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254:(literally, "refutation, scrutiny") whereby a series of questions clarifies a more precise statement of a vague belief, logical consequences of that statement are explored, and a contradiction is discovered. The method is largely destructive, in that false belief is exposed and only constructive in that this exposure may lead to further search for truth. The detection of error does not amount to a proof of the antithesis. For example, a contradiction in the consequences of a definition of
287:, dialectic occurs between Socrates, the Sophist Gorgias, and two men, Polus and Callicles. Because Socrates' ultimate goal was to reach true knowledge, he was even willing to change his own views in order to arrive at the truth. The fundamental goal of dialectic, in this instance, was to establish a precise definition of the subject (in this case, rhetoric) and with the use of argumentation and questioning, make the subject even more precise. In the
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exists that certain gods love but other gods hate. Again, Euthyphro agrees. Socrates concludes that if
Euthyphro's definition of piety is acceptable, then there must exist at least one thing that is both pious and impious (as it is both loved and hated by the gods)—which Euthyphro admits is absurd. Thus, Euthyphro is brought to a realization by this dialectical method that his definition of piety is not sufficiently meaningful.
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3037:. Dialectical naturalism explores the complex interrelationship between social problems, and the direct consequences they have on the ecological impact of human society. Bookchin offered dialectical naturalism as a contrast to what he saw as the "empyrean, basically antinaturalistic dialectical idealism" of Hegel, and "the wooden, often scientistic dialectical materialism of orthodox Marxists".
2995:, the primary feature of Marx's "dialectical materialism" (Lenin's term) is its application of materialist philosophy to history and social sciences. Lenin's main contribution to the philosophy of dialectical materialism is his theory of reflection, which presents human consciousness as a dynamic reflection of the objective material world that fully shapes its contents and structure.
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720:, variously translated into English as "sublation" or "overcoming", to conceive of the working of the dialectic. Roughly, the term indicates preserving the true portion of an idea, thing, society, and so forth, while moving beyond its limitations. What is sublated, on the one hand, is overcome, but, on the other hand, is preserved and maintained.
411:'s conception of synthesis, although Hegel didn't adopt Fichte's "thesis–antithesis–synthesis" language except to describe Kant's philosophy: rather, Hegel argued that such language was "a lifeless schema" imposed on various contents, whereas he saw his own dialectic as flowing out of "the inner life and self-movement" of the content itself.
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3095:, this means that election and reprobation cannot be viewed as a quantitative limitation of God's action. Rather it must be seen as its "qualitative definition". As Christ bore the rejection as well as the election of God for all humanity, every person is subject to both aspects of God's double predestination.
3162:: "I mistrust all systematizers and I avoid them. The will to a system is a lack of integrity". In the same book, Nietzsche criticized Socrates' dialectics because he believed it prioritized reason over instinct, resulting in the suppression of individual passions and the imposition of an artificial morality.
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is the primary contradiction to be resolved by
Marxist dialectics because of its central role in the social and political lives of a society. Nonetheless, Marx and Marxists developed the concept of class struggle to comprehend the dialectical contradictions between mental and manual labor and between
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it includes in its comprehension an affirmative recognition of the existing state of things, at the same time, also, the recognition of the negation of that state, of its inevitable breaking up; because it regards every historically developed social form as in fluid movement, and therefore takes into
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the necessity of the connectedness and the immanent emergence of distinctions must be found in the treatment of the fact itself, for it falls within the concept's own progressive determination. What propels the concept onward is the already mentioned negative which it possesses in itself; it is this
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attacked the dialectic repeatedly. In 1937, he wrote and delivered a paper entitled "What Is
Dialectic?" in which he criticized the dialectics of Hegel, Marx, and Engels for their willingness "to put up with contradictions". He argued that accepting contradiction as a valid form of logic would lead
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Dialectic is one of the eight functional specialties
Lonergan envisaged for theology to bring this discipline into the modern world. Lonergan believed that the lack of an agreed method among scholars had inhibited substantive agreement from being reached and progress from being made compared to the
3124:
For the sake of greater precision, let us say that a dialectic is a concrete unfolding of linked but opposed principles of change. Thus there will be a dialectic if (1) there is an aggregate of events of a determinate character, (2) the events may be traced to either or both of two principles, (3)
279:
to provide a definition of piety. Euthyphro replies that the pious is that which is loved by the gods. But, Socrates also has
Euthyphro agreeing that the gods are quarrelsome and their quarrels, like human quarrels, concern objects of love or hatred. Therefore, Socrates reasons, at least one thing
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viewed dialectic as a method that imposes artificial boundaries and suppresses the richness and diversity of reality. He rejected the notion that truth can be fully grasped through dialectical reasoning and offered a critique of dialectic, challenging its traditional framework and emphasizing the
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As in the
Socratic dialectic, Hegel claimed to proceed by making implicit contradictions explicit: each stage of the process is the product of contradictions inherent or implicit in the preceding stage. On his view, the purpose of dialectics is "to study things in their own being and movement and
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A dialectical relationship is a relationship in which two phenomena or ideas mutually impact each other, leading to development and negation. Development refers to the change and motion of phenomena and ideas from less advanced to more advanced or from less complete to more complete. Dialectical
299:
In
Platonism and Neoplatonism, dialectic assumed an ontological and metaphysical role in that it became the process whereby the intellect passes from sensibles to intelligibles, rising from idea to idea until it finally grasps the supreme idea, the first principle which is the origin of all. The
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In dialectical theology the difference and opposition between God and human beings is stressed in such a way that all human attempts at overcoming this opposition through moral, religious or philosophical idealism must be characterized as 'sin'. In the death of Christ humanity is negated and
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repeatedly criticized
Hegelian and Marxian dialectics, calling them "fuzzy and remote from science" and a "disastrous legacy". He concluded: "The so-called laws of dialectics, such as formulated by Engels (1940, 1954) and Lenin (1947, 1981), are false insofar as they are intelligible."
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wrote, "More often than not, the grandiose rhetoric about dialectics is reducible to the simple fact that everything is dependent upon everything else and is in a state of interaction and that it's all rather complicated—which is true in most cases, but doesn't really say anything."
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overcome, but this judgment also points forwards to the resurrection in which humanity is reestablished in Christ. For Barth this meant that only through God's 'no' to everything human can his 'yes' be perceived. Applied to traditional themes of
Protestant theology, such as
2975:
Friedrich Engels further proposed that nature itself is dialectical, and that this is "a very simple process, which is taking place everywhere and every day". His dialectical "law of the transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa" corresponds, according to
2932:
negation refers to a stage of development in which a contradiction between two previous subjects gives rise to a new subject. In the
Marxist view, dialectical negation is never an endpoint, but instead creates new conditions for further development and negation.
3190:
responded that "Popper's critique touches only a hyperbolic version of dialectic", and he quipped: "Ironically, there is something decidedly dialectical about Popper's critique of dialectics." Around the same time as Popper's critique was published, philosopher
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have attempted to provide mathematical foundations for dialectic through formalisation, although logic has been related to dialectic since ancient times. There have been pre-formal and partially-formal treatises on argument and dialectic, from authors such as
3592:, 449B: "Socrates: Would you be willing then, Gorgias, to continue the discussion as we are now doing , by way of question and answer, and to put off to another occasion the (emotional) speeches (rhetoric) that (the sophist) Polus began?"
3346:), systems have been built that define well-formedness of arguments, rules governing the process of introducing arguments based on fixed assumptions, and rules for shifting burden. Many of these logics appear in the special area of
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town and country. Hence, philosophic contradiction is central to the development of dialectics: the progress from quantity to quality, the acceleration of gradual social change; the negation of the initial development of the
710:
suggest a flaw or an incompleteness in any initial thesis. For Hegel, the concrete must always pass through the phase of the negative, that is, mediation. This is the essence of what is popularly called Hegelian dialectics.
