Deuterium - Knowledge (XXG)

597:) decay. The deuterium bottleneck in the formation of helium, together with the lack of stable ways for helium to combine with hydrogen or with itself (no stable nucleus has a mass number of 5 or 8) meant that an insignificant amount of carbon, or any elements heavier than carbon, formed in the Big Bang. These elements thus required formation in stars. At the same time, the failure of much nucleogenesis during the Big Bang ensured that there would be plenty of hydrogen in the later universe available to form long-lived stars, such as the Sun. 7043: 348: 3697:(GMWL). This plot allows samples of precipitation-originated water to be identified along with general information about the climate in which it originated. Evaporative and other processes in bodies of water, and also ground water processes, also differentially alter the ratios of heavy hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in fresh and salt waters, in characteristic and often regionally distinctive ways. The ratio of concentration of H to H is usually indicated with a delta as 3570:) in the following way. NMR ordinarily requires compounds of interest to be analyzed as dissolved in solution. Because of deuterium's nuclear spin properties which differ from the light hydrogen usually present in organic molecules, NMR spectra of hydrogen/protium are highly differentiable from that of deuterium, and in practice deuterium is not "seen" by an NMR instrument tuned for H. Deuterated solvents (including heavy water, but also compounds like deuterated 606: 29: 4094: 8272: 7025: 8236: 2709: 757: 3549: 7034: 3464: 8260: 1685: 8248: 487:, or 1.0002725. The energies of electronic spectra lines for H and H therefore differ by the ratio of these two numbers, which is 1.000272. The wavelengths of all deuterium spectroscopic lines are shorter than the corresponding lines of light hydrogen, by 0.0272%. In astronomical observation, this corresponds to a blue Doppler shift of 0.0272% of the 1707:(i.e. has an "even" or "positive" parity), and antisymmetric if the deuteron is antisymmetric under parity (i.e. has an "odd" or "negative" parity). The parity is fully determined by the total orbital angular momentum of the two nucleons: if it is even then the parity is even (positive), and if it is odd then the parity is odd (negative). 3693:) are enriched as a function of the environmental temperature of the region in which the precipitation falls (and thus enrichment is related to latitude). The relative enrichment of the heavy isotopes in rainwater (as referenced to mean ocean water), when plotted against temperature falls predictably along a line called the 2402: 2211: 3869:

The existence of nonradioactive isotopes of lighter elements had been suspected in studies of neon as early as 1913, and proven by mass spectrometry of light elements in 1920. At that time the neutron had not yet been discovered, and the prevailing theory was that isotopes of an element differ by the

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Another major producer of heavy water is India. All but one of India's atomic energy plants are pressurized heavy water plants, which use natural (i.e., not enriched) uranium. India has eight heavy water plants, of which seven are in operation. Six plants, of which five are in operation, are based on

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Through much of the few minutes after the Big Bang during which nucleosynthesis could have occurred, the temperature was high enough that the mean energy per particle was greater than the binding energy of weakly bound deuterium; therefore any deuterium that was formed was immediately destroyed. This

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After World War II ended, the Allies discovered that Germany was not putting as much serious effort into the program as had been previously thought. The Germans had completed only a small, partly built experimental reactor (which had been hidden away) and had been unable to sustain a chain reaction.

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Hydrogen is an important and major component in all materials of organic chemistry and life science, but it barely interacts with X-rays. As hydrogen atoms (including deuterium) interact strongly with neutrons; neutron scattering techniques, together with a modern deuteration facility, fills a niche

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techniques particularly profit from availability of deuterated samples: The H and H cross sections are very distinct and different in sign, which allows contrast variation in such experiments. Further, a nuisance problem of normal hydrogen is its large incoherent neutron cross section, which is nil

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that creates deuterium. However, deuterium persists in the outer solar atmosphere at roughly the same concentration as in Jupiter, and this has probably been unchanged since the origin of the Solar System. The natural abundance of H seems to be a very similar fraction of hydrogen, wherever hydrogen

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of H–He is higher than that of most other fusion reactions; together with the scarcity of He, this makes it implausible as a practical power source, at least until DT and deuterium–deuterium (DD) fusion have been performed on a commercial scale. Commercial nuclear fusion is not yet an accomplished

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have been measured to contain more deuterium (about 200 atoms per million hydrogens), ratios which are enriched with respect to the presumed protosolar nebula ratio, probably due to heating, and which are similar to the ratios found in Earth seawater. The recent measurement of deuterium amounts of

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13.8 billion years ago, as the basic or primordial ratio of H to H (≈26 atoms of deuterium per 10 hydrogen atoms) has its origin from that time. This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter. The analysis of deuterium–protium ratios (HHR) in comets found results very

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The amount inferred for normal abundance of deuterium was so small (only about 1 atom in 6400 hydrogen atoms in seawater ) that it had not noticeably affected previous measurements of (average) hydrogen atomic mass. This explained why it hadn't been suspected before. Urey was able to concentrate

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See below. Most stars, including the Sun, generate energy over most of their lives by fusing hydrogen into heavier elements; yet such fusion of light hydrogen (protium) has never been successful in the conditions attainable on Earth. Thus, all artificial fusion, including the hydrogen fusion in

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to humans. It is estimated that a 70 kg (154 lb) person might drink 4.8 litres (1.3 US gal) of heavy water without serious consequences. Small doses of heavy water (a few grams in humans, containing an amount of deuterium comparable to that normally present in the body) are

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as 26 atoms per million hydrogen atoms. ISO-SWS observations find 22 atoms per million hydrogen atoms in Jupiter. and this abundance is thought to represent close to the primordial Solar System ratio. This is about 17% of the terrestrial ratio of 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms.

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estimated primordial ratio of about 27 atoms per million from the Big Bang. This has been interpreted to mean that less deuterium has been destroyed in star formation in the Milky Way galaxy than expected, or perhaps deuterium has been replenished by a large in-fall of primordial hydrogen from

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The deuteron wavefunction must be antisymmetric if the isospin representation is used (since a proton and a neutron are not identical particles, the wavefunction need not be antisymmetric in general). Apart from their isospin, the two nucleons also have spin and spatial distributions of their

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of the Universe. The observed ratios of hydrogen to helium to deuterium in the universe are difficult to explain except with a Big Bang model. It is estimated that the abundances of deuterium have not evolved significantly since their production about 13.8 billion years ago. Measurements of

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By the end of the war, the Germans did not even have a fifth of the amount of heavy water needed to run the reactor, partially due to the Norwegian heavy water sabotage operation. However, even if the Germans had succeeded in getting a reactor operational (as the U.S. did with

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Antisymmetric spin and antisymmetric under parity. In this case, the exchange of the two nucleons will multiply the deuterium wavefunction by (−1) from isospin exchange, (−1) from spin exchange and (−1) from parity (location exchange), again for a total of (−1) as needed for

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also easily differentiates many deuterated compounds, due to the large difference in IR absorption frequency seen in the vibration of a chemical bond containing deuterium, versus light hydrogen. The two stable isotopes of hydrogen can also be distinguished by using

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Symmetric spin and symmetric under parity. In this case, the exchange of the two nucleons will multiply the deuterium wavefunction by (−1) from isospin exchange, (+1) from spin exchange and (+1) from parity (location exchange), for a total of (−1) as needed for

1488: 3938:) in Washington, DC. The technique had previously been used to isolate heavy isotopes of neon. The cryogenic boiloff technique concentrated the fraction of the mass-2 isotope of hydrogen to a degree that made its spectroscopic identification unambiguous. 2704:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{j+1}}{\Bigl \langle }(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j\,{\Bigr |}\left({\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {l}}{g^{(l)}}_{p}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {s}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})\right)\cdot {\vec {\jmath }}\,{\Bigl |}\,(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j{\Bigr \rangle }} 1710:

The deuteron, being an isospin singlet, is antisymmetric under nucleons exchange due to isospin, and therefore must be symmetric under the double exchange of their spin and location. Therefore, it can be in either of the following two different states:

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and the geographic patterns of these values are plotted in maps termed as isoscapes. Stable isotopes are incorporated into plants and animals and an analysis of the ratios in a migrant bird or insect can help suggest a rough guide to their origins.

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outside the galaxy. In space a few hundred light years from the Sun, deuterium abundance is only 15 atoms per million, but this value is presumably influenced by differential adsorption of deuterium onto carbon dust grains in interstellar space.

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are somewhat stronger than the corresponding bonds in protium, and these differences are enough to cause significant changes in biological reactions. Pharmaceutical firms are interested in the fact that H is harder to remove from carbon than H.

4148:(160 kilograms in mass, if this volume had been completely filled). Then, a conventional atomic bomb (the "primary") at one end of the bomb was used to create the conditions of extreme temperature and pressure that were needed to set off the 454:

The reduced mass of the system in these equations is close to the mass of a single electron, but differs from it by a small amount about equal to the ratio of mass of the electron to the nucleus. For normal hydrogen, this amount is about

585:). At this point, there was a sudden burst of element formation (first deuterium, which immediately fused to helium). However, very shortly thereafter, at twenty minutes after the Big Bang, the Universe became too cool for any further 2032: 1283:. Deuterium, however, benefits from having its proton and neutron coupled to a spin-1 state, which gives a stronger nuclear attraction; the corresponding spin-1 state does not exist in the two-neutron or two-proton system, due to the 3285: 561:, a ratio that would remain stable even after nucleogenesis was over. This fraction was in favor of protons initially, primarily because the lower mass of the proton favored their production. As the Universe expanded, it cooled. 323:

Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced. Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium. Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the

660:, and occasional absorption of naturally occurring neutrons by light hydrogen, but these are trivial sources. There is thought to be little deuterium in the interior of the Sun and other stars, as at these temperatures the 3880:. In this theory, the deuterium nucleus with mass two and charge one would contain two protons and one nuclear electron. However, it was expected that the element hydrogen with a measured average atomic mass very close to 1565: 3144: 1680:{\displaystyle \left({\begin{array}{ll}|{\uparrow \uparrow }\rangle \\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|{\uparrow \downarrow }\rangle +|{\downarrow \uparrow }\rangle )\\|{\downarrow \downarrow }\rangle \end{array}}\right)} 1072:

animals, with 25% substitution of the body water causing cell division problems and sterility, and 50% substitution causing death by cytotoxic syndrome (bone marrow failure and gastrointestinal lining failure).

1056:. There are differences in bond energy and length for compounds of heavy hydrogen isotopes compared to protium, which are larger than the isotopic differences in any other element. Bonds involving deuterium and 2308: 1135:. There is no such stable particle, but this virtual particle transiently exists during neutron–proton inelastic scattering, accounting for the unusually large neutron scattering cross-section of the proton. 725:

object), a ratio almost exactly that in Earth's oceans (155.76 ± 0.1, but in fact from 153 to 156 ppm), emphasizes the theory that Earth's surface water may be largely comet-derived. Most recently the HHR of

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Deuterium NMR spectra are especially informative in the solid state because of its relatively small quadrupole moment in comparison with those of bigger quadrupolar nuclei such as chlorine-35, for example.

