2216:
2207:
2483:, the first incisors in both jaws continuously grew throughout the animal's life but the other two upper incisors did not. This combination is not seen in any living marsupial. The cross-section of the upper incisors is circular. In one old male specimen, the first upper incisor measures 280 mm (11 in) of which 220 mm (8.5 in) is within the tooth socket; the second is 100 mm (4 in) and 25 mm (1 in) is in the socket; and the exposed part of the third is 66 mm (2.6 in). The first incisor is convex and curves outwards but the other two are concave. The lower incisor has a faint upward curve but is otherwise straight and has an oval cross-section. In the same old male specimen, the lower incisor measures 250 mm (10 in), of which
2543:(C2), the part that joints to another vertebra, is slightly concave on the front side and flat on the back side. As in kangaroos, the axis has a low subtriangular hypophysis projecting vertically from the underside of the vertebra and a proportionally long odontoid—a projection from the axis which fits into the atlas—but the neural spine, which projects vertically the topside of the vertebra, is more forwards. The remaining cervicals lack a hypophysis. As in kangaroos, C3 and C4 have a shorter and more-compressed neural spine, which is supported by a low ridge along its midline in the front and the back. The neural spine of C5 is narrower but thicker, and is supported by stronger-but-shorter ridges. C7 had a forked shape on top of the neural spine.
2847:
2345:
728:
2572:. Unusually, the front dorsals match the short proportions of the cervicals, and the articular surface is flat. At the beginning of the series, the neural spine is broad and angled forward, and is also supported by a low ridge along its midline in the front and the back. In later examples, the neural spine is angled backwards and bifurcates (splits into two). Among mammals, bifurcation of the neural spine is only seen in elephants and humans, and only in a few of the cervicals and not in the dorsals. Compared to those of wombats and kangaroos, the neural arch is proportionally taller. As in elephants, the
552:
3581:, Western Australia, which they dated to respectively 47,000 and 46,000 years ago. Thus, all of the Australian megafauna died out probably between about 50,000 and 41,000 years ago. There also seems to have been a diverse assemblage of megafauna just before their extinction, and all populations across at least western and eastern Australia died out at about the same time. As of 2021, there is still no solid evidence of megafauna surviving past approximately 40,000 years ago; their latest occurrence, including
3080:
2041:
139:
2547:
118:
8469:
164:
2745:
2736:
3704:
3602:
935:
2941:
8464:
3171:
2433:
3239:—the bones connecting to respectively the wrist and the ankle. Diprotodontines seem to have had a much-more-erect gait, an adaptation to long-distance travel that is similar to that of elephants, rather than the more-sprawling posture of wombats and zygomaturines, though there are no fossil trackways of the latter to verify their reconstructed standing posture.
926:
3664:
piece measures 40 cm (16 in) in length. The marks are aligned in a straight line, and measure 0.91–4.1 mm (0.036–0.161 in) in length, 0.14–0.8 mm (0.0055–0.0315 in) in width, and 0.02–0.24 mm (0.00079–0.00945 in) in depth. They determined it was inconsistent with bite marks from scavenging
3672:, and concluded it was incised by humans with flint as a counting system or a random doodle. This specimen became one of the most-cited pieces of evidence humans and megafauna directly interacted until a 2020 re-analysis by Australian palaeoanthropologist Michelle Langley identified the engraver as most-likely a
3259:. The animal may have been a female carrying a large joey in her pouch, the added weight on the stomach altering the gait. The first trackway continues for 62.8 m (206 ft) in a south-easterly direction towards a palaeo-lake. The animal seems to have hesitated while stepping down from the first
6559:
David, B.; Arnold, L. J.; Delannoy, J.-J.; Fresløve, J.; Urwin, C.; Petchey, F.; McDowell, M. C.; Mullette, R.; Kurnai, G.; Mialanes, J.; Wood, R.; Crouch, J.; Berthet, J.; Wong, V. N. L.; Green, H.; Hellstrom, J. (2021). "Late survival of megafauna refuted for Cloggs Cave, SE Australia: Implications
4469:
3254:
responsible for the impressions at the volcanic plain had an average stride length of 1,310 mm (4 ft 4 in), trackway width of 660 mm (2 ft 2 in), and pes length of 450 mm (1 ft 6 in). The gleno-acetabular length may have been about 1,080 mm (3 ft
2917:
In 2003, Australian palaeontologist
Stephen Wroe and colleagues took a more-sophisticated approach to body mass than Murray's estimate. They made a regression between the minimum circumference of the femora and humeri of 18 quadrupedal marsupials and 32 placentals against body mass, and then inputted
3637:
rock shelter on the northern
Australian coast was dated to about 65,000 years ago, which if correct would mean humans and megafauna had coexisted for over 20,000 years. Other authors have considered this dating questionable. In the 2010s, several ecological studies were published in support of major
3629:
to clear highly productive forests and grasslands. Miller said this radically altered the vegetational landscape and promulgated the expanse of the modern-day fire-resilient scrub at the expense of the megafauna. Subsequent studies had difficulty firmly linking controlled burns with major ecological
3592:
published their paper, the earliest evidence of human activity in
Australia was 56±4 thousand years old, which is close to their calculated date for the megafauna extinction; they hypothesised human hunting had eradicated the last megafauna within about 10,000 years of coexistence. Human hunting had
3246:
responsible for the impressions had an average stride length of 1,500 mm (4 ft 11 in), trackway width of 430 mm (1 ft 5 in), and track dimensions 295 mm × 202 mm (11.6 in × 8.0 in) in length x width. The gleno-acetabular length—the distance
2913:
was 50–60% smaller than expected for
Australia's landmass, which he believed was a result of a generally lower metabolism in marsupials compared to placentals—up to 20% lower—and sparser nutritious vegetation than other continents. The maximum-attainable body size is capped much lower than those for
3663:
incisor (I) bearing 28 visible cut marks in Spring Creek, south-western
Victoria; Ron Vanderwald and Richard Fullager studied the incisor, which was split in half longitudinally, seemingly while the bone was still fresh but it was glued together before Vanderwald and Fullager could inspect it. Each
3597:
megafauna. Human activity was then generally regarded as the main driver of
Australian megafaunal extinction, especially because the megafauna had survived multiple extreme drought periods during glacial periods. At the time, there did not seem to be any evidence of unusually extreme climate during
3536:
and every other
Australian land animal heavier than 100 kg (220 lb) became extinct. The timing and the exact cause are unclear because there is poor resolution on the ages of Australian fossil sites. Since their discovery, the extinction of the Australian megafauna has usually been blamed
3351:
became less influential over
Australia: the vast interior had become arid and sandy by 500,000 years ago; the mega-lakes that were once prominent, especially during interglacials in north-western Australia, dried up; and the rainforests of eastern Australia gradually retreated. Aridity has hastened
3284:
to facilitate most of the joey's development; because pregnancy is much-more-energetically expensive, investing in lactation rather than longer gestation can be advantageous in a highly seasonal and unpredictable climate to minimise maternal nutritional requirements. Consequently, marsupials cannot
3145:
species; it is a common social organisation among modern megaherbivores involving an entirely female herd save for their young and the dominant male, with which the herd exclusinvely breeds. Similarly, the skull is adapted to handling much-higher stresses than that which resulted from bite alone so
3718:
When the first massive fossils in
Australia were dug up, it was not clear what animals they might have represented because there were no serious scientists on the continent. Local residents guessed some may have been the remains of rhinos or elephants. European settlers, the most-vocal of whom was
3263:
on its path with the right pes making three overlapping prints here while shuffling around. The trackway vanishes for a 20 m (66 ft) stretch and reappears while the animal seemingly is stepping on wet sediment. Another diprotodontid trackway appears 50 m (160 ft) away, moving
2272:
mammals, becoming more disparate the bigger the animal, which could be a response to a need to conserve energy because the brain is a calorically expensive organ, or is proportional to the maternal metabolic rate, which is much less in marsupials due to the shorter gestation period. The expanded
2106:
trend, along with several other marsupials, probably in response to the lower-quality plant foods available in a drying climate, requiring them to consume much more. Gigantism appears to have evolved independently six times among the vombatiform lineages. Diprotodontine diversity returned in the
450:, which includes other large quadrupedal herbivores. It grew as large as 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) at the shoulders, over 4 m (13 ft) from head to tail, and likely weighed several tonnes, possibly as much as 3,500 kg (7,700 lb). Females were much smaller than males.
3937:
Because joeys develop mostly outside the mother's womb, female marsupials do not require the adaptations to the skeleton placentals need to survive gestation and childbirth, equating to few or no skeletal differences between males and females. In modern wombats, the female can be slightly but
2587:
likely had six lumbar vertebrae. They retain a proportionally tall neural arch but not the diapophyses, though L1 can retain a small protuberance on one side where a diapophysis would be in a dorsal vertebra; this has been documented in kangaroos and other mammals. The length of each vertebra
2539:, the first cervical (C1), has a pair of deep cavities for insertion of the occipital condyles. The diaphophyses of the atlas, an upward-angled projection on either the side of the vertebra, are relatively short and thick, and resemble those of wombats and koalas. The articular surface of the
2922:
long bones into their predictive model. The results ranged from 2,272–3,417 kg (5,009–7,533 lb), for a mean of 2,786 kg (6,142 lb), though Wroe said reconstructing the weight of extinct creatures that far outweighed living counterparts is problematic. For comparison, an
3300:
may not have sat down to give birth as do smaller marsupials, possibly standing instead. Like koalas and wombats, the pouch may have faced backwards so the joey could crawl down across its mother's abdomen to enter and attach itself to a teat until it could see—perhaps 260 days—and
7749:
1030:
among others), Nototheriinae, Zygomaturinae, and
Palorchestinae. In 1977, Australian palaeontologist Michael Archer synonymised Nototheriinae with Diprotodontinae and in 1978, Archer and Australian palaeontologist Alan Bartholomai elevated Palorchestinae to family level as
3255:
7 in) and assuming a hip height of 830 mm (2 ft 9 in), the maker of the tracks was probably moving at around 5.5 km/h (3.4 mph). Its posture was much-more-sprawled than the example from Callabonna, aligning more with what might be expected of
3881:
arguments that claimed God created certain forms to exist in certain environments and time periods, based on the fossils of modern animals such as hyenas and rhinos, which are found only in Africa but were being unearthed in every other continent. This was confounded by
2807:
walkers, where the paws were flat on the ground, the wrist and ankle would have been largely rigid and inflexible. The digits are proportionally weak so the paws probably had a lot of padding. Similarly, the digits do not seem to have been much engaged in weight bearing.
2080:
was already differentiated as a closer relative to wombats than other vombatiformes, and attained a massive size of roughly 150 kg (330 lb), whereas the last common ancestor of vombatiformes was probably a small, 1–5.5 kg (2.2–12.1 lb) creature.
3739:
and other megafauna were still extant because the Australian continent had not yet been fully explored by Europeans. Scientific investigation into the bunyip was stigmatised after a purported bunyip skull was sensationalised in 1846, and was put on display at the
2691:, are thick and rounded tailwards but taper and diverge towards the socket, unlike those in kangaroos, where the ischia proceed almost parallel to each other. They were not connected to the vertebra. The hip socket itself is well-rounded and almost hemispherical.
3541:. In 2001, Australian palaeontologist Richard Roberts and colleagues dated 28 major fossil sites across the continent, and were able to provide a precise date for megafaunal extinction. They found most disappear from the fossil record by 80,000 years ago but
2424:, which fuses the two halves of the mandible, begins at the front-most end of the third molar; this would prevent either half of the mandible from moving independently of the other, unlike in kangaroos which use this ability to better control their incisors.
454:
supported itself on elephant-like legs to travel long distances, and inhabited most of Australia. The digits were weak; most of the weight was probably borne on the wrists and ankles. The hindpaws angled inward at 130°. Its jaws may have produced a strong
5773:
Carey, S. P.; Camens, A. B.; Cupper, M. L.; GrĂĽn, R.; Hellstrom, J. C.; McKnight, S. W.; McLennan, I.; Pickering, D. A.; Trusler, P.; Aubert, M. (2011). "A diverse Pleistocene marsupial trackway assemblage from the Victorian Volcanic Plains, Australia".
2787:
is roughly the same diameter as the femoral head. Also as in kangaroos, the condyle for the fibula is excavated out but the condyle for the tibia is well-rounded and hemispherical. Like those of many other marsupials, the tibia is twisted and the tibial
586:
At the time these massive fossils were discovered, it was generally thought they were remains of rhinos, elephants, hippos, or dugongs. They fossils were not formally described until Mitchell took them in 1837 to his former colleague English naturalist
2679:, though these groups all have a much-longer sacral vertebra series whereas marsupials are restricted to two sacral vertebrae. The ilia provided strong muscle attachments that were probably oriented and used much the same as those in an elephant. The
4738:
3782:
for tens of thousands of years. If Pleistocene megafauna are the basis of some aboriginal mythology, it is unclear if the stories were based on the creatures when they were alive or their fossils being discovered long after their extinction.
7738:
3247:
between the shoulders and pelvis—could have been about 1,125 mm (3 ft 8 in); assuming a hip height of 900 mm (2 ft 11 in), the maker of these tracks was probably moving at around 6.3 km/h (3.9 mph).
