404:
1453:, an intracellular organelle that stores calcium. Human newborns, some animals, and patients with chronic heart failure lack well developed and fully functioning sarcoplasmic reticula and must rely on the Na/Ca exchanger to provide all or a majority of the cytoplasmic calcium required for cardiac contraction. For this to occur, cytoplasmic sodium must exceed its typical concentration to favour a reversal in potential, which naturally occurs in human newborns and some animals primarily through an elevated heart rate; in patients with chronic heart failure it occurs through the administration of digitalis. As a result of increased contractility,
1449:. This results in an increased intracellular concentration of sodium ions and thus a decreased concentration gradient across the cell membrane. This increase in intracellular sodium causes the Na/Ca exchanger to reverse potential, i.e., transition from pumping sodium into the cell in exchange for pumping calcium out of the cell, to pumping sodium out of the cell in exchange for pumping calcium into the cell. This leads to an increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which improves cardiac contractility. Under normal physiological conditions, the cytoplasmic calcium used in cardiac contractions originates from the
1389:. Digoxin was approved for heart failure in 1998 under current regulations by the Food and Drug Administration on the basis of prospective, randomized study and clinical trials. It was also approved for the control of ventricular response rate for patients with atrial fibrillation. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend digoxin for symptomatic chronic heart failure for patients with reduced systolic function, preservation of systolic function, and/or rate control for atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response.
1394:
is the more recent introduction of several drugs shown in randomised controlled studies to improve outcomes in heart failure. Safety concerns regarding a proposed link between digoxin therapy and increased mortality seen in observational studies may have contributed to the decline in therapeutic use of digoxin, however a systematic review of 75 studies including four million patient years of patient follow-up showed that in properly designed randomised controlled studies, mortality was no higher in patients given digoxin than in those given placebo.
1263:
1552:
2782:"ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology"
1616:(increased heart rate), depending on the dose, the condition of one's heart, and the prevailing chemistry of the blood (specifically any of: low potassium, high calcium and low magnesium). Electrical cardioversion (to "shock" the heart) is generally not indicated in ventricular fibrillation in digitalis toxicity, as it can make the rhythm disturbance more complicated or sustained. Furthermore, the classic drug of choice for ventricular fibrillation in emergency setting,
220:
1409:
1653:'s "Yellow Period" may have been influenced by digitalis, because it had been proposed as a therapy to control epilepsy around this time, and there are two paintings by the artist where the plant is present. Other studies immediately questioned this: there are a large number of other possible explanations for van Gogh's choice of palette, there is no evidence that van Gogh was ever given the drug or that his physician prescribed it, he was tested and had no
72:
208:
2352:
49:
2780:
Joseph S.; Faxon, David P.; Fuster, Valentin; Gregoratos, Gabriel; Hiratzka, Loren F.; Jacobs, Alice K.; Russell, Richard O.; Smith, Sidney C.; Klein, Werner W.; Alonso-Garcia, Angeles; Blomström-Lundqvist, Carina; de Backer, Guy; Flather, Marcus; Hradec, Jaromir; Oto, Ali; Parkhomenko, Alexander; Silber, Sigmund; Torbicki, Adam (23 October 2001).
1641:) plant, which is sometimes brewed into a tea, with fatal consequences. Other fatal accidents involve children drinking the water in a vase containing digitalis plants. Drying does not reduce the toxicity of the plant. The plant is toxic to animals, including all classes of livestock and poultry, as well as felines and canines.
2779:
Fuster, Valentin; Rydén, Lars E.; Asinger, Richard W.; Cannom, David S.; Crijns, Harry J.; Frye, Robert L.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Kay, G. Neal; Klein, Werner W.; Lévy, Samuel; McNamara, Robert L.; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Wann, L. Samuel; Wyse, D. George; Gibbons, Raymond J.; Antman, Elliott M.; Alpert,
338:
is native to Europe, Western Asia, and northwestern Africa. The flowers are tubular in shape, produced on a tall spike, and vary in colour with species, from purple to pink, white, and yellow. The name derives from the Latin word for "finger". The genus was traditionally placed in the figwort family,
1631:
The entire plant is toxic (including the roots and seeds). Mortality is rare, but case reports do exist. Most plant exposures occur in children younger than six years and are usually unintentional and without associated significant toxicity. More serious toxicity occurs with intentional ingestion by
1393:
guidelines for heart failure provide similar recommendations. Despite its relatively recent approval by the Food and Drug
Administration and the guideline recommendations, the therapeutic use of digoxin is declining in patients with heart failure—likely the result of several factors. The main factor
452:
as 'foxes glofe/glofa' or 'fox's glove'. Over time, folk myths obscured the literal origins of the name, insinuating that foxes wore the flowers on their paws to silence their movements as they stealthily hunted their prey. The woody hillsides where the foxes made their dens were often covered with
1565:
Depending on the species, the digitalis plant may contain several deadly physiological and chemically related cardiac and steroidal glycosides. Thus, the digitalis plants have earned several, more sinister, names: dead man's bells and witch's gloves. The toxins can be absorbed via the skin or
3152:
Fuster, Valentin; Rydén, Lars E.; Cannom, David S.; Crijns, Harry J.; Curtis, Anne B.; Ellenbogen, Kenneth A.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Le Heuzey, Jean-Yves; Kay, G. Neal; Lowe, James E.; Olsson, S. Bertil; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Tamargo, Juan Luis; Wann, Samuel (August 2006).