3134:, S.J., however, criticized Lonergan's theological method in a short article entitled "Some Critical Thoughts on 'Functional Specialties in Theology'" where he stated: "Lonergan's theological methodology seems to me to be
258:
does not provide a correct definition. The principal aim of Socratic activity may be to improve the soul of the interlocutors, by freeing them from unrecognized errors, or indeed, by teaching them the spirit of inquiry.
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theory into dialectical materialism and historical materialism. While the first was supposed to be the key method and theory of the philosophy of nature, the second was the Soviet version of the philosophy of history.
403:, whose dialectical model of nature and of history made dialectics a fundamental aspect of reality, instead of regarding the contradictions into which dialectics leads as evidence of the limits of pure reason, as
2942:, writing several decades after Hegel's death, proposed that Hegel's dialectic is too abstract. Against this, Marx presented his own dialectic method, which he claimed to be "direct opposite" of Hegel's method.
300:
philosopher is consequently a "dialectician". In this sense, dialectic is a process of inquiry that does away with hypotheses up to the first principle. It slowly embraces multiplicity in unity. The philosopher
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Herbermann, C. G. (1913). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, and history of the Catholic church. New York: The Encyclopedia press, inc. Page 760–764.
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wrote that the dialectic in this sense is used to understand "the total process of enlightenment, whereby the philosopher is educated so as to achieve knowledge of the supreme good, the Form of the Good".
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that constitutes the truly dialectical factor. It is in this dialectic as understood here, and hence in grasping opposites in their unity, or the positive in the negative, that the speculative consists.
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should not be made a basis for any sort of scientific system and that philosophers should be much more modest in their claims. One task which they can fulfill quite usefully is the study of the critical
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3229:, not a Marxist himself, have found agreement between dialectical principles and their own scientific outlooks, although Wan opined that Engels's "laws" of dialectics "in fact 'explain' nothing".
3177:. Popper concluded the essay with these words: "The whole development of dialectic should be a warning against the dangers inherent in philosophical system-building. It should remind us that
209:). The outcome of such a dialectic might be the refutation of a relevant proposition, or a synthesis, a combination of the opposing assertions, or a qualitative improvement of the dialogue.
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discussed the "sense and nonsense in dialectic" and rejected two conceptions of dialectic as unscientific but accepted one conception as a "convenient organizing category".
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refigured "dialectic" to no longer refer to a literal dialogue. Instead, the term takes on the specialized meaning of development by way of overcoming internal
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and retooled in what they considered to be a nonidealistic manner. It would also become a crucial part of later representations of Marxism as a philosophy of
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account its transient nature not less than its momentary existence; because it lets nothing impose upon it, and is in its essence critical and revolutionary.
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Hyman, A., & Walsh, J. J. (1983). Philosophy in the Middle Ages: the Christian, Islamic, and Jewish traditions. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. Page 164.
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3207:, reviewing Bunge's criticisms of dialectics, found Bunge's arguments to be important and sensible, but he thought that dialectics could still serve some
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Dialectic itself can be formalised as moves in a game, where an advocate for the truth of a proposition and an opponent argue. Such games can provide a
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In the Marxist tradition, "dialectic" refers to regular and mutual relationships, interactions, and processes in nature, society, and human thought.
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3120:. For Lonergan, dialectic is both individual and operative in community. Simply described, it is a dynamic process that results in something new:
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For Hegel, even history can be reconstructed as a unified dialectic, the major stages of which chart a progression from self-alienation as
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2921:. Marxist dialectic is thus a method by which one can examine social and economic behaviors. It is the foundation of the philosophy of
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limitations of its approach to understanding reality. He expressed skepticism towards its methodology and implications in his work
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Prakken, Henry; Vreeswijk, Gerard (2005). "Logics for defeasible argumentation". In Gabbay, Dov M.; Guenthner, Franz (eds.).
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the principles are opposed yet bound together, and (4) they are modified by the changes that successively result from them.
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viewed Hegelian and materialist dialectic as progressive, albeit inexact and diffuse, attempts at achieving what he called
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4572:, Collected Works vol. 3, ed. Frederick E. Crowe and Robert M. Doran (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1992, pp.217-218).
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Wan, Poe Yu-ze (December 2013). "Dialectics, complexity, and the systemic approach: toward a critical reconciliation".
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Chesñevar, Carlos Iván; Maguitman, Ana Gabriela; Loui, Ronald Prescott (December 2000). "Logical models of argument".
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Abelson, P. (1965). The seven liberal arts; a study in mediæval culture. New York: Russell & Russell. Page 82.
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4978:; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2014).
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426:. These representations often contrasted dramatically and led to vigorous debate among different Marxist groups.
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An argument against the provisory answer, traditionally a single argument from authority ("On the contrary...");
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theory of history. The legacy of Hegelian and Marxian dialectics has been criticized by philosophers such as
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who invented dialectic, of which the dialogues of Plato are examples of the Socratic dialectical method.
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describes changes in the forms of thought through their own internal contradictions into concrete forms
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340:(480–524). After him, many scholastic philosophers also made use of dialectics in their works, such as
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The replies to each of the initial objections. ("To the first, to the second etc., I answer that...")
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3350:, though the computer scientists' interest in formalizing dialectic originates in a desire to build
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Logic, which could be considered to include dialectic, was one of the three liberal arts taught in
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purposes for scientists. Wan pointed out that scientists such as the American Marxist biologists
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5193:. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 219–318.
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3671:"Socratic Method: Aporeia, Elenchus and Dialectics (Plato: Four Dialogues, Handout 3)"
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by Michael Allen Fox. Prometheus Books. 2005. p. 43. Also see Hegel's preface to the
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Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline: Part 1, Science of Logic
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Later, Stalin's works on the subject established a rigid and formalistic division of
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3087:(1899–1966), even though Barth himself expressed his unease in the use of the term.
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The determination of the question after weighing the evidence ("I answer that...");
229:
90:
3071:, much of which had been in decline (especially in western Europe) since the late
212:
The term "dialectic" owes much of its prestige to its role in the philosophies of
5279:
5124:
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3944:
399:
The concept of dialectics was given new life at the start of the 19th century by
150:. Nevertheless, some twentieth-century logicians have attempted to formalize it.
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4085:, trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), secs. 50, 51, pp. 29, 30.
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732:
679:
This dialectic is sometimes presented in a threefold manner, as first stated by
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197:
140:
136:
132:
112:
79:
714:
To describe the activity of overcoming the negative, Hegel often used the term
146:
Dialectic implies a developmental process and so does not naturally fit within
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1994:
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1874:
1714:
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808:
724:
thus to demonstrate the finitude of the partial categories of understanding".
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Arguing on the Toulmin model: new essays in argument analysis and evaluation
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5126:
Reason, Method, and Value: A Reader on the Philosophy of Nicholas Rescher
5023:(Updated ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
4066:] (in German) (Fourth ed.). Dresden-Leipzig. 1848 . p. 367.
3526:
3491:
3049:
2740:
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1615:
1068:
715:
337:
322:
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82:
67:
4865:. Boston studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 295. New York:
4097:
Lectures on Negative Dialectics: Fragments of a Lecture Course 1965/1966
3232:
Even some Marxists are critical of the term "dialectics". For instance,
3033:
to describe the philosophical underpinnings of the political program of
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6395:
6369:
6364:
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6301:
6133:
6021:
6016:
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5797:
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4060:
Historische Entwicklung der spekulativen Philosophie von Kant bis Hegel
1509:
758:
341:
326:
71:
31:
3286:
Dialectics: A Controversy-Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge
443:
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel § Dialectics, speculation, idealism
6660:
6581:
6311:
5970:
5960:
5658:
5560:
4134:(Winter 2020 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1504:
86:
4209:. Vol. 1. Translated by Nguyen, Luna. Banyan House Publishing.