2884:
was Peter Murray in his 1991 review of the megafauna of Pleistocene Australia; Murray made an estimate of 1,150 kg (2,540 lb) using cranial and dental measurements, which he said was probably not a very precise figure. This made
2092:, roughly 23 million years ago, though the familial and subfamilial classifications of diprotodontoids from this period is debated. Compared to zygomaturines, diprotodontines were rare during the Miocene, the only identified genus being
2102:, diprotodontians became the commonest marsupial order in fossil sites, a dominance that endures to the present day; at this point, the most-prolific diprotodontians were diprotodontids and kangaroos. Diprotodontidae also began a
2304:
feeds through, is thin and well-defined. The top margin of the foramen magnum is somewhat flattened rather than arched. The foramen expands backwards towards the inlet, especially vertically, and is more-reminiscent of a short
715:
as likely elephantine. In 1847, a nearly complete skull and skeleton was recovered from the Darling Downs, the latter confirming this characterisation. The massive skeleton attracted a large audience while on public display in
662:
and relayed them to Owen. Owen, having interpreted the incisors as tusks, as well as comparing the flattening (anteroposterior compression) of the femur to the condition in elephants and rhinos, and the raised ridges of the
3111:
and, while apparently keeping to the Darling Downs during the three years this tooth had been growing, it would have been annually making a 200 km (120 mi) northwest-southeast round trip. This trek parallels the
2996:
adopted a somewhat-more-varied seasonal diet as Australia's climate dried but any change was subtle. In contrast, contemporary kangaroos and wombats underwent major dietary shifts or specialisations towards, respectively,
4041:
for a mammalian skull—respectively 20 GPa (2,900,000 psi) and 0.3—and unsafely assumed these properties were uniform across the entire skull. This likely would have made their model skull stiffer than the real
3655:
and other mammalian megafauna in Australia, there is little evidence humans used them at all in the 20,000 years of coexistence. No fossils of mammalian megafauna suggestive of human butchery or cooking have been found.
2057:
Diprotodontidae is the most diverse family in Vombatomorphia; it was better adapted to the spreading dry, open landscapes over the last tens of millions of years than other groups in the infraorder, living or extinct.
3841:, which are more easily identifiable as various animals, aboriginal artwork is much more stylistic and is mostly uninterpretable by an outsider. The subjects of aboriginal paintings can be mythological beings from
7187:
Cohen, T. J.; Jansen, J. D.; Gliganic, L. A.; Larsen, J. R.; Nanson, G. C.; May, J.-H.; Jones, B. G.; Price, D. M. (2015). "Hydrological transformation coincided with megafaunal extinction in central Australia".
2215:
2206:
5154:; Archer, M.; Hand, S. J.; Godthelp, H. (2012). "The Rise of Australian Marsupials: A Synopsis of Biostratigraphic, Phylogenetic, Palaeoecologic and Palaeobiogeographic Understanding". In Talent, J. A. (ed.).
3886:
and more of Owen's taxa because they were found nowhere else, and more-typical animals were not found in Australia either, despite the Australian climate's similarity to that of Africa. Owen disagreed with
3136:
apparently moved in large herds. Possible fossilised herds, which are most-commonly unearthed in south-eastern Australia, seem to be mostly or entirely female, and sometimes travelled with juveniles. Such
486:
that is known to have made seasonal migrations. Large herds, usually of females, seem to have marched through a wide range of habitats to find food and water, walking at around 6 km/h (3.7 mph).
2332:. The nose would have been quite mobile. The height of the skull from the peak of the occipital bone to the end of the nasals is strikingly almost uniform; the end of the nasals is the tallest point. The
2264:, they take up 2,675 cc (163.2 cu in)—roughly 25% of skull volume—whereas the brain occupies 477 cc (29.1 cu in)—only 4% of the skull volume. Marsupials tend to have smaller
793:
because males and females of modern wombat and koala species—its closest living relatives—are skeletally indistinguishable, so they assumed the same would have been true for extinct relatives, including
4699:
2909:) against the landmass area of their continent, and another regression between the daily food intake of living creatures against the landmass of their continents. He calculated the food requirement of
2128:
is one of best for Australian megafauna, it is still incomplete and the majority of remains are undated. Price and Australian palaeontologist Katarzyna Piper reported the earliest, indirectly dated
3638:
drought conditions coinciding with the final megafaunal extinctions. Their demise may have been the result of a combination of climatic change, human hunting, and human-driven landscape changes.
3126:
that seasonally migrated between two places. A few modern marsupials, such as the red kangaroo, have been documented making migrations when necessary but it is not a seasonal occurrence. Because
2707:
at the elbow joint is not perforated. The ridges for muscle attachments are poorly developed, which seems to have been compensated for by the powerful forearms. Similarly, the condyles where the
2398:
would have been better at crushing rather than grinding food. The insertion of the masseter is placed forwards, in front of the orbits, which could have allowed better control over the incisors.
984:
Vombatomorphia (wombats and allies). It is unclear how different groups of vombatiformes are related to each other because the most-completely known members—living or extinct—are exceptionally
6804:
Bowman, D.M.J.; Murphy, B.P.; McMahon, C.R. (2010). "Using carbon isotope analysis of the diet of two introduced Australian megaherbivores to understand Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions".
3461:
have been identified, it is unclear if the 100–130 kg (220–290 lb) marsupial predator was powerful enough to kill an animal surpassing 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). The modern
2865:
could have reached 160–180 cm (5 ft 3 in – 5 ft 11 in) at the shoulders and 275–340 cm (9–11 ft) from head to tail. Accounting for cartilaginous
5103:
Price, G. J.; Fitzsimmons, K. E.; Nguyen, A. D.; Zhao, J.-x.; Feng, Y.-x.; Sobbe, I. H.; Godthelp, H.; Archer, M.; Hand, S. J. (2021). "New ages of the world's largest-ever marsupial:
3231:. The diprotodontid manus (forepaw) print is semi-circular and the pes (hindpaw) is reniform (kidney-shaped). Owing to proportionally small digits, most of the weight was borne on the
3028:. It may also have chewed like wallabies, beginning with a vertical crunch before grinding transversely, as opposed to wombats, which only grind transversely. Similarly to many large
2838:(fused) like those of all modern diprotodontians. The first, fourth, and fifth digits are enlarged. The toes are each about the same length, except the fifth which is much stouter.
781:, several other species were erected in the 19th century, often from single specimens, on the basis of subtle anatomical variations. Among the variations was size difference: adult
3630:
collapse. The frequency of fire could have also increased as a consequence of megafaunal extinction because total plant consumption rapidly fell, leading to faster fuel buildup.
515:, along with every other Australian animal over 100 kg (220 lb); the extinction was possibly caused by extreme drought conditions and predation pressure from the first
6673:
Murphy, B. P.; Williamson, G. J.; Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2011). "Did central Australian megafaunal extinction coincide with abrupt ecosystem collapse or gradual climate change?".
3797:
Aboriginal Australians decorated caves with paintings and drawings of several creatures but the identities of the subjects are often unclear. In 1907, Australian anthropologist
7484:
Hamm, G.; Mitchell, P.; Arnold, L.J.; Prideaux, G.J.; Questiaux, D.; .Spooner, N.A.; Levchenko, V.A.; Foley, E.C.; Worthy, T.H.; Stephenson, B.; Coulthard, V. (November 2016).
5497:
3991:
They were unsure if it was appropriate to classify the Nelson Bay material into a new species based on the size and temporal difference, so they tentatively designated them as
2277:
to attach, which is important for biting and chewing, to compensate for a deflated braincase as a result of a proportionally smaller brain. They may also have helped dissipate
6939:
Rule, S.; Brook, B. W.; Haberle, S. G.; Turney, C. S. M.; Kershaw, A. P. (2012). "The Aftermath of Megafaunal Extinction: Ecosystem Transformation in Pleistocene Australia".
4064:
The only potential direct evidence of human and mammalian megafauna interaction (that has not yet been revised) is a tibial fragment with a single notch belonging to either
6513:(Thylacoleonidae:Marsupialia): implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas".
4215:
Three expeditions into the interior of Eastern Australia, with descriptions of the recently explored region of Australia Felix, and of the present colony of New South Wales
3744:. The following year, however, Owen recognised it as the skull of a foal, and was surprised the burgeoning Australian scientific community could have erred so egregiously.
5493:"Morphological variation within an individual Pleistocene Diprotodon optatum Owen, 1838 (Diprotodontinae; Marsupialia): implications for taxonomy within diprotodontoids"
7280:
Hocknull, S. A.; Lewis, R.; Arnold, L. J.; Pietsch, T.; Joannes-Boyau, R.; Price, G. J.; Moss, P.; Wood, R.; Dosseto, A.; Louys, J.; Olley, J.; Lawrence, R. A. (2020).
523:
and other megafauna in Australia for several thousand years prior to its extinction. There is little direct evidence of interactions between Aboriginal Australians and
3020:
as well as grass as a grazer. Kangaroos that predominantly graze have specialised molars to resist the abrasiveness of grass but such adaptations are not exhibited in
7380:
Archer, M.; Crawford, I. M.; Merrilees, D. (1980). "Incisions, breakages and charring, some probably manmade, in fossil bones from Mammoth Cave, Western Australia".
2640:. It is triangular and proportionally narrow but unlike most mammals with a triangular scapula, the arm attaches to top of the scapula and the subspinous fossa (the
2288:, the back of the skull, slopes forward at 45 degrees unlike most modern marsupials, where it is vertical. The base of the occipital is significantly thickened. The
475:. Such powerful jaws would have allowed it to eat vegetation in bulk, crunching and grinding plant materials such as twigs, buds and leaves of woody plants with its
392:. The earliest finds date to 1.77 million to 780,000 years ago but most specimens are dated to after 110,000 years ago. Its remains were first unearthed in 1830 in
129:
7056:
2500:, each having two distinct lophs (ridges). The premolar is triangular and about half the size of the molars. As in kangaroos, the necks of the lophs are coated in
2324:
slightly curve upwards until near their endpoint, where they begin to curve down, giving the bones a somewhat S-shaped profile. Like many marsupials, most of the
4033:—an object's ability to resist bending—but the material properties of marsupial skulls are not well studied. Sharpe and Rich used what they considered a typical
2062:
has been found in every Australian state, making it the most-widespread Australian megafauna in the fossil record. The oldest vombatomorph (and vombatiform) is
724:
progressed, he became certain it was extinct. Owen later become the foremost authority of Australian palaeontology of his time, mostly working with marsupials.
7075:"Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date"
8654:
3113:
532:
4764:"A new family of diprotodontian marsupials from the latest Oligocene of Australia and the evolution of wombats, koalas, and their relatives (Vombatiformes)"
2416:, which connects the jaw to the skull, is similar to that of a koala. The ramus is straight and extends almost vertically, thickening as it approaches the
720:. Leichhardt believed the animal was aquatic and in 1844, he said it might still be alive in an undiscovered tropical area nearer the interior but as the
2316:
extends across the midline of the skull from the supraoccipital—the top of the occipital bone—to the region between the eyes on the top of the head. The
6700:
Brook, B. W.; Johnson, C. N. (2006). "Selective hunting of juveniles as a cause of the imperceptible overkill of the Australian Pleistocene megafauna".
3335:
was present across the entire Australian continent by the Late Pleistocene, especially following MIS5 approximately 110,000 years ago. The onset of the
2767:
is straight and compressed anteroposteriorly (from headside to tailside). The walls of the femur are prodigiously thickened, strongly constricting the
8634:
5240:
3621:
In 2005, American geologist Gifford Miller noticed fire abruptly becomes more common about 45,000 years ago; he ascribed this increase to aboriginal
3339:, with the continuous advance and retreat of glaciers at the poles, created extreme climatic variability elsewhere. In Australia, the warmer, wetter
1035:, leaving Diprotodontoidea with families Diprotodontidae and Palorchestidae; and Diprotodontidae with subfamilies Diprotodontinae and Zygomaturinae.
8544:
754:. Fossils were first noticed here by an aboriginal stockman working on a sheep property to the east. The owners, the Ragless brothers, notified the
8570:
7824:
770:
said multiple herds of these animals had at different times become stuck in mud while crossing bodies of water while water levels were low during
7630:
8644:
721:
512:
6324:"Contemporaneous Trace and Body Fossils from a Late Pleistocene Lakebed in Victoria, Australia, Allow Assessment of Bias in the Fossil Record"
2715:(the forearm bones) connect maintain their rounded shape and are quite-similarly sized, and unusually reminiscent of the condyles between the
8639:
7727:
7664:
7598:
5819:
Camens, A.; Wells, R. (2009). "Palaeobiology of Euowenia grata (Marsupialia: Diprotodontinae) and its Presence in Northern South Australia".
5173:
4542:
4400:
3103:
incisor QMF3452 from the Darling Downs, and matching those ratios to the ratios of sites across that region, Price and colleagues determined
2405:
chewing strategy appears to align more with kangaroos than wombats: a powerful vertical crunch was followed by a transverse grinding motion.
428:
in 1838, and was the first named Australian fossil mammal, and led Owen to become the foremost authority of his time on other marsupials and
2846:
6074:"Distribution of C3 and C4 plants in the Late Pleistocene of South Australia recorded by isotope biogeochemistry of collagen in megafauna"
4847:
Stirton, R. A.; Woodburne, M. O.; Plane, M. D. (1967). "A phylogeny of the Tertiary Diprotodontidae and its significance in correlation".