1428:
group at the C-3 position on the B-ring (adjacent to the pentane). This results in digoxin having a half-life of about one day (and increasing with impaired kidney function), whereas digitoxin's is about 7 days and not affected by kidney function. Both molecules include a
1323:), and for "a scabby head". There is no empirical evidence for these claims, and it is not used for these conditions in modern medicine, only for slowing excessive heart rate in certain circumstances and/or strengthening heart muscle contraction in heart failure.
1589:(jaundiced or yellow vision). Other oculotoxic effects of digitalis include generalized blurry vision, as well as the appearance of blurred outlines ('halos'). Other things mentioned are dilated pupils, drooling, weakness, collapse, seizures, and even death.
364:. This biennial is often grown as an ornamental plant due to its vivid flowers, which range in colour from various purple tints through pink and purely white. The flowers can also possess various marks and spottings. Other garden-worthy species include
1457:
is increased. Ultimately, digitalis increases cardiac output (cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate). This is the mechanism that makes this drug a popular treatment for congestive heart failure, which is characterized by low cardiac output.
1295:. The bright flowers attract the bee, which lands on the lower lip of the bloom before climbing up the tube. This means that the bee is likely to drop any pollen it may have collected from other foxgloves, thereby facilitating propagation.
1339:
and the difficulty of determining the amount of active drug in herbal preparations. Once the usefulness of digitalis in regulating the human pulse was understood, it was employed for a variety of purposes, including the treatment of
459:(1847) proposed 'folks' glove', where 'folk' means fairy. Similarly, R. C. A. Prior (1863) suggested an etymology of 'foxes-glew', meaning 'fairy music'. However, neither of these suggestions account for the Old English form
1573:, results from an overdose of digitalis and can cause gastrointestinal, cardiac and neurological effects. The former include appetite loss, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; the cardiac symptoms include both
2023:
2668:
Ziff, Oliver J.; Lane, Deirdre A.; Samra, Monica; Griffith, Michael; Kirchhof, Paulus; Lip, Gregory Y. H.; Steeds, Richard P.; Townend, Jonathan; Kotecha, Dipak (30 August 2015).
1416:
A group of pharmacologically active compounds are extracted mostly from the leaves of the second year's growth, and in pure form are referred to by common chemical names, such as
1186:
than Werner in his works, and recognised eight species in the country. A 2016 molecular phylogenetic study into the relationships of the
Turkish species in the section
395:, extracted from various plants of this genus. Foxglove has medicinal uses but is also very toxic to humans and other animals, and consumption can even lead to death.
3793:
2642:
3832:
3536:
3263:
1953:
2280:: Geschichte, Biologie, Chemie, Physiologie, Molekularbiologie, medizinische Anwendung. Handbuch für Ärzte, Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler
2054:
Digitalium monographia: sistens historiam botanicam generis, tabulis omnium specierum hactenus cognitarum illustratam ut plurimum confectis ad icones
3741:
1473:, when it can paradoxically increase the heart rate). The dependence on the vagal effect means digitalis is not effective when a patient has a high
3806:
3754:
1470:
3868:
2990:
Symptoms may include gastrointestinal disturbances and pain, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, irregular pulse, and yellow vision...
2983:
2936:
2736:
2487:
Goldthorp, W. O. (2009). "Medical
Classics: An Account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medicinal Uses by William Withering, published 1785".
1657:, and in his many letters of the time he makes it clear that he simply liked using the colour yellow, but it has remained a popular theory.
1624:
is more commonly used. Mild toxicity is treated by stopping the medication and general supportive measures; severe toxicity is treated with
1316:
2079:
Eker, İsmail; Yücesan, Buhara; Sameeullah, Muhammad; Welß, Walter; Müller-Uri, Frieder; Gürel, Ekrem; Kreis, Wolfgang (January 2016).
1512:
by chemical modifications. DIG molecules are often linked to nucleotides; DIG-labelled uridine can then be incorporated into RNA via
3225:
3136:
2531:
2287:
1835:
403:
1390:
2127:
3780:
1559:
3968:
3963:
3917:
2726:
2364:
1462:
3811:
3408:
3819:
2394:
1597:
1424:, or by brand names such as Crystodigin and Lanoxin, respectively. The two drugs differ in that digoxin has an additional
1144:
of the genus published in 2004 found that although four of Werner's sections were supported by the genetics, the section
1385:. Digitalis is hence often prescribed for patients in atrial fibrillation, especially if they have been diagnosed with
3653:
2952:
3489:
Voskuil, Piet (October 2020). "Vincent van Gogh and his illness. A reflection on a posthumous diagnostic exercise".
3922:
3881:
1990:
1690:
1685:
1522:
1474:
1183:
1140:, Luckner and Wichtl continued to uphold Werner's classification of the 19 species, but molecular studies into the
504:
71:
1365:, in 1785, which is considered the beginning of modern therapeutics. In contemporary medicine, digitalis (usually
453:
the toxic flowers. Some of the more menacing names, such as "witch's glove", reference the toxicity of the plant.
3973:
3837:
3582:
1712:
20:
3886:
3275:
2670:"Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data"
1612:
on heart muscle cells is to increase contraction of the cells, both in force and frequency, tending to produce
1518:
1386:
1190:
aimed to reconcile this discrepancy, finding that the classification as proposed by Davis was largely correct:
838:
1961:
3728:
1446:
1288:
408:
3715:
3596:
1450:
919:
3733:
3720:
1770:
Olmstead, R. G.; de
Pamphilis, C. W.; Wolfe, A. D.; Young, N. D.; Elisons, W. J.; Reeves, P. A. (2001).