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frequency (e.g. 61 MHz when protium is at 400 MHz) and is much less sensitive. Deuterated solvents are usually used in protium NMR to prevent the solvent from overlapping with the signal, though

3856:-dependent rhythms in the brain's hypothalamus. Experiments in hamsters also support the theory that deuterium acts directly on the suprachiasmatic nucleus to lengthen the free-running circadian period. 376:

allows both D and H, though H is preferred. A distinct chemical symbol is used for convenience because of the isotope's common use in various scientific processes. Also, its large mass difference with

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space probe, is about three times that of Earth water. This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet. HHR's thus continue to be an active topic of research in both astronomy and climatology.

3884:, the known mass of the proton, always has a nucleus composed of a single proton (a known particle), and could not contain a second proton. Thus, hydrogen was thought to have no heavy isotopes. 3966:'second', and the nucleus was to be called a "deuteron" or "deuton". Isotopes and new elements were traditionally given the name that their discoverer decided. Some British scientists, such as 3331:

But the slightly lower experimental number than that which results from simple addition of proton and (negative) neutron moments shows that deuterium is actually a linear combination of mostly

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similar to the mean ratio in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of deuterium per 10 hydrogen atoms). This reinforces theories that much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin. The HHR of comet

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galactic deuterium from ultraviolet spectral analysis show a ratio of as much as 23 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms in undisturbed gas clouds, which is only 15% below the

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moved their research on neutron moderation from France to Britain, smuggling the entire global supply of heavy water (which had been made in Norway) across in twenty-six steel drums.

3582:, are therefore routinely used in NMR spectroscopy, in order to allow only the light-hydrogen spectra of the compound of interest to be measured, without solvent-signal interference. 1077:

organisms, however, can survive and grow in pure heavy water, though they develop slowly. Despite this toxicity, consumption of heavy water under normal circumstances does not pose a

3663:, deuterium behaves somewhat similarly to ordinary hydrogen (with a few chemical differences, as noted). It can be distinguished from normal hydrogen most easily by its mass, using 3678:

spectroscopy, since the mass difference drastically affects the frequency of molecular vibrations; H–carbon bond vibrations are found in spectral regions free of other signals.

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are believed to be obsolete. In most modern ("boosted") thermonuclear weapons, fusion directly provides only a small fraction of the total energy. Fission of a natural

8056: 7976: 7792: 7727: 7667: 7595: 7501: 7395: 7265: 6816: 947:) 155.76 ± 0.1 atoms of deuterium per million atoms of all isotopes of hydrogen (about 1 atom of in 6420); that is, about 0.015% of all atoms of hydrogen (any isotope) 3589:). For example, the configuration of hydrocarbon chains in lipid bilayers can be quantified using solid state deuterium NMR with deuterium-labelled lipid molecules. 267:

of about one atom of deuterium in every 6,420 atoms of hydrogen. Thus deuterium accounts for about 0.0156% by number (0.0312% by mass) of all hydrogen in the ocean:

6800: 2206:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{j+1}}{\bigl \langle }(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j\,{\bigr |}\,{\vec {\mu }}\cdot {\vec {\jmath }}\,{\bigl |}\,(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j{\bigr \rangle }} 5327: 5298: 5268: 3935: 5923:

Wu R, Georgescu MM, Delpeyroux F, Guillot S, Balanant J, Simpson K, Crainic R (August 1995). "Thermostabilization of live virus vaccines by heavy water (D2O)".

4075:. The engineering process, even with maximal effort and funding, required about two and a half years (from first critical reactor to bomb) in both the U.S. and 1361:

Due to the similarity in mass and nuclear properties between the proton and neutron, they are sometimes considered as two symmetric types of the same object, a

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Thomas Junk and W. James Catallo. Hydrogen isotope exchange reactions involving C–H (D, T) bonds. Chem. Soc. Rev., 1997, 26, 401–406. DOI: 10.1039/CS9972600401

1404:), with a "down" state (↓) being a neutron and an "up" state (↑) being a proton. A pair of nucleons can either be in an antisymmetric state of isospin called 5349:

Pohl R, Nez F, Fernandes LM, Amaro FD, Biraben F, Cardoso JM, et al. (The CREMA Collaboration) (August 2016). "Laser spectroscopy of muonic deuterium".

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To summarize, the deuterium nucleus is antisymmetric in terms of isospin, and has spin 1 and even (+1) parity. The relative angular momentum of its nucleons

5220: 3176: 581:. The bottleneck delayed formation of any helium-4 until the Universe became cool enough to form deuterium (at about a temperature equivalent to 100 6793: 6430: 4899:

Linsky JL, Draine BT, Moos HW, Jenkins EB, Wood BE, Oliveira C, et al. (2006). "What is the Total Deuterium Abundance in the Local Galactic Disk?".

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Deuterium is produced for industrial, scientific and military purposes, by starting with ordinary water—a small fraction of which is naturally occurring

4544:"A two-dimensional model for the primordial nebula constrained by D/H measurements in the Solar system: Implications for the formation of giant planets" 3328:

state, which occurs with both nucleons spinning in the same direction, but their magnetic moments subtracting because of the neutron's negative moment.

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In theory, deuterium for heavy water could be created in a nuclear reactor, but separation from ordinary water is the cheapest bulk production process.

652:. Gamma radiation from ordinary nuclear fusion dissociates deuterium into protons and neutrons, and there are no known natural processes other than the 4650: 6453: 5910:"A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of RT001 in Patients with Friedreich's Ataxia" 8327: 1493: 6369:"WHAT KILLED FAMED CAL CHEMIST? / 20th century pioneer who failed to win a Nobel Prize may have succumbed to a broken heart, one admirer theorizes" 5605: 3314:

value obtained by simply adding moments of the proton and neutron. This suggests that the state of the deuterium is indeed to a good approximation

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can also be used to obtain information about the deuteron's environment in isotopically labelled samples (

3563: 511: 6017:"Heavy water slows the Gonyaulax clock: a test of the hypothesis that D2O affects circadian oscillations by diminishing the apparent temperature" 1295:

for the system, primarily due to increasing distance of the particles in the steep gradient of the nuclear force. In both cases, this causes the

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is about three times that of Earth water. This has caused renewed interest in suggestions that Earth's water may be partly of asteroidal origin.

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Within a few years, so-called "dry" hydrogen bombs were developed that did not need cryogenic hydrogen. Released information suggests that all

3986:, had prepared and characterized the first samples of pure heavy water in 1933. The discovery of deuterium, coming before the discovery of the 3483:

O, to slow neutrons without the high neutron absorption of ordinary hydrogen. This is a common commercial use for larger amounts of deuterium.

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Deuterium has also been observed to be concentrated over the mean solar abundance in other terrestrial planets, in particular Mars and Venus.

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Hagemann R, Nief G, Roth E (1970). "Absolute isotopic scale for deuterium analysis of natural waters. Absolute D/H ratio for SMOW 1".

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tamper by fast neutrons produced from D–T fusion accounts for a much larger (i.e. boosted) energy release than the fusion reaction itself.

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Hébrard G, Péquignot D, Vidal-Madjar A, Walsh JR, Ferlet R (7 February 2000). "Detection of deuterium Balmer lines in the Orion Nebula".

5505: 2222: 8179: 4132:. The Ivy Mike bomb was a factory-like building, rather than a deliverable weapon. At its center, a very large cylindrical, insulated 1847:

The analysis just given is in fact only approximate, both because isospin is not an exact symmetry, and more importantly because the

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O), which is about 10.6% denser than normal water (so that ice made from it sinks in normal water). Heavy water is slightly toxic in

672:

The existence of deuterium at a low but constant primordial fraction in all hydrogen is another one of the arguments in favor of the

8079: 6487: 5847: 5421: 5119: 4215:, since such planets are thought to contain a lot of liquid metallic hydrogen, which may be responsible for their observed powerful 4063:

deuterium production/enrichment facility in Norway. At the time this was considered important to the potential progress of the war.

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of liquid, using the low-temperature physics laboratory that had recently been established at the National Bureau of Standards (now

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Kushner DJ, Baker A, Dunstall TG (February 1999). "Pharmacological uses and perspectives of heavy water and deuterated compounds".

6491: 5548:"Linking hydrogen (δ2H) isotopes in feathers and precipitation: Sources of variance and consequences for assignment to isoscapes" 4486:, de Val-Borro M, Biver N, Küppers M, et al. (October 2011). "Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2". 4252: 3983: 3648: 944: 292: 6368: 1287:

which would require one or the other identical particle with the same spin to have some other different quantum number, such as

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Deuterium is thought to have played an important role in setting the number and ratios of the elements that were formed in the

4002:'s decision in 1934 and several high-ranking administrators at Berkeley believed this disappointment played a central role in 4880: 4256: 4056: 1131:, and none of the higher energy states are bound. The singlet deuteron is a virtual state, with a negative binding energy of 778: 589:

and nucleosynthesis to occur. At this point, the elemental abundances were nearly fixed, with the only change as some of the

5137: 3617:, while often at a much lower cost than other isotopically labeled standards. Deuterated molecules are usually prepared via 727: 330: 8317: 8307: 8129: 6667: 5096: 3999: 656:

that might have produced deuterium at anything close to its observed natural abundance. Deuterium is produced by the rare

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Deuterium has been shown to lengthen the period of oscillation of the circadian clock when dosed in rats, hamsters, and

3418: 3388:. While the order of magnitude is reasonable, since the deuteron radius is of order of 1 femtometer (see below) and its 1327: 821: 6513:

Massam T, Muller T, Righini B, Schneegans M, Zichichi A (1965). "Experimental observation of antideuteron production".

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and thus consists of three types of nuclei, which are supposed to be symmetric: a deuterium nucleus (actually a highly

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Halliwell, Barry; Gutteridge, John M.C. (2015). Free Radical Biology and Medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

4721: 1732: ; The lower its orbital angular momentum, the lower its energy. Therefore, the lowest possible energy state has 1483:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\Big (}|{\uparrow \downarrow }\rangle -|{\downarrow \uparrow }\rangle {\Big )}.} 1366: 1280: 793: 4965: 1856: 665: 304: 8322: 6688: 4786: 4358: 3782: 3694: 2754: 1848: 1370: 1103: 774: 515: 767: 8332: 8119: 8114: 7927: 7295: 6128:"Heavy water as a tool for study of the forces that control length of period of the 24-hour clock of the hamster" 5235: 5142: 3652: 3526: 1288: 1284: 800: 8159: 7585: 7355: 7315: 4884: 3995: 3876: 3618: 1346: 1342: 1311: 653: 532: 4120:" (thermonuclear bomb). In this context, it was the first bomb in which most of the energy released came from 3681:

Measurements of small variations in the natural abundances of deuterium, along with those of the stable heavy

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D–H exchange in ammonia gas. The other two plants extract deuterium from natural water in a process that uses

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Deuterium can be used to reinforce specific oxidation-vulnerable C–H bonds within essential or conditionally

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for this interaction is comparatively large, and deuterium was successfully used as a neutrino target in the

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While India is self-sufficient in heavy water for its own use, India also exports reactor-grade heavy water.

