1209:
306:
36:
234:
1026:
74:
318:
1140:
1198:(GPCR) have been studied extensively, with recent studies supporting their ability to form dimers. GPCR dimers include both homodimers and heterodimers formed from related members of the GPCR family. While not all, some GPCRs require dimerization to function, such as
957:
496:
1631:
Faron-Górecka, Agata; Szlachta, Marta; Kolasa, Magdalena; Solich, Joanna; Górecki, Andrzej; Kuśmider, Maciej; Żurawek, Dariusz; Dziedzicka-Wasylewska, Marta (2019-01-01), Shukla, Arun K. (ed.),
597:
91:
1421:"An Electron Diffraction Investigation of the Monomers and Dimers of Formic, Acetic and Trifluoroacetic Acids and the Dimer of Deuterium Acetate 1"
1069:
138:
1656:
1546:
1514:
157:
110:
1350:
Adar, Ram M.; Markovich, Tomer; Andelman, David (2017-05-17). "Bjerrum pairs in ionic solutions: A Poisson-Boltzmann approach".
117:
662:), formally a dimeric ion. Other metals may form a proportion of dimers in their vapour phase. Known metallic dimers include
95:
839:
365:
313:
gives dicyclopentadiene, although this might not be readily apparent on initial inspection. This dimerization is reversible
53:
124:
1965:
1960:
518:
to give the product. Upon heating, it "cracks" (undergoes a retro-Diels-Alder reaction) to give identical monomers:
1195:
106:
1076:
524:
1222:
807:
210:
328:
dimers. As evidenced by this molecule's bonds, covalent dimers are usually not similar in structure to their
1191:
84:
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1234:
1230:
811:
1741:
1694:
1632:
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718:
515:
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1226:
1670:
1487:
1401:
1359:
1310:
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1084:
635:
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1459:
1229:, affecting many different cellular processes. RTKs typically exist as monomers, but undergo a
1178:. For symmetric proteins, the larger protein complex can be broken down into smaller identical
1937:
1919:
1878:
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1821:
1813:
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1714:
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1542:
1510:
1479:
1440:
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1100:
721:
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form dimers by hydrogen bonding of the acidic hydrogen and the carbonyl oxygen. For example,
1927:
1909:
1868:
1852:
1803:
1753:
1706:
1644:
1578:
1471:
1432:
1377:
1300:
1182:, which then dimerize to decrease the genetic code required to make the functional protein.
1124:
187:
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962:
Here, the resulting dimer has a stoichiometry different from the initial pair of monomers.
1179:
1068:
511:
310:
248:
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1373:
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1897:
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1199:
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1080:
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binding, allowing them to dimerize with nearby RTKs. The dimerization activates the
1420:
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Many molecules and ions are described as dimers, even when the monomer is elusive.
993:
818:
728:
325:
1914:
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1120:
685:
278:
260:
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1582:
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822:
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forms a dimer in the gas phase, where the monomer units are held together by
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1001:
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740:
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17:
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and glucose, which follows the same reaction equation as presented above.
317:
1896:
Lemmon, Mark A.; Schlessinger, Joseph; Ferguson, Kathryn M. (2014-04-01).
1695:"G-protein-coupled receptor dimerization: modulation of receptor function"
1565:
Marianayagam, Neelan J.; Sunde, Margaret; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (2004).
209:
when they are not (e.g. A–B). The reverse of dimerization is often called
1283:
1221:
Much like for G protein-coupled receptors, dimerization is essential for
1155:
1112:
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exists as a dimer, but trimesitylaluminium adopts a monomeric structure.
1033:
974:
772:
674:
639:
623:
619:
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dimers are often formed by the reaction of two identical compounds e.g.:
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Chemical process of joining two molecular entities by bonds of any kind
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1205:-receptor, emphasizing the importance of dimers in biological systems.
186:. The resulting bonds can be either strong or weak. Many symmetrical
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1045:
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Rios, C. D.; Jordan, B. A.; Gomes, I.; Devi, L. A. (2001-11-01).
1898:"The EGFR Family: Not So Prototypical Receptor Tyrosine Kinases"
1056:
exists as a structure where two hydrogen atoms bridge the two
214:
67:
29:
1111:
when exposed to ultraviolet light. This cross-linking causes
1541:(6th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 377–378.