1593:
1361:
for the treatment of heart conditions was first described in the
English-speaking medical literature by
1262:
1121:
1040:
819:
631:
603:
523:
3155:"ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary"
1551:
1291:. The shape of the foxglove's flowers makes it especially attractive to long-tongued bees, such as the
1250:
were not tested in this study, but the 2004 study found these two species situated within the section
901:
had been considered a valid species since it was first described by the
English botanist and gardener
3847:
3759:
3689:
1852:
1530:
1378:
1127:
1087:
958:
In the last full monograph of the genus in 1965, Werner classified the 19 recognised species in five
850:
755:
610:
572:
555:
3564:
1315:. He cited its use for healing wounds (both fresh and old), as a purgative, for "the King's Evil" (
1466:
1382:
1175:
1093:
1075:
1063:
1051:
809:
673:
663:
598:
535:
513:
31:
2420:
1164:. This study, as well as a number of other studies published around that time, reunited the genus
914:
219:
165:
3958:
3930:
3873:
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3400:
3184:
2707:
2504:
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2119:
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66:
57:
1408:
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2527:
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2283:
2219:
2111:
1908:
1831:
1801:
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1546:
1362:
1358:
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1308:
1081:
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388:
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2842:
2793:
2761:
2689:
2681:
2613:
2572:
2564:
2496:
2471:
2368:
2351:
Robinson, G. S.; Ackery, P. R.; Kitching, I. J.; Beccaloni, G. W.; Hernández, L. M. (2010).
2325:
2209:
2169:
2103:
2058:
1986:
1898:
1890:
1783:
1650:
1505:
1292:
1099:
988:
799:
683:
548:
456:
340:
279:
235:
3860:
3576:
2752:
Akera, Tai; Brody, Theodore M. (1985). "Sodium ion and the cardiac actions of digitalis".
1537:
can be used which reacts with the alkaline phosphatase to produce a coloured precipitate.
1497:
1115:
715:
695:
439:
416:
212:
109:
3634:
3532:
3459:
3055:
3028:
2694:
2669:
2577:
2548:
1926:
1745:
1635:
In some instances, people have confused foxglove with the relatively harmless comfrey (
478:
427:
352:
325:
207:
155:
96:
2847:
2830:
1903:
1878:
1344:
and other seizure disorders, which are now considered to be inappropriate treatments.
3952:
3518:
3314:
2878:
Tonkon, M. J.; Lee, G.; DeMaria, A. N.; Miller, R. R.; Mason, D. T. (December 1977).
2765:
2080:
1771:
1454:
1397:
565:
528:
186:
3404:
2508:
2337:
2123:
2052:
1620:, can worsen the dysrhythmia caused by digitalis, therefore, the second-choice drug
3935:
3188:
2711:
2618:
2601:
2048:
1727:
1280:
1149:
1044:
979:
938:
902:
792:
348:
344:
48:
3681:
3658:
3645:
3029:"Spectrum of digoxin-induced ocular toxicity: a case report and literature review"
2308:
Bräuchler, C.; Meimberg, H.; Heubl, G. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the genera
2880:"Effects of digitalis on the exercise electrocardiogram in normal adult subjects"
2241:
1331:
Digitalis is an example of a drug derived from a plant that was formerly used by
351:
in 2001. More recent phylogenetic work has placed it in the much enlarged family
3909:
3824:
3767:
3628:
3502:
3367:
3094:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1585:—see below); and the neurological effects include fatigue, delirium, and rarely
1578:
1574:
1485:
1284:
1283:, a moth, consume the flowers of the common foxglove for food. Other species of
963:
951:
with three subsections, including 2Y species, a number of which are now seen as
449:
3171:
3154:
2107:
1677:
3045:
2329:
1654:
1617:
1586:
1526:
3619:
2903:
2856:
2807:
2798:
2781:
2568:
2173:
2115:
2062:
2011:
In sum, foxglove means foxglove, and this disturbing fact has to be accepted.
1477:
drive, which is the case with acutely ill persons, and also during exercise.
3702:
3569:
3027:
Renard, D; Rubli, E; Voide, N; Borruat, FX; Rothuizen, LE (23 August 2015).
1637:
1621:
1534:
1434:
1417:
1348:
1332:
1141:
1015:
943:
934:
647:
445:, which translates literally as 'finger hat', but actually means 'thimble'.
3899:
3510:
3468:
3434:
3180:
3106:
3064:
2895:
2815:
2703:
2627:
2223:
1805:
3450:
3396:
3349:
3322:
2879:
2864:
2586:
2214:
2193:
1912:
1381:
to control the heart rate, particularly in the irregular (and often fast)
3894:
3668:
3613:
3537:"It was all yellow: did digitalis affect the way Van Gogh saw the world?"
2911:
1894:
1514:
1425:
1374:
1341:
1320:
145:
135:
122:
3575:
3387:
1998:
3746:
2246:
1797:
1509:
1430:
1421:
1366:
734:
623:
591:
392:
27:
2685:
2602:"A Fond Farewell to the Foxglove? The Decline in the Use of Digitalis"
2500:
1936:
Apellauimus autem
Digitalem, alludentes ad germanicam nomenclaturam...
1525:
occurs, RNA with the incorporated DIG-U can be detected with anti-DIG
3772:
2372:
2316:(Lindley) Loudon (Veronicaceae) based on ITS- and trnL-F sequences".
1179:
824:
738:
730:
578:
540:
182:
3590:
1788:
3707:
1550:
1407:
1335:; herbalists have largely abandoned its use because of its narrow
1276:
1261:
843:
760:
688:
636:
544:
482:
originally recognised a number of species now seen as synonyms of
402:
321:
218:
206:
83:
3785:
2057:(in Latin). London: Arthur Taylor for J.H. Bohte. pp. 1–27.