8239: 6342: 6079:"Interval timing is preserved despite circadian desynchrony in rats: Constant light and heavy water studies" 3853: 3806: 3689:, to trace the geographic origin of Earth's waters. The heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in rainwater ( 2728: 2024: 1323: 858: 661: 444: 150: 6464: 4662: 3601:

Deuterated (i.e. where all or some hydrogen atoms are replaced with deuterium) compounds are often used as

807: 8094: 7887: 7215: 7156: 7064: 7059: 6969: 6846: 6841: 5612:. Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Neutron Scattering and Muon Spectroscopy (NMI3). Archived from 4591: 4149: 4052: 3814: 3750: 3644: 3291: 2017: 1966: 1035: 503: 7220: 6891: 4953: 8149: 8124: 7762: 7521: 7380: 7365: 7335: 6927: 5437: 3994:; but when the neutron was reported, making deuterium's existence more explicable, Urey was awarded the 3668: 3514: 1934: 1260: 1107: 495: 7451: 7431: 7104: 5613: 4163:

of deuterium and lithium in their secondary stages. The material that contains the deuterium is mostly

347: 7476: 789: 8210: 8194: 7819: 7190: 7161: 7042: 6866: 6733: 6610: 6565: 6522: 6394: 6280: 6241: 6139: 6028: 5559: 5360: 5013: 4974: 4918: 4703: 4608: 4555: 4495: 4443: 4395: 4331: 4296: 4180: 4156: 4088: 3909: 3758: 3422: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1221: 415:. The isotope weight ratios within other chemical elements are largely insignificant in this regard. 335: 236: 204: 7114: 4858: 4828: 4755: 1365:. While only the proton has an electric charge, this is often negligible due to the weakness of the 291:

tonnes of water. The abundance of H changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another (see

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device built by the United States and exploded on 1 November 1952, was the first fully successful "

3905: 3774: 3476: 3393: 3367: 1236: 698: 677: 7141: 6318: 6187:"Heavy water lengthens the period of free-running rhythms in lesioned hamsters bearing SCN grafts" 5960:"Heavy water lengthens the period of free-running rhythms in lesioned hamsters bearing SCN grafts" 4267:, but as of 2019 antideuterium has not yet been created. The proposed symbol for antideuterium is 3494:

is used in cold sources to moderate neutrons to very low energies and wavelengths appropriate for

2338:, one must separate their contributions. Each gets half of the deuterium orbital angular momentum 1694:

of it), a nucleus with two protons, and a nucleus with two neutrons. These states are not stable.

1268: 8297: 8252: 8174: 8144: 8089: 7966: 7942: 7687: 7441: 7375: 7240: 7200: 7084: 7051: 7014: 6974: 6953: 6896: 6871: 6626: 6600: 6538: 6458: 6216: 6108: 5997: 5790: 5709: 5660: 5394: 5045: 5037: 4934: 4908: 4803: 4693: 4632: 4519: 4244: 4071:

in late 1942), they would still have been at least several years away from the development of an

3830: 3798: 3710: 3630: 3556: 3495: 2321: 649: 630: 499: 7235: 3829:, can be stabilized by deuterium, either alone or in combination with other stabilizers such as 2370: 2341: 7146: 4778: 8199: 7782: 7682: 7652: 7570: 7310: 7195: 7151: 7099: 6906: 6901: 6833: 6773: 6208: 6167: 6100: 6056: 5989: 5981: 5940: 5891: 5843: 5825: 5782: 5744: 5701: 5652: 5587: 5466: 5417: 5386: 5351: 5200: 5192: 5173: 5115: 5029: 5004: 4624: 4599: 4511: 4461: 4204: 4164: 4160: 3967: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3552: 3439:

contribution, but cannot be calculated without knowing the exact spatial form of the nucleons

3380: 1240: 1112: 872: 713: 424: 260: 208: 107: 100: 44: 7330: 6671: 6556:

Dorfan DE, Eades J, Lederman LM, Lee W, Ting CC (June 1965). "Observation of antideuterons".

5862:"Small amounts of isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress lipid autoxidation" 5509: 8276: 8264: 8184: 8084: 8014: 7989: 7937: 7370: 7245: 7210: 7131: 7119: 7079: 6984: 6917: 6618: 6573: 6530: 6463: 6288: 6249: 6198: 6157: 6147: 6090: 6046: 6036: 5971: 5932: 5881: 5873: 5817: 5774: 5736: 5691: 5644: 5577: 5567: 5458: 5376: 5368: 5165: 5021: 4982: 4978: 4926: 4795: 4707: 4616: 4563: 4503: 4451: 4407: 4373: 4339: 4121: 4104:, attached to instrumentation and cryogenic equipment. The 20-ft-tall bomb held a cryogenic 4003: 3979: 3959: 3762: 3487: 3447: 3426: 2740: 1852: 1704: 1570:

This is a nucleus with one proton and one neutron, i.e. a deuterium nucleus. The triplet is

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based on the temperature at the point that the universe cooled enough to allow formation of

440: 54: 4957: 4592:"Cometary science. 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio" 4043:

design. Such experiments were a source of concern because they might allow them to produce

7872: 7847: 7546: 7385: 7325: 7305: 7225: 7109: 7009: 6994: 6979: 6886: 6876: 6313: 4590:, Balsiger H, Bar-Nun A, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Bochsler P, et al. (January 2015). 4587: 4125: 4040: 4021: 3991: 3924: 3786: 3736: 3389: 3363: 1315: 709: 634: 605: 380:(H) confers non-negligible chemical differences with H compounds. Deuterium has a mass of 361: 28: 6614: 6591:

Chardonnet P, Orloff J, Salati P (1997). "The production of anti-matter in our galaxy".

6569: 6526: 6284: 6245: 6143: 6032: 5877: 5727:

Gant TG (May 2014). "Using deuterium in drug discovery: Leaving the label in the drug".

5563: 5533:

Isoscapes: Understanding movement, pattern, and process on Earth through isotope mapping

5364: 5017: 4922: 4612: 4559: 4499: 4447: 4377: 4335: 4093: 3714:

for H. The substitution of deuterium for normal hydrogen thus reduces scattering noise.

871:

until 1997, when the last heavy water plant was shut down. Canada uses heavy water as a

8109: 8074: 7857: 7747: 7712: 7697: 7632: 7627: 7526: 7426: 7345: 7320: 7285: 7230: 7205: 7074: 6922: 5886: 5861: 5582: 5547: 5449:

Seelig J (October 1971). "On the flexibility of hydrocarbon chains in lipid bilayers".

4343: 4216: 4068: 3742: 3690: 3506: 1973: 1393: 1292: 814: 586: 554: 542: 488: 448: 244: 183: 83: 6622: 6162: 6127: 6051: 6016: 5088: 5063: 3280:{\displaystyle \mu =-{\frac {1}{4}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})+{\frac {3}{4}}=0.310} 8291: 8139: 7994: 7877: 7852: 7833: 7777: 7657: 7615: 7610: 7350: 7340: 7300: 7175: 7069: 7024: 6999: 6881: 6861: 6754: 6724: 6693: 6630: 6542: 6236: 6203: 6186: 5976: 5959: 5936: 5794: 5398: 5290: 5049: 4636: 4117: 4101: 3998:

only three years after the isotope's isolation. Lewis was deeply disappointed by the

3826: 3794: 3586: 3543: 3403:

state (which is the dominant one) and does get a contribution from a term mixing the

1930: 1876: 1691: 1405: 1180: 1095: 1031:(38.3 vs. 32.94 K) and a higher critical pressure (1.6496 vs. 1.2858 MPa). 1024: 1020: 985: 876: 657: 558: 545:

and the changes brought about by cosmic expansion, one can calculate the fraction of

520: 432: 396: 387: 160: 143: 66: 6785: 6703: 6220: 6001: 5713: 4938: 4807: 4203:

In August 2018, scientists announced the transformation of gaseous deuterium into a

8215: 8069: 7922: 7862: 7842: 7814: 7742: 7622: 7605: 7560: 7511: 7416: 7136: 7089: 6937: 6399: 6112: 5664: 4523: 4179:(hydrogen-3) is produced, and then the deuterium and the tritium quickly engage in 4133: 4036: 4032: 4025: 3913: 3640: 3440: 3392:

is e, the above model does not suffice for its computation. More specifically, the

1782: 1409: 1401: 1252: 1091: 956: 718: 641: 562: 507: 428: 316:

in which the H had been highly concentrated. The discovery of deuterium won Urey a

176: 5909: 5860:

Hill S, Lamberson CR, Xu L, To R, Tsui HS, Shmanai VV, et al. (August 2012).

5821: 5483:

J. Atzrodt, V. Derdau, W. J. Kerr, M. Reid, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 3022.

4888: 1396:, so is completely analogous to it. The proton and neutron, each of which have iso 633:(HD or HH). Similarly, natural water contains deuterated molecules, almost all as 5572: 5260: 5025: 4987: 1802:

The same considerations lead to the possible states of an isospin triplet having

573:. However, forming helium-4 requires the intermediate step of forming deuterium. 557:. This calculation indicates seven protons for every neutron at the beginning of 8189: 8099: 8064: 8031: 7957: 7932: 7772: 7677: 7647: 7531: 7446: 7436: 7166: 7094: 6765: 6577: 5319: 4391: 4240: 4192: 4129: 4105: 4072: 4048: 4015: 3901: 3778: 3672: 3463: 1078: 1074: 1038:

and other physical and chemical property differences from the protium analogs. H

854: 756: 746: 722: 590: 369: 313: 309: 137: 6132:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6021:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3548: 8104: 8046: 8009: 7984: 7882: 7692: 7555: 4236: 4232: 4188: 3930: 3921: 3790: 3754: 3571: 3567: 3539: 3521:

yield of the deuterium–tritium (DT) reaction. There is an even higher-yield H–

3384: 3374: 1585: 1560:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\Big (}|pn\rangle -|np\rangle {\Big )}.} 1272: 1213: 1069: 436: 6095: 6078: 5985: 5033: 1728:

is 1. It also has an even parity and therefore even orbital angular momentum

1347:

differences in the number and population of spin states and rotational levels

494:

The differences are much more pronounced in vibrational spectroscopy such as

8036: 7737: 7541: 7421: 7275: 7250: 6041: 5372: 4799: 4620: 4212: 4208: 4168: 4141: 4044: 4039:

was known to be conducting experiments using heavy water as moderator for a

3845: 3686: 3636: 1300: 682: 117: 6293: 6268: 6152: 6104: 5895: 5829: 5786: 5748: 5705: 5656: 5591: 5390: 5177: 4732: 4628: 4515: 4465: 4357:

Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017).

3749:

atoms in the drug molecule have been replaced by deuterium. Because of the

1753:

is 0. It also has an odd parity and therefore odd orbital angular momentum

1015:

Compared to hydrogen in its natural composition on Earth, pure deuterium (H

569:

nuclei, and the protons and neutrons had a strong energetic reason to form

439:

of the atom, where the reduced mass appears in a simple calculation of the

6212: 6060: 5993: 5944: 5470: 3958:

in an article published in 1934. The name is based in part on advice from

1749:

In the second case the deuteron is a spin singlet, so that its total spin

669:

is found, unless there are obvious processes at work that concentrate it.

8004: 7916: 7717: 7580: 7565: 7536: 7405: 7180: 7004: 6948: 6942: 6911: 6856: 6824: 6737: 6605: 6422: 6171: 5484: 5169: 4958:"The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations" 4913: 4698: 4359:"The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" 4322: 4260: 4184: 4137: 4113: 4098: 4076: 3746: 3675: 3614: 3522: 1724:

In the first case the deuteron is a spin triplet, so that its total spin

1703:

wavefunction. The latter is symmetric if the deuteron is symmetric under

1397: 1319: 1304: 1296: 673: 626: 570: 550: 538: 365: 325: 240: 6488:"Under pressure, hydrogen offers a reflection of giant planet interiors" 5778: 5462: 4574:— see fig. 7. for a review of D/H ratios in various astronomical objects 4507: 1106:

frequency of deuterium is significantly different from normal hydrogen.

