549:
231:
868:(1755) that a more reliable English dictionary was produced. Many people today mistakenly believe that Johnson wrote the first English dictionary: a testimony to this legacy. By this stage, dictionaries had evolved to contain textual references for most words, and were arranged alphabetically, rather than by topic (a previously popular form of arrangement, which meant all animals would be grouped together, etc.). Johnson's masterwork could be judged as the first to bring all these elements together, creating the first "modern" dictionary.
937:, replacing "colour" with "color", substituting "wagon" for "waggon", and printing "center" instead of "centre". He also added American words, like "skunk" and "squash", which did not appear in British dictionaries. At the age of seventy, Webster published his dictionary in 1828; it sold 2500 copies. In 1840, the second edition was published in two volumes. Webster's dictionary was acquired by G & C Merriam Co. in 1843, after his death, and has since been published in many revised editions.
495:
40:
1812:
3319:
3009:
51:
1114:
of the simplest meanings of the simplest concepts. From these, other concepts can be explained and defined, in particular for those who are first learning a language. In
English, the commercial defining dictionaries typically include only one or two meanings of under 2000 words. With these, the rest
2932:
1211:
Because of the widespread use of dictionaries in schools, and their acceptance by many as language authorities, their treatment of the language does affect usage to some degree, with even the most descriptive dictionaries providing conservative continuity. In the long run, however, the meanings of
62:
1180:
are descriptive, and attempt to describe the actual use of words. Most dictionaries of
English now apply the descriptive method to a word's definition, and then, outside of the definition itself, provide information alerting readers to attitudes which may influence their choices on words often
815:
was still lamenting in 1754, 150 years after
Cawdrey's publication, that it is "a sort of disgrace to our nation, that hitherto we have had no… standard of our language; our dictionaries at present being more properly what our neighbors the Dutch and the Germans call theirs, word-books, than
1281:(NLP) are built to be used by computer programs. The final user is a human being but the direct user is a program. Such a dictionary does not need to be able to be printed on paper. The structure of the content is not linear, ordered entry by entry but has the form of a complex network (see
190:
dictionaries; the former reflect what is seen as correct use of the language while the latter reflect recorded actual use. Stylistic indications (e.g. "informal" or "vulgar") in many modern dictionaries are also considered by some to be less than objectively descriptive.
467:. A dictionary called "Bahşayiş Lügati", which is written in old Anatolian Turkish, served also as a dictionary between Oghuz Turkish, Arabic and Persian. But it is not clear who wrote the dictionary or in which century exactly it was published. It was written in
132:. Specialized dictionaries include words in specialist fields, rather than a comprehensive range of words in the language. Lexical items that describe concepts in specific fields are usually called terms instead of words, although there is no consensus whether
1032:, also referred to as a technical dictionary, is a dictionary that focuses upon a specific subject field, as opposed to a dictionary that comprehensively contains words from the lexicon of a specific language or languages. Following the description in
1392:
In many languages, such as the
English language, the pronunciation of some words is not consistently apparent from their spelling. In these languages, dictionaries usually provide the pronunciation. For example, the definition for the word
1207:
provides similar notes, but is more prescriptive, offering warnings and admonitions against the use of certain words considered by many to be offensive or illiterate, such as, "an offensive term for..." or "a taboo term meaning...".
214:, written in 1604, and monolingual dictionaries in other languages also began appearing in Europe at around this time. The systematic study of dictionaries as objects of scientific interest arose as a 20th-century enterprise, called
2727:
972:
In a general dictionary, each word may have multiple meanings. Some dictionaries include each separate meaning in the order of most common usage while others list definitions in historical order, with the oldest usage first.
1068:
is a sub-field dictionary. In terms of the coverage distinction between "minimizing dictionaries" and "maximizing dictionaries", multi-field dictionaries tend to minimize coverage across subject fields (for instance,
515:, or according to the alphabetical order of the first letter (the system used in modern European language dictionaries). The modern system was mainly used in specialist dictionaries, such as those of terms from the
156:
and then establishing the terms used to designate them. In practice, the two approaches are used for both types. There are other types of dictionaries that do not fit neatly into the above distinction, for instance
2575:
222:. The birth of the new discipline was not without controversy, with the practical dictionary-makers being sometimes accused by others of having an "astonishing" lack of method and critical-self reflection.
583:, a large grammatical work with an alphabetical lexicon, was widely adopted. It served as the basis for several bilingual dictionaries and was one of the earliest books (in 1460) to be printed. In 1502
2704:
768:
The earliest dictionaries in the
English language were glossaries of French, Spanish or Latin words along with their definitions in English. The word "dictionary" was invented by an Englishman called
844:
3809:
742:
1263:
is a specific kind of descriptive dictionary which describes the development of words and senses over time, usually using citations to original source material to support its conclusions.
548:
3607:
2749:
2724:
1550:
1494:
956:
1218:
It is often forgotten that (dictionaries) are artificial repositories, put together well after the languages they define. The roots of language are irrational and of a magical nature.
3676:
3564:
1787:
There exist a number of websites which operate as online dictionaries, usually with a specialized focus. Some of them have exclusively user driven content, often consisting of
3802:
725:
3743:
3353:
1162:
1145:, intent on forging a distinct identity for the American language, altered spellings and accentuated differences in meaning and pronunciation of some words. This is why
1077:
1497:. The IPA is more commonly used within the British Commonwealth countries. Yet others use their own pronunciation respelling systems without diacritics: for example,
2579:
892:
The OED remains the most comprehensive and trusted
English language dictionary to this day, with revisions and updates added by a dedicated team every three months.
