this 5855: 5849: 212: 207: 1142:. Inflammatory processes can be triggered by negative cognitions or their consequences, such as stress, violence, or deprivation. Thus, negative cognitions can cause inflammation that can, in turn, lead to depression. In addition, there is increasing evidence that inflammation can cause depression because of the increase of cytokines, setting the brain into a "sickness mode". 5031: 1382:, premature mortality arising from physical disorders, and maternal depression impacts on child growth and development. Approximately 76% to 85% of depressed people in low- and middle-income countries do not receive treatment; barriers to treatment include: inaccurate assessment, lack of trained health-care providers, social stigma and lack of resources. 861:, such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or unequal parental treatment of siblings can contribute to depression in adulthood. Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the survivor's lifetime. People who have experienced four or more 1390:

show possibilities for the implementation of the programme in low-resource primary-care settings dependent on primary-care practitioners and lay health-workers. Examples of mhGAP-endorsed therapies targeting depression include Group Interpersonal Therapy as group treatment for depression and "Thinking Health", which utilizes

1097:, and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression. Individuals with bipolar depression are often misdiagnosed with unipolar depression. When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a 1555:

that depression is not caused by a serotonin imbalance in the human body, unlike what most of the psychiatry community points to, and that therefore anti-depressants do not work against the illness. However, such study was met with criticism from some psychiatrists, who argued the study's methodology

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The World Health Organization has constructed guidelines – known as The Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) – aiming to increase services for people with mental, neurological and substance-use disorders. Depression is listed as one of conditions prioritized by the programme. Trials conducted

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Classical symptoms of being physically sick, such as lethargy, show a large overlap in behaviors that characterize depression. Levels of cytokines tend to increase sharply during the depressive episodes of people with bipolar disorder and drop off during remission. Furthermore, it has been shown in

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Studies have found that anywhere from 30 to 85 percent of patients suffering from chronic pain are also clinically depressed. A 2014 study by Hooley et al. concluded that chronic pain increased the chance of death by suicide by two to three times. In 2017, the British Medical Association found that

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Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings seen with adults. Children who are under stress, experiencing loss,

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Life events and changes that may cause depressed mood include (but are not limited to): childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, military service, family, living conditions, marriage, etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc.),

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The stigma comes from misguided societal views that people with mental illness are different from everyone else, and they can choose to get better only if they wanted to. Due to this more than half of the people with depression do not receive help with their disorders. The stigma leads to a strong

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Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, the United Nations (UN) health agency reported, estimating that it affects more than 300 million people worldwide – the majority of them women, young people and the elderly. An estimated 4.4 percent of the global population has depression,

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are more likely to experience depressive symptoms and are more likely to receive a diagnosis of a depressive disorder. Additionally, depression is associated with low conscientiousness. Some factors that may arise from low conscientiousness include disorganization and dissatisfaction with life.

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to tackle perinatal depression. Furthermore, effective screening in primary care is crucial for the access of treatments. The mhGAP adopted its approach of improving detection rates of depression by training general practitioners. However, there is still weak evidence supporting this training.

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of old and fond memories is another alternative form of treatment, especially for the elderly who have lived longer and have more experiences in life. It is a method that causes a person to recollect memories of their own life, leading to a process of self-recognition and identifying familiar

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stimuli. By maintaining one's personal past and identity, it is a technique that stimulates people to view their lives in a more objective and balanced way, causing them to pay attention to positive information in their life stories, which would successfully reduce depressive mood levels.

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Unlike the theory of "deprejudice", a psychogeographical theory of depression attempts to broaden study of the subject beyond an individual experience to one produced on a societal scale, seeing particular manifestations of depression as rooted in dispossession; historical legacies of

2699:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants" 4838: 1351:

There is limited evidence that continuing antidepressant medication for one year reduces the risk of depression recurrence with no additional harm. Recommendations for psychological treatments or combination treatments in preventing recurrence are not clear.

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During the 18th century, the humoral theory of melancholia was increasingly being challenged by mechanical and electrical explanations; references to dark and gloomy states gave way to ideas of slowed circulation and depleted energy. German physician

4550:"The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of lay counsellor-delivered psychological treatments for harmful and dependent drinking and moderate to severe depression in primary care in India: PREMIUM study protocol for randomized controlled trials" 5074: 5059: 1976:

Lindert J, von Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R, Gal G, Braehler E, Weisskopf MG (April 2014). "Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Studies have consistently shown that physicians have had the highest depression and suicide rates compared to people in many other lines of work—for suicide, 40% higher for male physicians and 130% higher for female physicians.

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Brietzke E, Stertz L, Fernandes BS, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Mascarenhas M, Escosteguy Vargas A, Chies JA, Kapczinski F (August 2009). "Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder".