1828:
The Royal
Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
1373:. It is used to increase cardiac contractility (it is a positive
320:) is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennial plants,
1501:
782:
561:
3594:
2282:(in German). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft.
1933:(in Latin). Basel: In officina Isingriniana. pp. 892–893.
1347:
A group of medicines extracted from foxglove plants are called
508:
recognises the following 27 species (and a number of hybrids):
30:. For the foxglove-tree, which has similar-looking blooms, see
3694:
3366:
Arnold, Wilfred Niels; Loftus, Loretta S. (1 September 1991).
2152:
Werner, Klaus (1965). "Taxonomie und
Phylogenie der Gattungen
987:, four other species (as recognised as the time) were placed:
3274:. Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility. Archived from
3218:
Back to Basics: Critical Care Transport Certification Review
259:
291:
247:
2361:
HOSTS – A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants
1592:
Digitalis poisoning can cause indirect inhibition of the
309:
303:
294:
288:
265:
250:
244:
2522:
Simpson, Beryl Brintnall; Ogorzaly, Molly Coner (2001).
430:
first invented the name for this plant in his 1542 book
3242:"Cardiac Glycoside Plant Poisoning: Medscape reference"
2473:
An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses
2425:(1st ed.). London: William Bentley. pp. 97–98
1488:(DIG) is a steroid found in the flowers and leaves of
1465:, and can be used to slow the ventricular rate during
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae
3202:
3093:
Rehman, Rameez; Dawson, Andrew H.; Hai, Ofek (2022).
1958:
University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture
1311:
included Foxglove in his 1652 herbal medicine guide,
312:
282:
268:
238:
2928:
Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
306:
300:
285:
262:
256:
241:
3603:
3297:Lee, T. C. (20 February 1981). "Van Gogh's vision.
2549:"Drugs for atrial fibrillation. Digoxin comes from
2526:(3rd ed.). Boston: Mc Graw Hill. p. 529.
1508:. It can easily be attached to nucleotides such as
297:
253:
1581:(either of which, if severe enough, can result in
26:For the drug used to treat heart conditions, see
2395:"Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) - British Plants"
2303:
2301:
2299:
2081:"Phylogeny of Anatolian (Turkey) species in the
1981:
1979:
1947:
1945:
387:is also used for drug preparations that contain
3338:Bulletin des Sociétés d'Ophtalmologie Française
358:The best-known species is the common foxglove,
19:"Foxglove" redirects here. For other uses, see
2043:
2041:
3361:
3359:
3159:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2835:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2235:
2233:
1991:"Etymologists at War with a Flower: Foxglove"
941:in 1821. He included two sections, a section
407:Hendrik Goltzius, A Foxglove in Bloom, 1592,
8:
3272:Canadian poisonous plants information system
2831:"Digitalis and the autonomic nervous system"
2187:
2185:
2183:
1604:(decreased heart rate) or if severe enough,
947:including two species, and the main section
581:& O'Shan.) Albach, Bräuchler & Heubl
2074:
2072:
905:in 1821, but it was considered a hybrid of
347:research led taxonomists to move it to the
3591:
3368:"Xanthopsia and van Gogh's yellow palette"
1533:. To reveal the hybridised transcripts, a
1218:was subsumed at the infraspecific rank as
1172:, increasing the number of species to 23.
47:
38:
3458:
3386:
3170:
3054:
3044:
2846:
2797:
2693:
2643:"Medications Used to Treat Heart Failure"
2617:
2576:
2213:
1931:De historia stirpium commentarii insignes
1902:
1787:
1461:Digitalis also has a vagal effect on the
436:Notable comments on the history of plants
432:De historia stirpium commentarii insignes
1772:"Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae"
1666:
3131:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 631.
3082:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1672:
1670:
1433:and a triple-repeating sugar called a
2955:. Minnesota Department of Agriculture
1853:"Foxglove and other poisonous plants"
7:
3923:8a56666c-dc15-4191-9755-6f0315db6869
3848:908335e3-196c-4f4b-897c-202a2877b427
3414:from the original on 30 October 2018
3220:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 290.
2133:from the original on 2 December 2021
1317:mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis
937:regarding this genus was written by
3439:British Journal of General Practice
3080:Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies
1830:. Dorling Kindersley. p. 377.
1826:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008).
3887:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30112738-2
3435:"Vincent van Gogh's yellow vision"
2829:Watanabe, August M. (1 May 1985).
2754:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
2476:. Birmingham, England: M. Swinney.
1851:Trust, Woodland (7 January 2020).
1412:Digitalis purpurea -- light purple
14:
3565:Molecule of the Month - Digitalis
3336:Lanthony, P. (October 1989). "".
2600:Weisse, Allen B. (January 2010).
2275:Luckner, M.; Wichtl, Max (2000).
1952:Klingaman, Gerald (17 May 2002).
1569:Digitalis intoxication, known as
3315:10.1001/jama.1981.03310320049025
3203:"European Resuscitation Council"
2925:Glick, Bernard R. (4 May 2018).
2451:. BMJ & Pharmaceutical Press
2445:"BNF (only available in the UK)"
1504:in situ and label DNA, RNA, and
1391:Heart Failure Society of America
1226:. This study listed 23 species:
1160:should be placed in the section
1035:, which was also called section
278:
234:
70:
2318:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1879:"Plants and cardiac glycosides"
1649:According to 1981 speculation,
1626:anti-digoxin antibody fragments
1496:. Digoxigenin can be used as a
1492:species, and is extracted from
1319:), for "the falling sickness" (
2976:Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology
2619:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.08.001
2365:Natural History Museum, London
1463:parasympathetic nervous system
1445:Digitalis works by inhibiting
1400:use foxglove to treat eczema.