1509:(6th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 306–307.
1154:
which can interact further to form larger and more complex
205:
is used when the two subunits are identical (e.g. A–A) and
1079:
can exist as either monomers or dimers, depending on the
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952:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O}}}
491:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 C(NR2)2 -> (R2N)2C=C(NR2)2}}}
47:
1131:, decreasing DNA functionality until it is repaired.
842:
527:
368:
259:. Many OH-containing molecules form dimers, e.g. the
44:
A request that this article title be changed to
1839:
Lemmon, Mark A.; Schlessinger, Joseph (2010-06-25).
1567:"The power of two: protein dimerization in biology"
980:Amino acids can also form dimers, which are called
178:is the process of joining two identical or similar
98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1792:"Structural analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases"
951:
591:
490:
297:* under high pressure and electrical stimulation.
731:, easily form dimers. The dimer of formaldehyde (
281:do not form stable dimers, but they do form the
1103:(also known as thymine dimers) are formed by a
965:Disaccharides need not be composed of the same
277:structures with a short lifetime. For example,
217:associate into dimers, they are referred to as
1633:"Chapter 10 - Understanding GPCR dimerization"
829:, even though the formation reaction produces
1841:"Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases"
1742:"Dimerization in GPCR mobility and signaling"
8:
1796:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
504:are highly reactive and readily form bonds.
61:this article until the discussion is closed.
1618:The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition
727:Many small organic molecules, most notably
602:Many nonmetallic elements occur as dimers:
592:{\displaystyle {\ce {C10H12 -> 2 C5H6}}}
347:"A" is said to dimerize to give the dimer "
1902:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
1190:As the largest and most diverse family of
817:One case where this is applicable is with
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634:). Noble gases can form dimers linked by
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158:Learn how and when to remove this message
1425:Journal of the American Chemical Society
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1639:, G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Part B,
1328:
1150:arise from the interaction between two
969:to be considered dimers. An example is
810:2, regardless of the stoichiometry or
1785:
1783:
1212:Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Dimerization
1083:of the groups attached. For example,
7:
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241:are often found in the vapour phase.
96:adding citations to reliable sources
1419:Karle, J.; Brockway, L. O. (1944).
1225:(RTK) to perform their function in
25:
1247:that are responsible for further
1162:is formed by the dimerization of
514:molecules that have reacted in a
1790:Hubbard, Stevan R (1999-04-01).
510:is an asymmetrical dimer of two
72:
34:
1746:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
1699:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1352:The Journal of Chemical Physics
650:occurs as a mercury(I) cation (
198:is unknown or highly unstable.
83:needs additional citations for
1740:Lohse, Martin J (2010-02-01).
1571:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1464:Reports on Progress in Physics
1297:"IUPAC "Gold Book" definition"
887:
555:
474:
458:
432:
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408:
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213:. When two oppositely-charged
1:
1809:10.1016/S0079-6107(98)00047-9
1711:10.1016/S0163-7258(01)00160-7
806:, "dimer" also refers to the
717:). Such elemental dimers are
107:"Dimerization" chemistry
1612:Cooper, Geoffrey M. (2000).
1127:are present, they can block
1915:10.1101/cshperspect.a020768
1643:, Academic Press: 155–178,
1196:G protein-coupled receptors
1186:G protein-coupled receptors
1077:Trialkylaluminium compounds
1044:) is an inorganic dimer of
355:, which dimerize to give a
1982:
1857:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.011
1758:10.1016/j.coph.2009.10.007
1649:10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.08.005
1583:10.1016/j.tibs.2004.09.006
1476:10.1088/0034-4885/38/8/001
996:. Other examples include
1458:Birks, J B (1975-08-01).
1223:receptor tyrosine kinases
1194:within the human genome,
1537:Shriver, Duward (2014).
1505:Shriver, Duward (2014).