3060:(1914–1918). It is characterized as a reaction against doctrines of
5235:(1996). "Unity and identity of opposites in calculus and physics".
5064:. Argumentation library. Vol. 10. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag.
4586:. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 194.
4260:] (in German). Vol. 1 (Second German ed.). p. 14
4064:
Historical development of speculative philosophy from Kant to Hegel
3513: – Various works on dialectics and logical reasoning
195:
based upon dialogue of arguments and counter-arguments, advocating
6476:
6138:
5424:
3434:
can be interpreted as a dialectic in this sense. For example, the
3268:
217:
75:
5332:
4395:. Hull, UK: Centre for Systems Studies Press. pp. x, 62ff.
434:"Hegelian dialectic" redirects here. For the Prodigy album, see
414:
In the mid-19th century, Hegelian dialectic was appropriated by
7119:
5861:
5399:
5361:
3762:
Adler, Mortimer Jerome (2000). "Dialectic". Routledge. Page 4.
6321:
5317:– An algorithm based on the principles of classical dialectics
5270:
Eilenberg, Samuel; Kelly, G. Max (1966). "Closed Categories".
4304:
Part I: Philosophy, XIII. Dialectics. Negation of the Negation
2917:
is a form of Hegelian dialectic which applies to the study of
1039:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
5357:
45:
3788:
From topic to tale: logic and narrativity in the Middle Ages
3438:
is such an adjunction or more generally the duality between
3117:
The Origins of Lonergan's Notion of the Dialectic of History
378:
A provisory answer to the question ("And it seems that...");
4918:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
1009:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
683:, as comprising three dialectical stages of development: a
336:, the first medieval philosopher to work on dialectics was
4629:
Twilight of the Idols or How to Philosophize with a Hammer
4022:. Cambridge Hegel Translations. Cambridge, UK; New York:
3067:
and a more positive reevaluation of the teachings of the
381:
The principal arguments in favor of the provisory answer;
375:
The question to be determined ("It is asked whether...");
3976:"Hegel's Dialectics § 3. Why does Hegel use dialectics?"
829:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4728:. Frankfurt; New Brunswick: Ontos Verlag. p. 116.
3377:
3373:
3331:
3327:
3260:
3256:
4658:
Popper, Karl R. (October 1940). "What is dialectic?".
4207:
Curriculum of the Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism
3655:
3300:, 1980s). One can include works of the communities of
4205:
Ministry of Education and Training (Vietnam) (2023).
5272:
Proceedings of the Conference on Categorical Algebra
4622:
4620:
4559:
Karl Barth, The Epistle to the Romans (1933), p. 346
3699:. Vol. 2. Translated by Catan, John R. Albany:
7369:
7269:
7231:
7178:
7145:
7136:
7065:
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6739:
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6491:
6446:
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6285:
6248:
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5931:
5922:
5872:
5796:
5768:
5725:
5677:
5634:
5587:
5559:
5511:
5483:
5410:
5157:For surveys of work in this area see, for example:
3422:. This perspective may be useful in the context of
3354:and computer-supported collaborative work systems.
3267:Since the late 20th century, European and American
2925:, which forms the basis of historical materialism.
4910:
5343:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 156.
3225:) and the German-American evolutionary biologist
4431:. London; Washington, DC: Cassell. p. 209.
4005:'s own dogmatic text on dialectical materialism.
250:are a particular form of dialectic known as the
4233:Afterword to the Second German Edition, Vol. I
3852:A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy
3122:
2953:
5060:Hitchcock, David; Verheij, Bart, eds. (2006).
4921:. Translated by Alexander Locascio. New York:
4681:Popper, Karl R. (1962). "What is dialectic?".
3879:Medieval literary politics: shapes of ideology
228:said that it was the pre-Socratic philosopher
5373:
4853:
4851:
3398:, one that is very general in applicability.
2951:. As Marx explained dialectical materialism,
2895:
789:The Condition of the Working Class in England
649:
74:about a subject but wishing to arrive at the
8:
5106:"Nicholas Rescher: Philosophical Dialectics"
4810:. Episteme. Vol. 9. Dordrecht; Boston:
3136:so generic that it really fits every science
784:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
4726:Dialectics: A Classical Approach to Inquiry
4603:. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
4341:
4339:
4337:
4179:Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences
3904:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Thomas Aquinas"
3882:. Manchester University Press. p. 11.
3855:. Cambridge University Press. p. 198.
3825:William of Sherwood's Introduction to logic
3506:
3496:
3148:Category:Critics of dialectical materialism
3114:wrote about Lonergan's use of dialectic in
3056:that was developed in the aftermath of the
731:to self-unification and realization as the
436:Hegelian Dialectic (The Book of Revelation)
186:
7142:
7133:
7116:
6812:
6519:
6291:
5928:
5869:
5858:
5407:
5396:
5380:
5366:
5358:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
3018:, or a universal science of organization.
2902:
2888:
1476:
929:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
804:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
745:
656:
642:
553:Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
446:
5198:
5172:
4650:
4648:
4359:
3929:. New York: Ronald Press Co. p. 108.
3828:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 69–102.
3503: – A philosophical journal
3410:interpreted dialectics in the setting of
3198:The philosopher of science and physicist
3029:is a term coined by American philosopher
4354:(4): 411–452 (412, 416, 419, 424, 428).
3604:A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations
131:, adapted the Hegelian dialectic into a
4912:"Dialectics—A Marxist 'Rosetta Stone'?"
4570:Insight: A Study of Human Understanding
4527:"American Heritage Dictionary (online)"
3997:'s "humanist" dialectical materialism (
3579:
1587:
1539:
1479:
757:
695:. Although, Hegel opposed these terms.
615:
594:
568:
526:
470:
463:
4776:. New York: The John Day Co. pp.
4481:
4479:
4458:
4456:
4288:Afterword to the Second German Edition
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
3801:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Peter Abelard"
3684:, Department for Continuing Education.
3075:. It is primarily associated with two
1710:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
7479:Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics
4001:) was composed to directly challenge
2988:"a hundred years ahead of his time".
2945:Marxist dialectics is exemplified in
2623:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
999:Change the World Without Taking Power
105:and continued to be developed in the
7:
4686:: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge
4507:"Merriam-Webster Dictionary(online)"
407:had argued. Hegel was influenced by
5326:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4131:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3981:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3728:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
954:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
884:Theses on the Philosophy of History
560:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
266:as the foundation of his argument.
158:There are a variety of meanings of
4774:Reason, Social Myths and Democracy
4487:"Britannica Encyclopedia (online)"
3822:Kretzmann, Norman (January 1966).
687:, giving rise to its reaction; an
674:that overcome previous oppositions
625:
224:period (5th to 4th centuries BC).
143:, who considered it unscientific.
25:
5348:Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic
4770:"Sense and nonsense in dialectic"
4348:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
4318:"Dialectics of Nature, chapter 3"
3943:; Guyer, P.; Wood, A. W. (2003).
3602:Ayer, A. J.; O'Grady, J. (1992).
3322:Logic and dialectic#Defeasibility
3098:Dialectic prominently figured in
974:Time, Labor and Social Domination
70:between people holding different
7437:
7436:
7423:
5110:Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews
4980:Handbook of argumentation theory
4550:See Church Dogmatics III/3, xii.