785:
specimens have two distinct size ranges. In their 1975 review of Australian fossil mammals, Australian palaeontologists J. A. Mahoney and
7337:
Kemp, C. W.; Tibby, J.; Arnold, L. J.; Barr, C. (2019). "Australian hydroclimate during Marine Isotope Stage 3: a synthesis and review".
3353:
3305:. It would have permanently left the pouch after 860 days and suckled until reaching 270 kg (600 lb) after four or five years.
2958:, Pleistocene Australian megafauna likely had a profound effect on the vegetation, limiting the spread of forest cover and woody plants.
2336:(cheek bone) is strong and deep as in kangaroos but unlike those of koalas and wombats, and extends all the way from the supraoccipital.
8649:
3594:
3228:
3175:
2344:
495:
societies, possibly using its powerful incisors to fight for mates or fend off predators, such as the largest-known marsupial carnivore
3598:
this period. Due to the slowness of marsupial reproduction, even limited megafaunal hunting may have severely weakened the population.
7120:
Wroe, S.; Field, J.H.; Archer, M.; Grayson, D.K.; Price, G.J.; Louys, J.; Faith, J.T.; Webb, G.E.; Davidson, I.; Mooney, S.D. (2013).
4196:
727:
3833:. Both of these claims have their faults because the depictions bear several features that are inconsistent with what is known about
3296:
female would have gestated for six-to-eight weeks, and given birth to a single 5 g (0.18 oz) joey. Given its massive size,
2107:
Pliocene; Diprotodontidae reached peak diversity with seven genera, coinciding with the spread of open forests. In 1977, Archer said
7793:
579:. Remains of Diprotodon were excavated when Ranken later returned as part of a formal expedition that was headed by explorer Major
6610:; Ayliffe, L.K.; Yoshida, H.; Olley, J.M.; Prideaux, G.J.; Laslett, G.M.; Baynes, A.; Smith, M.A.; Jones, R.; Smith, B.L. (2001).
6282:
3771:—which he believed had a horn—and a crocodile. Later workers continued to report some link between the Rainbow Serpent and either
4073:
8629:
3162:
seem to have been less tolerant to drought conditions than female herds due to their larger size and nutritional requirements.
3982:
are enormous and incredibly robust, and are thus far more likely to fossilise and be discovered than those of other megafauna.
3830:
2811:
The forepaw was strong and the shape of the wrist bones is quite similar to those of kangaroos. Like other vombatiformes, the
3071:
were exceptionally strong, which would have allowed it to consume a broad range of plants, including tough, fibrous grasses.
2352:
8575:
5362:"Three dimensional digital reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature of the extinct marsupial giant Diprotodon optatum"
3316:
soon after weaning, and males need double the time to reach sexual maturity. A similar pattern could have been exhibited in
6847:
Johnson, Chris N.; Rule, Susan; Haberle, Simon G.; Kershaw, A. Peter; McKenzie, G. Merna; Brook, Barry W. (February 2016).
3154:
for mates or fending off predators, using the incisors. Like modern red and grey kangaroos, which also sexually segregate,
3107:
made seasonal migrations, probably in search of food or watering holes. This individual appears to have been following the
2176:. Floraville is the only-identified Middle Pleistocene site in tropical northern Australia. Beyond these, almost all dated
762:, who reported an enormous wealth of fossil material and was paid ÂŁ250 in 1893 to excavate the site. Hurst found up to 360
6611:
6023:"Combining paleo-data and modern exclosure experiments to assess the impact of megafauna extinctions on woody vegetation"
6991:
3838:
3138:
1018:
were discovered, better clarifying their relationship to each other. Because of this, in 1967, American palaeontologist
631:
for "desire" or "wish". It was the first-ever Australian fossil mammal to be described. In 1844, Owen replaced the name
2876:
As researchers were formulating predictive body-mass equations for fossil species, efforts were largely constrained to
7817:
7418:
Langley, Michelle C. (2020). "Re-analysis of the "engraved" Diprotodon tooth from Spring Creek, Victoria, Australia".
6509:
Wroe, S.; Myers, T. J.; Wells, R. T.; Gillespie, A. (1999). "Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion,
5717:"Parallel evolution of hand anatomy in kangaroos and vombatiform marsupials: Functional and evolutionary implications"
3763:, which he thought was a giant, bottom-dwelling fish. This notion became somewhat popularised after English geologist
3529:
2153:
2137:
870:
766:
individuals over a few acres; excavation was restarted in the 1970s and more were uncovered. American palaeontologist
5999:
3731:, a large, carnivorous, lake monster. Many ethnologists and palaeontologists of the time believed the bunyip to be a
3280:
of 34 to 36 °C (93 to 97 °F). Marsupials give birth at an earlier point in foetal development, relying on
551:
163:
6482:
Flannery, T. F. (1990). "Pleistocene faunal loss: implications of the aftershock for Australia's past and future".
5218:"A quantitative comparative analysis of the size of the frontoparietal sinuses and brain in vombatiform marsupials"
3036:
were better suited for crushing rather than grinding, which would have permitted it to process vegetation in bulk.
985:
786:
580:
8468:
3679:
In 2016, Australian archaeologist Giles Hamm and colleagues unearthed a partial right radius belonging to a young
3292:
Based on the relationship between female body size and life history in kangaroos, a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb)
2927:
they used in their study weighed 1,179 kg (2,599 lb) and a hippo weighed 1,950 kg (4,300 lb).
2420:
where the teeth are. The depth of the body of the mandible increases from the last molar to the first. The strong
2265:
6425:"Late Quaternary distribution and biogeography of the southern Lake Eyre basin (SLEB) megafauna, South Australia"
6152:
Erickson, G. M.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. (2003). "The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (
6021:
Bakker, E. S.; Gill, J. L.; Johnson, C. N.; Vera, F. W. M.; Sandom, C. J.; Asner, G. P.; Svenning, J.-C. (2015).
3792:
3735:
of the lumbering giant creature that probably frequented marshlands, though at the time it was uncertain whether
3447:
would have been a tough adversary for native carnivores. It contended with the largest-known marsupial predator
3917:
2391:
438:
is the largest-known marsupial to have ever lived; it greatly exceeds the size of its closest living relatives
151:
2568:. Like many other mammals, the dorsals initially decrease in breadth and then expand before connecting to the
2386:, which is also responsible for closing the jaw, seems to have been the dominant jaw muscle. A probable large
6300:
6105:"Dietary responses of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea) megafauna to climate and environmental change"
3723:. Aboriginal Australians also attempted to fit the finds into their own religious ideas, quickly associating
3016:
are a simple bilophodont shape. Kangaroos use their bilophodont teeth to grind tender, low-fibre plants as a
2815:, which connect the fingers to the wrist, are broadly similar to those of kangaroos and allies. The enlarged
2504:. Unlike in kangaroos, there is no connecting ridge between the lophs. The peaks of these lophs have a thick
759:
599:, Owen compared the tooth to those of wombats and hippos; he wrote to Mitchell designating it as a new genus
8624:
5692:
4026:
3905:
3878:
3748:
3720:
3048:
2375:
1014:. New species were later added to both groups; by the 1960s, the first diprotodontoids dating to before the
874:
755:
7122:"Climate change frames debate over the extinction of megafauna in Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea)"
3921:
3079:
8484:
7810:
5217:
4421:"New C Ages on Cellulose from Diprotodon Gut Contents: Explorations in Oxidation Chemistry and Combustion"
3806:
2367:
2309:—the tube running through a vertebral centrum where the spinal cord passes through—than a foramen magnum.
2181:
2133:
2040:
1000:
3877:, and the other unusual extinct creatures of Wellington Cave and the Australian continent to deconstruct
2464:. In each half of either jaw are three incisors in the upper jaw and one in the lower jaw; there are one
8596:
3606:
3578:
3538:
3336:
3096:
2683:
where the pelvis connects to the spine is at 35 degrees in reference to the long axis of the ilium. The
2409:
903:
based most-notably on a lack of dental differences among these supposed species, and said it was likely
516:
8463:
7780:. Vol. -. Pioneer Design Studio in cooperation with the Monash University Publications Committee.
6424:
3150:
may have subjected its teeth or jaws to more-strenuous activities than chewing, such as fighting other
2117:, which has been discovered in Pliocene deposits of eastern Australia predating 2.5 million years ago.
5157:
Earth and life: global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time
2512:
layer, and beneath that osteodentine. Like the first premolar of other marsupials, the first molar of
8531:
7615:
7497:
7389:
7346:
7293:
7197:
7133:
7086:
7006:
6948:
6905:
6860:
6813:
6762:
6709:
6628:
6569:
6438:
6335:
6258:
6116:
5953:
5857:
5783:
5728:
5116:
5038:
4905:
4870:
4775:
4714:
4432:
4337:
4072:(short faced kangaroos), identified in 1980 by Australian zoologist Michael Archer and colleagues in
3951:
3854:
3574:
3520:). At 7 m (23 ft) in length, megalania was the largest carnivore of Pleistocene Australia.
3347:
were more conducive to grasslands and deserts. The continent progressively became dryer as the Asian
3017:
2893:
between the largest herbivores and carnivores—living or extinct—from every continent (for Australia:
2873:
may have been 20% longer than reconstructed skeletons, exceeding 400 cm (13 ft 1 in).
2421:
2417:
2073:
989:
576:
429:
5699:. Fossil Remains of Lake Callabonna. Memoirs of the Royal Society of South Australia. pp. 1–40.
3908:, and was taken to Sydney in 1847 to be sold at auction. Leichhardt attempted to buy it for the new
2580:—very rigid in regard to the vertebral centrum—which served to support the animal's immense weight.
2296:, are semi-circular and the bottom half is narrower than the top. The inner border, which forms the
8180:
7073:
Williams, Martin A. J.; Spooner, Nigel A.; McDonnell, Kathryn; O'Connell, James F. (January 2021).
6990:
Clarkson, C.; Jacobs, Z.; Marwick, B.; Fullagar, R.; Wallis, L.; Smith, M.; Roberts, R. G. (2017).
6849:"Geographic variation in the ecological effects of extinction of Australia's Pleistocene megafauna"
6612:"New ages for the last Australian megafauna: Continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago"
4674:
4299:
3764:
3497:
3449:
3363:
indicates herds trekked across almost any habitat, much like modern African elephants south of the
3340:
3142:
2866:
2775:
is located. The proximal end (part closest to the hip joint) is notably long, broad, and deep. The
2704:
2379:
2371:
2165:
540:
492:
421:
138:
117:
7775:
6188:
Price, G.J.; Ferguson, K.J.; Webb, G.E.; Feng, Y.; Higgins, P.; Nguyen, A.D.; et al. (2017).
3978:
This does not necessarily indicate its dominance among Australian megafauna because the bones of
3651:
Despite the role the first Aboriginal Australians are speculated to have had in the extinction of
3005:
plants. The fossilised, incompletely digested gut contents of one 53,000-year-old individual from
2889:
the largest herbivore in Australia. In 2001, Canadian biologist Gary Burness and colleagues did a
2546:
7683:
7569:
7521:
7362:
7223:
Johnson, C.N.; Alroy, J.; Beeton, N.J.; Bird, M.I.; Brook, B.W.; Cooper, A.; et al. (2016).
7048:
6972:
6921:
6829:
6786:
6725:
6652:
6585:
6274:
6134:
5836:
5746:
5003:
4613:
4515:
4450:
3810:
3622:
3610:
3060:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2780:
2278:
2157:
767:
672:
283:
158:
8398:
4828:. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Vol. 11. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 25–26.
4038:
4034:
1126:
817:, which means linking or joining, because he characterised the species as combining traits from
8601:
8150:
8112:
7893:
6746:
Miller, G. H.; Fogel, M. L.; Magee, J. W.; Gagan, M. K.; Clarke, S. J.; Johnson, B. J. (2005).
5492:
4494:
Johnson, C. N.; Crossman, D. G. (1991). "Sexual dimorphism in the northern hairy-nosed wombat,
4156:
3130:
could do it, it is likely other Pleistocene Australian megafauna also had seasonal migrations.
2819:
takes up half the jointing surface of the ulna. The fifth digit on the forepaw is the largest.
2064:
8583:
7789:
7723:
7660:
7594:
7513:
7435:
7319:
7262:
7244:
7169:
7151:
7102:
7040:
7032:
6964:
6778:
6644:
6619:
6454:
6405:
6363:
6219:
6054:
5981:
5906:
5514:
5401:
5383:
5301:
5169:
5066:
4801:
4730:
4538:
4396:
4192:
3909:
3892:
3741:
3585:, is recorded at South Walker Creek mine in the north-east at about 40,100 ± 1,700 years ago.