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used an indirect trace of serotonin, instead of taking direct measurements of the molecule. Moncrieff said that, despite her study's conclusions, no one should interrupt their treatment if they are taking any anti-depressant.

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Researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism may create depressive conditions. Given the lived experiences of marginalized peoples, ranging from conditions of

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Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann

822:, difficulty in thinking and concentration, or a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping. People experiencing depression may have feelings of dejection or hopelessness, and may experience 1189:

proposed by Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon in 2012, who argue for an integrative approach to studying the often comorbid experiences. Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon are concerned with the ways in which social

4835: 3962:"Effect of traditional yoga, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy, on health related quality of life: a randomized controlled trial on patients on sick leave because of burnout" 1323:

of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment.

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clinical trials that anti-inflammatory medicines taken in addition to antidepressants not only significantly improves symptoms but also increases the proportion of subjects positively responding to treatment.

818:; it is a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one; and it is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. It may feature 1112:

is a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode; and

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in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms. During the 1960s and 70s, manic-depression came to refer to just one type of mood disorder (now most commonly known as

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Viguer P, Satorres E, Fortuna FB, Meléndez JC (November 2017). "A Follow-Up Study of a Reminiscence Intervention and Its Effects on Depressed Mood, Life Satisfaction, and Well-Being in the Elderly".

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In the 20th century, the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin distinguished manic depression. The influential system put forward by Kraepelin unified nearly all types of mood disorder into

3440: 4013:"Effects of group reminiscence interventions on depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in older adults with intact cognition and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review" 3500:"The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib has therapeutic effects in major depression: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, add-on pilot study to reboxetine" 1367:

according to a report released by the UN World Health Organization (WHO), which shows an 18 percent increase in the number of people living with depression between 2005 and 2015.

1081:(commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and 989:

Several drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, sedatives (including prescription

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Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J, Dahl RE, et al. (November 1996). "Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I".

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Posselt, Julie R.; Lipson, Sarah Ketchen (2016). "Competition, Anxiety, and Depression in the College Classroom: Variations by Student Identity and Field of Study".

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Cox, William T.L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (September 2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective".

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Müller N, Schwarz MJ, Dehning S, Douhe A, Cerovecki A, Goldstein-Müller B, Spellmann I, Hetzel G, Maino K, Kleindienst N, Möller HJ, Arolt V, Riedel M (July 2006).

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Kotov R, Gamez W, Schmidt F, Watson D (September 2010). "Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis".

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Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Ramos, Marco A.; Torre, Matthew; Segal, J. Bradley; Peluso, Michael J.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (6 December 2016).

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Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB (July 2008). "The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans".

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Yehuda, Rachel; Daskalakis, Nikolaos P.; Bierer, Linda M.; Bader, Heather N.; Klengel, Torsten; Holsboer, Florian; Binder, Elisabeth B. (12 August 2015).

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Davey CG, Yücel M, Allen NB (2008). "The emergence of depression in adolescence: development of the prefrontal cortex and the representation of reward".

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There is limited evidence suggesting yoga may help some people with depressive disorders or elevated levels of depression, but more research is needed.

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Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a

4403: 4981: 739: 4204: 993:), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and 949:

therapy and depression. One study found that a third of alpha interferon-treated patients had developed depression after three months of treatment. (

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Rustad JK, Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB (October 2011). "The relationship of depression and diabetes: pathophysiological and treatment implications".

2824: 1586: 1426:, "to press down". From the 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits. It was used in 1665 in English author 898: 3432: 1148:

Inflammations that lead to serious depression could be caused by common infections such as those caused by a virus, bacteria or even parasites.

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Mata, Douglas A.; Ramos, Marco A.; Bansal, Narinder; Khan, Rida; Guille, Constance; Di Angelantonio, Emanuele; Sen, Srijan (8 December 2015).

1622: 4794: 3599: 1845: 1292: 2022:"The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology" 1519:

addressed the filling of an "existential vacuum" associated with such feelings, and may be particularly useful for depressed adolescents.

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induce depression in some patients, though the evidence for this is weak and conflicting. There is strong evidence for a link between

6294: 4819: 4687: 2220:"Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 1287: 4429: 3339:

Cox WT, Abramson LY, Devine PG, Hollon SD (September 2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective".

6096: 4276:"Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys" 1478: 253: 3288:

Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Pasco JA, Moylan S, Allen NB, Stuart AL, Hayley AC, Byrne ML, Maes M (September 2013).

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Moncrieff, Joanna; Cooper, Ruth E.; Stockmann, Tom; Amendola, Simone; Hengartner, Michael P.; Horowitz, Mark A. (August 2023).