1287:eat the leaves, including the
1194:contained as distinct species
1043:. It included, along with the
1:
2848:10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80461-7
1954:"Plant of the Week: Foxglove"
1877:Hollman, A (September 1985).
223:Pink common foxglove with bee
3127:Abou-Donia, Mohamed (2015).
2766:10.1016/0165-6147(85)90136-1
2649:. American Heart Association
1178:, an expert on the flora of
966:were separated in the genus
3503:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107258
3433:Gruener, Anna (July 2013).
2974:Lewis, Robert Alan (1998).
2725:Watts, D. C. (2 May 2007).
2557:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
2470:Withering, William (1785).
2419:Culpeper, Nicholas (1652).
1596:via a direct effect on the
200:Over 20 species, see text:
3990:
3583:Collier's New Encyclopedia
3216:Lee Lopez, Orchid (2011).
3172:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009
2978:. CRC Press. p. 387.
2931:. CRC Press. p. 183.
2606:Journal of Cardiac Failure
2547:Hollman, A. (April 1996).
2422:The English Physician, Etc
2108:10.11646/phytotaxa.244.3.3
1776:American Journal of Botany
1691:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1686:Plants of the World Online
1544:
1475:sympathetic nervous system
505:Plants of the World Online
391:, particularly one called
25:
18:
3101:. StatPearls Publishing.
3078:Goldfrank, L. W. (2006).
3046:10.1186/s13104-015-1367-6
2731:. Elsevier. p. 129.
2330:10.1007/s00606-004-0145-z
1746:"Definition of DIGITALIS"
1713:Oxford English Dictionary
1136:In their 2000 book about
438:), based upon the German
198:
193:
67:Scientific classification
65:
55:
46:
41:
21:Foxglove (disambiguation)
2799:10.1161/circ.104.17.2118
2728:Dictionary of Plant Lore
2569:10.1136/bmj.312.7035.912
2192:Kreis, Wolfgang (2017).
2174:10.1002/fedr.19650700106
2063:10.5962/bhl.title.160067
1632:adolescents and adults.
1387:congestive heart failure
884:Digitalis × purpurascens
448:The name is recorded in
3491:Epilepsy & Behavior
2674:British Medical Journal
2489:British Medical Journal
1750:www.merriam-webster.com
1608:. The direct effect of
1447:sodium-potassium ATPase
1289:lesser yellow underwing
1182:, had used a different
1152:, and that the species
1110:included four species:
1074:included five species:
913:by the German botanist
409:National Gallery of Art
2896:10.1378/chest.72.6.714
1562:
1451:sarcoplasmic reticulum
1413:
1273:
860:Digitalis × macedonica
412:
224:
216:
3969:Antiarrhythmic agents
3964:Plantaginaceae genera
3451:10.3399/bjgp13X669266
2215:10.1055/s-0043-111240
1883:British Heart Journal
1594:atrioventricular node
1554:
1411:
1313:The English Physician
1265:
1041:Vernon Hilton Heywood
839:Digitalis × coutinhoi
820:Digitalis viridiflora
655:Digitalis isabelliana
632:Digitalis grandiflora
524:Digitalis canariensis
406:
222:
210:
3264:"Notes on poisoning:
3129:Mammalian Toxicology
3095:"Digitalis Toxicity"
2240:Wichtl, Max (2001).
2156:(Lindl.) Benth. und
1989:(10 November 2010).
1895:10.1136/hrt.54.3.258
1531:alkaline phosphatase
1471:an accessory pathway
1379:antiarrhythmic agent
1242:were not mentioned.
879:Zerbst & Bocquet
756:Digitalis parviflora
620:Digitalis fuscescens
611:Digitalis ferruginea
573:Digitalis chalcantha
556:Digitalis cedretorum
3388:10.1038/eye.1991.93
1467:atrial fibrillation
1441:Mechanism of action
1383:atrial fibrillation
1369:) is obtained from
1357:extract containing
1176:Peter Hadland Davis
962:(four species from
810:Digitalis transiens
789:Digitalis subalpina
674:Digitalis lamarckii
664:Digitalis laevigata
599:Digitalis davisiana
536:Digitalis cariensis
514:Digitalis atlantica
32:Paulownia tomentosa
3535:(10 August 2017).
3497:(107258): 107258.
3278:on 13 October 2011
3033:BMC Research Notes
3003:"Digoxin Toxicity"
2953:"GRECIAN FOXGLOVE"
2208:(12–13): 962–976.
2162:Feddes Repertorium
1645:In popular culture
1610:cardiac glycosides
1600:. This results in
1563:
1556:Digitalis purpurea
1414:
1359:cardiac glycosides
1274:
1269:Digitalis purpurea
778:Digitalis sceptrum
768:Digitalis purpurea
668:Waldst. & Kit.
484:Digitalis purpurea
422:is from the Latin
413:
389:cardiac glycosides
361:Digitalis purpurea
328:, commonly called
225:
217:
61:(Common foxglove)
58:Digitalis purpurea
3946:
3945:
3856:Open Tree of Life
3597:Taxon identifiers
3541:The Guardian (UK)
3344:(10): 1133–1134.
3266:Digitalis purpura
2985:978-1-56670-223-2
2938:978-1-351-09139-8
2792:(17): 2118–2150.