3236:
2948:
2890:
2823:
2413:
2289:
2274:
2141:
790:
700:
560:
502:
8588:
4184:
3383:(giant short-faced kangaroos), a diversity of modern and giant koala and wombat species, the
2880:
mammals rather than marsupials. The first person to attempt to estimate the living weight of
8255:
8210:
7781:
7652:
7559:
7505:
7466:
7427:
7397:
7354:
7309:
7301:
7282:"Extinction of eastern Sahul megafauna coincides with sustained environmental deterioration"
7252:
7236:
7205:
7159:
7141:
7094:
7022:
7014:
6956:
6913:
6868:
6821:
6770:
6717:
6682:
6636:
6577:
6522:
6491:
6446:
6429:
6397:
6353:
6343:
6266:
6209:
6201:
6165:
6124:
6085:
6044:
6034:
5971:
5961:
5896:
5888:
5828:
5799:
5791:
5736:
5506:
5391:
5373:
5291:
5283:
5232:
5161:
5124:
5056:
5046:
4993:
4913:
4829:
4791:
4783:
4722:
4680:
4605:
4585:
4507:
4440:
4315:
4135:
3822:
3277:
2955:
2827:
2768:
2680:
2645:
2637:
2573:
2551:
2293:
2185:
1754:
1053:
1019:
1004:
841:; in 1991, Australian palaeontologist Peter Murray suggested classifying large specimens as
568:
393:
8522:
7739:"Index to the genera and species described from Australia and New Guinea from 1838 to 1968"
7588:
3039:
In 2016, Australian biologists Alana Sharpe and Thomas Rich estimated the maximum-possible
2834:
connect the toes to the ankle) are significantly reduced, which may mean these digits were
2744:
2735:
8300:
8291:
8280:
8220:
8044:
7932:
7884:
4213:
4030:
3948:
3798:
3760:
3626:
3309:
3286:
3206:
3108:
3088:
3006:
2899:
2641:
2569:
2561:
2536:
2517:
2387:
2383:
2317:
2249:
2161:
1860:
1715:
1693:
1377:
1088:
1078:
1007:
967:
810:
806:
751:
747:
736:
572:
447:
397:
238:
7486:"Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia"
5568:
Diprotodon: background and interpretation of the display in the Central Australian Museum
5541:
Diprotodon: background and interpretation of the display in the Central Australian Museum
746:
fossils have been unearthed in dry lakes and riverbeds; the largest assemblage came from
7501:
7393:
7350:
7297:
7201:
7137:
7090:
7074:
7010:
6952:
6909:
6864:
6817:
6766:
6713:
6632:
6573:
6442:
6339:
6262:
6120:
5957:
5787:
5732:
5120:
5042:
5027:(Diprotodontidae), Heavyweight Marsupial Herbivores in the Miocene Forests of Australia"
4909:
4896:
Archer, M.; Bartholomai, A. (1978). "Tertiary mammals of Australia: a synoptic review".
4779:
4762:
Beck, R. M. D.; Louys, J.; Brewer, P.; Archer, M.; Black, K. H.; Tedford, R. H. (2020).
4718:
4436:
8264:
8139:
8027:
7764:
7470:
7314:
7281:
7257:
7224:
7164:
7121:
6748:"Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction"
6495:
6358:
6323:
6243:
6214:
6190:"Seasonal migration of marsupial megafauna in Pleistocene Sahul (Australia–New Guinea)"
6189:
6049:
6022:
5901:
5876:
5396:
5361:
5296:
5267:
5151:
5061:
5022:
4938:
4796:
4763:
3888:
3779:
3344:
3302:
3273:
2989:
2985:
2924:
2649:
2540:
2469:
2446:
2333:
2313:
2297:
2285:
2120:
In general, there is poor resolution on the ages of Australian fossil sites. While the
2085:
1848:
1728:
1066:
1039:
1032:
6747:
4941:; Mackness, B. S. (1999). "Diversity and relationships of diprotodontoid marsupials".
4700:"A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes"
4609:
3938:
insignificantly larger than the male. In koalas, males can be 50% larger than females.
3767:, who believed the god was a horned, scaly creature, conjectured it was a chimaera of
3703:
899:
In 2008, Australian palaeontologist Gilbert Price opted to recognise only one species
8618:
8419:
8363:
8001:
7863:
7833:
7573:
7366:
7052:
6925:
6825:
6686:
6589:
6450:
6278:
5976:
5941:
5937:
5741:
5716:
5155:
4819:
4617:
4519:
4369:
4140:
4116:
3962:
3913:
3818:
3569:
3419:
foraged the expanding grasslands and woodlands. Other contemporaneous dipotodontids (
3313:
3155:
2816:
2708:
2439:
2261:
2257:
2228:
2121:
2089:
1680:
1339:
1214:
996:
977:
970:
866:
834:
664:
659:
620:
472:
460:
367:
225:
68:
7358:
6976:
6833:
6790:
6729:
6656:
6581:
6138:
5840:
5795:
5750:
5007:
4454:
3969:. Marsupialia is divided into several orders, of which Diprotodontia is the largest.
3965:(a single pair of mandibular incisors). The name Diprotodontia does not derive from
2940:
591:
while in England publishing his journal. In 1838, while studying a piece of a right
8426:
8273:
8105:
8089:
7944:
7760:
7525:
6607:
4670:
4333:
4295:
4014:
3916:
outbuid him at ÂŁ50. After being examined by Leichhardt, English geologist Reverend
3842:
3601:
3389:
2784:
2776:
2656:
2505:
2325:
2306:
2253:
2099:
2084:
Both diprotodontines and zygomaturines were both apparently quite diverse over the
1353:
1038:
Below is the Diprotodontoidea family tree according to Australian palaeontologists
934:
888:
683:
612:
607:
in Volume 2 without mentioning a species; in Volume 1, however, he listed the name
588:
425:
274:
260:
5570:. Northern Territory, Australia: Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory.
5543:. Northern Territory, Australia: Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory.
2508:
coating that thins towards the base; this could wear away with use and expose the
2394:
may indicate, unlike in wombats, a limited range of side-to-side jaw motion means
6348:
5165:
5128:
5051:
4823:
2576:(growth plates) and the neural arch, to which the neural spine is attached, are
8557:
8516:
8440:
8433:
8391:
8377:
8349:
8335:
8190:
8170:
8123:
8011:
6388:
Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. (2001). "Australasian marsupials—to cherish and to hold".
4726:
3732:
3673:
3563:
3557:
3547:
3421:
3411:
3380:
3180:
3170:
3123:
2992:
SU6 (possibly 45,000 years old) and SU9 (350,000 to 570,000 years old) indicate
2804:
2772:
2664:
2524:
premolars were highly morphologically variable even within the same individual.
2497:
2432:
2359:
2301:
1939:
1768:
1580:
1554:
1449:
1159:
1109:
1042:
and Brian Mackness, 1999 (top), and Vombatiformes family tree according to Beck
823:
603:. Mitchell published the correspondence in his journal. Owen formally described
567:
In 1830, farmer George Ranken found a diverse fossil assemblage while exploring
476:
379:
43:
30:
7305:
4787:
4244:
3778:
These kinds of suppositions are not testable and require stories to survive in
8405:
8328:
8075:
7984:
7914:
7401:
6721:
6169:
5832:
5510:
5236:
4917:
4445:
4420:
3802:
3691:
is unlikely to have climbed, they said humans were responsible for taking the
3634:
3198:
3040:
2905:
2835:
2831:
2812:
2688:
2577:
2321:
2173:
2113:
2049:
1922:
1741:
1432:
1264:
981:
892:
771:
497:
483:
456:
88:
53:
8507:
7695:
7564:
7543:
7485:
7439:
7248:
7155:
7106:
7036:
6458:
5518:
5387:
5268:"Cranial biomechanics, bite force and function of the endocranial sinuses in
907:
was indeed sexually dimorphic, with the male probably being the larger form.
8307:
8059:
7994:
7974:
7964:
7900:
7785:
7146:
6960:
6774:
6640:
6039:
4833:
4684:
4370:"Ludwig Leichhardt and the significance of the extinct Australian megafauna"
4319:
3947:
In 1868, Owen classified all marsupials (living or extinct) into either the
3756:
3687:. Because it lacks carnivore damage and the rock shelter is up a sheer face
3513:
3502:
3401:
3395:
3376:
3352:
over the last 100,000 years, especially after 60,000 years ago with surging
3281:
2877:
2789:
2621:
2329:
2269:
2245:
2103:
2076:
dating to 26–25 million years ago. The group probably evolved much earlier;
2069:
1023:
704:
375:
215:
175:
93:
37:
7774:
Vickers-Rich, P.; Monaghan, J. M.; Baird, R. F.; Rich, T. H., eds. (1991).
7517:
7323:
7266:
7240:
7173:
7044:
6968:
6782:
6648:
6409:
6367:
6223:
6205:
6058:
5985:
5966:
5910:
5892:
5405:
5305:
5070:
4805:
4734:
2822:
The digits of the hindpaws turn inwards from the ankle at 130 degrees. The
7656:
2459:
2456:
505:
on her belly, probably with one of these facing backwards, as in wombats.
8501:
8412:
8384:
8370:
8356:
8342:
8321:
8237:
8227:
8200:
8098:
7907:
7851:
6270:
4017:, the largest living marsupial, can weigh 22–85 kg (49–187 lb).
3955:
3684:
3614:
3508:
3431:
3372:
3260:
3219:
3210:
3193:
3029:
2668:
2600:
2501:
2473:
2465:
2412:, the portion that goes up to connect with the skull, angles inward. The
2240:
has a long, narrow skull. Like other marsupials, the top of the skull of
2094:
1874:
1816:
1799:
1537:
1506:
1482:
1401:
1231:
1183:
1015:
974:
677:
592:
405:
195:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
7587:
Vikers-Rich, P.; Monaghan, J. M.; Baird, R.F.; Rich, T.H., eds. (1991).
7509:
7018:
6129:
6104:
3435:) were insular forms that were restricted to the forests of New Guinea.
2620:(shoulder blade) align more closely with more-basal vertebrates such as
2588:
increases along the series so the lumbar series may have bent downward.
2358:
As in kangaroos and wombats, there is a gap between the jointing of the
1022:
subdivided Diprotodontoidea into one family, Diprotodontidae, with four
8549:
7921:
7027:
6873:
6848:
3958:
3719:
Reverend John Dunmore Lang, forwarded these fossils as evidence of the
3669:
3348:
3025:
2783:. As in kangaroos, the greater trochanter is split into two lobes. The
2684:
2629:
2617:
2509:
2363:
596:
464:
383:
98:
73:
8562:
7766:
Restoration of an extinct elephantine marsupial (Diprotodon australis)
7431:
7098:
5804:
5378:
5287:
2966:
fed on a broad range of foods and, like kangaroos, was consuming both
2663:, are lamelliform (short and broad, with a flat surface instead of an
2479:
The incisors are scalpriform (chisel-like). Like those of wombats and
8161:
8068:
7954:
7857:
7845:
7209:
6917:
4998:
4974:
4052:
3925:
3728:
3711:
3462:
3364:
3232:
2724:
2660:
2596:
2480:
2169:
950:
884:
838:
717:
536:
531:
has been conjectured by some authors to have been the origin of some
439:
413:
205:
185:
8478:
6526:
6401:
6089:
5942:"Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size"
4589:
4511:
925:
7548:: Reading a desert tradition as cultural memory of the remote past"
6073:
3496:
The largest predators of Australia were reptiles, most notably the
2648:) becomes bigger towards the arm joint rather than decreasing. The
6560:
for the Australian Late Pleistocene megafauna extinction debate".
6103:
DeSantis, L. R. G.; Field, J. H.; Wroe, S.; Dodson, J. R. (2017).
5187:
5185:
3702:
3600:
3478:
3384:
3169:
3078:
3055:) at the incisors and 4,118 to 11,134 N (926 to 2,503 lb
2939:
2861:
is the largest-known marsupial to ever have lived. In life, adult
2845:
2720:
2716:
2672:
2545:
2431:
2343:
2039:
954:
726:
628:
550:
443:
409:
401:
371:
6888:
Dodson, J.; Field, J.H. (May 2018). "What does the occurrence of
6244:"Diprotodontid Footprints from the Pliocene of Central Australia"
3009:
show its last meal consisted of young leaves, stalks, and twigs.
2156:; they were deposited approximately 340,000 years ago during the
2144:. These remains are 8–17% smaller than those of Late Pleistocene
8536:
7802:
4419:
Gillespie, R.; Fifield, L. K.; Levchenko, V.; Wells, R. (2008).
3469:, can kill a 500 kg (1,100 lb) bull so it is possible
3024:, which may have had a mixed diet similar to that of a browsing
2712:
2633:
2625:
8482:
7806:
7225:"What caused extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna of Sahul?"
2227:
skull reconstructions showing the cranial bones (left) and the
2148:
but are otherwise indistinguishable. The oldest directly dated
400:, and contemporaneous paleontologists guessed they belonged to
4275:
4273:
2676:
2565:
2140:, which dates to 1.77 million to 780,000 years ago during the
988:(highly specialised forms that are quite different from their
501:. Being a marsupial, the mother may have raised her joey in a
5021:
Black, K. H.; Camens, A. B.; Archer, M.; Hand, S. J. (2012).
3924:, it was shipped to England but the ship was wrecked off the
3593:
earlier been blamed for the extinction of North American and
869:
based on a nearly complete mandible collected by naturalists
6992:"Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago"
4641:
4639:
3371:
was a member of a diverse assemblage of megafauna that were
3264:
southerly, which may have been left by the same individual.
4117:"Taxonomy and palaeobiology of the largest-ever marsupial,
4055:
mammals more closely related to marsupials than placentals.
7593:. Pioneer Design Studio and Monash University. p. 2.