275:

tonnes of deuterium – mainly as HOD (or HOH or HHO) and only rarely as D

8169: 7999: 7952: 7911: 7867: 7809: 7804: 7767: 7757: 7752: 7707: 7702: 7642: 7575: 7466: 7461: 7411: 7290: 7280: 7033: 6746: 6534: 5696: 5679: 5381: 5041: 4456: 4431: 4301: 4176: 4172: 3987: 3727:

hydrogen bombs, requires heavy hydrogen (deuterium, tritium, or both).

3510: 3502: 1374: 1362: 1232: 1057: 1043: 1034:

The physical properties of deuterium compounds can exhibit significant

694: 594: 546: 377: 256: 6253: 6072: 6070: 5740: 5002:

Hunten DM (1993). "Atmospheric evolution of the terrestrial planets".

4411: 3139:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{2}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})=0.879} 8220: 8041: 8023: 7486: 7456: 6958: 4748:"Equilibrium and change: The physics behind Big Bang nucleosynthesis" 4060: 3682: 3518: 1199: 566: 351:

Hydrogen (above) and deuterium (below) glowing in gas discharge tubes

252: 6234:

Brickwedde FG (1982). "Harold Urey and the discovery of deuterium".

5648: 3698: 1082:

routinely used as harmless metabolic tracers in humans and animals.

4930: 4568: 4543: 3852:

O disrupts circadian rhythm by lengthening the circadian period of

3801:

that damage living cells. Deuterated ethyl ester of linoleic acid (

3753:, deuterium-containing drugs may have significantly lower rates of 3718:

in many studies of macromolecules in biology and many other areas.

1994:

is not well defined, and the deuteron is a superposition of mostly

7255: 7185: 6651: 4658: 4145: 4092: 3917: 3891: 3802: 3547: 3468: 3462: 1389: 1350: 1099: 1048: 604: 346: 312:

discovered deuterium in 1931. Urey and others produced samples of

264: 5760: 5758: 4187:, and even more free neutrons. "Pure" fusion weapons such as the 2303:{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}=g^{(l)}{\vec {l}}+g^{(s)}{\vec {s}}} 1965:

state, even though the first component is much bigger. Since the

1235:

with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. (H,

1064:

Deuterium can replace H in water molecules to form heavy water (H

259:, whereas the far more common H has no neutrons. Deuterium has a 5808:

Demidov VV (September 2007). "Heavy isotopes to avert ageing?".

4854: 4777:

IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (2001).

4248: 1911:. Parity is still constant in time so these do not mix with odd 1291:. But orbital angular momentum of either particle gives a lower 1203: 686: 645: 392: 6789: 4881:"Graph of deuterium with distance in our galactic neighborhood" 4657:. Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division. 3962:

who had proposed the name "deutium". The name comes from Greek

3892: 2714:

where subscripts p and n stand for the proton and neutron, and

1976:(it is a constant in time), both components must have the same 443:

and Rydberg equation, but the reduced mass also appears in the

6454:"Settling arguments about hydrogen with 168 giant lasers" 5197:

Elements and isotopes: formation, transformation, distribution

3450:

cannot be calculated by the above model, for similar reasons.

1412:. In terms of the "down" state and "up" state, the singlet is 750: 614: 582: 6423:

The battle for heavy water: Three physicists' heroic exploits

5546:

Hobson KA, Van Wilgenburg SL, Wassenaar LI, Larson K (2012).

3432:

The latter contribution is dominant in the absence of a pure

510:

of the deuterium is markedly higher than that of protium. In

6647: 6367:

DelVecchio, Rick; Writer, Chronicle Staff (5 August 2006).

1373:. The symmetry relating the proton and neutron is known as 4235:

counterpart of the nucleus of deuterium, consisting of an

3765:

became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval.

644:(as confirmed by planetary probes), and in the spectra of 5765:

Schmidt C (June 2017). "First deuterated drug approved".

5635:

Sanderson K (March 2009). "Big interest in heavy drugs".

4851:"FUSE Satellite solves the case of the missing deuterium" 613:

Deuterium occurs in trace amounts naturally as deuterium

3900:

It was first detected spectroscopically in late 1931 by

3785:(PUFA), making them more resistant to oxidative damage. 427:, the energy levels of electrons in atoms depend on the 243:; the other is protium, or hydrogen-1, H. The deuterium 5324:

The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty

5265:

The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty

2330:

Since the proton and neutron have different values for

3471:

reactor giving off its characteristic pinkish-red glow

640:

The existence of deuterium on Earth, elsewhere in the

435:, the role of reduced mass is most simply seen in the 6343:"Today in Science History – March 23 – Gilbert Lewis" 6015:

McDaniel M, Sulzman FM, Hastings JW (November 1974).

5680:"Heavy drugs draw heavy interest from pharma backers" 5135:

Halford B (4 July 2016). "The deuterium switcheroo".

4779:"Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions" 4243:. The antideuteron was first produced in 1965 at the 3813:

and has successfully completed a Phase I/II trial in

3179: 3054: 2757: 2405: 2373: 2344: 2225: 2035: 1579: 1496: 1421: 471:, or 1.000545, and for deuterium it is even smaller: 6395:"Royal Society unearths top secret nuclear research" 3970:, wanted to call the isotope "diplogen", from Greek 8055: 7975: 7900: 7791: 7726: 7666: 7594: 7500: 7394: 7264: 7050: 6832: 6823: 1987:. This is the total spin of the deuterium nucleus. 1781:gives a stronger nuclear attraction, the deuterium 781:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 664:that consume deuterium happen much faster than the 182: 159: 149: 136: 116: 106: 99: 82: 65: 53: 43: 38: 5416:(3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 115. 3279: 3138: 3013: 2703: 2388: 2359: 2302: 2205: 1757:. Therefore, the lowest possible energy state has 1679: 1559: 1482: 4952:Lellouch E, Bézard B, Fouchet T, Feuchtgruber H, 3974:'double', and the nucleus to be called "diplon". 3874:in the nucleus accompanied by an equal number of 3848:dinoflagellates. In rats, chronic intake of 25% H 2739:, one gets the following result, in units of the 2696: 2646: 2482: 2432: 1549: 1511: 1472: 1436: 4582: 4580: 3509:reactor designs, especially in combination with 1118:The triplet deuteron nucleon is barely bound at 857:—and then separating out the heavy water by the 693:The abundance of deuterium in the atmosphere of 5320:"2022 CODATA Value: deuteron rms charge radius" 5158:Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 4831:. The European Space Agency (ESA). 2 April 2013 3978:water to show partial enrichment of deuterium. 431:of the system of electron and nucleus. For the 5299:National Institute of Standards and Technology 4207:. This may help researchers better understand 4108:with room for 160 kg of liquid deuterium. 3936:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3745:medicinal product in which one or more of the 867:The world's leading supplier of deuterium was 593:products of Big Bang nucleosynthesis (such as 6801: 6664:ALSOS: The Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 5114:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 4167:, with the lithium consisting of the isotope 3501:Experimentally, deuterium is the most common 3014:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{4(j+1)}}\left} 3001: 2934: 2924: 2857: 2198: 2148: 2112: 2062: 2016:In order to find theoretically the deuterium 8: 5438:neutron cross section#Typical cross sections 4171:. When the lithium-6 is bombarded with fast 3562:Deuterium is most commonly used in hydrogen 1666: 1646: 1630: 1598: 1544: 1527: 1467: 1451: 1279:, and therefore more strongly bound, due to 991:Specific heat capacity at constant pressure 21: 6077:Petersen CC, Mistlberger RE (August 2017). 4144:liquid deuterium in a volume of about 1000 4059:", the purpose of which was to destroy the 1844:, higher than that of the isospin singlet. 1310:The proton and neutron in deuterium can be 6829: 6808: 6794: 6786: 6717: 6431:European Organization for Nuclear Research 4425: 4423: 4421: 4211:planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn and some 3647:, deuterium is used as a non-radioactive, 1400:, form an isospin doublet (analogous to a 1023:(18.72 K vs. 13.99 K), a higher 343:Differences from common hydrogen (protium) 27: 6604: 6292: 6202: 6161: 6151: 6094: 6050: 6040: 5975: 5885: 5695: 5581: 5571: 5380: 4986: 4912: 4883:. FUSE Satellite project. Baltimore, MD: 4697: 4567: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4477: 4475: 4455: 4010:"Heavy water" experiments in World War II 3513:, because of the large reaction rate (or 3261: 3249: 3236: 3231: 3221: 3208: 3203: 3189: 3178: 3121: 3108: 3103: 3093: 3080: 3075: 3061: 3053: 3000: 2999: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2805: 2800: 2764: 2756: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2680: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2632: 2631: 2614: 2601: 2596: 2586: 2573: 2568: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2533: 2520: 2515: 2503: 2502: 2492: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2465: 2431: 2430: 2412: 2404: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2289: 2288: 2276: 2258: 2257: 2245: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2182: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2134: 2133: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2061: 2060: 2042: 2034: 1698:Approximated wavefunction of the deuteron 1661: 1656: 1641: 1636: 1625: 1620: 1605: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1548: 1547: 1533: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1497: 1495: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1457: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1422: 1420: 841:Learn how and when to remove this message 33:Deuterium glowing in a gas discharge tube 6240:. Vol. 35, no. 9. p. 34. 5451:Journal of the American Chemical Society 5291:"Deuteron mass energy equivalent in MeV" 3417:states, because the electric quadrupole 1349:, which occur because the deuteron is a 1050: 906: 717:161 atoms per million hydrogen in Comet 6267:Urey H, Brickwedde F, Murphy G (1932). 6185:Lesauter J, Silver R (September 1993). 5958:Lesauter J, Silver R (September 1993). 5261:"2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass in u" 5199:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 111–112. 4312: 3685:isotopes O and O, are of importance in 3564:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1851:between the two nucleons is related to 629:are bonded with H to form a gas called 512:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 6660:"Annotated bibliography for deuterium" 5485:https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201708903 4542:Hersant F, Gautier D, Hure JM (2001). 4263:orbiting the nucleus, would be called 3990:in 1932, was an experimental shock to 3477:heavy water moderated fission reactors 1875:are not constant in time (they do not 1830:. Thus the state of lowest energy has 451:for calculating atomic energy levels. 360:Deuterium is often represented by the 20: 6689:"Desktop nuclear fusion demonstrated" 5232:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5193:"Physiological effect of heavy water" 5112:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3942:Naming of the isotope and Nobel Prize 3865:Suspicion of lighter element isotopes 3396:does not get a contribution from the 1357:Isospin singlet state of the deuteron 1231:Deuterium is one of only five stable 1148:The nucleus of deuterium is called a 308:, meaning "second". American chemist 7: 3290:The measured value of the deuterium 1206:deuterium produce a smaller result: 943:Mean abundance in ocean water (from 779:adding citations to reliable sources 609:Simplified chart of particle content 502:, and in rotational spectra such as 16:Isotope of hydrogen with one neutron 6341:Helmenstine, Todd (22 March 2018). 6269:"A hydrogen isotope of mass 2" 5878:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.004 5866:Free Radical Biology & Medicine 5234:. Fall 2004. 22.101. Archived from 4817:from the original on 25 April 2003. 4655:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry 4398:(1933). "A Name and Symbol for H". 4097:The "Sausage" device casing of the 3896:Harold Urey, deuterium's discoverer 3805:), developed by Retrotope, is in a 1027:(23.64 vs. 20.27 K), a higher 625:), but most deuterium atoms in the 523:on its own right is also possible. 8180:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 6317:. 19 February 1934. Archived from 4344:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00540.x 3797:, slow down the chain reaction of 1490:, which can also be written : 861:, distillation, or other methods. 697:has been directly measured by the 59:Deuterium, hydrogen-2, H, 2H, H-2, 14: 8080:Atomic and molecular astrophysics 6817:Molecules detected in outer space 6687:Mullins, Justin (27 April 2005). 5506:"Oxygen – Isotopes and Hydrology" 4124:stages that followed the primary 3345:state with a slight admixture of 1883:), and over time a state such as 1408:, or in a symmetric state called 1345:like diatomic hydrogen, but with 1275:, because the decay products are 565:and protons are less stable than 514:, deuterium has a very different 8270: 8258: 8246: 8235: 8234: 7041: 7032: 7023: 6704:"Missing gas found in Milky Way" 6492:Carnegie Institution for Science 5064:"Heavy water - Energy Education" 4253:Alternating Gradient Synchrotron 3613:species, such standards improve 2727:By using the same identities as 2012:Magnetic and electric multipoles 1353:with nuclear spin equal to one. 951:Data at approximately 18 K for H 755: 648:, is also an important datum in 372:2, it is also represented by H. 293:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 22:Deuterium, hydrogen-2, H, H 8328:Subatomic particles with spin 1 8205:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 6702:Lloyd, Robin (21 August 2006). 5138:Chemical & Engineering News 3811:infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy 3671:. Deuterium can be detected by 1251:; the long-lived radionuclides 940:Atomic weight: 2.0141017926 Da. 869:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 766:needs additional citations for 5729:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 4287:, that is, D with an overbar. 4257:Brookhaven National Laboratory 4057:Norwegian heavy water sabotage 3840:Slowing circadian oscillations 3769:Reinforced essential nutrients 3255: 3243: 3237: 3215: 3209: 3199: 3127: 3115: 3109: 3087: 3081: 3071: 2996: 2984: 2975: 2963: 2954: 2942: 2919: 2907: 2898: 2886: 2877: 2865: 2852: 2840: 2834: 2812: 2806: 2796: 2785: 2773: 2664: 2652: 2637: 2620: 2608: 2602: 2580: 2574: 2564: 2558: 2527: 2521: 2508: 2449: 2437: 2380: 2351: 2294: 2283: 2277: 2263: 2252: 2246: 2232: 2166: 2154: 2139: 2124: 2079: 2067: 1937:(a linear combination) of the 1662: 1657: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1594: 1589: 1534: 1517: 1463: 1458: 1447: 1442: 1: 8130:Extraterrestrial liquid water 6668:Washington and Lee University 6623:10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00870-8 6083:Journal of Biological Rhythms 5822:10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.007 5097:National Institutes of Health 4651:"Provisional Recommendations" 4378:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003 4183:, releasing abundant energy, 3982:, Urey's graduate advisor at 3446:Higher magnetic and electric 2023:, one uses the formula for a 1139:Nuclear properties (deuteron) 747:Heavy water § Production 637:HDO with only one deuterium. 407:, or twice protium's mass of 364:D. Since it is an isotope of 6204:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90255-E 5977:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90255-E 5937:10.1016/0264-410X(95)00068-C 5573:10.1371/journal.pone.0035137 5191:Vertes, Attila, ed. (2003). 5026:10.1126/science.259.5097.915 4966:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4731:. London, UK. Archived from 4727:London South Bank University 4661:. § IR-3.3.2. Archived from 3825:Live vaccines, such as oral 3525:fusion reaction, though the 1328:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory 1267:also occur naturally.) Most 899:Data for molecular deuterium 7361:Protonated hydrogen cyanide 6578:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.1003 5221:"Neutron–proton scattering" 4722:"Water absorption spectrum" 4430:O'Leary D (February 2012). 4400:Journal of Chemical Physics 4051:. Ultimately it led to the 3783:polyunsaturated fatty acids 1367:electromagnetic interaction 8349: 6452:Chang K (16 August 2018). 6403:. Situation Publishing Ltd 6393:Sherriff L (1 June 2007). 6347:Science Notes and Projects 5678:Katsnelson A (June 2013). 4988:10.1051/0004-6361:20010259 4787:Pure and Applied Chemistry 4686:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4372:(3): 030003-1–030003-442. 4259:. A complete atom, with a 4086: 4013: 3734: 3695:global meteoric water line 3628: 3537: 2389:{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}} 2360:{\displaystyle {\vec {l}}} 1849:strong nuclear interaction 1371:strong nuclear interaction 1219: 744: 577:situation is known as the 530: 209:Complete table of nuclides 8229: 8120:Earliest known life forms 8115:Diffuse interstellar band 7586:Protonated cyanoacetylene 7356:Protonated carbon dioxide 7316:Hydromagnesium isocyanide 7021: 6191:Physiology & Behavior 6126:Richter CP (March 1977). 5964:Physiology & Behavior 5143:American Chemical Society 5110:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 4901:The Astrophysical Journal 4548:The Astrophysical Journal 4159:built since then contain 3653:doubly labeled water test 3619:hydrogen isotope exchange 1285:Pauli exclusion principle 875:for the operation of the 728:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 331:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 203: 26: 8165:Iron–sulfur world theory 8160:Photodissociation region 7863:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene 6096:10.1177/0748730417716231 4885:Johns Hopkins University 4432:"The deeds to deuterium" 4083:In thermonuclear weapons 4020:Shortly before the war, 3996:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 3870:existence of additional 3304:, which is 97.5% of the 1392:symmetry, like ordinary 1289:orbital angular momentum 1144:Deuteron mass and radius 1042:O, for example, is more 708:Cometary bodies such as 662:nuclear fusion reactions 654:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 533:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 527:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 8240:Category:Astrochemistry 7830:, fullerene, buckyball) 7517:Cyanobutadiynyl radical 7492:Silicon-carbide cluster 7482:Protonated formaldehyde 6558:Physical Review Letters 6331:Coffey (2008): 221–222. 