2738:978-0-08-054602-5
2686:10.1136/bmj.h4451
2501:10.1136/bmj.b2189
2393:Trust, Woodland.
2089:(Plantaginaceae)"
1987:Liberman, Anatoly
1547:Digoxin poisoning
1363:William Withering
1337:therapeutic index
1309:Nicholas Culpeper
1293:common carder bee
978:, along with the
900:
888:
880:
876:Digitalis × pelia
872:
868:Digitalis × media
864:
856:
851:Digitalis × fulva
846:
827:
815:
805:
795:
785:
773:
763:
751:
746:Digitalis obscura
741:
726:Digitalis nervosa
721:
711:
706:Digitalis mariana
701:
691:
679:
669:
659:
651:
643:Digitalis ikarica
639:
627:
616:
606:
594:
587:Digitalis ciliata
582:
568:
551:
531:
519:
205:
204:
189:
3981:
3974:Medicinal plants
3939:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3913:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3825:NHMSYS0000458091
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3736:
3724:
3723:
3711:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3649:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3577:"Foxglove"
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3462:
3445:(612): 370–371.
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3390:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3301:intoxication?".
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3174:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2850:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2801:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2551:Digitalis lanata
2544:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:10.5519/havt50xw
2348:
2342:
2341:
2324:(1–4): 111–128.
2305:
2294:
2293:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2194:"The Foxgloves (
2189:
2178:
2177:
2168:(1–3): 109–135.
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2093:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
1997:. Archived from
1983:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1964:on 22 April 2020
1960:. Archived from
1949:
1940:
1939:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1791:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1674:
1651:Vincent van Gogh
1506:oligonucleotides
1481:Molecular probes
1469:(unless there's
923:
899:(Lindley) Werner
898:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
842:
823:
813:
803:
800:Digitalis thapsi
791:
781:
771:
759:
749:
729:
719:
709:
699:
687:
684:Digitalis lanata
677:
667:
657:
645:
635:
622:
614:
602:
590:
576:
559:
539:
527:
517:
457:Henry Fox Talbot
341:Scrophulariaceae
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
181:
75:
74:
51:
39:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3846:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3599:
3574:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3533:Harkup, Kathryn
3531:
3530:
3526:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2524:Economic Botany
2521:
2520:
2516:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2307:
2306:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2002:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1927:Fuchs, Leonhart
1925:
1924:
1920:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1789:10.2307/2657024
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1647:
1549:
1543:
1498:molecular probe
1483:
1443:
1406:
1329:
1306:
1304:Historical uses
1301:
1260:
1184:circumscription
1022:contained only
974:In the section
933:The first full
931:
917:
834:
716:Digitalis minor
696:Digitalis lutea
658:(Webb) Linding.
474:
469:
440:vernacular name
417:generic epithet
401:
281:
277:
237:
233:
213:Digitalis lutea
180:
69:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:wfo-4000011699
3927:
3914:
3904:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3852:
3842:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3764:
3751:
3738:
3725:
3712:
3699:
3686:
3673:
3663:
3650:
3640:
3625:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3572:
3570:eMedicine link
3567:
3560:
3559:External links
3557:
3554:
3553:
3524:
3481:
3425:
3381:(5): 503–510.
3355:
3328:
3309:(7): 727–729.
3289:
3254:
3233:
3226:
3208:
3194:
3144:
3137:
3119:
3085:
3070:
3019:
2994:
2984:
2966:
2944:
2937:
2917:
2890:(6): 714–718.
2870:
2841:(5): 35A–42A.
2821:
2771:
2744:
2737:
2717:
2660:
2633:
2592:
2539:
2532:
2514:
2479:
2462:
2436:
2411:
2399:Woodland Trust
2385:
2343:
2295:
2288:
2267:
2229:
2179:
2144:
2068:
2037:
2026:Flora Europaea
2015:
1975:
1941:
1918:
1889:(3): 258–261.
1869:
1857:Woodland Trust
1843:
1836:
1818:
1782:(2): 348–361.
1762:
1737:
1732:Dictionary.com
1719:
1704:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1646:
1643:
1545:Main article:
1542:
1539:
1529:conjugated to
1482:
1479:
1442:
1439:
1405:
1402:
1328:
1327:Medicinal uses
1325:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1259:
1256:
1158:D. viridiflora
1134:
1133:
1123:D. viridiflora
1105:
1069:
1048:D. grandiflora
1029:
1012:
970:at the time):
930:
927:
926:
925:
907:D. grandiflora
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
847:
833:
830:
829:
828:
816:
806:
796:
786:
774:
764:
752:
742:
722:
712:
702:
692:
680:
670:
660:
652:
640:
628:
617:
607:
595:
583:
569:
552:
532:
520:
502:. As of 2017,
479:Flora Europaea
473:
470:
468:
465:
428:Leonhart Fuchs
400:
397:
370:D. grandiflora
353:Plantaginaceae
203:
202:
196:
195:
191:
190:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
156:Plantaginaceae
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
63:
62:
53:
52:
44:
43:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3986:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3482:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3340:(in French).
3339:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3255:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3227:9781456862749
3223:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3138:9781118683316
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2648:
2647:www.heart.org
2644:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:(7035): 912.
2562:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2533:9780072909388
2529:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:3-8047-1705-5
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2256:(164): 89–100
2255:
2252:(in German).
2251:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:Planta Medica
2199:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:(in German).
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:Lindley, John
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2032:species list"
2031:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2001:on 8 May 2013
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1837:9781405332965
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:Tourn. ex L."