3649:
3635:
3488:
1665:
1176:
950:
885:
from 1884 onwards. A complete ten-volume first edition was not released until 1928. One of the main contributors to this modern dictionary was an ex-army surgeon,
294:(probably compiled sometime between 700 BCE to 200 BCE, possibly earlier) as a "dictionary", although modern scholarship considers it a calligraphic compendium of
2988:, Nov 1983, Vol. 8 Issue 18, pp. 451–461. An international appreciation of the importance of Webster's dictionaries in setting the norms of the English language.
1293:(CLIR) the content is usually multilingual and usually of huge size. In order to allow formalized exchange and merging of dictionaries, an ISO standard called
648:
535:
is the first handy dictionary in Arabic, which includes only words and their definitions, eliminating the supporting examples used in such dictionaries as the
3447:
2701:
615:
2395:
Jack Lynch, "How
Johnson's Dictionary Became the First Dictionary" (delivered 25 August 2005 at the Johnson and the English Language conference, Birmingham)
591:
was published, originally a monolingual Latin dictionary, which over the course of the 16th century was enlarged to become a multilingual glossary. In 1532
3037:
1065:
3795:
1610:
1083:
906:
3781:
3047:
1568:
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appeared in 1843; this work remained the basic dictionary of Greek until the end of the 20th century. And in 1858 was published the first volume of the
3017:
2768:
3215:
812:
621:
554:
230:
2674:
511:
dictionaries were compiled between the 8th and 14th centuries, organizing words in rhyme order (by the last syllable), by alphabetical order of the
3772:
3614:
3816:
2549:
435:. His work contains about 7500 to 8000 words and it was written to teach non Turkic Muslims, especially the Abbasid Arabs, the Turkic language.
3090:
2256:
3346:
2965:
2921:
2683:
2425:
2144:
2065:
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3454:
2113:
1526:
1387:
1071:
864:
774:
2089:
1784:
Teaching users about words they don't already know has been, historically, an aim of lexicography, and modern dictionaries do this well."
664:
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2374:
3788:
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2451:
2350:
1852:
1333:
1290:
1057:
848:
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1821:
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732:
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2817:
2639:
2612:
1928:
1603:
1502:
3642:
1672:
3339:
3155:
1338:
929:. His book contained seventy thousand words, of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before. As a
3621:
1398:
1203:
609:, which served up to the 19th century as the basis of Greek lexicography. The first monolingual Spanish dictionary written was
365:
933:, Webster believed that English spelling rules were unnecessarily complex, so his dictionary introduced spellings that became
3628:
3511:
3431:
3052:
2382:
1746:
990:
832:
1231:
is "at war with itself": whereas its coverage (lexical items) and glosses (definitions) are descriptive and colloquial, its
914:
it took twenty-seven years to complete. To evaluate the etymology of words, Webster learned twenty-six languages, including
1967:
3362:
824:
428:
3717:
3557:
2397:
1862:
1796:
1767:
1751:
1741:
1650:
1197:
1132:
181:
2998:
1223:
Sometimes the same dictionary can be descriptive in some domains and prescriptive in others. For example, according to
3735:
3306:
3220:
1792:
1763:
1726:
1721:
1696:
1539:
1278:
1272:
1061:
1003:
31:
2201:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 04 June 2023
984:
in most dictionaries. Dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book, but some newer dictionaries, like
198:
times around 2300 BCE, in the form of bilingual dictionaries, and the oldest surviving monolingual dictionaries are
3669:
3587:
3538:
3423:
3083:
2764:
2293:, edición integral e ilustrada de Ignacio Arellano y Rafael Zafra, Madrid, Iberoamericana-Vervuert, 2006, pg. XLIX.
1773:
1716:
1596:
1575:
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779:
695:
98:
3550:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3022:
2535:
2507:
1657:
1557:
1370:
1170:
877:
811:. This dictionary, and the many imitators which followed it, was seen as unreliable and nowhere near definitive.
756:
605:
541:
2576:"The first English to Einglish and Sindhi Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms published – The Sindh Times"
1212:
words in
English are primarily determined by usage, and the language is being changed and created every day. As
3848:
3690:
3471:
3439:
1478:
1294:
452:
400:
129:
2311:
610:
3464:
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3195:
3190:
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3002:
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1826:
1328:
1317:
1081:) whereas single-field and sub-field dictionaries tend to maximize coverage within a limited subject field (
1049:
942:
926:
872:
737:
699:
686:
681:
was firstly published in 1777; it has formed the basis of all similar works that have since been published.
432:
2719:
Imad
Zeroual, and Abdelhak Lakhouaja, "Data science in light of natural language processing: An overview."
1772:
The age of the
Internet brought online dictionaries to the desktop and, more recently, to the smart phone.
653:(still published, with the ninth edition not complete as of 2021). Between 1712 and 1721 was published the
3301:
3265:
3235:
3200:
2671:
2196:
1887:
1041:
1029:
1019:
386:
323:
174:
2933:
The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary
1676:(especially the college edition, used as the official desk dictionary of many American press journalists)
1277:
In contrast to traditional dictionaries, which are designed to be used by human beings, dictionaries for
1045:
3843:
3838:
3504:
3205:
3185:
3175:
3076:
2892:
Nielsen, Sandro (2008). "The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use".
1997:
Nielsen, Sandro (2008). "The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Naming and Use".