2497: 1784:"Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review" 1105: 156: 6054: 1246: 1139: 2757: 1538:) which was distinguished from (unipolar) depression. The terms unipolar and bipolar had been coined by German psychiatrist 1446:. Personality types were similarly thought to be determined by the dominant humor in a particular person. Derived from the 6384: 6029: 1114: 877:

bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, or

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Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos G (November 2013). "Yoga for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Zingone, Fabiana; Swift, Gillian L; Card, Timothy R; Sanders, David S; Ludvigsson, Jonas F; Bai, Julio C (April 2015).

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suggests that memories of trauma can be inherited, rendering offspring vulnerable to psychological predispositions for

6284: 3197: 1473:, where he characterized all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of the ailment. 1195: 1098: 1592: 904:

or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with

6427: 6314: 4669: 4386: 2412:"Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 1427: 1361: 1335:

should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor.

961:, an acne treatment, to depression is strong. Other medicines that seem to increase the risk of depression include 846: 4456:"Unemployment and Depression Among Emerging Adults in 12 States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010" 3856: 1666:"Clinical risk of stigma and discrimination of mental illnesses: Need for objective assessment and quantification" 1185:

Psychogeographical depression overlaps somewhat with the theory of "deprejudice", a portmanteau of depression and

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Willroth, Emily C.; Graham, Elieen K.; Luo, Jing; Mrocezk, Daniel K.; Lewis-Thames, Marquita W. (February 2023).

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Schildkraut JJ (1965). "The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence".

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interferon therapy appears to have no effect on rates of depression.) There is moderately strong evidence that

725: 41: 3774: 2734: 1488:. Kraepelin worked from an assumption of underlying brain pathology, but also promoted a distinction between 865:

are 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression. Poor housing quality, non-functionality, lack of

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Li M, Fitzgerald P, Rodin G (April 2012). "Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer".

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Wang PS, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Borges G, Bromet EJ, et al. (September 2007).

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Schmidt PJ (December 2005). "Mood, depression, and reproductive hormones in the menopausal transition".

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when used in the treatment of alopecia increases depressive symptoms in some patients. Evidence linking

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in neurotransmitters in the brain, a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of

1481:, however, argued melancholia was a disturbance of the soul due to moral conflict within the patient. 6331: 6274: 6264: 6252: 6163: 6158: 6143: 6128: 6044: 5994: 5989: 5934: 5794: 5545: 2520: 1551: 1238: 1215: 1163: 1020: 440: 265: 31: 6279: 6242: 6227: 6197: 6138: 6123: 6079: 6064: 5959: 5949: 5595: 4604: 3103:

Holmes, Alex; Christelis, Nicholas; Arnold, Carolyn (October 2013). "Depression and chronic pain".

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conditions the psychological health of future generations, making psychogeographical depression an

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Jackson SW (July 1983). "Melancholia and mechanical explanation in eighteenth-century medicine".

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Wu, Yuejin; Xu, Haiyan; Sui, Xin; Zeng, Ting; Leng, Xin; Li, Yuewei; Li, Feng (1 November 2023).

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theories represented a forceful affirmation of individualism. Austrian existential psychiatrist

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR

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In Ancient Greece, disease was thought due to an imbalance in the four basic bodily fluids, or

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and the genetic reverberations for subsequent generations. Likewise, research by scientists at

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Grensman A, Acharya BD, Wändell P, Nilsson GH, Falkenberg T, Sundin Ö, Werner S (March 2018).

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Physical activity has a protective effect against the emergence of depression in some people.

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Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, et al. (April 2006).

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Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Silva ES, et al. (July 2018).

3829: 3821: 3782: 3738: 3627: 3562: 3552: 3511: 3472: 3403: 3395: 3348: 3311: 3301: 3260: 3185:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 1296. 3112: 3083: 3042: 3032: 2993: 2950: 2896: 2880: 2795: 2710: 2671: 2610: 2567: 2532: 2431: 2423: 2390: 2351: 2288: 2280: 2239: 2231: 2190: 2182: 2141: 2131: 2082: 2041: 2033: 1986: 1948: 1940: 1893: 1805: 1795: 1687: 1677: 1610: 1546: 1535: 1234: 1090: 946: 913: 909: 905: 886: 811: 705: 680: 625: 620: 152: 4404:"Press Statement Irish Health Survey 2019 - Main Results - CSO - Central Statistics Office" 6341: 6309: 6207: 6014: 6006: 5944: 5831: 5450: 4842: 3878:"Physical Activity and Incident Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies" 3863: 3247:

Vieweg WV, Julius DA, Fernandez A, Beatty-Brooks M, Hettema JM, Pandurangi AK (May 2006).