4124:Maybee, Julie E. (Winter 2020).
3974:Maybee, Julie E. (Winter 2020).
3470:
3456:
3368:Logic and dialectic#Dialog games
2869:
2857:
2845:
2681:21st-century communist theorists
1024:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
939:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
859:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
765:
450:
5191:Handbook of philosophical logic
4692:. pp. 312–335 (316, 335).
4391:Bogdanov, Alexander A. (1996).
3348:artificial intelligence and law
2984:and anticipated the concept of
1383:Theory of historical trajectory
1261:Dictatorship of the proletariat
964:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
864:History and Class Consciousness
819:Critique of the Gotha Programme
283:In another example, in Plato's
262:In common cases, Socrates uses
30:For varieties of language, see
5237:Applied Categorical Structures
4582:McShane, S.J., Philip (1972).
4175:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
4153:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
4016:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
1181:Socially necessary labour time
1079:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
969:The Sublime Object of Ideology
894:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
5123:Jacquette, Dale, ed. (2009).
4982:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
4627:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1997).
4597:Nietzsche, Friedrich (2001).
4128:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3978:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3906:. Newadvent.org. 1 March 1907
3849:Dronke, Peter (9 July 1992).
3803:. Newadvent.org. 1 March 1907
3697:History of Ancient Philosophy
3623:A commentary on Hegel's logic
1102:Critique of political economy
629:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
457:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
401:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
6909:Ordinary language philosophy
5280:10.1007/978-3-642-99902-4_22
4464:"Original Britinnica online"
4393:Bogdanov's Tektology. Book 1
3701:State University of New York
3669:Wyss, Peter (October 2014).
3621:McTaggart, J. M. E. (1964).
3517:Dialectical behavior therapy
3424:theoretical computer science
3102:'s philosophy, in his books
1139:Falling profit-rate tendency
919:The Society of the Spectacle
738:of free and equal citizens.
6959:Contemporary utilitarianism
6874:Internalism and externalism
5209:10.1007/978-94-017-0456-4_3
5129:. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
4824:10.1007/978-94-009-8517-9_4
4684:Conjectures and Refutations
4668:(196): 403–426 (407, 426).
3251:Logic and dialectic#History
2613:Capitalism Nature Socialism
1129:Concrete and abstract labor
1019:Capital in the Anthropocene
944:Social Justice and the City
839:The Accumulation of Capital
539:The Phenomenology of Spirit
89:, but the concept excludes
7500:
6223:Svatantrika and Prasangika
5019:Toulmin, Stephen (2003) .
4812:Kluwer Academic Publishers
4804:"A critique of dialectics"
4724:Rescher, Nicholas (2007).
4688:(1st ed.). New York:
4429:The Murray Bookchin reader
4316:Engels, Friedrich (1883).
4299:Engels, Frederick, (1877)
4024:Cambridge University Press
3951:Cambridge University Press
3790:, by Eugene Vance, p.43-45
3440:closed monoidal categories
3426:where the duality between
3383:
3361:
3315:
3244:
3145:
889:Dialectic of Enlightenment
440:
433:
321:; the other elements were
239:
46:
29:
7474:Philosophical methodology
7417:
7132:
7115:
6522:
5868:
5857:
5445:Philosophy of mathematics
5435:Philosophy of information
5406:
5395:
5070:10.1007/978-1-4020-4938-5
4988:10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5
4875:10.1007/978-94-007-4408-0
4270:Marxists Internet Archive
3925:Nicholson, J. A. (1950).
3726:Blackburn, Simon (1996).
3222:The Dialectical Biologist
1034:Literature and Revolution
994:Late Victorian Holocausts
924:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
909:The Wretched of the Earth
681:Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus
371:) was formed as follows:
187:
5029:10.1017/CBO9780511840005
4370:10.1177/0048393112441974
4181:(2nd ed.). London:
4157:Hegel's Science of Logic
4095:Adorno, Theodor (2008).
3695:Reale, Giovanni (1990).
3436:Curry-Howard equivalence
3338:Building on theories of
3186:". Seventy years later,
3079:professors and pastors,
984:The Origin of Capitalism
854:The State and Revolution
101:. It has its origins in
6914:Postanalytic philosophy
6855:Experimental philosophy
5340:Encyclopædia Britannica
4863:Evaluating philosophies
4584:Foundations of Theology
4568:Bernard J.F. Lonergan,
4183:Oxford University Press
4082:Phenomenology of Spirit
3999:Dialectical Materialism
3946:Critique of pure reason
3876:Delany, Sheila (1990).
3732:Oxford University Press
3656:"Elenchus - Wiktionary"
2923:dialectical materialism
1685:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
1328:Relations of production
1211:Base and superstructure
1064:Dialectical materialism
1029:The Revolution Betrayed
849:Terrorism and Communism
844:Philosophical Notebooks
799:The Communist Manifesto
698:By contrast, the terms
424:dialectical materialism
123:, a theory advanced by
121:Dialectical materialism
66:, refers originally to
7047:Social constructionism
6059:Hellenistic philosophy
5475:Theoretical philosophy
5450:Philosophy of religion
5440:Philosophy of language
5354:(1896) at marxists.org
4808:Scientific materialism
4185:. p. Note to §81.
3927:Philosophy of religion
3642:, IX 25ff and VIII 57
3547:Reflective equilibrium
3507:
3497:
3171:principle of explosion
3127:
3041:Theological dialectics
3027:Dialectical naturalism
3022:Dialectical naturalism
2958:
2919:historical materialism
2628:Historical Materialism
1373:Proletarian revolution
1368:Primitive accumulation
1363:Historical determinism
409:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
85:. Dialectic resembles
59:
7430:Philosophy portal
6949:Scientific skepticism
6929:Reformed epistemology
5455:Philosophy of science
5315:v:Dialectic algorithm
5183:10.1145/371578.371581
5161:ACM Computing Surveys
5135:10.1515/9783110329056
5102:Hetherington, Stephen
4976:Eemeren, Frans H. van
4734:10.1515/9783110321289
4177:(1874). "The Logic".
3627:Russell & Russell
3552:Relational dialectics
3159:Twilight of the Idols
3093:double predestination
2864:Philosophy portal
2658:Science & Society
1276:Democratic centralism
1134:Factors of production
1004:Caliban and the Witch
949:Women, Race and Class
315:medieval universities
62:), also known as the
6850:Critical rationalism
6557:Edo neo-Confucianism
6401:Acintya bheda abheda
6380:Renaissance humanism
6091:School of the Sextii
5465:Practical philosophy
5460:Political philosophy
5321:"Hegel's Dialectics"
5021:The uses of argument
4923:Monthly Review Press
4859:Bunge, Mario Augusto
4800:Bunge, Mario Augusto
4126:"Hegel's Dialectics"
4077:The Accessible Hegel
3682:University of Oxford
3678:open.conted.ox.ac.uk
3608:Blackwell Publishers
3522:Dialectical research
3340:defeasible reasoning
3306:paraconsistent logic
3290:Frans H. van Eemeren
3278:The Uses of Argument
2980:, to the concept of
2876:Socialism portal
2852:Communism portal
2721:History of communism
2716:Economic determinism
2701:Criticism of Marxism
2691:Creative destruction
1451:Marxism and religion
1171:Scientific socialism
1074:Philosophy of nature
959:Imagined Communities
824:Dialectics of Nature
736:constitutional state
546:The Science of Logic
350:Garlandus Compotista
269:For example, in the
203:counter-propositions
174:Classical philosophy
7484:Ancient Greek logic
6421:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6332:Korean Confucianism
6079:Academic Skepticism
5233:Lawvere, F. William
4282:Marx, Karl, (1873)
3567:Universal dialectic
3153:Friedrich Nietzsche
2608:Capital & Class
1288:False consciousness
1236:Commodity fetishism
1226:Class consciousness
1144:Means of production
979:The Age of Extremes
899:The Long Revolution
834:What Is to Be Done?