1872:
1359:
1323:
1311:
1282:
1260:
886:
658:
468:
357:
2667:
1224:
494:
2848:
455:, Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî finished his work "Kitâbü'l-İdrâk li-lisâni'l-Etrâk", a dictionary about the
3724:
3275:
3165:
2553:
1628:
1621:
1544:
1306:
1053:
691:
638:
158:
118:
2119:
173:
dictionaries. The word dictionary (unqualified) is usually understood to refer to a general purpose
3531:
3415:
3180:
2832:
2805:
1867:
1736:
1731:
1706:
1589:
1375:
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1161:
subsequently underwent a few spelling changes that did not affect American English; see further at
1107:
795:
711:
484:
460:
416:
210:
39:
3318:
839:
Blount's work, and the two criticised each other. This created more interest in the dictionaries.
3701:
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3250:
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3160:
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2481:
2177:
1841:
1701:
1633:
1582:
1355:
1348:
1095:
977:
961:
512:
424:
392:
273:
234:
Catalan-Latin dictionary from the year 1696 with more than 1000 pages. Gazophylacium Dictionary.
199:
86:
827:, published in 1656, contains more than 10,000 words along with their etymologies or histories.
719:
2081:
3280:
2961:
2937:
2917:
2901:
2878:
2856:
2813:
2635:
2608:
2421:
2415:
2371:
2140:
2134:
2061:
2006:
1882:
1692:
Histories and descriptions of the dictionaries of other languages on Knowledge (XXG) include:
1365:
1213:
787:
678:
584:
575:
295:
247:
243:
94:
61:
55:
2744:
2629:
2459:
2342:
2055:
925:
Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in 1825 in Paris, France, and at the
819:
In 1616, John Bullokar described the history of the dictionary with his "English Expositor".
415:, contained etymologies and explanations of over 1,400 Irish words. In the 12th century, The
3748:
3660:
3598:
3210:
2927:
2602:
2530:
2169:
1857:
1710:
1644:
1442:
1404:
1146:
934:
804:
629:, was published. It served as the model for similar works in French and English. In 1690 in
626:
488:
397:
370:
3060:
2982:
1776:
in 2013 noted that "Among the top ten lookups on Merriam-Webster Online at this moment are
3522:
3255:
2731:
2708:
2678:
2401:
2378:
1639:
1183:
1158:
938:
930:
871:
Johnson's dictionary remained the English-language standard for over 150 years, until the
828:
769:
642:
592:
570:
444:
439:
wrote a small Arabic dictionary called "Muḳaddimetü'l-edeb" for the Turkic-Khwarazm ruler
303:
259:
219:
1936:
1510:. Some online or electronic dictionaries provide audio recordings of words being spoken.
2248:
1056:
covers a more specialized field (e.g. constitutional law). For example, the 23-language
3374:
3108:
2870:
1562:
1531:
1037:
859:
800:
703:
600:
500:
476:
436:
420:
404:
140:
are two different fields of study. In theory, general dictionaries are supposed to be
3832:
2181:
1111:
580:
472:
412:
264:
114:
43:
1811:
3099:
1816:
1142:
918:(Anglo-Saxon), German, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Hebrew, Arabic, and
901:
852:
840:
751:
299:
215:
149:
122:
90:
1094:, an alphabetical list of defined terms in a specialized field, such as medicine (
910:. In 1807 Webster began compiling an expanded and fully comprehensive dictionary,
2508:"The most influential crowdsourcing project happened long before Knowledge (XXG)"
1251:'what') is archaic, resulting in a combination that is unutterable in real life.
3370:
3131:
1975:
1892:
1835:
915:
889:, a convicted murderer who was confined to an asylum for the criminally insane.
480:
351:
290:
141:
137:
110:
2810:
Manual of Specialised Lexicography: The Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries
50:
3753:
3008:
1788:
836:
730:
between 1863 and 1872. In the same year 1863 appeared the first volume of the
673:, which included quotes taken from literary works, was published in 1726. The
566:
339:
335:
288:, is the earliest surviving monolingual dictionary; and some sources cite the
145:
133:
106:
2905:
2394:
2332:
Mark Forsyth. The etymologicon. // Icon Books Ltd. London N79DP, 2011. p. 128
2160:
Peter Bing (2003). "The unruly tongue: Philitas of Cos as scholar and poet".
2010:
1297:(LMF) has been defined and used among the industrial and academic community.
3136:
2417:
Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe: Lexicography and the Making of Heritage
2237:
Bahşāyiş Bin Çalıça, Bahşayiş Lügati: Hazırlayan: Fikret TURAN, Ankara 2017,
1877:
1482:
1235:
is prescriptive. This internal conflict results in absurd sentences such as
882:
630:
269:
239:
166:
17:
3063:(directory of language-related works on Wikisource – includes dictionaries)
531:(14th century) listed words in the alphabetical order of the radicals. The
516:
3331:
976:
In many languages, words can appear in many different forms, but only the
718:(Dictionary of Hungarian Language) by Gergely Czuczor and János Fogarasi.
706:; the work was completed in 1961. Between 1861 and 1874 was published the
527:(13th century, still the best-known large-scale dictionary of Arabic) and
322:
and other literary words, words from local dialects, and technical terms.
3270:
3121:
1477:(in American English). American English dictionaries often use their own
1120:
1091:
1007:
999:
985:
981:
919:
562:
456:
331:
102:
82:
2875:
The Bilingual LSP Dictionary: Principles and Practice for Legal Language
1239:(she'll tear me apart when she sees what I've done to the car). Whereas
669:(still published, with a new edition about every decade) in 1780; their
3758:
3126:
1831:
1614:
847:
contains a list of 11,500 words with careful distinctions, compiled by
619:, published in 1611 in Madrid, Spain. In 1612 the first edition of the
327:
170:
162:
153:
78:
2219:
Zeki Velidi Togan, Zimahşeri'nin Doğu Türkçesi İle Mukaddimetül Edeb'i
1201:
goes further, discussing issues separately in numerous "usage notes."