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Drug-Induced Diseases Section IV: Drug-Induced Psychiatric Diseases Chapter 18: Depression

1565: 1175: 1159: 1016: 974: 962: 500: 4836:"A Trojan Horse: Logotherapeutic Transcendence and its Secular Implications for Theology" 4387:"The Impact of Long-term Unemployment Lost Income, Lost Friends—and Loss of Self-respect" 3825: 2410:

Mata DA, Ramos MA, Bansal N, Khan R, Guille C, Di Angelantonio E, Sen S (December 2015).

1085:, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a 4949: 4922: 4872: 2195: 2170: 6366: 6299: 6118: 5799: 5759: 5685: 5333: 4859:

Blair RG (October 2004). "Helping older adolescents search for meaning in depression".

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Individuals may be more exposed to stress and depression as a result of these factors.

882: 799: 610: 405: 4291: 3290:"So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?" 2378: 2069:

Rautio, Nina; Filatova, Svetlana; Lehtiniemi, Heli; Miettunen, Jouko (February 2018).

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This work is supported by recent studies in genetic science which has demonstrated an

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are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include

767:, or about 280 million people of all ages (as of 2020). Depression affects a person's 6421: 6374: 6059: 5743: 5609: 5461: 5430: 5358: 5263: 4966: 4665: 4548:

Patel V, Weobong B, Nadkarni A, Weiss HA, Anand A, Naik S, et al. (April 2014).

4507:"Feeling useless: the effect of unemployment on mental health in the Great Recession" 4363: 3794: 2614: 1944: 1549:, also psychiatrist Mark Horowtiz and others proposed in a study on academic journal 1508: 1447: 1375: 1242: 1178:, depression can be seen as a "rational response to global conditions", according to 1074: 1068: 650: 480: 435: 400: 350: 174: 4982:"Depression is probably not caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain – new study" 4089: 3132: 2970: 2730: 2630: 2587: 2571: 2489: 2118:

Stier, Andrew J.; Schertz, Kathryn E.; Rim, Nak Won; Berman, Mark G. (August 2021).

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was described as a distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms by

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Weariness of the Self: Diagnosing the History of Depression in the Contemporary Age

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give reduced pleasure or joy, and the afflicted person often experiences a loss of

756: 325: 4923:"The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence" 4073: 4029: 4012: 3249:"Posttraumatic stress disorder: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment" 2536: 1577: – The process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events 5098: 4627: 4156:"UN health agency reports depression now 'leading cause of disability worldwide'" 3265: 3248: 2651:. No. 4. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. July 2013. 2519:

Fimiani, Ramona; Gazzillo, Francesco; Dazzi, Nino; Bush, Marshall (3 July 2022).

2355: 2071:"Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review" 1433:

to refer to someone having "a great depression of spirit", and by English author

885:. Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing a depressed mood following 5913: 5886: 5725: 5663: 5535: 5503: 5425: 5405: 5298: 1616: 1539: 1516: 1466: 1462: 1399: 1320: 1073:

A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

2427: 2284: 2269:"Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians" 2235: 2136: 2120:"Evidence and theory for lower rates of depression in larger US urban areas" 1871:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

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depress. (n.d.). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 30 June 2008, from

4585: 4491: 4309: 4260: 4141: 4081: 4046: 3997: 3938: 3903: 3843: 3752: 3727:"Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation" 3639: 3576: 3557: 3525: 3484: 3417: 3360: 3325: 3274: 3124: 3056: 3037: 3005: 2962: 2910: 2809: 2722: 2683: 2579: 2445: 2363: 2302: 2253: 2204: 2171:"Rural–urban differences in personality traits and well-being in adulthood" 2155: 2104: 2055: 1998: 1962: 1905: 1819: 1701: 5030: 4907: 4899: 4737: 4355: 3516: 3499: 2622: 104:

Low mood, aversion to activity, loss of interest, loss of feeling pleasure

5896: 5891: 5881: 5816: 5653: 5575: 5565: 5530: 5517: 5400: 5343: 5293: 5273: 4472: 4325:"Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness" 1442: 1379: 1207: 784: 776: 772: 768: 600: 550: 540: 460: 415: 370: 5051: 4533: 4108:"Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people" 3116: 3019:

Sheng, Jiyao; Liu, Shui; Wang, Yicun; Cui, Ranji; Zhang, Xuewen (2017).