794:The German Ideology
356:, Roger Swyneshed,
346:William of Sherwood
309:Medieval philosophy
7042:Post-structuralism
6944:Scientific realism
6899:Quinean naturalism
6879:Logical positivism
6835:Analytical Marxism
6054:Peripatetic school
5966:Chinese naturalism
5493:Aesthetic response
5420:Applied philosophy
5352:J. M. E. McTaggart
5249:10.1007/BF00122250
4869:. pp. 84–85.
4229:Marx, Karl (1873)
4026:. pp. 34–35.
3658:. 8 February 2021.
3562:Unity of opposites
3396:semantics of logic
3184:methods of science
3130:natural sciences.
3108:Method in Theology
3012:Alexander Bogdanov
2822:Worker cooperative
2800:Left-wing populism
2726:Left-wing politics
2663:Socialist Register
2653:Rethinking Marxism
1446:Literary criticism
1149:Mode of production
1014:Capitalist Realism
874:The Black Jacobins
670:Hegelian dialectic
616:Related categories
430:Hegelian dialectic
369:quaestio disputata
367:This dialectic (a
252:method of elenchus
248:Socratic dialogues
168:Western philosophy
103:ancient philosophy
64:dialectical method
7451:
7450:
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7409:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7102:
6830:Analytic feminism
6802:
6801:
6764:Kierkegaardianism
6726:Transcendentalism
6686:Neo-scholasticism
6532:Classical Realism
6509:
6508:
6281:
6280:
6096:Neopythagoreanism
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5470:Social philosophy
5334:"Dialectic"
5289:978-3-642-99904-8
4907:Heinrich, Michael
4161:Allen & Unwin
3640:Diogenes Laërtius
3478:Psychology portal
3464:Philosophy portal
3420:idempotent monads
3412:categorical logic
3298:pragma-dialectics
2915:Marxist dialectic
2912:
2911:
2753:Political ecology
2731:Marxian economics
1670:Council communism
1638:
1637:
1565:Neue Marx-Lektüre
1527:Regulation school
1416:Cultural analysis
1308:Lumpenproletariat
1251:Cultural hegemony
1241:Communist society
1231:Classless society
1166:Productive forces
904:Guerrilla Warfare
777:Theoretical works
742:Marxist dialectic
666:
665:
577:Absolute idealism
395:Modern philosophy
358:William of Ockham
93:elements such as
16:(Redirected from
7491:
7440:
7439:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7143:
7134:
7117:
7007:Frankfurt School
6954:Transactionalism
6904:Normative ethics
6884:Legal positivism
6860:Falsificationism
6845:Consequentialism
6840:Communitarianism
6813:
6681:New Confucianism
6520:
6327:Neo-Confucianism
6292:
6101:Second Sophistic
6086:Middle Platonism
5929:
5870:
5859:
5702:Epiphenomenalism
5569:Consequentialism
5503:Institutionalism
5408:
5397:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5359:
5344:
5336:
5302:
5301:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5243:(2–3): 167–174.
5229:
5223:
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5176:
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4587:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4529:. Archived from
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4474:
4473:
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4415:
4414:
4388:
4382:
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4363:
4343:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4322:www.marxists.org
4313:
4307:
4297:
4291:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4254:link=Das Kapital
4242:
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4227:
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4220:
4202:
4187:
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4171:
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3808:
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3599:
3593:
3584:
3512:
3502:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3390:Dialogical logic
3381:
3362:This section is
3352:decision support
3335:
3316:This section is
3294:Rob Grootendorst
3282:Nicholas Rescher
3264:
3245:This section is
3234:Michael Heinrich
3217:Richard Lewontin
3188:Nicholas Rescher
3100:Bernard Lonergan
3083:(1886–1968) and
3065:liberal theology
3000:Marxist–Leninist
2982:phase transition
2940:Friedrich Engels
2904:
2897:
2890:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2827:Workers' council
2648:Race & Class
1555:Frankfurt School
1522:Neo-Gramscianism
1495:Marxism–Leninism
1477:
1421:Cultural Studies
1378:World revolution
1323:Private property
869:Prison Notebooks
769:
746:
658:
651:
644:
627:
582:British idealism
454:
447:
420:Friedrich Engels
332:Based mainly on
275:, Socrates asks
190:
189:
129:Friedrich Engels
95:emotional appeal
49:
48:
21:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7424:
7422:
7401:
7365:
7265:
7227:
7174:
7128:
7127:
7099:
7088:Russian cosmism
7061:
7057:Western Marxism
7022:New Historicism
6987:Critical theory
6973:
6969:Wittgensteinian
6865:Foundationalism
6798:
6735:
6716:Social contract
6572:Foundationalism
6505:
6487:
6471:Illuminationism
6456:Aristotelianism
6442:
6431:Vishishtadvaita
6384:
6336:
6277:
6244:
6115:
6044:Megarian school
6039:Eretrian school
5980:
5941:Agriculturalism
5918:
5864:
5845:
5792:
5764:
5721:
5673:
5630:
5614:Incompatibilism
5583:
5555:
5507:
5479:
5402:
5391:
5386:
5331:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5290:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5200:10.1.1.295.2649
5188:
5174:10.1.1.702.8325
5158:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5100:
5099:
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5080:
5059:
5058:
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5018:
5017:
5013:
4998:
4974:
4973:
4952:
4937:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4885:
4867:Springer-Verlag
4857:
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4600:The Gay Science
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4576:
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4462:
4461:
4454:
4439:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4403:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4361:10.1.1.989.6440
4345:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4298:
4294:
4281:
4277:
4263:
4261:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4204:
4203:
4190:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4163:. p. §185.
4151:
4150:
4146:
4137:
4135:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4075:
4071:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4034:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3993:
3989:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:. p. 495.
3939:
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3924:
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3919:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3890:
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3673:
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3596:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3408:William Lawvere
3404:
3392:
3384:Main articles:
3382:
3371:
3360:
3344:John L. Pollock
3336:
3325:
3314:
3274:Stephen Toulmin
3265:
3254:
3243:
3150:
3144:
3058:First World War
3043:
3031:Murray Bookchin
3024:
2978:Christian Fuchs
2908:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2832:
2831:
2805:Universal class
2696:Conflict theory
2676:
2668:
2667:
2643:New Left Review
2598:
2590:
2589:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1550:Budapest School
1474:
1473:Common variants
1466:
1465:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1246:Critical theory
1206:
1196:
1195:
1176:Surplus product
1104:
1094:
1093:
1054:
1044:
1043:
914:Reading Capital
779:
744:
662:
633:
632:
631:
624:
608:Young Hegelians
603:Right Hegelians
587:German idealism
459:
445:
439:
432:
397:
317:as part of the
311:
302:Simon Blackburn
297:
244:
242:Socratic method
238:
236:Socratic method
220:, in the Greek
191:) is a form of
176:
156:
148:classical logic
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7497:
7495:
7487:
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7476:
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7449:
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7394:
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7364:
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7338:
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7318:
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7297:
7296:
7286:
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7275:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7233:Middle Eastern
7229:
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7215:
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7205:
7200:
7195:
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7184:
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7129:
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7113:
7112:
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7101:
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7069:
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7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6997:Existentialism
6994:
6992:Deconstruction
6989:
6983:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
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6941:
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6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6825:Applied ethics
6821:
6819:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6789:Nietzscheanism
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6731:Utilitarianism
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6629:Transcendental
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6567:Existentialism
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6497:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6452:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6355:Augustinianism
6352:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6268:Zoroastrianism
6265:
6260:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6111:Church Fathers
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5993:
5991:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5626:Libertarianism
5623:
5622:
5621:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5430:Metaphilosophy
5427:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5329:
5323:entry in the
5318:
5310:
5309:External links
5307:
5304:
5303:
5288:
5262:
5224:
5217:
5167:(4): 337–383.