1131:
Lexicographers apply two basic philosophies to the defining of words:
330:
1st century CE) wrote the oldest surviving Homeric lexicon. The first
312:
2210:
Besim Atalay, Divanü Lügat-it Türk Dizini, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1986
1232:
808:
754:
source for the spelling of German. The decision to start work on the
520:
508:
464:
448:
408:
375:
74:
348:. Written in verse, it listed around 10,000 words. According to the
2303:
2173:
1116:
747:
547:
493:
440:
319:
255:
229:
195:
60:
49:
38:
2023:
A Practical Guide to Lexicography, Sterkenburg 2003, pp. 155–157
1846:
284:
251:
3335:
3072:
3068:
2452:"Lynch, "How Johnson's Dictionary Became the First Dictionary""
1052:
narrowly covers one particular subject field (e.g. law), and a
1466:
1428:
1181:
considered vulgar, offensive, erroneous, or easily confused.
2035:
A Practical Guide to Lexicography, Sterkenburg 2003, pp. 3–4
1912:
Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition, 2002
1469:
1460:
1431:
1422:
743:
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
1929:"The Features, Functions, and Limitations of Dictionaries"
1457:
1419:
1285:). Because most of these dictionaries are used to control
431:", a dictionary about the Turkic dialects, but especially
2628:
Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade; Wim van der Wurff (2009).
2057:
Lexicography: Dictionaries, compilers, critics, and users
2044:
A Practical Guide to Lexicography, Sterkenburg 2003, p. 7
1451:
1413:
714:. Between 1862 and 1874 was published the six volumes of
125:
reference that shows inter-relationships among the data.
2750:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1551:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1040:
categorize specialized dictionaries into three types: A
957:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2855:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2550:"Language Core Reference Sources – Texas State Library"
2228:
Ahmet Caferoğlu, Kitab Al Idrak Li Lisan Al Atrak, 1931
208:. The first purely English alphabetical dictionary was
948:
Controversy over the lack of usage advice in the 1961
1503:
1463:
1454:
1425:
1416:
1187:
is subtle, only adding italicized notations such as,
1153:
while the rest of the English-speaking world prefers
793:
The first purely English alphabetical dictionary was
447:
was finished and it served as a dictionary about the
1448:
1410:
750:
dictionary dates back to 1880, and is currently the
483:
compiled the Khaliq-e-bari, which mainly dealt with
306:(fl. 4th century BCE) wrote a pioneering vocabulary
148:, while specialized dictionaries are supposed to be
3767:
3734:
3700:
3659:
3597:
3521:
3407:
3369:
3289:
3145:
3106:
2656:
The Wordsworth Dictionary of Modern English Grammar
2082:"DCCLT – Digital Corpus of Cuneiform Lexical Texts"
1445:
1407:
816:dictionaries in the superior sense of that title."
523:, while most general use dictionaries, such as the
3803:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners
1115:of English, and even the 4000 most common English
403:are listed together with their translation in the
3744:Collaborative International Dictionary of English
1791:. Some of the more notable examples are given in
1163:American and British English spelling differences
803:in 1604. The only surviving copy is found at the
780:early non-alphabetical list of 8000 English words
258:) and dated to roughly 2300 BCE, the time of the
1078:Yadgar Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms
907:A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language
772:in 1220 – he had written a book
272:version of such bilingual Sumerian wordlists. A
128:A broad distinction is made between general and
2853:Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography
2831:. Technische Universität Berlin. Archived from
1666:Random House Dictionary of the English Language
1243:, literally 'she will kill me', is colloquial,
912:An American Dictionary of the English Language;
378:. The oldest existing Japanese dictionary, the
2672:Review of the Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary
1216:says in the prologue to "El otro, el mismo": "
1044:broadly covers several subject fields (e.g. a
349:
3347:
3084:
2912:Atkins, B.T.S. & Rundell, Michael (2008)
662:
411:alphabet. A 9th-century CE Irish dictionary,
390:, was also a glossary of written Chinese. In
194:The first recorded dictionaries date back to
105:languages), which may include information on
8:
3448:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1267:Dictionaries for natural language processing
1168:Large 20th-century dictionaries such as the
951:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
855:published his "English Dictionary" in 1676.
831:wrote another dictionary in 1658, entitled "
723:
646:
645:. In 1694 appeared the first edition of the
2420:. Cambridge University Press. p. 298.
1066:African American National Biography Project
504:is an example of an illustrated dictionary.
407:language and phonetic transcription in the
3796:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
3354:
3340:
3332:
3091:
3077:
3069:
2914:The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography
2194:Sellheim, R., "al-K̲h̲alīl b. Aḥmad", in:
1611:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
1237:hi taharóg otí kshetiré me asíti lamkhonít
1084:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
736:which was completed in 1998. Also in 1863
2829:"A Brief History of English Lexicography"
2446:
2444:
2291:Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
2108:
2106:
1922:
1920:
1918:
813:Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield
622:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
616:Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
555:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
2812:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
2604:Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary
2031:
2029:
1661:(descriptive) (well-known as OED/O.E.D.)
835:: Or a General Dictionary" which boldly
2607:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 8–11.