1217:Receptor tyrosine kinase
1170:and this dimer can then
1072:Trimethylaluminium dimer
808:degree of polymerization
1637:Methods in Cell Biology
1306:10.1351/goldbook.D01744
221:, after Danish chemist
1213:
1144:
1105:photochemical reaction
1073:
1030:
992:molecules joined by a
953:
812:condensation reactions
771:) occurs as the dimer
593:
492:
333:
314:
242:
1231:conformational change
1211:
1142:
1071:
1028:
954:
594:
493:
320:
308:
236:
988:, consisting of two
840:
525:
516:Diels-Alder reaction
366:
309:The dimerization of
92:improve this article
1539:Inorganic Chemistry
1507:Inorganic Chemistry
1437:10.1021/ja01232a022
1374:2017JChPh.146s4904A
1249:signal transduction
1227:signal transduction
1029:Borane and Diborane
944:
928:
915:
902:
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873:
860:
786:), due to the high
636:van der Waals bonds
587:
574:
554:
541:
486:
473:
444:
428:
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394:
351:". An example is a
343:. In this example,
1966:Dimers (chemistry)
1961:Chemical compounds
1214:
1145:
1091:Biochemical dimers
1085:trimethylaluminium
1074:
1031:
949:
932:
916:
903:
890:
874:
861:
848:
802:In the context of
722:diatomic molecules
589:
575:
562:
542:
529:
488:
461:
456:
416:
411:
382:
377:
357:tetraaminoethylene
334:
315:
243:
229:Noncovalent dimers
180:molecular entities
1382:10.1063/1.4982885
1125:pyrimidine dimers
1101:Pyrimidine dimers
1096:Pyrimidine dimers
947:
935:
919:
906:
893:
877:
864:
851:
798:Polymer chemistry
578:
565:
545:
532:
508:Dicyclopentadiene
464:
455:
447:
431:
419:
385:
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190:are described as
168:
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142:
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
1973:
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1851:(7): 1117–1134.
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1410:
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1341:
1340:
1333:
1324:
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1321:
1308:
1180:protein subunits
1174:further to make
1107:from pyrimidine
1008:Inorganic dimers
984:. An example is
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249:carboxylic acids
239:carboxylic acids
194:, even when the
188:chemical species
163:
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100:
76:
68:
54:under discussion
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38:
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1606:
1577:(11): 618–625.
1564:
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1549:
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1517:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1457:
1456:
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1413:
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1335:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1317:
1295:
1292:
1260:
1254:
1219:
1203:
1188:
1158:. For example,
1137:
1115:, which can be
1098:
1093:
1066:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1023:
1018:
1016:Group 13 dimers
1010:
967:monosaccharides
838:
837:
821:. For example,
800:
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776:
769:
765:
756:
752:
748:
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736:
732:
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711:
704:
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693:
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678:
671:
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654:
653:
651:
523:
522:
512:cyclopentadiene
364:
363:
348:
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311:cyclopentadiene
303:
301:Covalent dimers
296:
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288:
231:
164:
153:
147:
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101:
99:
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46:
39:
35:
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5:
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1908:(4): a020768.
1888:
1831:
1802:(3): 343–358.
1779:
1732:
1685:
1657:
1623:
1614:"Microtubules"
1604:
1554:
1547:
1522:
1515:
1497:
1470:(8): 903–974.
1450:
1431:(4): 574–584.
1411:
1358:(19): 194904.
1342:
1337:"Dimerization"
1327:
1326:
1325:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1218:
1215:
1201:
1187:
1184:
1148:Protein dimers
1136:
1135:Protein dimers
1133:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
960:
959:
939:
931:
923:
910:
897:
889:
881:
868:
855:
846:
825:is a dimer of
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498:
481:
476:
468:
460:
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439:
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415:
410:
402:
397:
389:
381:
372:
353:diaminocarbene
302:
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257:hydrogen bonds
230:
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71:
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26:
24:
14:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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1658:9780128151075
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1548:9781429299060
1544:
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1516:9781429299060
1512:
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1353:
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1343:
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1332:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Protein dimer
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
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1228:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:Tubulin dimer
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:DNA mutations
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:glycylglycine
983:
978:
976:
973:, a dimer of
972:
968:
963:
937:
929:
921:
908:
895:
879:
866:
853:
844:
836:
835:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:disaccharides
815:
813:
809:
805:
797:
795:
793:
789:
788:Lewis acidity
774:
763:
759:
742:
730:
725:
723:
720:
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324:, one of two
323:
322:1,2-dioxetane
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223:Niels Bjerrum
220:
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81:This article
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1752:(1): 53–58.