4346:, with remarks on the nature and affinities of that genus"
4227:
4225:
4185:"Bones of contention: monster skeletons and bunyip skulls"
3276:
is about 30% lower than that of placentals due to a lower
3205:
The locomotion of an extinct animal can be inferred using
2652:
where the arm connects is oval shaped as in most mammals.
2366:(upper jaw) behind the last molar, which is filled by the
3415:, which appears to have remained in the forests, whereas
3063:
can produce forces upwards of 9,500 N (2,100 lb
5697:
Description of the manus and pes of Diprotodon australis
4982:(Marsupialia, Diprotodontoidea) through the Pleistocene"
4698:
Meredith, R. W.; Westerman, M.; Springer, M. S. (2009).
4004:
Wombats have four lumbar vertebrae and koalas have five.
7229:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6194:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5881:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5877:"The size of the largest marsupial and why it matters"
5875:
Wroe, S.; Crowther, M.; Dortch, J.; Chong, J. (2004).
3928:
coast. Only the skull was saved; it was taken to Owen.
3343:
were received by forests and woodlands; colder, dryer
3213:. Only the trackways of humans, kangaroos, vombatids,
3067:). Though these are likely overestimates, the jaws of
2320:(eye socket) is small and vertically oval-shaped. The
2281:
produced by biting more efficiently across the skull.
809:
based on some teeth and a partial mandible found near
707:. Owen still classified the molars from Wellington as
575:, Australia. This was the first major site of extinct
5491:
Price, Gilbert J.; Sobbe, Ian H. (7 September 2010).
4342:
described in a former number of the 'Annals' to be a
3227:
trackways have been found at Lake Callabonna and the
2184:(MIS5) or younger—after 110,000 years ago during the
667:
to the grinding surfaces of elephant teeth, believed
8252:
8233:
8216:
8206:
8196:
8186:
8176:
8146:
8135:
8086:
8056:
8040:
8007:
7990:
7980:
7970:
7960:
7950:
7940:
7881:
6702:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
5498:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
4898:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
3537:
on the changing climate or overhunting by the first
2273:
sinuses increase the surface area available for the
699:, which he recanted in 1844 after German naturalist
8491:
8290:
8263:
8251:
8160:
8122:
8085:
8055:
8025:
7931:
7880:
5160:. Springer Verlag. pp. 1040, 1047, 1051–1056.
4393:
Triumph of the Nomads: History of Ancient Australia
3813:, South Australia, which he believed were those of
855:
was erected in 1865 by McCoy as a replacement for "
511:went extinct about 40,000 years ago as part of the
7647:Bednarik, R. G. (2013). "Animals and Pareidolia".
4535:Australian Mammals: Biology and Captive Management
3873:Owen, and other naturalists of the time would use
3375:to Pleistocene Australia; these also included the
3320:. Assuming a lifespan of up to 50 years, a female
2599:. The base of the neural spines of these two were
2292:, a pair of bones that connect the skull with the
703:pointed out that the incisors clearly belong to a
7457:tooth from the Spring Creek locality, Victoria".
5710:
5708:
5706:
4218:. Vol. 2. T. and W. Boone. pp. 362–363.
3617:hunt) may be implicated in megafaunal extinction.
3477:. Similar to recent kangaroos with thylacines or
2703:is almost straight rather than S-shaped, and the
883:was erected in 1873 by Krefft based on a partial
6896:) spores mean in Australian fossil sequences?".
4414:
4412:
3710:, soon after discovery, was associated with the
2980:plants—arid grasses. Carbon isotope analyses on
2699:Unlike those of most marsupials, the humerus of
2378:that was involved in closing the jaw. Like many
643:and the acceptance of its apparent replacement "
463:(520 pounds-force) at the long and ever-growing
7413:
7411:
7126:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6477:
6475:
6027:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5946:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5687:
5685:
4155:Long, G. (1967). "Ranken, George (1793–1860)".
3659:In 1984, Gail Paton discovered an upper-right
2954:Like modern megaherbivores, most evidently the
2667:). Lamelliform ilia have only been recorded in
7720:Prehistoric Giants: The megafauna of Australia
7453:Vanderwal, R.; Fullagar, R. (1989). "Engraved
6383:
6381:
6379:
6377:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4352:. Vol. 11, no. 71. pp. 329–332.
3904:The specimen was collected by R. B. Turner at
3209:, which seldom preserve in Australia over the
3087:herd was making seasonal migrations along the
3059:) across the molar series. For reference, the
2476:(gap) separates the incisors from the molars.
370:: "two protruding front teeth") is an extinct
7818:
7746:Western Australian Museum Special Publication
7537:
7535:
6741:
6739:
6668:
6666:
6237:
6235:
6233:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
4864:
4862:
4679:. Vol. 3. Longmans, Green. p. 293.
4580:
4578:
3285:support as large a litter size or as short a
2973:—well-watered trees, shrubs, and grasses—and
805:was erected in 1861 by Irish palaeontologist
467:teeth, and over 11,000 newtons (2,500 lb
8:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6183:
6181:
6179:
5923:
5853:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5191:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5083:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4338:"Additional evidence proving the Australian
4279:
432:, which were enigmatic to European science.
6601:
6599:
5870:
5868:
5866:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4598:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
4304:discovered by Count Strzlecki in Australia"
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
3751:reported Aboriginal Australians identified
3485:may have been at high risk of predation by
3051:. They calculated 2,374 N (534 lb
2256:. Like many other giant vombatiformes, the
687:. Later that year, he formally synonymised
8479:
8260:
8128:
8033:
7877:
7873:
7825:
7811:
7803:
4871:"Origins and subfamilial relationships of
4350:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
4300:"Description of a Fossil Molar Tooth of a
4290:
4288:
3837:. Unlike the more-naturalistic artwork of
3308:In large kangaroos, females usually reach
3099:ratio (Sr/Sr) at various points along the
2803:has five digits on either paw. Like other
137:
116:
20:
7563:
7313:
7256:
7163:
7145:
7026:
6872:
6357:
6347:
6213:
6128:
6048:
6038:
5975:
5965:
5900:
5803:
5740:
5395:
5377:
5295:
5060:
5050:
4997:
4795:
4444:
4139:
4128:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3493:have been recovered from the same caves.
2535:had seven cervical (neck) vertebrae. The
2152:fossils come from the Boney Bite site at
865:was erected in 1873 by German naturalist
4212:Owen, R. (1838). Mitchell, T. L. (ed.).
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
3831:Australian Rock Art Research Association
7777:Vertebrate palaeontology of Australasia
7755:from the original on 10 September 2014.
7737:Mahoney, J. A.; Ride, W. D. L. (1975).
7590:Vertebrate Palaeontology of Australasia
6390:Reproduction, Fertility and Development
6288:from the original on 21 September 2017.
4855:. Bureau of Mineral Resources: 149–160.
4657:
4645:
4630:
4569:
4557:
4231:
4088:
4051:Metatheria includes marsupials and all
3866:
446:. It is a member of the extinct family
5528:– via Taylor and Francis Online.
4825:Arrangement of the families of mammals
4308:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
3457:remains that were gnawed or bitten by
2516:and wombats is the only tooth that is
722:European land exploration of Australia
619:means "two protruding front teeth" in
513:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
7651:. Archaeopress. pp. 20, 21, 26.
4707:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4594:, and on a New Species of that Genus"
4470:"The diprotodonts of Lake Callabonna"
4368:Fensham, R. J.; Price, G. J. (2013).
4189:Bunyips: Australia's folklore of fear
647:" has historically varied widely but
527:—or most other Australian megafauna.
7:
6539:
6322:Camens, A. B.; Carey, S. P. (2013).
6301:"The diprotodons of Lake Callabonna"
5676:
5664:
5652:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5580:
5553:
5478:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5430:
5418:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5203:
3954:(characterised by multiple pairs of
3714:(above drawn by J. Mcfarlane, 1890).
3324:could have given birth eight times.
2468:and four molars in both jaws but no
2244:is flat or depressed over the small
2068:, which was identified in 2020 from
742:Huge assemblages of mostly complete
8655:Monotypic prehistoric mammal genera
7062:from the original on 28 April 2019.
5715:Weisbecker, V.; Archer, M. (2008).
5266:Sharpe, A. C.; Rich, T. H. (2016).
4973:Price, G. J.; Piper, K. J. (2009).
3625:, who would have regularly started
3359:The continent-wide distribution of
3229:Victorian Volcanic Plain grasslands
1914:
1890:
1866:
1841:
1791:
1784:
1760:
1734:
1708:
1686:
1676:
1529:
1522:
1498:
1474:
1424:
1417:
1393:
1369:
1345:
1256:
1206:
1199:
1175:
1151:
1101:
1094:
1084:
1059:
1049:
758:, which hired Australian geologist
543:but these ideas are unconfirmable.
7616:"Megafauna depictions in rock art"
7471:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1989.tb00201.x
6496:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1990.tb00232.x
6251:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5246:from the original on 19 July 2018.
4395:. Springer. 1976. pp. 51–52.
4158:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2260:are extensive; in a specimen from
2111:directly evolved from the smaller
658:fossils from the recently settled
14:
7636:from the original on 29 May 2017.
6468:– via Wiley Online Library.
5225:Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria
4744:from the original on 18 May 2015.
4610:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1862.018.01-02.56
4537:. CSIRO Publishing. p. 147.
4161:. Australian National University.
3845:rather than a corporeal subject.
3409:coexisted with the diprotodontid
2072:deposits of the South Australian
8635:Pleistocene mammals of Australia
8467:
8462:
6826:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02206.x
6687:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00668.x
6451:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00044.x
6002:. Guinness Book of World Records
5742:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00750.x
4879:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
4374:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
4141:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00387.x
3821:presented what he thought was a
3817:. In 1988, Australian historian
3555:; and the short-faced kangaroos
2743:
2734:
2214:
2205:
933:
924:
654:In 1843, Mitchell was sent more
639:". Owen only once used the name
162:
7359:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.11.016
6675:Global Ecology and Biogeography
6582:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106781
6423:Webb, Steve (20 January 2009).
5796:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.021
4875:(Diprotodontidae, Marsupialia)"
4849:Geology and Geophysics Bulletin
4183:Holden, R.; Holden, N. (2001).
4124:(Diprotodontidae, Marsupialia)"
3242:At Lake Callabonna, the single
2616:The general proportions of the
2564:and 14 pairs of closely spaced
949:s closest living relatives are
533:aboriginal mythological figures
6242:Camens, A.; Wells, R. (2009).
5821:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
5272:, the largest known marsupial"
4191:. National Library Australia.
3032:(hoofed mammals), the jaws of
2353:Natural History Museum, London
1026:; Diprotodontinae (containing
995:In 1872, American mammalogist
671:was an elephant related to or
1:
8645:Fossil taxa described in 1838
7552:Journal of Social Archaeology
6898:Journal of Quaternary Science
6515:Australian Journal of Zoology
5107:from Pleistocene Australia".
4986:Journal of Quaternary Science
4975:"Gigantism of the Australian
4676:On the anatomy of vertebrates
3829:to the First Congress of the
3500:, the now-extinct crocodiles
3489:; it and fossils of juvenile
3354:El Niño–Southern Oscillations
3176:Victorian Volcanic Plain site
2763:Like elephants, the femur of
2655:Unlike other marsupials, the
2496:The premolars and molars are
735:fossil in the dry lakebed of
482:It is the only marsupial and
8640:Prehistoric marsupial genera
6349:10.1371/journal.pone.0052957
6078:Australian Journal of Botany
5166:10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_35
5129:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.013
5052:10.1371/journal.pone.0048213
4498:(Marsupialia: Vombatidae)".
3839:Early European modern humans
3747:In 1892, Canadian geologist
3633:In 2017, the human-occupied
2408:As in other marsupials, the
2362:(roof of the mouth) and the
2328:is made of bone rather than
813:; the name may be a typo of
519:, who likely co-exised with
382:of Australia containing one
4727:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.009
3530:Quaternary extinction event
3116:of modern-day East Africa.
3095:In 2017, by measuring the
2792:(on the ankle) is reduced.
2636:rather than marsupials and
2370:. This would have been the
2154:Floraville, New South Wales
2138:Nelson Bay, New South Wales
798:. These other species are:
8671:
8650:Taxa named by Richard Owen
7696:"3D model of the skull of
7339:Quaternary Science Reviews
7306:10.1038/s41467-020-15785-w
6562:Quaternary Science Reviews
6305:Australian Natural History
6154:Alligator mississippiensis
6000:"Largest living marsupial"
5776:Quaternary Science Reviews
5695:; Zietz, A. H. C. (1899).
4788:10.1038/s41598-020-66425-8
4590:"On the Premolar Teeth of
4477:Australian Natural History
3912:but Scottish entrepreneur
3790:
2727:in the leg of a kangaroo.