2372:A Brief History of English Lexicography
2136:The Bloomsbury Handbook of Lexicography
1905:
1569:Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
569:or simpler Latin were in use (e.g. the
318:) which explained the meanings of rare
2956:P. G. J. van Sterkenburg, ed. (2003).
2259:from the original on 25 September 2019
374:is considered the first dictionary of
27:Collection of words and their meanings
2960:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2696:See for example Toyin Falola, et al.
2684:International Journal of Lexicography
2631:Current Issues in Late Modern English
2574:Times, The Sindh (24 February 2015).
2482:"The Oxford English Dictionary (OED)"
1927:Nordquist, Richard (August 9, 2019).
1778:holistic, pragmatic, caveat, esoteric
7:
3810:Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's
3457:A Dictionary of the English Language
2985:Revue Française d'Etudes Americaines
2353:from the original on 11 October 2017
1527:A Dictionary of the English Language
1388:Pronunciation respelling for English
1072:Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
1026:Manual of Specialized Lexicographies
865:A Dictionary of the English Language
649:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
565:with equivalents for Latin words in
159:bilingual (translation) dictionaries
3297:International scientific vocabulary
2916:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2414:John P. Considine (27 March 2008).
2381:, Peter Erdmann and See-Young Cho,
1853:Dictionary Society of North America
1291:cross-lingual information retrieval
1058:Inter-Active Terminology for Europe
994:are dictionary software running on
799:, written by English schoolteacher
726:Dictionnaire de la langue française
661:published the first edition of the
238:The oldest known dictionaries were
54:A multi-volume Latin dictionary by
3684:Dictionary of Newfoundland English
1822:Comparison of English dictionaries
1683:Comparison of English dictionaries
733:Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal
463:languages spoken in Egypt and the
25:
3650:Webster's Third New International
2958:A practical guide to lexicography
2700:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2018)
2314:from the original on 2 March 2013
1604:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1060:is a multi-field dictionary, the
778:to help with Latin "diction". An
665:Diccionario de la lengua española
633:was published, posthumously, the
475:period and not the late medieval
366:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi's
180:There is also a contrast between
46:dictionaries in various languages
3317:
3007:
2827:Erdmann, Peter; Cho, See-Young.
2698:Historical dictionary of Nigeria
2343:"1582 – Mulcaster's Elementarie"
1849:, the dictionary server protocol
1810:
1441:
1403:
1334:Monolingual learner's dictionary
1229:Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary
954:spurred publication of the 1969
904:published his first dictionary,
875:began writing and releasing the
708:Dizionario della lingua italiana
657:written by Raphael Bluteau. The
364:glossary of Chinese characters.
2983:The Norm in American English",
2092:from the original on 2022-04-01
1688:Dictionaries of other languages
1399:International Phonetic Alphabet
845:essay on philosophical language
764:English dictionaries in Britain
262:. The early 2nd millennium BCE
3512:Dictionary of American English
3432:The New World of English Words
3216:Language-for-specific-purposes
3053:New International Encyclopedia
2753:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
2634:. Peter Lang. pp. 41–42.
2133:Jackson, Howard (2022-02-24).
1747:Scottish Language Dictionaries
1673:Webster's New World Dictionary
991:New Oxford American Dictionary
960:, the first dictionary to use
833:The New World of English Words
655:Vocabulario portughez e latino
479:period. In India around 1320,
1:
2936:. New York: HarperPerennial.
2506:Dirda, Michael (2023-10-12).
2383:Technische Universität Berlin
1339:Advanced learner's dictionary
896:American English dictionaries
379:
342:
277:
202:
65:Dictionary definition entries
3782:Cambridge Advanced Learner's
2999:Glossary of dictionary terms
1863:Foreign language writing aid
1797:Category:Online dictionaries
1768:Category:Online dictionaries
1752:Sindhi Language Dictionaries
1742:Scottish Gaelic dictionaries
1651:Oxford Dictionary of English
1495:American Heritage Dictionary
1127:Prescriptive vs. descriptive
1034:The Bilingual LSP Dictionary
3307:List of online dictionaries
2808:; Tarp, Sven, eds. (1995).
1793:List of online dictionaries
1764:List of online dictionaries
1540:American College Dictionary
1279:natural language processing
1273:Machine-readable dictionary
1106:The simplest dictionary, a
1064:is a single-field, and the
1062:American National Biography
451:-Turkic language. While in
443:. In the 14th century, the
350:
313:
218:, and largely initiated by
32:Dictionary (disambiguation)
3865:
3677:Dictionary of Canadianisms
3424:The English Schoole-Master
3023:Collier's New Encyclopedia
2769:"The Role of a Dictionary"
2054:R. R. K. Hartmann (2003).
1761:
1680:
1597:Collins English Dictionary
1576:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1519:Major English dictionaries
1385:
1270:
1017:
978:undeclined or unconjugated
675:Totius Latinitatis lexicon
671:Diccionario de Autoridades
268:glossary is the canonical
29:
3817:Oxford Advanced Learner's
3398:Middle English Dictionary
3391:Dictionary of Old English
3384:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
3315:
2950:The Surgeon of Crowthorne
2877:. Tübingeb: Gunter Narr.
2721:Procedia Computer Science
2536:The Surgeon of Crowthorne
2139:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2060:. Routledge. p. 21.