6309:"Deuterium v. Diplogen" 6042:10.1073/pnas.71.11.4389 5810:Trends in Biotechnology 5508:. SAHRA. Archived from 5373:10.1126/science.aaf2468 4979:2001A&A...370..610L 4800:10.1351/pac200173020377 4708:2000A&A...354L..79H 4621:10.1126/science.1261952 3946:Urey created the names 3908:. Urey's collaborator, 3854:suprachiasmatic nucleus 3807:compassionate use trial 3741:A deuterated drug is a 3467:Ionized deuterium in a 2025:nuclear magnetic moment 1281:nuclear pairing effects 1036:kinetic isotope effects 933:Density: 0.180 kg/m at 859:Girdler sulfide process 8303:Environmental isotopes 8253:Outer space portal 8095:Circumstellar envelope 7060:Aluminium(I) hydroxide 6970:Phosphorus mononitride 6847:Aluminium monofluoride 6842:Aluminium monochloride 6294:10.1103/PhysRev.39.164 6153:10.1073/pnas.74.3.1295 4956:, de Graauw T (2001). 4175:from the atomic bomb, 4150:thermonuclear reaction 4109: 4055:operation called the " 3922:cryogenically produced 3897: 3751:kinetic isotope effect 3651:, for example, in the 3649:stable isotopic tracer 3645:environmental sciences 3559: 3496:scattering experiments 3472: 3443:inside the deuterium. 3373:The measured electric 3292:magnetic dipole moment 3281: 3140: 3015: 2705: 2390: 2361: 2304: 2207: 2018:magnetic dipole moment 1967:total angular momentum 1933:of the deuterium is a 1897:may become a state of 1857:spin–orbit interaction 1681: 1561: 1484: 887:gas at high pressure. 666:proton–proton reaction 610: 504:microwave spectroscopy 352: 8150:Interplanetary medium 8125:Extraterrestrial life 7763:Octatetraynyl radical 7381:Tricarbon monosulfide 6928:Magnesium monohydride 6648:"Nuclear Data Center" 6321:on 15 September 2009. 4157:thermonuclear weapons 4096: 3895: 3757:, and hence a longer 3669:infrared spectrometry 3629:Further information: 3551: 3515:nuclear cross section 3479:, usually as liquid H 3475:Deuterium is used in 3466: 3282: 3141: 3016: 2706: 2391: 2362: 2305: 2208: 1859:that mixes different 1682: 1562: 1485: 1341:) has ortho and para 1333:Diatomic deuterium (D 1202:, measurements using 1108:Infrared spectroscopy 608: 496:infrared spectroscopy 491:, or 81.6 km/s. 350: 333:, as measured by the 8318:Nuclear fusion fuels 8308:Isotopes of hydrogen 8277:Chemistry portal 8265:Astronomy portal 8211:RNA world hypothesis 8195:PAH world hypothesis 7888:Heptatrienyl radical 7820:Buckminsterfullerene 7708:Methylcyanoacetylene 7216:Silicon carbonitride 7191:Methylidynephosphane 7157:Magnesium isocyanide 7065:Aluminium isocyanide 6867:Carbon monophosphide 5767:Nature Biotechnology 5170:10.1139/cjpp-77-2-79 4297:Isotopes of hydrogen 4205:liquid metallic form 4181:thermonuclear fusion 4089:Thermonuclear weapon 3910:Ferdinand Brickwedde 3611:isotopically labeled 3377:of the deuterium is 3177: 3052: 2755: 2731:and using the value 2403: 2371: 2342: 2223: 2033: 1577: 1494: 1419: 1343:nuclear spin isomers 1222:Proton radius puzzle 1029:critical temperature 1001:Solid: 2950 J/(kg·K) 988:at 300 K (gas phase) 775:improve this article 579:deuterium bottleneck 445:Schrödinger equation 205:Isotopes of hydrogen 8155:Interstellar medium 8135:Forbidden mechanism 7948:Hydrogen isocyanide 7638:Hexatriynyl radical 7221:c-Silicon dicarbide 7126:Hydrogen isocyanide 6990:Silicon monosulfide 6965:Phosphorus monoxide 6933:Methylidyne radical 6892:Fluoromethylidynium 6852:Aluminium(II) oxide 6615:1997PhLB..409..313C 6570:1965PhRvL..14.1003D 6527:1965NCimS..39...10M 6285:1932PhRv...39..164U 6246:1982PhT....35i..34B 6144:1977PNAS...74.1295R 6033:1974PNAS...71.4389M 5912:. 24 November 2020. 5779:10.1038/nbt0617-493 5564:2012PLoSO...735137H 5463:10.1021/ja00749a006 5414:Modern Spectroscopy 5365:2016Sci...353..669P 5018:1993Sci...259..915H 4923:2006ApJ...647.1106L 4891:on 5 December 2013. 4829:"Cosmic Detectives" 4613:2015Sci...347A.387A 4560:2001ApJ...554..391H 4508:10.1038/nature10519 4500:2011Natur.478..218H 4482:Hartogh P, Lis DC, 4448:2012NatCh...4..236O 4336:1970Tell...22..712H 3906:Columbia University 3821:Thermostabilization 3815:Friedreich's ataxia 3775:essential nutrients 3706:Contrast properties 3394:electric quadrupole 1183:of the deuteron is 1152:. It has a mass of 1011:Physical properties 678:Steady State theory 23: 8313:Neutron moderators 8175:Molecules in stars 8145:Intergalactic dust 8090:Circumstellar dust 8032:Naphthalene cation 7967:Trihydrogen cation 7943:Hydrogen deuteride 7868:Methyltriacetylene 7703:Hexapentaenylidene 7522:E-Cyanomethanimine 7442:Cyclopropenylidene 7376:Tricarbon monoxide 7366:Silicon tricarbide 7336:Methylene amidogen 7326:Isothiocyanic acid 7241:Thioxoethenylidene 7201:Trihydrogen cation 7015:Titanium(II) oxide 6975:Potassium chloride 6954:Sulfur mononitride 6897:Helium hydride ion 6872:Carbon monosulfide 6535:10.1007/BF02814251 6459:The New York Times 5697:10.1038/nm0613-656 5616:on 3 February 2019 5412:Hollas JM (1996). 5095:. compounds. U.S. 5068:energyeducation.ca 4758:on 8 February 2007 4665:on 27 October 2006 4457:10.1038/nchem.1273 4245:Proton Synchrotron 4161:chemical compounds 4110: 3898: 3888:Deuterium detected 3799:lipid peroxidation 3777:, such as certain 3711:Neutron scattering 3661:metabolic pathways 3657:chemical reactions 3631:Deuterated solvent 3603:internal standards 3560: 3557:deuterium arc lamp 3555:of an ultraviolet 3473: 3277: 3136: 3011: 2701: 2386: 2357: 2300: 2203: 1929:). Therefore, the 1677: 1671: 1663:↓ ↓ 1643:↓ ↑ 1627:↑ ↓ 1595:↑ ↑ 1557: 1480: 1464:↓ ↑ 1448:↑ ↓ 1318:interactions with 1086:Quantum properties 1004:Gas: 5200 J/(kg·K) 976:O: 1105.2 kg/m at 966:Liquid: 162.4 kg/m 937:(0 °C, 101325 Pa). 631:hydrogen deuteride 611: 500:Raman spectroscopy 391:, about twice the 353: 8323:Nuclear materials 8285: 8284: 8200:Pseudo-panspermia 7896: 7895: 7843:Cyanodecapentayne 7783:N-Methylformamide 7758:Methyldiacetylene 7683:Aminoacetonitrile 7653:Methyl isocyanate 7571:Methyl isocyanide 7452:Isocyanoacetylene 7432:Cyanoformaldehyde 7311:Hydrogen peroxide 7196:Potassium cyanide 7152:Magnesium cyanide 7105:Disilicon carbide 7100:Dicarbon monoxide 6907:Hydrogen fluoride 6902:Hydrogen chloride 6784: 6783: 6666:. Lexington, VA: 6593:Physics Letters B 6564:(24): 1003–1006. 6490:(Press release). 6468:on 1 January 2022 6254:10.1063/1.2915259 6027:(11): 4389–4391. 5931:(12): 1058–1063. 5741:10.1021/jm4007998 5512:on 2 January 2007 5457:(20): 5017–5022. 5359:(6300): 669–673. 5228:mightylib.mit.edu 5206:978-1-4020-1314-0 5145:. pp. 32–36. 5012:(5097): 915–920. 4861:on 14 August 2020 4853:(Press release). 4607:(6220): 1261952. 4494:(7368): 218–220. 4484:Bockelée-Morvan D 4412:10.1063/1.1749326 4366:Chinese Physics C 4165:lithium deuteride 3968:Ernest Rutherford 3877:nuclear electrons 3665:mass spectrometry 3607:mass spectrometry 3597:Mass spectrometry 3553:Emission spectrum 3488:research reactors 3448:multipole moments 3269: 3197: 3069: 2789: 2640: 2561: 2550: 2511: 2500: 2428: 2396:. One arrives at 2383: 2354: 2327:of the nucleons. 2297: 2266: 2235: 2142: 2127: 2058: 1867:states. That is, 1615: 1614: 1507: 1506: 1432: 1431: 1113:mass spectrometry 1098:") and is thus a 1090:The deuteron has 873:neutron moderator 851: 850: 843: 825: 425:quantum mechanics 302:comes from Greek 261:natural abundance 214: 213: 108:Natural abundance 8340: 8333:Medical isotopes 8275: 8274: 8273: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8238: 8237: 8185:Organic compound 8085:Chemical formula 7990:Dihydroxyacetone 7938:Hydrogen cyanide 7623:Cyanodiacetylene 7477:Propadienylidene 7371:Thioformaldehyde 7246:Titanium dioxide 7211:Sodium hydroxide 7132:Hydrogen sulfide 7120:Hydrogen cyanide 7080:Carbonyl sulfide 7045: 7036: 7027: 6985:Silicon monoxide 6918:Hydroxyl radical 6830: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6730:Deuterium is an 6718: 6711: 6698: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6670:. Archived from 6655: 6635: 6634: 6608: 6606:astro-ph/9705110 6599:(1–4): 313–320. 6588: 6582: 6581: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6515:Il Nuovo Cimento 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6494:. 15 August 2018 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6462:. Archived from 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6206: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6155: 6138:(3): 1295–1299. 6123: 6117: 6116: 6098: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6044: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5979: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5889: 5857: 5851: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5735:(9): 3595–3611. 5724: 5718: 5717: 5699: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5585: 5575: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5531:West JB (2009). 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5384: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5295:Physics.nist.gov 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5230:(course notes). 5225: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5060: 5054: 5053: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4962: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4916: 4914:astro-ph/0608308 4907:(2): 1106–1124. 4892: 4887:. Archived from 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4857:. Archived from 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4754:. Archived from 4743: 4737: 4736: 4735:on 27 July 2017. 4718: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4699:astro-ph/0002141 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4596: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4539: 4528: 4527: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4459: 4436:Nature Chemistry 4427: 4416: 4415: 4396:F. G. Brickwedde 4394:; G. M. Murphy; 4388: 4382: 4381: 4363: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4317: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4122:nuclear reaction 4006:a decade later. 3960:Gilbert N. Lewis 3933: 3883: 3789:polyunsaturated 3763:deutetrabenazine 3534:NMR spectroscopy 3459:Nuclear reactors 3438: 3427:angular momentum 3416: 3409: 3402: 3387: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3303: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3270: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3198: 3190: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3070: 3062: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3004: 2938: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2861: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2790: 2788: 2765: 2741:nuclear magneton 2738: 2723: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2690: 2685: 2684: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2551: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2485: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2413: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2347: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2043: 2007: 2000: 1986: 1980:, and therefore 1964: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1928: 1921: 1915:states (such as 1910: 1903: 1896: 1889: 1853:angular momentum 1843: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1798: 1791: 1780: 1770: 1763: 1745: 1738: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1645: 1640: 1629: 1624: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1592: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1537: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1466: 1461: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1369:relative to the 1271:are unstable to 1216: 1211: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1175: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1055: 984:Viscosity: 12.6 929: 928: 927: 919: 918: 909: 885:hydrogen sulfide 846: 839: 835: 832: 826: 824: 783: 759: 751: 676:theory over the 486: 484: 483: 480: 477: 470: 468: 467: 464: 461: 441:Rydberg constant 414: 412: 406: 404: 390: 385: 290: 288: 274: 272: 235:) is one of two 231:, also known as 198: 196: 192: 175: 173: 169: 129: 92: 75: 61:hydrogen-2, D, H 31: 24: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8225: 8051: 8027: 8018: 7971: 7961: 7904: 7892: 7873:Propionaldehyde 7848:Ethylene glycol 7837: 7829: 7825: 7796: 7794: 7787: 7743:Cyanohexatriyne 7729: 7722: 7669: 7662: 7597: 7590: 7550: 7503: 7496: 7467:Methoxy radical 7397: 7390: 7386:Thiocyanic acid 7267: 7260: 7170: 7110:Ethynyl radical 7046: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7019: 7010:Sulfur monoxide 6995:Sodium chloride 6980:Silicon carbide 6887:Diatomic carbon 6877:Carbon monoxide 6819: 6814: 6777: 6769: 6758: 6744: 6731: 6722: 6715: 6701: 6686: 6677: 6675: 6658: 6646: 6643: 6638: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6433:. 