5150:
5143:
5115:
5093:
5079:978-1402049378
5078:
5052:
5038:978-0521827485
5037:
5011:
4996:
4950:
4935:
4898:
4883:
4847:
4833:978-9027713049
4832:
4791:
4757:
4742:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4698:
4678:
4654:
4644:
4638:978-0872203549
4637:
4616:
4609:
4589:
4574:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4518:
4498:
4475:
4452:
4437:
4427:, ed. (1997).
4416:
4401:
4383:
4333:
4308:
4292:
4275:
4237:
4222:
4215:
4188:
4166:
4144:
4116:
4110:978-0745635101
4109:
4087:
4069:
4051:
4032:
4007:
3995:Henri Lefebvre
3987:
3966:
3959:
3932:
3917:
3895:
3888:
3868:
3861:
3841:
3834:
3814:
3792:
3780:
3771:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3718:
3716:, VII, 533 c-d
3706:
3703:. p. 150.
3687:
3661:
3647:
3632:
3613:
3610:. p. 484.
3606:. Oxford, UK:
3594:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3467:
3451:
3448:
3444:internal logic
3406:Mathematician
3403:
3400:
3386:Game semantics
3359:
3356:
3313:
3310:
3302:informal logic
3242:
3239:
3213:Richard Levins
3143:
3140:
3042:
3039:
3035:social ecology
3023:
3020:
3008:systems theory
2993:Vladimir Lenin
2961:Class struggle
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2810:Vulgar Marxism
2807:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:Related topics
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Monthly Review
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Constellations
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1648:Other variants
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:Third-worldist
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:Historiography
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:Class struggle
1354:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Metabolic rift
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:Marxist ethics
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Ways of Seeing
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
775:
774:
771:
770:
762:
761:
755:
754:
743:
740:
664:
663:
661:
660:
653:
646:
638:
635:
634:
623:
622:
621:
618:
617:
613:
612:
611:
610:
605:
597:
596:
595:Related topics
592:
591:
590:
589:
584:
579:
571:
570:
566:
565:
564:
563:
556:
549:
542:
532:
531:
524:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
473:
472:
468:
467:
461:
460:
455:
431:
428:
396:
393:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
362:Thomas Aquinas
310:
307:
296:
293:
240:Main article:
237:
234:
175:
172:
155:
152:
117:contradictions
72:points of view
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7496:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7444:
7443:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:Miscellaneous
7368:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:Miscellaneous
7064:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:Structuralism
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7037:Postmodernism
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7027:Phenomenology
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Vienna Circle
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Moral realism
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6696:Phenomenology
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6636:Individualism
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6502:
6501:Judeo-Islamic
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6477:ʿIlm al-Kalām
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:Shuddhadvaita
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6360:Scholasticism
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5856:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:Conceptualism
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:Particularism
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Functionalism
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:Eliminativism
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Compatibilism
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5536:Particularism
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5383:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5220:
5218:9789048158775
5214:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5144:9783110329056
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5116:
5112:(2006.07.16).
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4997:9789048194728
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4936:9781583672884
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4884:9789400744073
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4743:9783938793763
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4610:9780521636452
4606:
4602:
4601:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4533:on 2005-05-10
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:Anti-Dühring,
4296:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4216:9798987931608
4212:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4103:. p. 6.
4102:
4098:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4033:9780521829144
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4003:Joseph Stalin
4000:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3960:9780758339010
3956:
3952:
3949:. Cambridge:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3889:9780719030451
3885:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3862:9780521429078
3858:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3835:9780816603954
3831:
3827:
3826:
3818:
3815:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3768:0-415-22550-7
3765:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3629:. p. 11.
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:False dilemma
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3509:De Dialectica
3505:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3468:
3465:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
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3413:
3409:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3312:Defeasibility
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:, 1977), and
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3241:Formalization
3240:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:Poe Yu-ze Wan
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3112:Michael Shute
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:Protestantism
3051:
3047:
3046:Neo-orthodoxy
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
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2926:
2924:
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2916:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2855:
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2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Revolutionary
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Authoritarian
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
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2687:
2684:
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2679:
2678:
2672:
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2664:
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2649:
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2639:
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2631:
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2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Moufawad-Paul
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
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2456:
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2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
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2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
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2368:
2366:
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2203:
2201:
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2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
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1808:
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1801:
1798:
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1713:
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1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Eurocommunism
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Austromarxism
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Communization
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1580:Praxis School
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
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1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
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1516:
1513:
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1508:
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1503:
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1498:
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1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:Working class
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
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1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Crisis theory
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
773:
772:
768:
764:
763:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
741:
739:
737:
734:
730:
725:
721:
719:
718:
712:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
639:
637:
636:
630:
626:
620:
619:
614:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
593:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
561:
557:
555:
554:
550:
548:
547:
543:
541:
540:
536:
535:
534:
533:
530:
525:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
448:
444:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
405:Immanuel Kant
402:
394:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
373:
372:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
354:Walter Burley
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
303:
294:
292:
290:
286:
281:
278:
274:
273:
267:
265:
260:
257:
253:
249:
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
201:(theses) and
200:
199:
194:
185:, dialectic (
184:
181:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:argumentation
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
43:
39:
33:
19:
7435:
7421:
7092:
7083:Postcritique
7073:Kyoto School
7032:Posthumanism
7012:Hermeneutics
6867: /
6808:Contemporary
6784:Newtonianism
6747:Cartesianism
6706:Reductionism
6542:Conservatism
6537:Collectivism
6475:
6203:Sarvāstivadā
6181:Anekantavada
6106:Neoplatonism
6074:Epicureanism
6007:Pythagoreans
5946:Confucianism
5912:Contemporary
5902:Early modern
5806:Anti-realism
5760:Universalism
5717:Subjectivism
5513:Epistemology
5338:
5324:
5271:
5265:
5240:
5236:
5227:
5190:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5125:
5118:
5109:
5096:
5061:
5055:
5020:
5014:
4979:
4916:
4901:
4862:
4807:
4794:
4773:
4766:Hook, Sidney
4760:
4725:
4719:
4682:
4665:
4659:
4628:
4599:
4592:
4583:
4577:
4569:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4535:. Retrieved
4531:the original
4521:
4510:. Retrieved
4501:
4490:. Retrieved
4467:. Retrieved
4428:
4425:Biehl, Janet
4419:
4392:
4386:
4351:
4347:
4325:. Retrieved
4321:
4311:
4300:
4295:
4283:
4278:
4268:– via
4262:. Retrieved
4257:
4253:
4240:
4230:
4225:
4206:
4178:
4169:
4156:
4147:
4136:. Retrieved
4129:
4119:
4096:
4090:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4045:
4019:
4010:
3998:
3990:
3979:
3969:
3945:
3935:
3926:
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3898:
3878:
3871:
3851:
3844:
3824:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3795:
3783:
3774:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3696:
3690:
3677:
3664:
3650:
3635:
3625:. New York:
3622:
3616:
3603:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3557:Tarka sastra
3487:Conversation
3414:in terms of
3405:
3393:
3358:Dialog games
3337:
3285:
3277:
3266:
3231:
3220:
3219:(authors of
3197:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3089:
3085:Emil Brunner
3073:18th century
3062:19th-century
3044:
3025:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2748:Municipalism
2560:Bhattacharya
1705:Situationist
1680:Instrumental
1333:State theory
1298:Immiseration
1293:Human nature
1283:Exploitation
1113:accumulation
726:
722:
716:
713:
707:
703:
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
678:
669:
667:
558:
551:
544:
537:
413:
398:
368:
366:
331:
312:
298:
288:
284:
282:
270:
268:
261:
255:
245:
230:Zeno of Elea
211:
202:
198:propositions
196:
177:
163:
159:
157:
145:
111:
63:
51:
37:
36:
7078:Objectivism
7017:Neo-Marxism
6979:Continental
6889:Meta-ethics
6869:Coherentism
6774:Hegelianism
6711:Rationalism
6671:Natural law
6651:Materialism
6577:Historicism
6547:Determinism
6438:Navya-Nyāya
6213:Sautrāntika
6208:Pudgalavada
6144:Vaisheshika
5997:Presocratic
5897:Renaissance
5836:Physicalism
5821:Materialism
5727:Normativity
5712:Objectivism
5697:Emergentism
5687:Behaviorism
5636:Metaphysics
5602:Determinism
5541:Rationalism
5274:: 421–562.