17: 6326: 5906: 5774: 5734: 5720: 5715: 5705: 5616: 5476: 5375: 5338: 5308: 5303: 5268: 5248: 5238: 5223: 5165: 5152: 2869:"Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: A review of the literature" 2186: 1929:"Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Children" 1604: 1583: – Explanatory model emphasizing the interplay among causal forces 1211: 819: 670: 645: 640: 630: 445: 410: 380: 355: 340: 330: 315: 198: 148: 112:

Brain chemistry, genetics, life events, medical conditions, personality

4371: 4242: 3541:"Reconceptualizing major depressive disorder as an infectious disease" 6356: 5690: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5522: 5469: 5328: 5243: 5078: 5063: 4205:"Depression is leading cause of disability worldwide, says WHO study" 3930: 3226:. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. p. 355. 2675: 1402:

traits are also likely to measure higher for depression and anxiety.

1011:

Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases,

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Farré, Lídia; Fasani, Francesco; Mueller, Hannes (December 2018).

2603:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

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Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

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European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

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Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J (October 2016).

1257:

Measures of depression include, but are not limited to:

1601: – Inner conflict due to perceived meaninglessness 763:

and aversion to activity. It affects about 3.5% of the

4718:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

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de Zwart PL, Jeronimus BF, de Jonge P (October 2019).

1522:

Researchers theorized that depression was caused by a

4454:

McGee, Robin E.; Thompson, Nancy J. (19 March 2015).

3808:

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1108:

often features an extremely intense depressive mood;

1059:

49% of UK chronic pain patients also had depression.