980:(wombats and koalas), and
787:William David Lindsay Ride
711:and continued to describe
8460:
8131:
8036:
7876:
7872:
7840:
7402:10.1080/03115518008619643
6722:10.1080/03115510609506854
6170:10.1017/S0952836903003819
5833:10.1007/s10914-009-9121-2
5511:10.1080/03115511003793553
5237:10.24199/j.mmv.2016.74.23
4918:10.1080/03115517808619074
4446:10.1017/s003382220004337x
3793:Indigenous Australian art
3443:Due to its massive size,
3114:mammalian mass migrations
2779:projects up far from the
2687:, which form part of the
2659:, the large wings of the
2644:, a depression below the
2266:brain-to-body mass ratios
1936:
1919:
1912:
1895:
1888:
1871:
1864:
1846:
1839:
1813:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1765:
1758:
1739:
1732:
1713:
1706:
1691:
1684:
1577:
1551:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1503:
1496:
1479:
1472:
1446:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1398:
1391:
1374:
1367:
1350:
1343:
1278:
1261:
1254:
1228:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1180:
1173:
1156:
1149:
1123:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1064:
1057:
289:
282:
266:
259:
159:Scientific classification
157:
146:Illustration of a female
145:
136:
124:
115:
23:
7614:Bednarik, R. G. (2013).
7565:10.1177/1469605318817685
5109:Quaternary International
3918:William Branwhite Clarke
3787:Rock art representations
3473:could have killed small
3217:, and the diprotodontid
2392:lateral pterygoid muscle
789:did not ascribe this to
555:Early reconstruction of
541:aboriginal rock artworks
152:sulphur-crested cockatoo
7786:10.5962/bhl.title.60647
7544:"The historiography of
7147:10.1073/pnas.1302698110
6961:10.1126/science.1214261
6806:Journal of Biogeography
6775:10.1126/science.1111288
6641:10.1126/science.1060264
6299:Tedford, R. H. (1973).
6040:10.1073/pnas.1502545112
5940:; Flannery, T. (2001).
4834:10.5962/bhl.title.14607
4685:10.5962/bhl.title.33654
4468:Tedford, R. H. (1973).
4391:"Death of the Giants".
4320:10.1080/037454809495170
4027:Finite element analysis
3906:Kings Creek, Queensland
3879:progressive creationist
3749:Henry Yorke Lyell Brown
3721:Genesis flood narrative
3512:, and the giant lizard
3174:Fossil tracks from the
3122:is the only identified
3075:Migration and sociality
3049:finite element analysis
2960:Carbon isotope analysis
2850:1896 illustration of a
2705:trochlea of the humerus
2591:Like other marsupials,
2376:medial pterygoid muscle
875:Gowrie, New South Wales
873:and Georgina King near
833:was erected in 1862 by
756:South Australian Museum
352:Molnar & Kurz, 1997
16:Extinct marsupial genus
8630:Pleistocene marsupials
7459:Archaeology in Oceania
7420:Archaeology in Oceania
7241:10.1098/rspb.2015.2399
6484:Archaeology in Oceania
6206:10.1098/rspb.2017.0785
5967:10.1073/pnas.251548698
5893:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0095
5566:Murray, Peter (1995).
5539:Murray, Peter (1995).
4029:considers the skull's
3715:
3618:
3539:Aboriginal Australians
3465:, at half the size of
3223:have been identified.
3202:
3092:
2951:
2855:
2583:Like most marsupials,
2554:
2493:is inside the socket.
2442:
2368:medial pterygoid plate
2355:
2182:Marine Isotope Stage 5
2054:
2047:may have evolved from
966:is a marsupial in the
739:
564:
517:Aboriginal Australians
424:by English naturalist
8597:Paleobiology Database
7769:. Taylor and Francis.
7657:10.2307/j.ctvxrq1jr.4
7542:Smith, M. A. (2019).
7286:Nature Communications
6072:Gröke, D. R. (1997).
5360:Sharp, A. C. (2014).
5216:Sharp, A. C. (2016).
5025:Nimbadon lavarackorum
3922:William Sheridan Wall
3706:
3685:Warratyi rock shelter
3642:Cultural significance
3607:Aboriginal Australian
3604:
3399:, and the giant bird
3337:Quaternary glaciation
3173:
3082:
2943:
2849:
2753:Different views of a
2549:
2435:
2410:ramus of the mandible
2347:
2043:
1003:Diprotodontoidea and
845:and smaller ones as "
730:
554:
7649:Myths About Rock Art
6271:10.1671/039.029.0316
5887:(Suppl 3): S34–S36.
4943:Australian Mammalogy
4533:Jackson, S. (2003).
4500:Australian Mammalogy
4496:Lasiorhinus krefftii
4115:Price, G.J. (2008).
4076:, Western Australia.
3855:Australian megafauna
3588:At the time Roberts
3412:Zygomaturus trilobus
3379:, modern kangaroos,
3341:interglacial periods
3141:is normally seen in
2867:intervertebral discs
2646:spine of the scapula
2422:mandibular symphysis
2418:body of the mandible
2180:material comes from
2134:Nelson Bay Formation
990:last common ancestor
697:Dinotherium Australe
577:Australian megafauna
430:Australian megafauna
36:1.77/0.78–0.04
7722:. Museum Victoria.
7510:10.1038/nature20125
7502:2016Natur.539..280H
7394:1980Alch....4..115A
7351:2019QSRv..204...94K
7298:2020NatCo..11.2250H
7202:2015Geo....43..195C
7138:2013PNAS..110.8777W
7091:2021Gearc..36...92W
7019:10.1038/nature22968
7011:2017Natur.547..306C
6953:2012Sci...335.1483R
6947:(6075): 1483–1486.
6910:2018JQS....33..380D
6865:2016Ecogr..39..109J
6818:2010JBiog..37..499B
6767:2005Sci...309..287M
6714:2006Alch...30S..39B
6633:2001Sci...292.1888R
6627:(5523): 1888–1892.
6574:2021QSRv..25306781D
6511:Thylacoleo carnifex
6443:2009Borea..38...25W
6340:2013PLoSO...852957C
6263:2009JVPal..29..863C
6130:10.1017/pab.2016.50
6121:2017Pbio...43..181D
5958:2001PNAS...9814518B
5952:(25): 14518–14523.
5788:2011QSRv...30..591C
5733:2008Palgy..51..321W
5121:2021QuInt.603...64P
5043:2012PLoSO...748213B
4910:1978Alch....2....1A
4869:Archer, M. (1977).
4780:2020NatSR..10.9741B
4719:2009MolPE..51..554M
4437:2008Radcb..50...75G
3765:John Walter Gregory
3545:; the giant wombat
3498:saltwater crocodile
3450:Thylacoleo carnifex
3393:, the giant turtle
2984:excavated from the
2906:Thylacoleo carnifex
2166:luminescence dating
837:based on a partial
498:Thylacoleo carnifex
7718:Clode, D. (2009).
7235:(1824): 20152399.
6874:10.1111/ecog.01612
6200:(1863): 20170785.
6158:Journal of Zoology
5276:Journal of Anatomy
5270:Diprotodon optatum
5105:Diprotodon optatum
4768:Scientific Reports
3716:
3623:fire-stick farmers
3619:
3611:fire-stick farming
3579:Kudjal Yolgah Cave
3577:, Queensland, and
3573:was identified at
3203:
3139:sexual segregation
3093:
3061:American alligator
2952:
2914:other continents.
2856:
2781:greater trochanter
2603:(fused) together.
2555:
2550:Mounted skeleton,
2443:
2356:
2290:occipital condyles
2158:Middle Pleistocene
2055:
895:, New South Wales.
768:Richard H. Tedford
740:
731:Illustration of a
709:Mastodon australis
611:, making that the
609:Diprotodon optatum
565:
535:—most notably the
269:Diprotodon optatum
8612:
8611:
8584:Open Tree of Life
8485:Taxon identifiers
8476:
8475:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8247:
8246:
8021:
8020:
7729:978-0-9803813-2-0
7688:Australian Museum
7666:978-1-78491-474-5
7623:Rock Art Research
7600:978-0-909674-36-6
7496:(7628): 280–283.
7432:10.1002/arco.5209
7132:(22): 8777–8781.
7099:10.1002/gea.21822
7005:(7663): 306–310.
6761:(5732): 287–290.
5924:Vickers-Rich 1991
5854:Vickers-Rich 1991
5379:10.7717/peerj.514
5288:10.1111/joa.12456
5192:Vickers-Rich 1991
5175:978-90-481-3427-4
5084:Vickers-Rich 1991
5023:"Herds Overhead:
4544:978-0-643-06635-9
4402:978-1-349-02423-0
4280:Vickers-Rich 1991
4257:latin-english.com
3910:Australian Museum
3893:natural selection
3742:Australian Museum
3613:(above depicts a
3097:strontium isotope
2949:Australian Museum
2947:sculpture at the
2891:linear regression
2828:third metatarsals
2638:placental mammals
2574:epiphysial plates
2414:condyloid process
2275:temporalis muscle
2142:Early Pleistocene
2132:fossils from the
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1828:
1827:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1566:
1565:
1461:
1460:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1243:
1242:
1138:
1137:
791:sexual dimorphism
701:Ludwig Leichhardt
651:is now standard.
561:Alice B. Woodward
359:
358:
325:D. bennettii
317:D. longiceps
301:D. annextans
293:D. australis
8662:
8605:
8604:
8592:
8591:
8579:
8578:
8566:
8565:
8553:
8552:
8540:
8539:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8480:
8471:
8466:
8261:
8256:Diprotodontoidea
8254:
8235:
8218:
8211:Rhizophascolonus
8208:
8198:
8188:
8178:
8148:
8137:
8129:
8088:
8058:
8042:
8034:
8009:
7992:
7982:
7972:
7962:
7952:
7942:
7883:
7878:
7874:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7804:
7799:
7770:
7756:
7754:
7743:
7733:
7707:
7691:
7671:
7670:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7620:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7567:
7539:
7530:
7529:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7317:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7260:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7210:10.1130/G36346.1
7184:
7178:
7177:
7167:
7149:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7030:
6996:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6918:10.1002/jqs.3020
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6752:
6743:
6734:
6733:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6670:
6661:
6660:
6616:
6603:
6594:
6593:
6556:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6385:
6372:
6371:
6361:
6351:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6248:
6239:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6185:
6174:
6173:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6132:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6052:
6042:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5969:
5936:Burness, G. P.;
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5904:
5872:
5861:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5782:(5–6): 598–602.
5770:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5712:
5701:
5700:
5689:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5381:
5357:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5263:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5222:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5180:
5179:
5148:
5133:
5132:
5100:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5054:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4999:10.1002/jqs.1285
4992:(8): 1029–1038.
4981:
4970:
4951:
4950:
4935:
4922:
4921:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4799:
4759:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4704:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4604:(1–2): 422–427.
4582:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4365:
4354:
4353:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4292:
4283:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4180:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4123:
4112:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3970:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3902:
3896:
3871:
3801:found footprint
3759:as those of the
3627:controlled burns
3278:body temperature
3207:fossil trackways
2956:African elephant
2769:medullary cavity
2747:
2738:
2681:sacroiliac joint
2597:sacral vertebrae
2570:lumbar vertebrae
2562:dorsal vertebrae
2560:probably had 13
2552:Museums Victoria
2492:
2491:
2487:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2404:
2390:compared to the
2294:vertebral column
2218:
2209:
2186:Late Pleistocene
1915:
1891:
1867:
1842:
1792:
1785:
1761:
1755:Diprotodontoidea
1735:
1709:
1687:
1677:
1530:
1523:
1499:
1475:
1425:
1418:
1394:
1370:
1346:
1257:
1207:
1200:
1176:
1152:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1060:
1054:Diprotodontoidea
1050:
1020:Ruben A. Stirton
948:
937:
928:
569:Wellington Caves
547:Research history
491:may have formed
394:Wellington Caves
353:
349:D. australe
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
250:
237:
167:
166:
141:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
8670:
8669:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8600:
8595:
8587:
8582:
8574:
8569:
8561:
8556:
8548:
8543:
8535:
8530:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8506:
8505:
8500:
8487:
8477:
8472:
8446:
8301:Alkwertatherium
8292:Diprotodontidae
8286:
8281:Propalorchestes
8243:
8221:Sedophascolomys
8156:
8118:
8081:
8051:
8045:Thylacoleonidae
8030:
8017:
7933:Phascolarctidae
7927:
7885:Thylacoleonidae
7868:
7836:
7831:
7796:
7773:
7759:
7752:
7741:
7736:
7730:
7717:
7714:
7712:Further reading
7694:
7682:
7679:
7674:
7667:
7646:
7645:
7641:
7633:
7618:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7601:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7541:
7540:
7533:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7417:
7416:
7409:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7059:
6994:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6803:
6802:
6798:
6750:
6745:
6744:
6737:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6614:
6606:Roberts, R.G.;
6605:
6604:
6597:
6558:
6557:
6546:
6538:
6534:
6527:10.1071/zo99006
6508:
6507:
6503:
6481:
6480:
6473:
6463:
6461:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6402:10.1071/RD01079
6387:
6386:
6375:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6285:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6231:
6187:
6186:
6177:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6090:10.1071/BT96040
6071:
6070:
6066:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6005:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5874:
5873:
5864:
5852:
5848:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5772:
5771:
5758:
5714:
5713:
5704:
5693:Stirling, E. C.
5691:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5671:
5663:
5659:
5651:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5359:
5358:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5265:
5264:
5251:
5243:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5150:
5149:
5136:
5115:(5693): 64–73.