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1678:, retrieved
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1318:. Retrieved
1253:
1220:
1189:
1176:microtubules
1146:
1121:skin cancers
1117:carcinogenic
1099:
1075:
1032:
1011:
994:peptide bond
979:
964:
961:
816:
801:
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729:formaldehyde
726:
601:
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500:
335:
326:formaldehyde
265:
244:
218:
211:dissociation
206:
202:
200:
191:
176:dimerization
175:
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128:
121:
114:
102:
90:Please help
85:verification
82:
48:Dimerization
45:
43:
18:Dimerization
1239:cytoplasmic
1129:polymerases
1081:steric bulk
719:homonuclear
686:dipotassium
279:noble gases
261:water dimer
253:acetic acid
207:heterodimer
59:do not move
1955:Categories
1680:2022-10-27
1460:"Excimers"
1365:1702.04853
1320:2024-07-11
1290:References
1172:polymerize
1119:, causing
982:dipeptides
823:cellobiose
697:dirubidium
638:, such as
614:, and the
341:2A → A−A
271:exciplexes
237:Dimers of
148:April 2009
118:newspapers
1924:1943-0264
1865:0092-8674
1818:0079-6107
1766:1471-4892
1719:0163-7258
1591:0968-0004
1492:240065177
1484:0034-4885
1445:0002-7863
1390:0021-9606
1315:242984652
1192:receptors
1168:β-tubulin
1164:α-tubulin
1156:oligomers
1109:DNA bases
1064:Aluminium
1002:carnosine
998:aspartame
888:⟶
741:dioxetane
708:dicaesium
664:dilithium
556:⟶
409:⟶
337:Molecular
246:Anhydrous
203:homodimer
201:The term
172:chemistry
57:. Please
1942:24691965
1883:20602996
1826:10354703
1774:19910252
1748:. GPCR.
1727:11916530
1675:58577416
1667:30616817
1599:15501681
1406:12227786
1398:28527430
1284:Oligomer
1258:See also
1152:proteins
1034:Diborane
975:fructose
804:polymers
794:center.
773:diborane
675:disodium
640:dihelium
624:chlorine
620:fluorine
616:halogens
608:nitrogen
604:hydrogen
502:Carbenes
330:monomers
293:* and Xe
283:excimers
267:Excimers
1933:3970421
1874:2914105
1370:Bibcode
1274:Polymer
1264:Monomer
1245:domains
1160:tubulin
1123:. When
1060:atoms.
1021:Boranes
990:glycine
971:sucrose
827:glucose
790:of the
648:Mercury
644:diargon
628:bromine
345:monomer
275:excited
196:monomer
132:scholar
1940:
1930:
1922:
1881:
1871:
1863:
1824:
1816:
1772:
1764:
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1396:
1388:
1313:
1269:Trimer
1242:kinase
1235:ligand
1046:Borane
762:Borane
706:) and
632:iodine
618:(i.e.
612:oxygen
192:dimers
134:
127:
120:
113:
105:
1671:S2CID
1488:S2CID
1402:S2CID
1360:arXiv
1311:S2CID
1233:upon
1058:boron
831:water
792:boron
739:) is
289:*, Kr
184:bonds
139:JSTOR
125:books
1938:PMID
1920:ISSN
1879:PMID
1861:ISSN
1845:Cell
1822:PMID
1814:ISSN
1770:PMID
1762:ISSN
1723:PMID
1715:ISSN
1663:PMID
1653:ISBN
1595:PMID
1587:ISSN
1543:ISBN
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1480:ISSN
1441:ISSN
1394:PMID
1386:ISSN
1200:GABA
1166:and
1000:and
630:and
273:are
269:and
215:ions
111:news
1928:PMC
1910:doi
1869:PMC
1853:doi
1849:141
1804:doi
1754:doi
1707:doi
1645:doi
1641:149
1579:doi
1472:doi
1433:doi
1378:doi
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1301:doi
1048:. B
814:.
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642:or
349:A−A
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668:Li
655:2+
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