1658:Oxford English Dictionary
1397:might be followed by the
1171:Oxford English Dictionary
878:Oxford English Dictionary
757:Svenska Akademiens ordbok
606:Thesaurus linguae graecae
597:Thesaurus linguae latinae
542:Oxford English Dictionary
360:was the long-lost 682 CE
250:wordlists, discovered in
3789:Collins COBUILD Advanced
3440:A New English Dictionary
2948:(published in the UK as
2404:Retrieved July 12, 2008,
2304:"OSA – Om svar anhålles"
2115:Dictionary – MSN Encarta
1479:pronunciation respelling
1439:(in British English) or
1295:Lexical Markup Framework
1014:Specialized dictionaries
130:specialized dictionaries
81:of one or more specific
3363:Dictionaries of English
3038:Encyclopædia Britannica
3003:Oxford University Press
2486:Encyclopedia Britannica
1827:Centre for Lexicography
1329:Encyclopedic dictionary
1255:Historical dictionaries
1090:Another variant is the
1050:single-field dictionary
943:Encyclopedia Britannica
927:University of Cambridge
873:Oxford University Press
738:Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl
687:A Greek-English Lexicon
242:tablets with bilingual
3636:Random House Webster's
3302:List of lexicographers
3041:(11th ed.). 1911.
2400:29 August 2019 at the
2279:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2197:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2086:oracc.museum.upenn.edu
1888:Vocable (lexicography)
1558:Black's Law Dictionary
1149:now uses the spelling
1042:multi-field dictionary
1030:specialized dictionary
1020:Specialized dictionary
1002:. There are also many
724:
716:A magyar nyelv szótára
663:
647:
635:Dictionnaire Universel
558:
505:
324:Apollonius the Sophist
281: 3rd century BCE
235:
206: 3rd century BCE
175:monolingual dictionary
66:
58:
47:
3505:World Book Dictionary
3231:Monolingual learner's
3012:Texts on Wikisource:
2456:andromeda.rutgers.edu
2277:"Ḳāmūs", J. Eckmann,
1873:Lists of dictionaries
1762:Further information:
1732:Japanese dictionaries
1681:Further information:
1360:Conceptual dictionary
1324:Electronic dictionary
1312:Collegiate dictionary
1283:Diathesis alternation
1271:Further information:
1261:historical dictionary
1102:Defining dictionaries
887:William Chester Minor
796:A Table Alphabeticall
684:The first edition of
659:Royal Spanish Academy
611:Sebastián Covarrubias
551:
497:
469:old Anatolian Turkish
429:Divan-u Lügat'it Türk
346: 4th century CE
233:
211:A Table Alphabeticall
64:
53:
42:
3465:Webster's Dictionary
2806:Bergenholtz, Henning
2601:Phil Benson (2002).
1702:Chinese dictionaries
1629:Macquarie Dictionary
1622:Macmillan Dictionary
1545:Clarence L. Barnhart
1501:may be respelled as
1489:is respelled as "dĭk
1371:Satirical dictionary
1318:Learner's dictionary
1307:Bilingual dictionary
1287:machine translations
1054:sub-field dictionary
980:form appears as the
700:Deutsches Wörterbuch
692:Henry George Liddell
599:and in 1572 his son
561:In medieval Europe,
498:The French-language
200:Chinese dictionaries
152:, first identifying
30:For other uses, see
3711:Australian National
3643:Webster's New World
3629:New Oxford American
3489:Imperial Dictionary
3416:Catholicon Anglicum
3271:Spelling dictionary
3181:Defining vocabulary
3061:Wikisource:Language
2668:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
2308:g3.spraakdata.gu.se
2162:Classical Philology
1868:Lexicographic error
1758:Online dictionaries
1737:Polish dictionaries
1727:German dictionaries
1722:French dictionaries
1707:Dehkhoda Dictionary
1697:Arabic dictionaries
1590:Chambers Dictionary
1376:Phonetic dictionary
1189:sometimes offensive
1108:defining dictionary
1046:business dictionary
1006:accessible via the
1004:online dictionaries
760:was taken in 1787.
427:finished his work "
387:Tenrei Banshō Meigi
358:Japanese dictionary
3702:Australian English
3497:Century Dictionary
3323:Linguistics portal
3156:Advanced learner's
2981:Guy Jean Forgue, "
2777:The New York Times
2730:2022-02-22 at the
2723:127 (2018): 82-91
2707:2022-04-01 at the
2687:12.4, pp. 325-346.
2677:2016-10-11 at the
2582:on 11 October 2017
2377:2008-03-09 at the
1842:Corpus linguistics
1717:Dutch dictionaries
1643:, a dictionary of
1634:Australian English
1632:, a dictionary of
1583:Century Dictionary
1493:shə-nĕr′ē" in the
1356:Reverse dictionary
1349:Rhyming dictionary
1225:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
1123:, can be defined.
1096:medical dictionary
962:corpus linguistics
900:In 1806, American
559:
506:
393:Frahang-i Pahlavig
310:(Ἄτακτοι γλῶσσαι,
296:Chinese characters
274:Chinese dictionary
236:
161:, dictionaries of
144:, mapping word to
99:radical and stroke
67:
59:
48:
3826:
3825:
3718:Australian Oxford
3615:American Regional
3608:American Heritage
3329:
3328:
2967:978-1-58811-381-8
2928:Winchester, Simon
2922:978-0-19-927771-1
2849:Landau, Sidney I.
2427:978-0-521-88674-1
2146:978-1-350-18172-4
2067:978-0-415-25366-6
1883:Dreaming of Words
1366:Visual dictionary
1214:Jorge Luis Borges
1198:American Heritage
1024:According to the
931:spelling reformer
858:It was not until
788:Richard Mulcaster
679:Egidio Forcellini
639:Antoine Furetière
585:Ambrogio Calepino
529:al-Qamus al-Muhit
433:Karakhanid Turkic
338:, was written by
95:Semitic languages
85:, often arranged
56:Egidio Forcellini
16:(Redirected from
3856:
3749:Urban Dictionary
3661:Canadian English
3599:American English
3356:
3349:
3342:
3333:
3321:
3221:Machine-readable
3093:
3086:
3079:
3070:
3057:
3042:
3027:
3011:
2971:
2947:
2909:
2888:
2866:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2823:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2779:. Archived from
2767:(May 17, 2013).