25 March 2002 6421: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6273:Physical Review 6266: 6265: 6261: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6076: 6075: 6068: 6014: 6013: 6009: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5841: 5837: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5684:Nature Medicine 5677: 5676: 5672: 5649:10.1038/458269a 5634: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5241:on 21 July 2011 5238: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4960: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4898: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4752:Einstein Online 4745: 4744: 4740: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4594: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4541: 4540: 4531: 4481: 4480: 4473: 4429: 4428: 4419: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4225: 4217:magnetic fields 4201: 4199:Modern research 4126:nuclear fission 4091: 4085: 4079:, for example. 4041:nuclear reactor 4022:Hans von Halban 4018: 4012: 4000:Nobel Committee 3944: 3928: 3925:liquid hydrogen 3904:, a chemist at 3890: 3881: 3867: 3862: 3851: 3842: 3834: 3823: 3771: 3739: 3737:Deuterated drug 3733: 3724: 3722:Nuclear weapons 3708: 3633: 3627: 3599: 3581: 3577: 3546: 3536: 3527:breakeven point 3493: 3482: 3461: 3456: 3433: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3390:electric charge 3378: 3364:electric dipole 3353: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3295: 3232: 3230: 3204: 3202: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3104: 3102: 3076: 3074: 3050: 3049: 3039: 3032: 3025: 2829: 2827: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2769: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2721: 2715: 2676: 2597: 2595: 2569: 2567: 2516: 2514: 2491: 2487: 2461: 2417: 2401: 2400: 2369: 2368: 2340: 2339: 2272: 2241: 2221: 2220: 2178: 2091: 2047: 2031: 2030: 2014: 2002: 1995: 1981: 1972:is also a good 1959: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1923: 1916: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1793: 1786: 1775: 1765: 1758: 1740: 1733: 1700: 1670: 1669: 1653: 1652: 1602: 1601: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1492: 1491: 1417: 1416: 1359: 1340: 1336: 1316:neutral current 1229: 1227:Spin and energy 1224: 1209: 1207: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1171:1.875 GeV/ 1170: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1146: 1141: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1119: 1088: 1067: 1052: 1047: 1041: 1019:) has a higher 1018: 1013: 996: 975: 969:Gas: 0.452 kg/m 954: 926: 923: 922: 921: 917: 914: 913: 912: 911: 908: 904: 901: 896: 847: 836: 830: 827: 784: 782: 772: 760: 749: 743: 730:as measured by 710:Comet Hale-Bopp 635:semiheavy water 624: 620: 603: 535: 529: 481: 478: 475: 474: 472: 465: 462: 459: 458: 456: 421: 410: 408: 402: 400: 383: 381: 362:chemical symbol 358: 356:Chemical symbol 345: 286: 284: 282: 278: 270: 268: 251:, contains one 237:stable isotopes 207: 194: 190: 188: 171: 167: 165: 127: 120: 112:0.0156% (Earth) 86: 69: 60: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8346: 8344: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8290: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8110:Cosmochemistry 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8075:Astrochemistry 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7981: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7928:Formyl radical 7925: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7906: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7858:Methyl acetate 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7748:Dimethyl ether 7745: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7713:Methyl formate 7710: 7705: 7700: 7698:Glycolaldehyde 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7633:Glycolonitrile 7630: 7628:Ethylene oxide 7625: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7527:Cyclopropenone 7524: 7519: 7514: 7508: 7506: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7427:Cyanoacetylene 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7400: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7346:Methyl radical 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7321:Isocyanic acid 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286:Isocyanic acid 7283: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7231:Sulfur dioxide 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7206:Sodium cyanide 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7115:Formyl radical 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075:Carbon dioxide 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6923:Iron(II) oxide 6920: 6915: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6790: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6762: 6751: 6750: 6741: 6728: 6713: 6712: 6699: 6684: 6656: 6642: 6641:External links 6639: 6637: 6636: 6583: 6548: 6505: 6479: 6444: 6414: 6385: 6359: 6333: 6324: 6300: 6279:(1): 164–165. 6259: 6226: 6197:(3): 599–604. 6177: 6118: 6089:(4): 295–308. 6066: 6007: 5970:(3): 599–604. 5950: 5915: 5901: 5872:(4): 893–906. 5852: 5835: 5816:(9): 371–375. 5800: 5773:(6): 493–494. 5754: 5719: 5670: 5627: 5597: 5538: 5523: 5497: 5488: 5476: 5441: 5429: 5422: 5404: 5341: 5311: 5282: 5252: 5212: 5205: 5183: 5148: 5127: 5120: 5102: 5089:"Deuterium, H" 5080: 5055: 4994: 4973:(2): 610–622. 4944: 4931:10.1086/505556 4897: 4896: 4872: 4842: 4820: 4794:(2): 377–380. 4769: 4738: 4713: 4676: 4642: 4576: 4569:10.1086/321355 4554:(1): 391–407. 4529: 4471: 4417: 4406:(7): 512–513. 4383: 4349: 4330:(6): 712–715. 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4282: 4272: 4224: 4221: 4200: 4197: 4087:Main article: 4084: 4081: 4069:Chicago Pile-1 4014:Main article: 4011: 4008: 3943: 3940: 3889: 3886: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3849: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3822: 3819: 3770: 3767: 3743:small molecule 3735:Main article: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3707: 3704: 3691:meteoric water 3626: 3623: 3598: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3535: 3532: 3491: 3480: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3310: 3300: 3288: 3287: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3147: 3146: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3022: 3021: 3009: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2746: 2734: 2719: 2712: 2711: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2510: 2507: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2382: 2379: 2353: 2350: 2311: 2310: 2296: 2293: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2214: 2213: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2013: 2010: 1974:quantum number 1951:state and the 1722: 1721: 1717: 1699: 1696: 1688: 1687: 1675: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1568: 1567: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1388:Isospin is an 1381:(or sometimes 1358: 1355: 1338: 1334: 1293:binding energy 1269:odd–odd nuclei 1228: 1225: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1123: 1087: 1084: 1065: 1039: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 994: 989: 982: 981: 980: 973: 970: 967: 952: 949: 948: 941: 938: 924: 915: 900: 897: 895: 892: 849: 848: 763: 761: 754: 745:Main article: 742: 739: 714:Halley's Comet 622: 618: 602: 599: 587:nuclear fusion 543:thermodynamics 531:Main article: 528: 525: 489:speed of light 449:Dirac equation 420: 417: 357: 354: 344: 341: 280: 276: 233:heavy hydrogen 212: 211: 201: 200: 186: 184:Binding energy 180: 179: 163: 157: 156: 153: 147: 146: 142:2.01410177811 140: 134: 133: 130: 125: 114: 113: 110: 104: 103: 97: 96: 93: 80: 79: 76: 63: 62: 57: 51: 50: 47: 41: 40: 36: 35: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8345: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140:Homochirality 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7995:Methoxyethane 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7878:Butyronitrile 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853:Ethyl formate 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7832: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7778:Propionitrile 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7658:Vinyl alcohol 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7616:Vinyl cyanide 7614: 7613: 7612: 7611:Acrylonitrile 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576:Pentynylidyne 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7472:Methylenimine 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7351:Propynylidyne 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7341:Methyl cation 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301:Fulminic acid 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176:Nitrous oxide 7174: 7172: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7070:Amino radical 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7035: 7026: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000:Sodium iodide 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6882:Cyano radical 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862:Carbon cation 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6780: 6775: 6772: 6770:of deuterium 6768: 6767: 6763: 6761: 6756: 6755:Decay product 6753: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6694:New Scientist 6690: 6685: 6674:on 5 May 2010 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6552: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6506: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6445: 6432: 6428: 6427:CERN Bulletin 6424: 6418: 6415: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6386: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6360: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6237:Physics Today 6230: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5848:9780198717485 5845: 5839: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5643:(7236): 269. 5642: 5638: 5631: 5628: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5606:"Deuteration" 5601: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558:(4): e35137. 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5524: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5423:0-471-96523-5 5419: 5415: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5345: 5342: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5121:0-8493-0486-5 5117: 5113: 5106: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4780: 4773: 4770: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4677: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4266: 4265:antideuterium 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223:Antideuterium 4222: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4128:stage of the 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118:hydrogen bomb 4115: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3894: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3828: 3827:polio vaccine 3820: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3795:linoleic acid 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3730: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3609:. Like other 3608: 3604: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3587:deuterium NMR 3583: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3544:Deuterium NMR 3541: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3309: 3299: 3293: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3222: 3212: 3205: 3194: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3170:), we obtain 3167: 3160: 3153: 3133: 3130: 3122: 3112: 3105: 3099: 3094: 3084: 3077: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3045:), we obtain 3042: 3035: 3028: 3007: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2929: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2847: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2819: 2809: 2802: 2792: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2605: 2598: 2592: 2587: 2577: 2570: 2555: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2517: 2505: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2377: 2348: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2291: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2249: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2011: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1955: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1935:superposition 1932: 1931:quantum state 1926: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1720:antisymmetry. 1718: 1716:antisymmetry. 