1681:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:vagal nucleus
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:hybridisation
1520:
1519:transcription
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1455:stroke volume
1452:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1398:Romani people
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:. The use of
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:D. parviflora
1241:
1240:D. fuscescens
1237:
1233:
1232:D. cedretorum
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:D. ferruginea
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1129:D. parviflora
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:D. ferruginea
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
992:
991:
986:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
945:
940:
936:
928:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
893:
890:
885:
882:
877:
874:
869:
866:
861:
858:
853:
852:
848:
845:
841:
840:
836:
835:
831:
826:
822:
821:
817:
812:
811:
807:
802:
801:
797:
794:
790:
787:
784:
780:
779:
775:
770:
769:
765:
762:
758:
757:
753:
748:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:
723:
718:
717:
713:
708:
707:
703:
698:
697:
693:
690:
686:
685:
681:
676:
675:
671:
666:
665:
661:
656:
653:
649:
644:
641:
638:
634:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
613:
612:
608:
605:
601:
600:
596:
593:
589:
588:
584:
580:
575:
574:
570:
567:
563:
558:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
533:
530:
526:
525:
521:
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
492:D. leucophaea
489:
486:, or others:
485:
481:
480:
471:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
451:
446:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
410:
405:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
378:D. parviflora
375:
371:
367:
366:D. ferruginea
363:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
317:
273:
231:
230:
221:
215:
214:
209:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:Tracheophytes
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3604:
3581:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:
3527:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3442:
3438:
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3378:
3374:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:the original
3271:
3265:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3236:
3217:
3211:
3197:
3162:
3158:
3147:
3128:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3098:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3007:RCEMLearning
3006:
2997:
2989:
2975:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2947:
2927:
2920:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2789:
2785:
2774:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2727:
2720:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2646:
2636:
2612:(1): 45–48.
2609:
2605:
2595:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2472:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2448:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2421:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2360:
2354:
2346:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2253:
2249:
2243:
2205:
2201:
2198:) Revisited"
2195:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2053:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:the original
1994:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1957:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:
1846:
1827:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1779:
1775:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1684:
1679:
1648:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1591:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:Franz Köhler
1558:drawings by
1555:
1513:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1460:
1444:
1415:
1396:
1377:) and as an
1370:
1352:
1346:
1330:
1312:
1307:
1281:foxglove pug
1275:
1267:
1251:
1248:D. subalpina
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:D. transiens
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:D. lamarckii
1203:
1199:
1196:D. cariensis
1195:
1191:
1187:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1162:Grandiflorae
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:polyphyletic
1145:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1112:D. subalpina
1111:
1107:
1100:
1095:D. cariensis
1094:
1088:
1082:
1077:D. laevigata
1076:
1071:
1065:D. davisiana
1064:
1058:
1053:D. atlantica
1052:
1047:
1045:type species
1036:
1033:Grandiflorae
1032:
1031:The section
1024:
1020:Frutescentes
1019:
1007:
1002:D. heywoodii
1001:
995:
989:
983:
980:type species
975:
967:
957:
955:or hybrids.
948:
942:
932:
915:Klaus Werner
911:D. laevigata
910:
906:
903:John Lindley
895:
891:
883:
875:
867:
859:
849:
837:
818:
808:
798:
793:Braun-Blanq.
788:
776:
766:
754:
744:
724:
714:
704:
694:
682:
672:
662:
654:
642:
630:
619:
609:
597:
585:
571:
554:
534:
522:
512:
503:
499:
496:D. micrantha
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
475:
460:
455:
447:
442:
435:
431:
423:
419:
414:
384:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
359:
357:
349:Veronicaceae
345:phylogenetic
335:
334:
329:
228:
227:
226:
211:
199:
176:
175:
166:Digitalideae
129:
116:
103:
90:
56:
36:
3768:iNaturalist
3629:Wikispecies
3546:28 November
3474:28 November
3418:28 November
3112:20 February
3012:20 February
2786:Circulation
2760:: 296–298.
2455:20 February
2378:28 November
2260:25 November
2137:25 November
2087:Globiflorae
1811:28 November
1728:"Digitalis"
1717:"Digitalis"
1697:22 November
1614:tachycardia
1606:heart block
1602:bradycardia
1579:bradycardia
1575:tachycardia
1566:ingestion.
1486:Digoxigenin
1354:D. purpurea
1285:Lepidoptera
1266:A patch of
1252:Globiflorae
1192:Globiflorae
1188:Globiflorae
1072:Globiflorae
984:D. purpurea
964:Macaronesia
929:Systematics
918: [
461:foxes glofa
450:Old English
411:, NGA 94900
110:Angiosperms
3953:Categories
3165:(4): 861.
3099:StatPearls
2429:22 January
2102:(3): 263.
1661:References
1655:xanthopsia
1618:amiodarone
1587:xanthopsia
1571:digitalism
1527:antibodies
1500:to detect
1404:Variations
1333:herbalists
1272:in Seattle
1236:D. ikarica
1216:D. trojana
1212:D. nervosa
1146:Tubiflorae
1108:Tubiflorae
1083:D. nervosa
1059:D. ciliata
1037:Macranthae
1025:D. obscura
1008:D. mariana
626:& Kit.
500:D. trojana
426:(finger).
3959:Digitalis
3635:Digitalis
3605:Digitalis
3519:220323719
3299:Digitalis
2904:0012-3692
2857:0735-1097
2808:0009-7322
2680:: h4451.
2653:13 August
2495:: b2189.