5041: 826:. Depression can either be short term or long term. 5924: 5862: 5164: 5045: 4814:. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books. pp. 139–40. 3070:Surah, A; Baranidharan, G; Morley, S (April 2014). 1055:, chronic pain, stroke, diabetes, cancer, and HIV. 170: 162: 142: 126: 116: 108: 98: 82: 54: 4980:Moncrieff, Joanna; Horowitz, Mark (20 July 2022). 2856:. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2784:"General Medical Drugs Associated with Depression" 1607: – Conscious subjective experience of emotion 881:. Similar depressive symptoms are associated with 30:"Hopelessness" redirects here. For the album, see 3674:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 25. 1511:connected depression to feelings of futility and 1329:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 783:. Experiences that would normally bring a person 5732: 1398:According to 2011 study, people who are high in 4749: 4747: 2377:Rashid, Tariq; Haider, Ijaz (31 January 2008). 2124:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 908:outside of other mood disorders; most commonly 5607: 4641:"Malignant Sadness: The Anatomy of Depression" 40:"Despair" redirects here. For other uses, see 5137: 3866:. Nice.org.uk. Retrieved on 24 November 2015. 1619: – Historical view of extreme depression 1499:Other psycho-dynamic theories were proposed. 1370:Depression is a major mental-health cause of 1121:, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood. 733: 8: 5911: 5750: 5741: 5508: 3433:"Is depression a kind of allergic reaction?" 3198:"Bipolar Depression vs. Unipolar Depression" 3146:U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2022). 1838:Psychotherapy and counselling for depression 916:. Depression also tends to run in families. 6410:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 5474: 4112:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3594:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books. 1421: 1117:, a mental disorder that sometimes follows 5144: 5130: 5122: 5042: 3966:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3775:"Fearful Memories Haunt Mouse Descendants" 3613: 3611: 2075:International Journal of Social Psychiatry 1283:Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression 941:It is possible that some early-generation 740: 726: 185: 60: 51: 27:State of low mood and aversion to activity 4948: 4938: 4575: 4565: 4532: 4522: 4481: 4471: 4299: 4250: 4131: 4028: 3987: 3977: 3893: 3833: 3742: 3566: 3556: 3515: 3407: 3315: 3305: 3264: 3222:American Psychiatric Association (2000). 3087: 3046: 3036: 2900: 2852:American Psychiatric Association (2013). 2799: 2758:"Explore the Impact of Depression Traits" 2435: 2394: 2292: 2243: 2194: 2145: 2135: 2086: 2045: 1952: 1869:American Psychiatric Association (2013). 1809: 1799: 1691: 1681: 1625: – Diagnostic category in the ICD-10 4106:Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z (September 2016). 2873:United European Gastroenterology Journal 1273:Schools of depression theories include: 4783:"The Depressive Syndromes: An Overview" 3857:NICE guidelines, published October 2009 3545:Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders 1634: 1587:Depression in childhood and adolescence 1261:and the 9-item depression scale in the 1202:that then produce depressive symptoms. 1132:Inflammation § Connection to depression 1110:adjustment disorder with depressed mood 899:Depression in childhood and adolescence 197: 4344:Journal of College Student Development 4211:. Agence France-Presse. 31 March 2017. 4017:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2560:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 1979:International Journal of Public Health 1589: – Pediatric depressive disorders 979:gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist 5004: 5002: 4789:. Psychology Press. pp. 41–78 . 4678:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: 4225:Reynolds CF, Patel V (October 2017). 4220: 4218: 4101: 4099: 3620:Perspectives on Psychological Science 3341:Perspectives on Psychological Science 2737:from the original on 29 December 2019 2525:International Forum of Psychoanalysis 1788:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 1763:from the original on 26 December 2020 1331:(NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that 1293:Evolutionary approaches to depression 1138:There is evidence for a link between 928:, and people who have high levels of 845:–1740, etching and engraving, in the 166:Social connections, physical activity 7: 4185:Solomon, Andrew (17 November 2006). 3826:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x 3814:Journal of General Internal Medicine 3443:from the original on 21 October 2022 3170:. British Medical Association. 2017. 1831: 1829: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1229:link between the trauma suffered by 798:Depressed mood is a symptom of some 78:and strong suicidal tendency in 1892 4873:10.17744/mehc.26.4.w8u9h6uf5ybhapyl 4861:Journal of Mental Health Counseling 4834:Seidner, Stanley S. (10 June 2009) 4331:. American Psychiatric Association. 4323:Borenstein, Jeffrey (August 2020). 2316:Chen, Pauline W. (7 October 2010). 1873:. American Psychiatric Association. 1840:(3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. 1545:In July 2022, British psychiatrist 1007:Depression (differential diagnoses) 3882:The American Journal of Psychiatry 3773:Callaway, Ewen (1 December 2013). 3388:The American Journal of Psychiatry 3183:Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders 2782:Rogers D, Pies R (December 2008). 2470:from the original on 27 March 2020 2460:"NIMH » Perinatal Depression" 1933:Journal of Marriage and the Family 924:Depression is associated with low 795:or interest in those activities. 25: 4812:Man's search for ultimate meaning 4166:from the original on 27 June 2019 3196:Jackel, Donna (24 January 2024). 2500:from the original on 27 July 2016 1726:from the original on 11 June 2013 1623:Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder 1288:Behavioral theories of depression 5853: 5847: 5029: 4428:Leopold, Les (17 January 2023). 4187:"Opinion | Our Great Depression" 3758: 3653: 3253:The American Journal of Medicine 2615:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011 2383:Annals of Punjab Medical College 2344:The American Journal of Medicine 1945:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00703.x 1568:, French sociologist, author of 1420:was derived from the Latin verb 1130:This section is an excerpt from 937:Side effect of medical treatment 210: 205: 122:Stigma of mental health disorder 2829:. pp. 1–23. Archived from 2572:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016 1106:borderline personality disorder 157:borderline personality disorder 4888:American Journal of Psychiatry 4511:IZA Journal of Labor Economics 4124:10.1002/14651858.cd006727.pub3 3895:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194 3744:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005 3706:Ta-Nehisi Coates (June 2014). 