4925:. pp.
4814:. pp.
4690:Basic Books
4631:. Hackett.
4264:28 December
4250:"Afterword"
3537:Doublethink
3416:adjunctions
3402:Mathematics
3364:transcluded
3318:transcluded
3247:transcluded
3200:Mario Bunge
3193:Sidney Hook
3166:Karl Popper
3132:Karl Rahner
3069:Reformation
2948:Das Kapital
2711:Communalism
2110:Wallerstein
1700:Revisionist
1431:Film theory
1411:Criminology
1406:Archaeology
1318:Proletariat
1303:Imperialism
1216:Bourgeoisie
1191:Wage labour
1084:Reification
879:On Practice
471:Forerunners
465:Hegelianism
141:Mario Bunge
137:Karl Popper
133:materialist
113:Hegelianism
107:Middle Ages
7458:Categories
7377:Amerindian
7284:Australian
7223:Vietnamese
7203:Indonesian
6752:Kantianism
6701:Positivism
6691:Pragmatism
6666:Naturalism
6646:Liberalism
6624:Subjective
6562:Empiricism
6466:Avicennism
6411:Bhedabheda
6295:East Asian
6218:Madhyamaka
6198:Abhidharma
6064:Pyrrhonism
5831:Nominalism
5826:Naturalism
5755:Skepticism
5745:Relativism
5735:Absolutism
5664:Naturalism
5574:Deontology
5546:Skepticism
5531:Naturalism
5521:Empiricism
5485:Aesthetics
5389:Philosophy
4699:0710065078
4537:2008-07-26
4512:2008-07-26
4492:2008-07-26
4469:2008-07-26
4438:0304338737
4402:0859588769
4327:2024-08-25
4246:Marx, Karl
4159:. London:
4138:2024-02-11
3910:20 October
3807:3 November
3730:. Oxford:
3574:References
3499:Dialectica
3442:and their
3227:Ernst Mayr
3179:philosophy
3175:trivialism
3146:See also:
3142:Criticisms
3081:Karl Barth
2970:status quo
2966:status quo
2768:Democratic
2633:Mediations
2245:Przeworski
2185:Poulantzas
2035:Sivanandan
1990:Bettelheim
1890:Horkheimer
1885:Mariátegui
1860:Pashukanis
1785:Liebknecht
1715:Wertkritik
1655:Analytical
1515:Trotskyism
1490:Autonomist
1481:Structural
1461:Philosophy
1401:Aesthetics
1186:Value-form
1154:Capitalist
1059:Alienation
1052:Philosophy
809:Grundrisse
689:antithesis
527:Principal
441:See also:
264:enthymemes
207:antitheses
188:διαλεκτική
183:philosophy
164:dialectics
91:subjective
52:dialektikḗ
47:διαλεκτική
18:Dialectics
7464:Dialectic
7256:Pakistani
7218:Taiwanese
7165:Ethiopian
7138:By region
7124:By region
6939:Scientism
6934:Systemics
6794:Spinozism
6721:Socialism
6656:Modernism
6619:Objective
6527:Anarchism
6461:Averroism
6350:Christian
6302:Neotaoism
6273:Zurvanism
6263:Mithraism
6258:Mazdakism
6029:Cyrenaics
5956:Logicians
5589:Free will
5551:Solipsism
5498:Formalism
5298:251105095
5195:CiteSeerX
5169:CiteSeerX
5006:871004444
4945:768793094
4893:806947226
4752:185032382
4378:144820093
4356:CiteSeerX
4042:651153726
3532:Discourse
3432:semantics
3280:, 1958),
3269:logicians
3209:heuristic
3173:and thus
3016:tektology
2986:emergence
2936:Karl Marx
2815:Economism
2778:Reformist
2758:Socialism
2706:Communism
2686:Anarchism
2540:Coulthard
2465:McDonnell
2425:Screpanti
2335:Rowbotham
2200:Harnecker
2010:Althusser
1950:Deutscher
1790:Kollontai
1780:Luxemburg
1760:Plekhanov
1690:Nkrumaism
1601:Classical
1575:Political
1500:Guevarism
1456:Sociology
1436:Geography
1256:Democracy
1204:Sociology
1159:Socialist
1124:Commodity
729:servitude
717:Aufhebung
693:synthesis
519:Schelling
514:Hölderlin
479:Aristotle
416:Karl Marx
334:Aristotle
277:Euthyphro
272:Euthyphro
226:Aristotle
222:Classical
193:reasoning
180:classical
160:dialectic
125:Karl Marx
60:Dialektik
38:Dialectic
7469:Rhetoric
7442:Category
7397:Yugoslav
7387:Romanian
7294:Scottish
7279:American
7208:Japanese
7188:Buddhist
7170:Africana
7160:Egyptian
7002:Feminist
6924:Rawlsian
6919:Quietism
6817:Analytic
6769:Krausism
6676:Nihilism
6641:Kokugaku
6604:Absolute
6599:Idealism
6587:Humanism
6375:Occamism
6342:European
6287:Medieval
6233:Yogacara
6193:Buddhist
6186:Syādvāda
6069:Stoicism
6034:Cynicism
6022:Sophists
6017:Atomists
6012:Eleatics
5951:Legalism
5892:Medieval
5816:Idealism
5770:Ontology
5750:Nihilism
5654:Idealism
5412:Branches
5401:Branches
5257:34109341
5104:(2006).
5088:82229075
5047:51607421
4909:(2004).
4861:(2012).
4802:(1981).
4768:(1940).
4447:36477047
4411:36991138
4286:Vol. I,
4155:(1812).
4018:(2010).
3941:Kant, I.