2355:Digitalis
2314:Isoplexis
2310:Digitalis
2278:Digitalis
2244:Digitalis
2196:Digitalis
2158:Digitalis
2154:Isoplexis
2116:1179-3163
2096:Phytotaxa
2083:Digitalis
2030:Digitalis
2005:10 August
1680:Digitalis
1638:Symphytum
1622:lidocaine
1535:chromogen
1494:D. lanata
1490:Digitalis
1435:glycoside
1418:digitoxin
1371:D. lanata
1349:digitalin
1220:D. lanata
1208:D. lanata
1170:Digitalis
1166:Isoplexis
1142:phylogeny
1138:Digitalis
1101:D. lanata
1016:monotypic
990:D. thapsi
976:Digitalis
968:Isoplexis
949:Digitalis
944:Isoplexis
935:monograph
892:Digitalis
648:P.H.Davis
443:Fingerhut
420:Digitalis
399:Etymology
385:digitalis
383:The term
336:Digitalis
330:foxgloves
326:biennials
229:Digitalis
177:Digitalis
80:Kingdom:
42:Foxglove
3918:VicFlora
3907:VASCAN:
3900:40030988
3895:Tropicos
3666:BioLib:
3614:Wikidata
3511:32629415
3469:23834871
3409:Archived
3405:26723081
3181:16904574
3107:29083729
3065:26298392
2816:11673357
2704:26321114
2628:20123317
2509:72429441
2338:25480255
2224:28561136
2128:Archived
2124:87777389
2051:(1821).
1968:17 April
1929:(1542).
1806:11222255
1541:Toxicity
1515:in vitro
1426:hydroxyl
1375:inotrope
1342:epilepsy
1321:epilepsy
1154:D. lutea
1117:D. lutea
1018:section
996:D. dubia
960:sections
953:synonyms
924:in 1960.
896:sibirica
488:D. dubia
467:Taxonomy
374:D. lutea
194:Species
152:Family:
146:Lamiales
136:Asterids
123:Eudicots
3799:1280306
3786:37596-1
3747:3172032
3620:Q156533
3586:. 1921.
3460:3693787
3397:1794418
3350:2695267
3323:7007674
3282:9 March
3189:8975477
3056:4546820
3039:: 368.
2865:3886751
2712:9995597
2695:4553205
2587:8611904
2578:2350584
2312:L. and
2250:Stapfia
1995:OUPblog
1913:4041297
1798:2657024
1583:syncope
1521:. Once
1510:uridine
1431:lactone
1422:digoxin
1367:digoxin
1279:of the
1258:Ecology
1224:trojana
1222:subsp.
1050:, also
939:Lindley
863:Heywood
832:Hybrids
735:Hochst.
678:Ivanina
650:) Strid
624:Waldst.
604:Heywood
592:Trautv.
472:Species
424:digitus
393:digoxin
172:Genus:
162:Tribe:
142:Order:
84:Plantae
28:Digoxin
3869:PLANTS
3845:NZOR:
3734:110152
3721:110152
3659:104293
3646:190160
3643:APDB:
3517:
3509:
3467:
3457:
3403:
3395:
3348:
3321:
3262:Anon.
3247:3 July
3224:
3187:
3179:
3135:
3105:
3063:
3053:
2982:
2959:1 July
2935:
2912:923306
2910:
2902:
2863:
2855:
2814:
2806:
2735:
2710:
2702:
2692:
2641:Anon.
2626:
2585:
2575:
2530:
2507:
2404:4 June
2336:
2286:
2222:
2122:
2114:
2085:sect.
1911:
1904:481893
1901:
1862:1 June
1834:
1804:
1796:
1693:. 2017
1577:, and
1277:Larvae
1214:, and
1180:Turkey
855:Lindl.
825:Lindl.
739:Benth.
733:&
731:Steud.
710:Boiss.
579:Svent.
547:&
541:Boiss.
376:, and
343:, but
324:, and
322:shrubs
183:Tourn.
3874:DIGIT
3861:75208
3812:33582
3794:IRMNG
3773:53984
3708:1DIKG
3695:38377
3669:40842
3515:S2CID
3412:(PDF)
3401:S2CID
3371:(PDF)
3185:S2CID
2884:Chest
2708:S2CID
2505:S2CID
2334:S2CID
2160:L.".
2131:(PDF)
2120:S2CID
2092:(PDF)
1794:JSTOR
1755:3 May
1168:with
922:]
844:Samp.
814:Maire
761:Jacq.
689:Ehrh.
637:Mill.
566:Maire
549:Spach
545:Jaub.
518:Pomel
130:Clade
117:Clade
104:Clade
91:Clade
3910:1095
3882:POWO
3838:4163
3833:NCBI
3807:ITIS
3781:IPNI
3760:3699
3755:GRIN
3742:GBIF
3703:EPPO
3682:45DF
3654:APNI
3548:2020
3507:PMID
3476:2020
3465:PMID
3420:2020
3393:PMID
3346:PMID
3319:PMID
3303:JAMA
3284:2013
3249:2012
3222:ISBN
3177:PMID
3133:ISBN
3114:2023
3103:PMID
3061:PMID
3014:2023
2980:ISBN
2961:2021
2933:ISBN
2908:PMID
2900:ISSN
2861:PMID
2853:ISSN
2812:PMID
2804:ISSN
2733:ISBN
2700:PMID
2655:2020
2624:PMID
2583:PMID
2528:ISBN
2457:2023
2449:NICE
2431:2023
2406:2024
2380:2020
2284:ISBN
2262:2020
2220:PMID
2139:2020
2112:ISSN
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