3465:Journal of Affective Disorders 3400:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020152 2955:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005 1898:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008 1278:Cognitive theory of depression 889:, peer pressure, or bullying. 802:, also categorized and called 1: 4292:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61414-7 4074:10.1080/00223980.2017.1393379 4030:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105103 3431:Williams C (4 January 2015). 3072:"Chronic pain and depression" 2537:10.1080/0803706X.2021.1941246 1613: – Concept in psychology 1378:, including a higher risk of 1115:posttraumatic stress disorder 863:adverse childhood experiences 839: 838:Allegory on melancholy, from 6362:Social emotional development 4385:Pew Research Center (2010). 3671:Depression: A Public Feeling 3592:Depression: A Public Feeling 3266:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027 3105:Medical Journal of Australia 2986:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2756:Daze, Gilad (8 March 2022). 2379:"Life Events and Depression" 2356:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033 1670:Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1595: – Psychological theory 1457: 1451: 1437:in a similar sense in 1753. 1392:cognitive behavioral therapy 1263:Patient Health Questionnaire 1259:Beck Depression Inventory-11 1104:Outside the mood disorders: 133:Patient Health Questionnaire 5608: 1496:(externally caused) types. 1140:inflammation and depression 1099:seasonal affective disorder 72:of a person diagnosed with 6459: 4940:10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0 4460:Preventing Chronic Disease 3708:"The Case for Reparations" 1409: 1362:Epidemiology of depression 1359: 1312: 1129: 1066: 1004: 896: 847:Metropolitan Museum of Art 39: 29: 6405: 5845: 4768:10.1383/psyt.2006.5.4.115 4524:10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5 4062:The Journal of Psychology 3979:10.1186/s12906-018-2141-9 3787:10.1038/nature.2013.14272 3477:10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.001 2715:10.1017/S0033291716001653 2038:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 1991:10.1007/s00038-013-0519-5 1801:10.1017/S2045796018000227 1486:manic–depressive insanity 1479:Johann Christian Heinroth 1303:Epigenetics of depression 1089:. Another mood disorder, 1079:major depressive disorder 1069:Depressive mood disorders 1001:Non-psychiatric illnesses 893:Childhood and adolescence 808:major depressive disorder 137:Beck Depression Inventory 68: 59: 6295:in virtual communication 4787:Depression in the Family 4567:10.1186/1745-6215-15-101 3668:Cvetkovich, Ann (2012). 3632:10.1177/1745691612455204 3353:10.1177/1745691612455204 3307:10.1186/1741-7015-11-200 3089:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt046 2998:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372 2943:Psychoneuroendocrinology 2885:10.1177/2050640614560786 2088:10.1177/0020764017744582 1886:Psychoneuroendocrinology 1683:10.4103/0019-5545.111459 1645:. Cleveland Clinic. 2022 1575:Attribution (psychology) 1492:(internally caused) and 1315:Management of depression 1087:major depressive episode 1013:nutritional deficiencies 42:Despair (disambiguation) 4680:Oxford University Press 4675:A Greek-English Lexicon 3862:21 January 2021 at the 2490:"Postpartum Depression" 2428:10.1001/jama.2015.15845 2285:10.1001/jama.2015.15845 2236:10.1001/jama.2016.17324 2137:10.1073/pnas.2022472118 5912: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5509: 5475: 5016:. AFP. 11 August 2022. 4730:10.1093/jhmas/38.3.298 3919:Depression and Anxiety 3558:10.1186/2045-5380-4-10 2703:Psychological Medicine 2664:Psychological Bulletin 2396:10.29054/apmc/2008.621 2175:Journal of Personality 1593:Diathesis–stress model 1422: 859:Adversity in childhood 850: 238:Emotional intelligence 144:Differential diagnosis 4900:10.1176/ajp.122.5.509 4356:10.1353/csd.2016.0094 3731:Biological Psychiatry 3590:Cvetkovich A (2012). 3517:10.1038/sj.mp.4001805 2645:"The Depressed Child" 1581:Biopsychosocial model 1412:History of depression 1298:Biology of depression 1222:experience as well. 1063:Psychiatric syndromes 837: 6332:Group affective tone 5038:at Wikimedia Commons 4927:Molecular Psychiatry 4473:10.5888/pcd12.140451 4162:. 23 February 2017. 3504:Molecular Psychiatry 3038:10.1155/2017/9724371 1552:Molecular Psychiatry 1198:, creating negative 1164:class stratification 830:Contributing factors 441:Emotional Detachment 6385:constructed emotion 6055:functional accounts 4847:Mater Dei Institute 4781:Covi, Lino (1986). 4605:The Washington Post 3117:10.5694/mja12.10589 2833:on 23 December 2010 1716:"Depression Basics" 1231:Holocaust survivors 1049:Parkinson's disease 1037:hyperparathyroidism 879:catastrophic injury 781:sense of well-being 6285:in decision-making 5526:(sense of purpose) 4841:1 May 2011 at the 4810:Frankl VE (2000). 4645:The New York Times 4608:. 8 September 2022 4191:The New York Times 2649:Facts for Families 2322:The New York Times 2187:10.1111/jopy.12818 1836:Gilbert P (2007). 1599:Existential crisis 1524:chemical imbalance 1172:labor exploitation 1045:multiple sclerosis 1025:Cushing's syndrome 967:antimigraine drugs 851: 179:psychopharmacology 6428:Depression (mood) 6415: 6414: 6002:Appeal to emotion 5780:Social connection 5119: 5118: 5036:Depression (mood) 5034:Media related to 4796:978-0-86656-624-7 4434:Los Angeles Times 4368:Project MUSE 4243:10.1002/wps.20459 3601:978-0-8223-5238-9 3025:Neural Plasticity 2823:Botts S, Ryan M. 2709:(14): 2883–2906. 2609:(11): 1427–1439. 2230:(21): 2214–2236. 1847:978-1-84920-349-4 1220:intergenerational 1176:social immobility 1168:cultural genocide 1153:Historical legacy 1029:pernicious anemia 1021:Addison's disease 985:Substance-induced 824:suicidal thoughts 765:global population 750: 749: 676:Social connection 184: 183: 128:Diagnostic method 49:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6450: 6390:discrete emotion 6290:in the workplace 6186:Empathy quotient 5917: 5857: 5851: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5613: 5514: 5480: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5123: 5043: 5033: 5018: 5017: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4986:The Conversation 4977: 4971: 4970: 4952: 4942: 4933:(8): 3243–3256. 