3714:Republic
3527:Dialogic
3492:Dialogue
3450:See also
3418:between
3050:theology
3010:pioneer
2741:Old Left
2736:New Left
2603:Antipode
2597:Journals
2500:Heinrich
2475:Roediger
2470:Douzinas
2460:Hennessy
2415:Holloway
2330:Hartsock
2320:Eagleton
2305:Federici
2280:Bannerji
2255:Therborn
2235:Rancière
2230:Easthope
2210:Anderson
2205:Altvater
2105:O'Connor
2100:Mészáros
2095:Guattari
2050:Thompson
2040:Miliband
2020:Williams
2005:Hobsbawm
1980:Emmanuel
1960:Beauvoir
1925:Lefebvre
1870:Benjamin
1835:Bukharin
1815:Zinoviev
1810:Grossman
1795:Bogdanov
1770:Connolly
1750:Lafargue
1695:Orthodox
1665:Centrist
1616:Leninism
1611:Feminist
1560:Humanist
1541:Hegelian
1069:Ideology
751:a series
749:Part of
733:rational
708:concrete
704:negative
700:abstract
494:Rousseau
338:Boethius
323:rhetoric
214:Socrates
99:rhetoric
80:reasoned
78:through
68:dialogue
7392:Russian
7361:Spanish
7356:Slovene
7346:Maltese
7341:Italian
7321:Finland
7289:British
7271:Western
7261:Turkish
7246:Islamic
7241:Iranian
7193:Chinese
7180:Eastern
7147:African
7094:more...
6779:Marxism
6609:British
6552:Dualism
6448:Islamic
6406:Advaita
6396:Vedanta
6370:Scotism
6365:Thomism
6307:Tiantai
6250:Persian
6238:Tibetan
6228:Śūnyatā
6169:Cārvāka
6159:Ājīvika
6154:Mīmāṃsā
6134:Samkhya
6049:Academy
6002:Ionians
5976:Yangism
5933:Chinese
5924:Ancient
5887:Western
5882:Ancient
5841:Realism
5798:Reality
5788:Process
5669:Realism
5649:Dualism
5644:Atomism
5526:Fideism
4842:7596139
4778:262–264
4674:2250841
4284:Capital
4258:Capital
4231:Capital
3589:Gorgias
3378:history
3376:|
3332:history
3330:|
3261:history
3259:|
3169:to the
3104:Insight
3006:Soviet
2840:Outline
2793:Utopian
2570:Srnicek
2555:Toscano
2550:Seymour
2505:Prashad
2455:Sankara
2450:Berardi
2435:Hampton
2410:Burawoy
2380:Panitch
2375:Haraway
2365:Cleaver
2350:Brenner
2315:Balibar
2270:Postone
2260:Losurdo
2190:Vattimo
2160:Gonzalo
2155:Jameson
2145:Parenti
2085:Liebman
2080:Guevara
1970:Nkrumah
1965:Sombart
1940:Padmore
1910:Kalecki
1905:Marcuse
1865:Bordiga
1850:Gramsci
1805:Trotsky
1765:Du Bois
1755:Kautsky
1631:Western
1510:Titoism
1395:Aspects
1351:History
1271:Radical
1109:Capital
814:Capital
759:Marxism
569:Schools
489:Spinoza
342:Abelard
327:grammar
319:trivium
289:Gorgias
285:Gorgias
166:within
154:History
32:dialect
7351:Polish
7331:German
7326:French
7311:Danish
7301:Canada
7251:Jewish
7213:Korean
7198:Indian
6740:People
6661:Monism
6614:German
6582:Holism
6515:Modern
6493:Jewish
6416:Dvaita
6389:Indian
6312:Huayan
6164:Ajñana
6121:Indian
5986:Greco-
5971:Taoism
5961:Mohism
5907:Modern
5874:By era
5863:By era
5778:Action
5659:Monism
5579:Virtue
5561:Ethics
5296:
5286:
5255:
5215:
5197:
5171:
5141:
5086:
5076:
5045:
5035:
5004:
4994:
4943:
4933:
4891:
4881:
4840:
4830:
4786:265987
4784:
4750:
4740:
4708:316022
4706:
4696:
4672:
4635:
4607:
4445:
4435:
4409:
4399:
4376:
4358:
4213:
4107:
4101:Polity
4040:
4030:
3957:
3886:
3859:
3832:
3766:
3428:syntax
2788:Social
2773:Market
2575:Horvat
2530:Fisher
2525:Linera
2520:Lordon
2510:Kelley
2495:Marcos
2490:Ghandy
2480:Foster
2405:Fraser
2400:Wright
2390:Jessop
2385:Clarke
2370:Bishop
2360:Massey
2340:Mouffe
2290:Newton
2285:Spivak
2275:Rodney
2240:Berman
2195:Badiou
2175:Laclau
2170:Harvey
2165:Dussel
2125:Debord
2120:Tronti
2090:Heller
2075:Castro
2070:Berger
2055:Bauman
2045:Cabral
2030:Mandel
2025:Freire
2015:Hinton
1995:Draper
1975:Sweezy
1945:Sartre
1935:Adorno
1900:Brecht
1855:Galiev
1830:Korsch
1825:Lukács
1800:Stalin
1745:Morris
1740:Engels
1728:People
1505:Maoism
1426:Ethics
1266:Soviet
989:Empire
706:, and
685:thesis
509:Fichte
504:Goethe
360:, and
87:debate
56:German
7382:Aztec
7336:Greek
7316:Dutch
7306:Czech
7155:Bantu
6592:Anti-
6139:Nyaya
6129:Hindu
5989:Roman
5783:Event
5425:Logic
5294:S2CID
5253:S2CID
5187:And:
4927:36–37
4816:41–63
4670:JSTOR
4374:S2CID
4256:[
4062:[
3674:(PDF)
3366:from
3342:(see
3320:from
3249:from
3077:Swiss
2585:Saito
2580:Hamza
2445:Žižek
2430:Tamás
2395:Davis
2355:Davis
2345:Geras
2310:Wolff
2295:Sakai
2250:Cohen
2225:Sison
2220:Vogel
2180:Bahro
2150:Negri
2140:Nairn
2065:Kosik
2060:Fanon
2000:Jones
1955:Hoxha
1930:James
1915:Fromm
1845:Serge
1820:Bloch
1775:Lenin
1596:Black
1221:Class
529:works
484:Böhme
295:Plato
256:piety
218:Plato
76:truth
42:Greek
6483:Sufi
6317:Chan
6176:Jain
6149:Yoga
5679:Mind
5619:Hard
5607:Hard
5284:ISBN
5213:ISBN
5139:ISBN
5084:OCLC
5074:ISBN
5043:OCLC
5033:ISBN
5002:OCLC
4992:ISBN
4941:OCLC
4931:ISBN
4889:OCLC
4879:ISBN
4838:OCLC
4828:ISBN
4782:OCLC
4748:OCLC
4738:ISBN
4704:OCLC
4694:ISBN
4661:Mind
4633:ISBN
4605:ISBN
4443:OCLC
4433:ISBN
4407:OCLC
4397:ISBN
4266:2014
4211:ISBN
4105:ISBN
4038:OCLC
4028:ISBN
3955:ISBN
3912:2015
3884:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3830:ISBN
3809:2011
3764:ISBN
3586:See
3430:and
3388:and
3374:edit
3328:edit
3304:and
3292:and
3257:edit
3215:and
3106:and
2991:For
2938:and
2545:Malm
2515:Dean
2485:West
2440:Cano
2420:Rose
2325:Kurz
2300:Wood
2265:Ture
2215:Löwy
2135:Hall
2130:Amin
2115:Mies
1985:Hill
1895:Dutt
1880:Basu
1735:Marx
1626:Post
1588:Both
1570:Open
668:The
499:Kant
418:and
325:and
246:The
216:and
139:and
127:and
97:and
6757:Neo
6322:Zen
5350:by
5276:doi
5245:doi
5205:doi
5179:doi
5131:doi
5066:doi
5025:doi
4984:doi
4871:doi
4820:doi
4730:doi
4366:doi
3052:in
1920:Cox
1875:Mao
1621:Neo
178:In
162:or
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5337:.
5292:.
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