5102:
5101:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5020:
5019:
5015:
4979:
4972:
4971:
4954:
4937:
4936:
4925:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4761:
4760:
4749:
4741:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4512:10.1071/AM91019
4493:
4492:
4488:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4367:
4366:
4357:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4223:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4182:
4181:
4166:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4121:
4114:
4113:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4063:
4059:
4050:
4046:
4039:Poisson's ratio
4035:Young's modulus
4031:section modulus
4025:
4021:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3986:
3977:
3973:
3952:Polyprotodontia
3946:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3903:
3899:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3851:
3799:Herbert Basedow
3795:
3789:
3775:or crocodiles.
3761:Rainbow Serpent
3701:
3649:
3647:Fossil evidence
3644:
3528:As part of the
3526:
3518:Varanus priscus
3441:
3345:glacial periods
3330:
3310:sexual maturity
3287:generation time
3270:
3168:
3109:Condamine River
3089:Condamine River
3077:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3007:Lake Callabonna
3004:
3000:
2978:
2971:
2938:
2933:
2900:Varanus priscus
2854:and human skull
2844:
2798:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2697:
2614:
2609:
2530:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2455:
2454:
2430:
2402:
2388:temporal muscle
2384:masseter muscle
2342:
2258:frontal sinuses
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:frontal sinuses
2221:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2194:
2162:U-series dating
2074:Namba Formation
2038:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1861:Diprotodontidae
1829:
1716:Phascolarctidae
1694:Thylacoleonidae
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1567:
1462:
1378:Alkwertatherium
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1244:
1139:
1089:Diprotodontinae
1079:Diprotodontidae
1046:2020 (bottom):
1008:Diprotodontidae
961:
960:
959:
958:
946:
940:
939:
938:
930:
929:
918:
913:
811:Colac, Victoria
807:Frederick McCoy
777:In addition to
752:South Australia
748:Lake Callabonna
737:Lake Callabonna
581:Thomas Mitchell
573:New South Wales
549:
470:
448:Diprotodontidae
398:New South Wales
351:
343:
341:D. optatus
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
278:
272:
248:
239:Diprotodontidae
235:
161:
128:skeleton cast,
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8668:
8666:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8625:Diprotodontids
8617:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8606:
8593:
8580:
8567:
8554:
8541:
8528:
8513:
8497:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8474:
8473:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8416:
8409:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8346:
8339:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8277:
8269:
8267:
8265:Palorchestidae
8258:
8249:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8231:
8224:
8214:
8204:
8194:
8184:
8174:
8166:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8144:
8132:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8109:
8102:
8094:
8092:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8072:
8064:
8062:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8037:
8031:
8028:Vombatomorphia
8026:
8023:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8015:
8005:
7998:
7988:
7978:
7968:
7958:
7948:
7937:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7889:
7887:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7794:
7771:
7757:
7734:
7728:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7704:phenome10k.org
7692:
7678:
7677:External links
7675:
7673:
7672:
7665:
7639:
7629:(2): 199–200.
7606:
7599:
7579:
7531:
7476:
7445:
7407:
7388:(2): 115–131.
7372:
7329:
7272:
7215:
7196:(3): 195–198.
7179:
7112:
7079:Geoarchaeology
7065:
6982:
6931:
6904:(4): 380–392.
6880:
6859:(2): 109–116.
6839:
6812:(3): 499–505.
6796:
6735:
6692:
6681:(2): 142–151.
6662:
6608:Flannery, T.F.
6595:
6544:
6532:
6501:
6471:
6415:
6396:(8): 477–485.
6373:
6314:
6291:
6257:(3): 863–869.
6229:
6175:
6164:(6): 317–327.
6144:
6095:
6084:(3): 607–617.
6064:
6033:(4): 847–855.
6013:
5991:
5928:
5916:
5862:
5846:
5811:
5756:
5727:(2): 321–338.
5702:
5681:
5679:, pp. 560–566.
5669:
5667:, pp. 551–554.
5657:
5655:, pp. 554–560.
5645:
5643:, pp. 548–550.
5633:
5631:, pp. 554–556.
5621:
5619:, pp. 545–546.
5609:
5597:
5595:, pp. 542–544.
5585:
5573:
5558:
5556:, pp. 539–542.
5546:
5531:
5483:
5471:
5469:, pp. 530–532.
5459:
5447:
5445:, pp. 528–530.
5435:
5423:
5421:, pp. 526–527.
5411:
5347:
5335:
5333:, pp. 523–524.
5323:
5321:, pp. 521–523.
5311:
5282:(6): 984–995.
5249:
5208:
5196:
5181:
5174:
5134:
5088:
5076:
5037:(11): e48213.
5013:
4952:
4923:
4888:
4858:
4839:
4811:
4774:(9741): 9741.
4747:
4713:(3): 554–571.
4690:
4662:
4650:
4635:
4623:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4543:
4525:
4506:(2): 145–146.
4486:
4483:(11): 349–354.
4460:
4408:
4401:
4383:
4355:
4325:
4284:
4269:
4236:
4221:
4204:
4198:978-0642107329
4197:
4164:
4147:
4134:(2): 369–397.
4087:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4057:
4044:
4019:
4006:
3997:
3984:
3971:
3940:
3930:
3920:, and curator
3897:
3889:Charles Darwin
3865:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3847:
3788:
3785:
3780:oral tradition
3700:
3697:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3525:
3522:
3440:
3437:
3427:Z. nimborensia
3329:
3326:
3303:thermoregulate
3274:metabolic rate
3272:The marsupial
3269:
3266:
3192:overlain by a
3167:
3164:
3156:bachelor herds
3076:
3073:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3012:The molars of
3002:
2998:
2986:Cuddie Springs
2976:
2969:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:American bison
2843:
2840:
2797:
2794:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2696:
2693:
2650:glenoid cavity
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2529:
2526:
2447:dental formula
2429:
2426:
2341:
2338:
2334:zygomatic arch
2314:sagittal crest
2298:foramen magnum
2286:occipital bone
2223:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2086:Late Oligocene
2053:(skull above).
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:Palorchestidae
1845:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:Vombatomorphia
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:Palorchestidae
1063:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1040:Karen H. Black
1033:Palorchestidae
942:
941:
932:
931:
923:
922:
921:
920:
919:
917:
914:
912:
911:Classification
909:
897:
896:
878:
860:
850:
828:
548:
545:
471:) at the last
468:
357:
356:
355:
354:
346:
338:
333:D. loderi
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
287:
286:
280:
279:
273:
264:
263:
257:
256:
246:
242:
241:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
155:
154:
150:with joey and
143:
142:
134:
133:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8667:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8603:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8529:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8509:
8503:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8470:
8465:
8443:
8442:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8420:Raemeotherium
8417:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8364:Meniscolophus
8361:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8250:
8240:
8239:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8181:Nimbavombatus
8175:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8134:
8133:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8046:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8029:
8024:
8014:
8013:
8006:
8004:
8003:
8002:Phascolarctos
7999:
7997:
7996:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7864:Diprotodontia
7861:
7859:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7834:Vombatiformes
7828:
7823:
7821:
7816:
7814:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7797:
7795:9780909674366
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7778:
7772:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7747:
7740:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7721:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7701:
7699:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7668:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7643:
7640:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7607:
7602:
7596:
7592:
7591:
7583:
7580:
7575:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7547:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7480:
7477:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7449:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7376:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7219:
7216:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7183:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:(1): 92–108.
7084:
7080:
7076:
7069:
7066:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6935:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6884:
6881:
6875:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6800:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6696:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6536:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6505:
6502:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6419:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6334:(1): e52957.
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6292:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6068:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6014:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5721:Palaeontology
5718:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5574:
5569:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5532:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:Huxley, T. H.
4581:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4384:
4380:(2): 621–632.
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:"Details for
4240:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3963:Diprotodontia
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:Benjamin Boyd
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:'s theory of
3890:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3825:depiction of
3824:
3820:
3819:Percy Trezise
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:Yunta Springs
3804:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3755:fossils from
3754:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3733:tribal memory
3730:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3695:to the site.
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3570:Simosthenurus
3566:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:Palaeoecology
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3008:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2817:pisiform bone
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:skull at the
2350:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:Bacchus Marsh
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:geochronology
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:Early Miocene
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:Vombatiformes
1679:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1340:Zygomaturinae
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:Meniscolophus
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Theodore Gill
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:Vombatiformes
976:
972:
971:Diprotodontia
969:
965:
956:
952:
945:
936:
927:
915:
910:
908:
906:
902:
894:
890:
887:collected by
886:
882:
879:
876:
872:
871:George Bennet
868:
867:Gerard Krefft
864:
861:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:Thomas Huxley
832:
829:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:
800:
799:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
734:
729:
725:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
679:
674:
670:
666:
661:
660:Darling Downs
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:Ancient Greek
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
562:
558:
553:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
485:
480:
478:
474:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
420:was formally
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Ancient Greek
365:
364:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
318:
315:
310:
309:D. minor
307:
302:
299:
294:
291:
290:
288:
285:
281:
276:
271:
270:
265:
262:
258:
255:
254:
247:
244:
243:
240:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:Diprotodontia
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
165:
160:
156:
153:
149:
144:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
8492:
8439:
8432:
8427:Silvabestius
8425:
8418:
8411:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8376:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8279:
8274:Palorchestes
8272:
8236:
8226:
8219:
8209:
8199:
8189:
8179:
8169:
8149:
8138:
8111:
8106:Namilamadeta
8104:
8097:
8090:Wynyardiidae
8074:
8067:
8043:
8010:
8000:
7993:
7983:
7973:
7963:
7953:
7945:Invictokoala
7943:
7920:
7913:
7906:
7899:
7892:
7776:
7765:
7745:
7719:
7703:
7697:
7687:
7648:
7642:
7626:
7622:
7609:
7589:
7582:
7555:
7551:
7546:kardimarkara
7545:
7493:
7489:
7479:
7465:(1): 13–16.
7462:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7426:(1): 33–41.
7423:
7419:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7289:
7285:
7275:
7232:
7228:
7218:
7193:
7189:
7182:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7002:
6998:
6985:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6890:Sporormiella
6889:
6883:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6758:
6754:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6678:
6674:
6624:
6618:
6565:
6561:
6535:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6490:(2): 45–55.
6487:
6483:
6462:. Retrieved
6437:(1): 25–38.
6434:
6428:
6418:
6393:
6389:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6254:
6250:
6197:
6193:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6112:
6109:Paleobiology
6108:
6098:
6081:
6077:
6067:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6004:. Retrieved
5994:
5949:
5945:
5931:
5919:
5884:
5880:
5849:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5779:
5775:
5724:
5720:
5696:
5672:
5660:
5648:
5636:
5624:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5576:
5567:
5561:
5549:
5540:
5534:
5522:. Retrieved
5505:(1): 21–29.
5502:
5496:
5486:
5474:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5369:
5365:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5228:
5224:
5211:
5199:
5156:
5152:Black, K. H.
5112:
5108:
5104:
5079:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5016:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4946:
4942:
4939:Black, K. H.
4901:
4897:
4891:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4824:
4814:
4771:
4767:
4710:
4706:
4693:
4675:
4665:
4660:, pp. 88–89.
4658:Mahoney 1975
4653:
4646:Mahoney 1975
4631:Mahoney 1975
4626:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4572:, pp. 85–86.
4570:Mahoney 1975
4565:
4558:Mahoney 1975
4553:
4534:
4528:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4463:
4431:(1): 75–81.
4428:
4424:
4392:
4386:
4377:
4373:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4328:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4260:. Retrieved
4256:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4232:Mahoney 1975
4214:
4207:
4188:
4157:
4150:
4131:
4127:
4118:
4074:Mammoth Cave
4069:
4065:
4060:
4047:
4022:
4015:red kangaroo
4009:
4000:
3992:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3966:
3943:
3933:
3900:
3883:
3874:
3869:
3843:the Dreaming
3834:
3826:
3814:
3796:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3752:
3746:
3736:
3724:
3717:
3707:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3678:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3632:
3620:
3609:practice of
3589:
3587:
3582:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3517:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3390:Palorchestes
3388:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3271:
3268:Life history
3256:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3084:
3068:
3044:
3038:
3033:
3021:
3013:
3011:
2993:
2981:
2963:
2953:
2944:
2931:Paleobiology
2919:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2836:syndactylous
2821:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2785:femoral neck
2777:femoral head
2764:
2762:
2754:
2700:
2698:
2654:
2615:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2557:
2556:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2513:
2495:
2478:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2357:
2348:
2326:nasal septum
2311:
2307:neural canal
2283:
2254:frontal bone
2241:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2177:
2149:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2100:Late Miocene
2093:
2083:
2077:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2048:
2044:
1938:
1937:
1921:
1920:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1873:
1872:
1847:
1815:
1814:
1798:
1797:
1767:
1766:
1740:
1714:
1692:
1579:
1578:
1553:
1552:
1536:
1535:
1505:
1504:
1481:
1480:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1430:
1400:
1399:
1376:
1375:
1354:Silvabestius
1352:
1351:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1263:
1262:
1230:
1229:
1213:
1212:
1182:
1181:
1158:
1157:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1065:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1011:
999:erected the
994:
963:
962:
943:
904:
900:
898:
889:Andrew Loder
880:
863:D. bennettii
862:
857:D. annextans
856:
853:D. longiceps
852:
846:
842:
830:
822:
818:
814:
803:D. annextans
802:
795:
782:
778:
776:
763:
743:
741:
732:
712:
708:
696:
693:Deinotherium
692:
688:
684:Deinotherium
682:
676:
668:
655:
653:
648:
644:
640:
637:D. australis
636:
632:
624:
616:
613:type species
608:
604:
600:
589:Richard Owen
585:
566:
556:
528:
524:
520:
508:
507:
496:
488:
481:
451:
435:
434:
426:Richard Owen
417:
388:
387:
362:
361:
360:
348:
340:
336:Krefft, 1873
332:
328:Krefft, 1873
324:
316:
312:Huxley, 1862
308:
300:
292:
268:
267:
261:Type species
252:
251:
212:Infraclass:
147:
125:
24:
18:
8558:iNaturalist
8517:Wikispecies
8441:Zygomaturus
8434:Sthenomerus
8392:Nototherium
8378:Ngapakaldia
8350:Kolopsoides
8336:Hulitherium
8191:Phascolonus
8171:Lasiorhinus
8124:Vombatoidea
8012:Priscakoala
7684:"Megafauna"
7292:(1): 2250.