4918: 4912: 4911: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4856: 4850: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4713: 4707: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4569: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4526: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4475: 4451: 4445: 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2817: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2494:medlineplus.gov 2488: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2422:(22): 2373–83. 2409: 2408: 2404: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2279:(22): 2373–83. 2266: 2265: 2261: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2019: 2018: 2014: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1848: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1751: 1750: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1566:Alain Ehrenberg 1562: 1513:meaninglessness 1455:, "black", and 1428:Richard Baker's 1414: 1408: 1364: 1358: 1333:antidepressants 1317: 1311: 1271: 1255: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1135: 1127: 1071: 1065: 1017:hypoandrogenism 1009: 1003: 991:benzodiazepines 987: 975:hormonal agents 963:anticonvulsants 939: 922: 901: 895: 856: 849:(New York City) 842: 832: 746: 717: 716: 715: 280: 279: 270: 249:Self-regulation 247: 50: 45: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6456: 6454: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6420: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6395:somatic marker 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6369: 6367:Stoic passions 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6315:social sharing 6312: 6307: 6305:self-conscious 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6248:thought method 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6213:lateralization 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6040:classification 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5760:Sentimentality 5757: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5596:at first sight 5593: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5520: 5515: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5334:Disappointment 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5101: 5090: 5071: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046:Classification 5040: 5039: 5025: 5024:External links 5022: 5020: 5019: 4998: 4972: 4913: 4878: 4867:(4): 333–347. 4851: 4827: 4820: 4802: 4795: 4773: 4743: 4724:(3): 298–319. 4708: 4706:, Section 6.23 4695: 4688: 4666:Liddell, Henry 4657: 4631: 4628:dictionary.com 4619: 4591: 4540: 4497: 4446: 4420: 4395: 4377: 4350:(8): 973–989. 4334: 4315: 4266: 4237:(3): 316–317. 4214: 4196: 4177: 4147: 4095: 4068:(8): 789–803. 4052: 4003: 3952: 3909: 3888:(7): 631–648. 3868: 3849: 3800: 3765: 3737:(5): 372–380. 3717: 3698: 3681:978-0822352389 3680: 3660: 3607: 3600: 3582: 3531: 3490: 3454: 3423: 3374: 3331: 3280: 3239: 3233:978-0890420256 3232: 3214: 3188: 3173: 3156: 3138: 3111:(S6): S17-20. 3095: 3062: 3011: 2976: 2949:(9): 1276–86. 2933: 2930:978-1437704341 2916: 2879:(2): 136–145. 2859: 2844: 2815: 2774: 2748: 2689: 2670:(5): 768–821. 2654: 2636: 2593: 2550: 2531:(3): 176–190. 2511: 2481: 2451: 2402: 2369: 2334: 2308: 2259: 2210: 2161: 2110: 2061: 2032:(3): 174–186. 2012: 1968: 1939:(2): 333–345. 1919: 1892:(6): 693–710. 1876: 1861: 1846: 1825: 1794:(5): 544–562. 1774: 1737: 1707: 1656: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1561: 1558: 1435:Samuel Johnson 1410:Main article: 1407: 1404: 1372:disease burden 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1313:Main article: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1270: 1267: 1254: 1251: 1180:Ann Cvetkovich 1154: 1151: 1136: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1075:mood disorders 1067:Main article: 1064: 1061: 1053:celiac disease 1033:hypothyroidism 1005:Main article: 1002: 999: 986: 983: 971:antipsychotics 938: 935: 921: 918: 897:Main article: 894: 891: 855: 852: 831: 828: 800:mood disorders 748: 747: 745: 744: 737: 730: 722: 719: 718: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 406:Disappointment 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 281: 277: 276: 275: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 262: 261: 256: 245: 240: 235: 230: 228:Classification 225: 219: 216: 215: 202: 201: 195: 194: 182: 181: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 146: 140: 139: 130: 124: 123: 120: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 102: 96: 95: 86: 80: 79: 66: 65: 57: 56: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6455: 6444: 6443:Mental states 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6409: 6404: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149:dysregulation 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6097:interpersonal 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950:in psychology 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5935:consciousness 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744:Schadenfreude 5740: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610:Mono no aware 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5462:Joie de vivre 5459: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5431:Gratification 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5359:Embarrassment 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264:Belongingness 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4894:(5): 509–22. 4893: 4889: 4882: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4821:0-7382-0354-8 4817: 4813: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4762:(4): 115–18. 4761: 4757: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702:Hippocrates, 4699: 4696: 4691: 4689:0-19-910207-4 4685: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4178: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3820:(9): 606–13. 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3626:(5): 427–49. 3625: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3455: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3347:(5): 427–49. 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3259:(5): 383–90. 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2794:(12): 28–41. 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350:(12B): 54–8. 2349: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2081:(1): 92–103. 2080: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1985:(2): 359–72. 1984: 1980: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1676:(2): 178–82. 1675: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1657: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:Viktor Frankl 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 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