2761:
2755:
2754:
2741:
2735:
2717:
2711:
2694:
2688:
2665:
2659:
2652:
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2625:
2619:
2618:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2578:. Archived from
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2552:. Archived from
2546:
2540:
2531:Simon Winchester
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2478:
2472:
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2469:
2467:
2458:. Archived from
2448:
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2319:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2281:, 2nd ed., Brill
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2249:"Chasing Khusro"
2244:
2238:
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2229:
2226:
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2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:, Second Edition
2192:
2186:
2185:
2157:
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2150:
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2123:
2118:. Archived from
2110:
2101:
2100:
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2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
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2015:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1974:. Archived from
1964:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1935:. Archived from
1924:
1913:
1910:
1858:Fictitious entry
1817:Books portal
1815:
1814:
1711:Persian Language
1645:American English
1506:
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1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1320:(mostly British)
1147:American English
941:was acquired by
935:American English
805:Bodleian Library
729:
712:Niccolò Tommaseo
668:
652:
384:
381:
355:
347:
344:
334:dictionary, the
316:
308:Disorderly Words
282:
279:
207:
204:
91:consonantal root
73:is a listing of
21:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3849:Reference works
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3763:
3730:
3696:
3670:Canadian Oxford
3655:
3593:
3523:British English
3517:
3403:
3365:
3360:
3330:
3325:
3311:
3285:
3141:
3109:reference works
3102:
3097:
3045:
3030:
3015:
2995:
2978:
2976:Further reading
2968:
2955:
2944:
2926:
2891:
2885:
2871:Nielsen, Sandro
2869:
2863:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2835:on 9 March 2008
2826:
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2796:
2795:
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2743:
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2732:Wayback Machine
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2709:Wayback Machine
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2679:Wayback Machine
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2512:Washington Post
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2018:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1978:on July 8, 2022
1966:
1965:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1939:on May 26, 2022
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1925:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1838:of English text
1809:
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1640:Merriam-Webster
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1504:
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1440:
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1390:
1384:
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1275:
1269:
1257:
1195:(nonstandard).
1184:Merriam-Webster
1177:Webster's Third
1159:British English
1129:
1104:
1022:
1016:
970:
939:Merriam-Webster
898:
829:Edward Phillips
770:John of Garland
766:
593:Robert Estienne
581:Johannes Balbus
571:Leiden Glossary
445:Codex Cumanicus
425:Mahmud Kashgari
382:
345:
314:Átaktoi glôssai
304:Philitas of Cos
280:
260:Akkadian Empire
228:
220:Ladislav Zgusta
205:
150:onomasiological
123:lexicographical
121:, etc. It is a
35:
28:
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15:
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3482:New Dictionary
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2993:External links
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2462:on 6 June 2011
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2247:Rashid, Omar.
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2174:10.1086/422370
2168:(4): 330–348.
2152:
2145:
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2122:on 2009-10-29.
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1563:law dictionary
1554:
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1534:(prescriptive)
1532:Samuel Johnson
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1485:, for example
1386:Main article:
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1247:(a variant of
1241:hi taharóg otí
1157:. (Similarly,
1128:
1125:
1103:
1100:
1038:lexicographers
1018:Main article:
1015:
1012:
969:
966:
897:
894:
860:Samuel Johnson
801:Robert Cawdrey
765:
762:
740:published the
722:published the
704:Brothers Grimm
603:published the
601:Henri Estienne
595:published the
533:Qamus al-Muhit
525:Lisan al-`Arab
501:Petit Larousse
437:Al-Zamakhshari
405:Middle Persian
227:
224:
142:semasiological
115:pronunciations
87:alphabetically
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3861:
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3847:
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3691:Gage Canadian
3688:
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3499:
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3494:
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3486:
3484:
3483:
3480:Richardson's
3478:
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3308:
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3300:
3298:
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3259:
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3254:
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3209:
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3199:
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3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
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3149:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2943:0-06-099486-X
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2884:3-8233-4533-8
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2862:0-521-78040-3
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2819:90-272-1612-6
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2783:on 2013-05-18
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2733:
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2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2658:(2005), p. 84
2657:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2641:9783039116607
2637:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2614:9780203205716
2610:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2556:on 2010-04-25
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
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2441:
2429:
2423:
2419:
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2410:
2407:
2403:
2399:
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2376:
2373:
2368:
2365:
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2326:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:David Skinner
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:systems with
1480:
1474:
1436:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1382:Pronunciation
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:core glossary
1110:, provides a
1109:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
983:
979:
974:
967:
965:
963:
959:
958:
953:
952:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
903:
895:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
879:
874:
869:
867:
866:
861:
856:
854:
850:
849:William Lloyd
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Thomas Blount
822:
821:Glossographia
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
791:
789:
786:, created by
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
763:
761:
759:
758:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
735:
734:
728:
727:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
666:
660:
656:
651:
650:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
564:
557:
556:
550:
546:
544:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
502:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Sanas Cormaic
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
394:
389:
388:
383: 835 CE
377:
373:
372:
371:Kitab al-'Ayn
367:
363:
359:
354:
353:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
287:
286:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
232:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:
201:
197:
192:
189:
188:
184:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
63:
57:
52:
45:
44:Langenscheidt
41:
37:
33:
19:
3844:Lexicography
3839:Dictionaries
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3586:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3472:Worcester's
3463:
3456:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3261:Single-field
3196:Etymological
3191:Encyclopedic
3171:Biographical
3148:dictionaries
3147:
3116:
3100:Lexicography
3051:
3036:
3021:
2984:
2957:
2949:
2931:
2913:
2897:
2893:
2874:
2852:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:the original
2809:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:the original
2772:
2759:
2748:
2745:"dictionary"
2739:
2720:
2715:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2663:
2655:
2654:Ned Halley,
2650:
2630:
2623:
2603:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:the original
2569:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:the original
2544:
2534:
2526:
2515:. Retrieved
2511:
2501:
2490:. Retrieved
2488:. 1998-07-20
2485:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:the original
2455:
2431:. Retrieved
2416:
2409:
2390:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2346:
2337:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2307:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2252:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2195:
2190:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2135:
2128:
2120:the original
2114:
2094:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2056:
2049:
2040:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1982:November 13,
1980:. Retrieved
1976:the original
1971:
1968:"Dictionary"
1943:November 13,
1941:. Retrieved
1937:the original
1932:
1908:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1691:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1638:
1627:
1620:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1556:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1507:-shə-nerr-ee
1498:
1490:
1486:
1394:
1391:
1276:
1258:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:vocalization
1228:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1143:Noah Webster
1137:
1134:prescriptive
1133:
1130:
1105:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1033:
1025:
1023:
989:
975:
971:
955:
949:
947:
924:
911:
905:
902:Noah Webster
899:
891:
876:
870:
863:
857:
853:Elisha Coles
841:John Wilkins
820:
818:
794:
792:
783:
775:Dictionarius
773:
767:
755:
752:prescriptive
741:
731:
720:Émile Littré
715:
707:
696:Robert Scott
685:
683:
674:
670:
654:
634:
620:
614:
604:
596:
589:Dictionarium
588:
574:
560:
553:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
507:
499:
453:Mamluk Egypt
391:
385:
369:
368:8th century
361:
356:, the first
311:
307:
300:Zhou dynasty
289:
283:
265:Urra=hubullu
263:
237:
216:lexicography
209:
193:
186:
183:prescriptive
182:
179:
127:
70:
68:
36:
18:Dictionaries
3500:(1889–1891)
3492:(1847–1850)
3266:Specialized
3236:Multi-field
3201:Explanatory
3132:Phrase book
2900:: 170–189.
2839:17 December
2773:Opinionator
2005:: 170–189.
1893:Thumb index
1301:Other types
1138:descriptive
916:Old English
837:plagiarized
784:Elementarie
481:Amir Khusro
401:heterograms
352:Nihon Shoki
291:Shizhoupian
187:descriptive
138:terminology
119:translation
111:etymologies
107:definitions
103:logographic
3833:Categories
3754:Wiktionary
3474:Dictionary
3455:Johnson's
3206:Historical
3186:Electronic
3176:Conceptual
3117:Dictionary
3048:Dictionary
3033:Dictionary
3018:Dictionary
2799:References
2787:2020-08-13
2586:13 October
2560:2010-08-22
2517:2024-09-14
2492:2024-09-14
2466:13 October
2357:13 October
2318:13 October
2096:2022-03-01
1972:Britannica
1834:, a large
1789:neologisms
1782:bourgeois.
1499:dictionary
1487:dictionary
1483:diacritics
1395:dictionary
1314:(American)
1174:(OED) and
579:(1287) by
576:Catholicon
567:vernacular
563:glossaries
485:Hindustani
417:Karakhanid
340:Amarasimha
270:Babylonian
146:definition
134:lexicology
71:dictionary
3725:Macquarie
3276:Sub-field
3166:Bilingual
3146:Types of
3137:Thesaurus
3107:Types of
2906:1684-4904
2851:(2001) .
2347:www.bl.uk
2253:The Hindu
2182:162304317
2011:1684-4904
1933:ThoughtCo
1878:Thesaurus
1401:spelling
1345:By sound
1121:metaphors
1000:computers
945:in 1964.
883:fascicles
881:in short
790:in 1582.
631:Rotterdam
471:from the
336:Amarakośa
302:bronzes.
240:cuneiform
109:, usage,
83:languages
77:from the
3769:Learners
3532:Chambers
3408:Historic
3122:Glossary
2930:(1998).
2873:(1994).
2728:Archived
2705:Archived
2675:Archived
2670:(1999).
2398:Archived
2375:Archived
2351:Archived
2312:Archived
2263:5 August
2257:Archived
2090:Archived
1803:See also
1514:Examples
1092:glossary
1008:Internet
988:and the
986:StarDict
982:headword
920:Sanskrit
782:was the
539:and the
513:radicals
461:Turcoman
423:scholar
332:Sanskrit
254:(modern
248:Akkadian
244:Sumerian
196:Sumerian
167:thesauri
163:synonyms
154:concepts
3759:Wordnik
3622:Encarta
3588:Penguin
3579:Shorter
3572:Concise
3565:Compact
3539:Collins
3251:Rhyming
3246:Reverse
3241:Picture
3226:Medical
3161:Anagram
3127:Lexicon
3056:. 1905.
3026:. 1921.
3001:by the
2894:Lexikos
2702:excerpt
2385:, 1999.
1999:Lexikos
1832:COBUILD
1615:Longman
1204:Encarta
843:' 1668
702:by the
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