7028:2440/107043
5938:Diamond, J.
5827:(1): 9–10.
5231:: 331–342.
4425:Radiocarbon
4344:Dinotherium
4314:(91): 268.
4262:19 February
4070:Protemnodon
3993:D. ?optatum
3811:Wilkindinna
3803:petroglyphs
3674:tiger quoll
3595:New Zealand
3575:Ned's Gully
3564:Protemnodon
3558:Procoptodon
3548:Phascolonus
3487:T. carnifex
3481:, juvenile
3471:T. carnifex
3467:T. carnifex
3459:T. carnifex
3422:Hulitherium
3381:sthenurines
3257:Zygomaturus
3250:The single
3181:Protemnodon
3124:metatherian
2832:metatarsals
2813:metacarpals
2805:plantigrade
2773:bone marrow
2665:iliac fossa
2498:bilophodont
2322:nasal bones
2302:spinal cord
2192:Description
1940:Zygomaturus
1769:Ngapakaldia
1581:Zygomaturus
1555:Hulitherium
1450:Kolopsoides
1160:Bematherium
1110:Ngapakaldia
1024:subfamilies
1001:superfamily
953:(left) and
824:Nototherium
772:dry seasons
760:Henry Hurst
484:metatherian
477:bilophodont
380:Pleistocene
344:Woods, 1960
320:McCoy, 1865
304:McCoy, 1861
216:Marsupialia
31:Pleistocene
8619:Categories
8523:Diprotodon
8493:Diprotodon
8406:Plaisiodon
8399:Pitikantia
8329:Euryzygoma
8315:Diprotodon
8162:Vombatidae
8076:Kuterintja
7985:Nimiokoala
7915:Thylacoleo
7698:Diprotodon
7455:Diprotodon
7382:Alcheringa
7345:: 94–104.
6568:: 106781.
6521:(5): 495.
6115:(2): 190.
5926:, p. 1156.
5805:1885/65964
5194:, p. 1102.
5086:, p. 1104.
4977:Diprotodon
4873:Diprotodon
4592:Diprotodon
4122:Owen, 1838
4119:Diprotodon
4084:References
3980:Diprotodon
3967:Diprotodon
3956:mandibular
3884:Diprotodon
3875:Diprotodon
3835:Diprotodon
3827:Diprotodon
3815:Diprotodon
3791:See also:
3773:Diprotodon
3769:Diprotodon
3753:Diprotodon
3737:Diprotodon
3725:Diprotodon
3708:Diprotodon
3693:Diprotodon
3689:Diprotodon
3681:Diprotodon
3666:Thylacoleo
3661:Diprotodon
3653:Diprotodon
3635:Madjedbebe
3583:Diprotodon
3553:Thylacoleo
3543:Diprotodon
3534:Diprotodon
3524:Extinction
3491:Diprotodon
3483:Diprotodon
3475:Diprotodon
3455:Diprotodon
3445:Diprotodon
3417:Diprotodon
3407:Diprotodon
3369:Diprotodon
3361:Diprotodon
3333:Diprotodon
3322:Diprotodon
3318:Diprotodon
3312:and enter
3298:Diprotodon
3294:Diprotodon
3252:Diprotodon
3244:Diprotodon
3225:Diprotodon
3215:Diprotodon
3199:Thylacoleo
3190:Diprotodon
3186:Diprotodon
3160:Diprotodon
3152:Diprotodon
3148:Diprotodon
3143:polygynous
3134:Diprotodon
3128:Diprotodon
3120:Diprotodon
3105:Diprotodon
3101:Diprotodon
3085:Diprotodon
3069:Diprotodon
3045:Diprotodon
3041:bite force
3034:Diprotodon
3022:Diprotodon
3014:Diprotodon
2994:Diprotodon
2982:Diprotodon
2964:Diprotodon
2945:Diprotodon
2920:Diprotodon
2911:Diprotodon
2895:Diprotodon
2887:Diprotodon
2882:Diprotodon
2871:Diprotodon
2863:Diprotodon
2859:Diprotodon
2852:Diprotodon
2801:Diprotodon
2771:where the
2765:Diprotodon
2755:Diprotodon
2701:Diprotodon
2695:Long bones
2689:hip socket
2622:monotremes
2593:Diprotodon
2585:Diprotodon
2578:anchylosed
2558:Diprotodon
2533:Diprotodon
2522:D. optatum
2514:Diprotodon
2451:Diprotodon
2437:Diprotodon
2400:Diprotodon
2396:Diprotodon
2349:Diprotodon
2300:where the
2242:Diprotodon
2238:Diprotodon
2225:Diprotodon
2178:Diprotodon
2174:orthoclase
2150:Diprotodon
2146:Diprotodon
2130:Diprotodon
2126:Diprotodon
2114:Euryzygoma
2109:Diprotodon
2060:Diprotodon
2050:Euryzygoma
2045:Diprotodon
1923:Euryzygoma
1899:Diprotodon
1744:(wombats)
1742:Vombatidae
1433:Plaisiodon
1282:Diprotodon
1265:Euryzygoma
1127:Pitikantia
1028:Diprotodon
1012:Diprotodon
982:infraorder
964:Diprotodon
944:Diprotodon
905:Diprotodon
901:D. optatum
893:Murrurundi
843:D. optatum
819:Diprotodon
796:Diprotodon
783:Diprotodon
779:D. optatum
764:Diprotodon
744:Diprotodon
733:Diprotodon
713:Diprotodon
689:Diprotodon
673:synonymous
669:Diprotodon
656:Diprotodon
633:D. optatum
617:Diprotodon
605:Diprotodon
601:Diprotodon
557:Diprotodon
529:Diprotodon
525:Diprotodon
521:Diprotodon
509:Diprotodon
493:polygynous
489:Diprotodon
457:bite force
452:Diprotodon
436:Diprotodon
418:Diprotodon
389:D. optatum
363:Diprotodon
296:Owen, 1844
253:Diprotodon
148:Diprotodon
126:Diprotodon
25:Diprotodon
8308:Ambulator
8151:Mukupirna
8113:Wynyardia
8060:Ilariidae
7995:Perikoala
7975:Madakoala
7965:Litokoala
7901:Lekaneleo
7894:Enigmaleo
7844:Kingdom:
7748:(6): 87.
7574:150217104
7440:1834-4453
7367:134214134
7249:0962-8452
7156:0027-8424
7107:0883-6353
7053:205257212
7037:0028-0836
6926:133737405
6853:Ecography
6708:: 39–48.
6590:234010059
6542:, p. 568.
6540:Owen 1870
6459:0300-9483
6279:128776520
6006:31 August
5677:Owen 1870
5665:Owen 1870
5653:Owen 1870
5641:Owen 1870
5629:Owen 1870
5617:Owen 1870
5607:, p. 545.
5605:Owen 1870
5593:Owen 1870
5583:, p. 548.
5581:Owen 1870
5554:Owen 1870
5519:0311-5518
5481:, p. 539.
5479:Owen 1870
5467:Owen 1870
5457:, p. 533.
5455:Owen 1870
5443:Owen 1870
5433:, p. 528.
5431:Owen 1870
5419:Owen 1870
5388:2167-8359
5345:, p. 525.
5343:Owen 1870
5331:Owen 1870
5319:Owen 1870
5206:, p. 523.
5204:Owen 1870
4980:Owen 1838
4648:, p. 101.
4633:, p. 104.
4618:131284050
4560:, p. 207.
4520:239233162
4340:Pachyderm
4066:Sthenurus
3757:Lake Eyre
3727:with the
3699:Mythology
3514:megalania
3503:Paludirex
3439:Predation
3402:Genyornis
3396:Meiolania
3377:thylacine
3282:lactation
3030:ungulates
2962:suggests
2878:eutherian
2790:malleolus
2669:elephants
2528:Vertebrae
2472:. A long
2372:insertion
2330:cartilage
2270:placental
2246:braincase
2160:based on
2104:gigantism
2098:. By the
2078:Mukupirna
2070:Oligocene
2065:Mukupirna
2036:Evolution
1718:(koalas)
1010:to house
916:Phylogeny
881:D. loderi
815:annectens
705:marsupial
645:australis
459:of 2,300
422:described
406:elephants
378:from the
376:marsupial
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
8502:Wikidata
8413:Pyramios
8385:Nimbadon
8371:Neohelos
8357:Maokopia
8343:Kolopsis
8322:Euowenia
8238:Warendja
8228:Vombatus
8201:Ramsayia
8099:Muramura
7908:Microleo
7858:Mammalia
7852:Chordata
7850:Phylum:
7846:Animalia
7763:(1870).
7761:Owen, R.
7750:Archived
7631:Archived
7558:: 1–20.
7518:27806378
7324:32418985
7267:26865301
7174:23650401
7057:Archived
7045:28726833
6977:26675232
6969:22442481
6894:Preussia
6834:84274623
6791:22761857
6783:16002615
6730:84205755
6657:45643228
6649:11397939
6410:11999297
6368:23301008
6328:PLOS ONE
6283:Archived
6224:28954903
6139:13134989
6059:26504223
5986:11724953
5911:15101412
5841:42667860
5751:82172054
5406:25165628
5372:: e514.
5306:26939052
5241:Archived
5071:23185250
5031:PLOS ONE
5008:84386678
4949:: 20–21.
4904:(1): 8.
4885:: 37–39.
4822:(1876).
4820:Gill, T.
4806:32587406
4739:Archived
4735:19249373
4673:(1868).
4671:Owen, R.
4588:(1862).
4455:54577642
4336:(1843).
4334:Owen, R.
4302:Mastodon
4298:(1844).
4296:Owen, R.
4234:, p. 67.
3959:incisors
3849:See also
3615:kangaroo
3509:Quinkana
3453:; while
3432:Maokopia
3349:monsoons
3261:sand bar
3220:Euowenia
3211:Cenozoic
3194:vombatid
3188:pes, c)
3091:(above).
2988:site in
2719:and the
2630:reptiles
2601:ossified
2595:had two
2518:replaced
2502:cementum
2474:diastema
2466:premolar
2374:for the
2279:stresses
2248:and the
2095:Pyramios
1875:Kolopsis
1817:Neohelos
1800:Nimbadon
1538:Maokopia
1507:Kolopsis
1483:Neohelos
1402:Nimbadon
1232:Euowenia
1184:Pyramios
1016:Pliocene
975:suborder
847:D. minor
831:D. minor
678:Mastodon
595:with an
593:mandible
284:Synonyms
232:Family:
206:Mammalia
196:Chordata
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
132:, Paris
8589:4943577
8550:3240124
8537:4528363
8508:Q131563
7922:Wakaleo
7862:Order:
7856:Class:
7526:4470503
7498:Bibcode
7390:Bibcode
7347:Bibcode
7315:7231803
7294:Bibcode
7258:4760161
7198:Bibcode
7190:Geology
7165:3670326
7134:Bibcode
7087:Bibcode
7007:Bibcode
6949:Bibcode
6941:Science
6906:Bibcode
6861:Bibcode
6814:Bibcode
6763:Bibcode
6755:Science
6710:Bibcode
6629:Bibcode
6620:Science
6570:Bibcode
6439:Bibcode
6359:3534647
6336:Bibcode
6259:Bibcode
6215:5627191
6117:Bibcode
6050:4743795
5954:Bibcode
5902:1810005
5858:p. 1102
5784:Bibcode
5729:Bibcode
5397:4137671
5297:5341585
5117:Bibcode
5062:3504027
5039:Bibcode
4906:Bibcode
4797:7316786
4776:Bibcode
4715:Bibcode
4433:Bibcode
4282:, p. 8.
4247:optatum
4053:therian
4013:A bull
3823:Quinkan
3683:in the
3373:endemic
3314:oestrus
3026:wallaby
3018:browser
2618:scapula
2612:Girdles
2510:dentine
2488:⁄
2481:rodents
2470:canines
2460:1.0.1.4
2457:3.0.1.4
2380:grazers
2364:maxilla
2252:of the
2250:sinuses
2231:(right)
986:derived
957:(right)
951:wombats
649:optatum
641:optatum
625:optatum
597:incisor
479:teeth.
465:incisor
461:newtons
440:wombats
414:dugongs
384:species
245:Genus:
222:Order:
202:Class:
105:↓
8576:898125
8563:632746
8140:Marada
8069:Ilaria
7955:Koobor
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