1714: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1692:excited state 1673: 1633: 1611: 1607: 1581: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1554: 1541: 1538: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1503: 1499: 1477: 1454: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1324:cross section 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1205: 1201: 1200:proton radius 1196: 1182: 1181:charge radius 1177: 1174: 1151: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1128:2.23 MeV 1122: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:triplet state 1093: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079:health threat 1076: 1071: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1045: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1025:boiling point 1022: 1021:melting point 1010: 1003: 1000: 999: 997: 990: 987: 983: 979: 971: 968: 965: 964: 962: 961: 960: 958: 946: 942: 939: 936: 932: 931: 930: 898: 893: 891: 888: 886: 880: 878: 877:CANDU reactor 874: 870: 865: 862: 860: 856: 845: 842: 834: 831:February 2024 823: 820: 816: 813: 809: 806: 802: 799: 795: 792: – 791: 787: 786:Find sources: 780: 776: 770: 769: 764:This article 762: 758: 753: 752: 748: 740: 738: 735: 733: 729: 724: 720: 715: 711: 706: 703: 701: 696: 691: 688: 684: 679: 675: 670: 667: 663: 659: 658:cluster decay 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 616: 607: 600: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 574: 572: 568: 564: 563:Free neutrons 560: 559:nucleogenesis 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 526: 524: 522: 521:deuterium NMR 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 433:hydrogen atom 430: 426: 418: 416: 398: 397:atomic weight 394: 389: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 355: 349: 342: 340: 338: 337: 332: 327: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306: 301: 296: 294: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 210: 206: 202: 187: 185: 181: 178: 164: 162: 161:Excess energy 158: 154: 152: 148: 145: 141: 139: 135: 131: 124: 119: 115: 111: 109: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 81: 77: 73: 68: 64: 58: 56: 52: 48: 46: 42: 37: 30: 25: 19: 8233: 8216:Spectroscopy 8070:Astrobiology 7923:Formaldehyde 7901: 7815:Benzonitrile 7606:Acetaldehyde 7561:Methanethiol 7512:Acetonitrile 7417:Carbodiimide 7296:Formaldehyde 7291:Cyanoethynyl 7142:Iron cyanide 7137:Hydroperoxyl 6938:Nitric oxide 6778: 6764: 6759: 6745: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6707: 6692: 6676:. Retrieved 6672:the original 6663: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6521:(1): 10–14. 6518: 6514: 6508: 6496:. Retrieved 6482: 6470:. Retrieved 6465:the original 6457: 6447: 6435:. Retrieved 6426: 6417: 6405:. Retrieved 6400:The Register 6398: 6388: 6376:. Retrieved 6372: 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6346: 6336: 6327: 6319:the original 6312: 6303: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6235: 6229: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6086: 6082: 6024: 6020: 6010: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5904: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5838: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5770: 5766: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5618:. Retrieved 5614:the original 5609: 5600: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5532: 5526: 5516:10 September 5514:. Retrieved 5510:the original 5500: 5491: 5479: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5432: 5413: 5407: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5332:. Retrieved 5323: 5314: 5302:. Retrieved 5294: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5264: 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5236:the original 5227: 5215: 5196: 5186: 5164:(2): 79–88. 5161: 5157: 5151: 5136: 5130: 5111: 5105: 5092: 5083: 5071:. Retrieved 5067: 5058: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4970: 4964: 4947: 4904: 4900: 4889:the original 4875: 4865:12 September 4863:. Retrieved 4859:the original 4845: 4833:. Retrieved 4823: 4791: 4785: 4772: 4760:. Retrieved 4756:the original 4751: 4741: 4733:the original 4729:(lsbu.ac.uk) 4725: 4716: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4667:. Retrieved 4663:the original 4654: 4645: 4604: 4598: 4551: 4547: 4491: 4487: 4439: 4435: 4403: 4399: 4386: 4369: 4365: 4352: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4264: 4229:antideuteron 4228: 4226: 4202: 4154: 4134:vacuum flask 4111: 4065: 4037:Nazi Germany 4033:World War II 4030: 4026:Lew Kowarski 4019: 3976: 3971: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3899: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3843: 3824: 3772: 3740: 3725: 3716: 3709: 3680: 3641:biochemistry 3634: 3600: 3591: 3584: 3561: 3530:technology. 3500: 3485: 3474: 3454:Applications 3445: 3441:wavefunction 3434: 3431: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3379:0.2859 3372: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3307: 3297: 3289: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3023: 2743: 2726: 2716: 2713: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2215: 2020: 2015: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1982: 1977: 1969: 1960: 1953: 1946: 1939: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1846: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1794: 1787: 1783:ground state 1776: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1709: 1701: 1689: 1569: 1402:spin doublet 1387: 1382: 1378: 1377:and denoted 1360: 1332: 1330:experiment. 1309: 1230: 1197: 1178: 1172: 1164:(15) Da 1149: 1147: 1133:~60 keV 1120: 1117: 1089: 1063: 1046:than normal 1033: 1014: 992: 957:triple point 950: 902: 889: 881: 866: 863: 852: 837: 828: 818: 811: 804: 797: 785: 773:Please help 768:verification 765: 736: 731: 719:103P/Hartley 707: 699: 692: 671: 642:Solar System 639: 612: 578: 575: 541:. Combining 536: 508:reduced mass 506:because the 493: 453: 429:reduced mass 422: 419:Spectroscopy 359: 334: 322: 303: 299: 297: 248: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 215: 138:Isotope mass 122: 101:Nuclide data 88: 71: 18: 8190:Outer space 8100:Cosmic dust 8065:Abiogenesis 7977:Unconfirmed 7933:Heavy water 7773:Ethanethiol 7688:Cyanoallene 7678:Acetic acid 7648:Methylamine 7532:Diacetylene 7447:Formic acid 7437:Cyanomethyl 7095:Diazenylium 7085:CCP radical 6961:(molecular) 6945:(molecular) 6914:(molecular) 6766:Decay chain 6678:26 November 6311:. Science. 5535:. Springer. 5382:10316/80061 5245:23 November 4762:24 February 4392:Harold Urey 4241:antineutron 4193:uranium-238 4130:atomic bomb 4112:The 62-ton 4106:Dewar flask 4073:atomic bomb 4049:atomic bomb 4016:Heavy water 4004:his suicide 3902:Harold Urey 3791:fatty acids 3779:amino acids 3761:. In 2017, 3673:femtosecond 3621:reactions. 3517:) and high 3306:0.879 3296:0.857 1881:Hamiltonian 1312:dissociated 1169:(just over 1075:Prokaryotic 972:Liquified D 855:heavy water 790:"Deuterium" 723:Kuiper belt 702:space probe 591:radioactive 370:mass number 318:Nobel Prize 314:heavy water 310:Harold Urey 263:in Earth's 247:, called a 8292:Categories 8105:Cosmic ray 8047:Silylidyne 8010:Hemolithin 7985:Anthracene 7902:Deuterated 7883:Pyrimidine 7693:Ethanimine 7556:Ketenimine 7412:Butadiynyl 7236:Thioformyl 7090:Chloronium 6725:hydrogen-1 6437:2 November 6429:(Report). 5690:(6): 656. 5620:23 January 5330:. May 2024 5271:. May 2024 5073:8 February 4954:Encrenaz T 4442:(3): 236. 4308:References 4237:antiproton 4233:antimatter 4213:exoplanets 4189:Tsar Bomba 3793:, such as 3787:Deuterated 3755:metabolism 3572:chloroform 3568:proton NMR 3540:Proton NMR 3538:See also: 3490:, liquid H 3375:quadrupole 2001:with some 1785:is in the 1273:beta decay 1220:See also: 1212:(78) 1070:eukaryotic 894:Properties 801:newspapers 741:Production 721:(a former 447:, and the 437:Bohr model 221:hydrogen-2 8298:Deuterium 8037:Phosphine 7905:molecules 7838:fullerene 7738:Acetamide 7542:Formamide 7422:Cyanamide 7276:Acetylene 7251:Tricarbon 7162:Methylene 7147:Isoformyl 7052:Triatomic 6825:Molecules 6743:Heavier: 6721:Lighter: 6708:Space.com 6631:118919611 6543:122952224 6498:19 August 6472:18 August 5986:0031-9384 5795:205269152 5399:206647315 5050:178360068 5034:0036-8075 4746:Weiss A. 4669:3 October 4637:206563296 4588:Altwegg K 4209:gas giant 4169:lithium-6 4142:cryogenic 4045:plutonium 3952:deuterium 3914:distilled 3882:1 Da 3846:Gonyaulax 3759:half-life 3687:hydrology 3637:chemistry 3421:does not 3187:− 3181:μ 3056:μ 2979:− 2881:− 2759:μ 2638:→ 2635:ȷ 2629:⋅ 2559:→ 2509:→ 2407:μ 2381:→ 2367:and spin 2352:→ 2295:→ 2264:→ 2233:→ 2230:μ 2140:→ 2137:ȷ 2131:⋅ 2125:→ 2122:μ 2037:μ 1879:with the 1667:⟩ 1647:⟩ 1631:⟩ 1599:⟩ 1545:⟩ 1531:− 1528:⟩ 1468:⟩ 1455:− 1452:⟩ 1320:neutrinos 1301:dineutron 1277:even–even 1198:Like the 1193:10 m 963:Density: 903:Formula: 683:Milky Way 650:cosmology 601:Abundance 395:hydrogen 320:in 1934. 300:deuterium 298:The name 223:, symbol 217:Deuterium 118:Half-life 8024:Linear C 8005:Graphene 7917:Ammonium 7718:Acrolein 7581:Propynal 7566:Methanol 7537:Ethylene 7406:Ammonium 7181:Nitroxyl 7005:Sulfanyl 6949:Imidogen 6943:Nitrogen 6912:Hydrogen 6857:Argonium 6834:Diatomic 6738:hydrogen 6352:6 August 6221:32466816 6105:28651478 6002:32466816 5896:22705367 5830:17681625 5787:28591114 5749:24294889 5714:29789127 5706:23744136 5657:19295573 5592:22509393 5552:PLOS ONE 5391:27516595 5178:10535697 4939:14461382 4895:See also 4835:15 April 4812:Archived 4808:97138983 4629:25501976 4516:21976024 4466:22354440 4291:See also 4261:positron 4251:and the 4185:helium-4 4173:neutrons 4138:cryostat 4114:Ivy Mike 4099:Ivy Mike 4077:U.S.S.R. 3984:Berkeley 3964:deuteros 3747:hydrogen 3676:infrared 3615:accuracy 3505:used in 3419:operator 3410:and the 3368:as usual 3366:is zero 3149:For the 3024:For the 2697:⟩ 2433:⟨ 2325:-factors 2199:⟩ 2063:⟨ 1398:spin-1/2 1314:through 1305:unstable 1297:diproton 1233:nuclides 1150:deuteron 879:design. 674:Big Bang 627:Universe 571:helium-4 551:neutrons 539:Big Bang 413: Da 405: Da 366:hydrogen 326:Big Bang 305:deuteros 283:O) – in 255:and one 249:deuteron 241:hydrogen 84:Neutrons 8170:Kerogen 8057:Related 8000:Glycine 7953:Propyne 7912:Ammonia 7810:Benzene 7805:Acetone 7797:or more 7768:Propene 7753:Ethanol 7643:Propyne 7462:Methane 7331:Ketenyl 7281:Ammonia 6747:Tritium 6734:isotope 6611:Bibcode 6566:Bibcode 6523:Bibcode 6378:9 March 6281:Bibcode 6242:Bibcode 6213:8415956 6140:Bibcode 6113:4633617 6061:4530989 6029:Bibcode 5994:8415956 5945:7491812 5925:Vaccine 5887:3437768 5665:4343676 5610:nmi3.eu 5583:3324428 5560:Bibcode 5471:4332660 5361:Bibcode 5352:Science 5297:. U.S. 5093:PubChem 5042:2880608 5014:Bibcode 5005:Science 4975:Bibcode 4919:Bibcode 4704:Bibcode 4692:: L79. 4609:Bibcode 4600:Science 4556:Bibcode 4524:3139621 4496:Bibcode 4444:Bibcode 4332:Bibcode 4302:Tokamak 4239:and an 4231:is the 4177:tritium 4140:, held 4047:for an 4031:During 3988:neutron 3972:diploos 3956:tritium 3948:protium 3929:1 3872:protons 3860:History 3625:Tracing 3578:or CHCl 3511:tritium 3503:nuclide 3423:commute 3359:state. 3163:state ( 3038:state ( 1877:commute 1799:state. 1410:triplet 1406:singlet 1375:isospin 1363:nucleon 1167:‍ 1058:tritium 1044:viscous 815:scholar 732:Rosetta 700:Galileo 695:Jupiter 595:tritium 547:protons 485:⁠ 473:⁠ 469:⁠ 457:⁠ 378:protium 336:Rosetta 279:O (or H 257:neutron 245:nucleus 67:Protons 39:General 8221:Tholin 8042:Pyrene 7487:Silane 7457:Ketene 6959:Oxygen 6779:Stable 6774:Decays 6629: 6541: 6407:3 June 6373:SFGate 6219: 6211: 6172:265574 6170: 6163:430671 6160: 6111: 6103: 6059: 6052:433889 6049: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5943: 5894: 5884: 5846: 5828: 5793: 5785: 5747: 5712: 5704: 5663: 5655: 5637:Nature 5590: 5580: 5469: 5420: 5397: 5389: 5334:18 May 5304:30 May 5275:18 May 5203: 5176: 5118: 5048: 5040: 5032: 4937: 4806: 4635: 4627: 4522: 4514: 4488:Nature 4464: 4323:Tellus 4146:liters 4102:H bomb 4061:Vemork 4053:Allied 3992:theory 3954:, and 3918:liters 3683:oxygen 3574:, CDCl 3519:energy 3507:fusion 1814:= even 1774:Since 1705:parity 1322:. The 1303:to be 1204:muonic 1102:. The 817: 810: 803: 796: 788: 567:helium 555:nuclei 386: 265:oceans 253:proton 132:stable 45:Symbol 8207:(PAH) 7795:atoms 7730:atoms 7670:atoms 7668:Eight 7598:atoms 7596:Seven 7504:atoms 7398:atoms 7268:atoms 7256:Water 7186:Ozone 7128:(HNC) 7122:(HCN) 6652:KAERI 6627:S2CID 6601:arXiv 6539:S2CID 6217:S2CID 6109:S2CID 5998:S2CID 5791:S2CID 5710:S2CID 5661:S2CID 5395:S2CID 5239:(PDF) 5224:(PDF) 5046:S2CID 5038:JSTOR 4961:(PDF) 4935:S2CID 4909:arXiv 4815:(PDF) 4804:S2CID 4782:(PDF) 4694:arXiv 4659:IUPAC 4633:S2CID 4595:(PDF) 4520:S2CID 4362:(PDF) 3980:Lewis 3916:five 3803:RT001 3781:, or 3731:Drugs 3655:. In 3469:fusor 3425:with 3294:, is 3275:0.310 3134:0.879 2216:with 1828:= odd 1390:SU(2) 1351:boson 1208:2.125 1185:2.127 1154:2.013 1100:boson 1094:+1 (" 986:μPa·s 945:VSMOW 822:JSTOR 808:books 646:stars 409:1.007 401:1.007 382:2.014 374:IUPAC 368:with 174:0.001 55:Names 7728:Nine 7396:Five 7306:HCCN 7266:Four 7226:SiNC 6776:to: 6757:of: 6680:2019 6500:2018 6474:2018 6439:2015 6409:2007 6380:2019 6354:2020 6314:Time 6209:PMID 6168:PMID 6101:PMID 6057:PMID 5990:PMID 5982:ISSN 5941:PMID 5892:PMID 5844:ISBN 5826:PMID 5783:PMID 5745:PMID 5702:PMID 5653:PMID 5622:2012 5588:PMID 5518:2007 5467:PMID 5436:See 5418:ISBN 5387:PMID 5336:2024 5328:NIST 5306:2024 5277:2024 5269:NIST 5247:2011 5201:ISBN 5174:PMID 5116:ISBN 5075:2023 5030:ISSN 4867:2013 4855:NASA 4837:2013 4764:2007 4671:2007 4625:PMID 4512:PMID 4462:PMID 4249:CERN 4024:and 3831:MgCl 3659:and 3643:and 3542:and 3362:The 2729:here 2334:and 2320:are 2316:and 1871:and 1863:and 1394:spin 1337:or H 1299:and 1189:(27) 1179:The 1092:spin 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