116:
1341:
1373:
1262:, and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. Although associated with Southeast Asia in contemporary times, recent studies using fossil pollen and molecular data suggest an African origin in the mid-cretaceous. Prior to this research, the first dipterocarp pollen was found in Myanmar (which at that time was part of the
1410:
alone reduced the species distributions by 67%, and 37% in protected areas. On the other hand, climate change reduced species distributions by 16-27% in both protected and unprotected areas. There was also an upward shift in elevation of species distribution as a result of climate change, as habitats changed. They concluded that there was a need to improve protected area planning as refuges for critical species, with SDMs proving to be a useful tool for providing projections that can then be incorporated into this planning process.
1385:
138:
5460:
1409:
and land cover on the distribution of this important tree family in the
Philippines. They used species distribution models (SDMs) for 19 species that were projected onto both current and future climate scenarios, with current land cover incorporated as well. They found that the current land cover
1862:
Bansal, Mahi; Morley, Robert J.; Nagaraju, Shivaprakash K.; Dutta, Suryendu; Mishra, Ashish Kumar; Selveraj, Jeyakumar; Kumar, Sumit; Niyolia, Deepti; Harish, Sachin
Medigeshi; Abdelrahim, Omer Babiker; Hasan, Shaa eldin; Ramesh, Bramasamdura Rangana; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Morley, Harsanti P.;
1413:
Another paper by
Shishir et al. also investigated the potential effects of climate change on a threatened Dipterocarp tree in Purbachal, Bangladesh. Using a model that incorporated nine different environmental variables such as climate, geography, and soil conditions, they looked at two climate
1356:
Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous. Species occurring in
Thailand grow from sea level to about 1300 m elevation. Environments in which the species of the family occur in Thailand include lowland dipterocarp forest 0–350 m, riparian fringe, limestone hills, and coastal
1847:
M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of
Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago.
1104:) is the richest area in the world for dipterocarp species. The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided morphologically into two groups, and the tribe names Shoreae and Dipterocarpeae are sometimes used, but genetic evidence so far does not support this division:
1401:
As the dominant tree in
Southeast Asia, the Dipterocarp family has seen extensive study relating to its conservation status. They are a keystone species of the native forests of this region, and are essential to their function and structure.
1414:
scenarios. They found that precipitation and soil nitrogen were the largest determinants of distribution, and that suitable habitat for this species will decline by 21-28% relative to the present land area as a result of climate change.
1596:
Pang Sean E H, De Alban Jose Don T, & Webb Edward L. (2021). Effects of climate change and land cover on the distributions of a critical botanical family in the
Philippines. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 276–276.
1196:). The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. A recent molecular study suggests that the genus
663:"fruit"; the words combined refer to the two-winged fruit available from trees of that genus, other related genera with winged fruits of more than two are included in the family as well.
1934:
Khan, Mahasin Ali; Spicer, Robert A.; Spicer, Teresa E. V.; Roy, Kaustav; Hazra, Manoshi; Hazra, Taposhi; Mahato, Sumana; Kumar, Sanchita; Bera, Subir (2020-11-03).
5680:
5706:
2235:
1981:
Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV",
2165:
5842:
5628:
2283:
115:
5693:
5641:
1658:
2178:
1725:
1585:
1715:
1162:). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11.
1345:
2228:
1749:
1641:
1423:
1340:
1258:, a tree family endemic to Madagascar. This suggests that ancestor of the dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of
603:
2121:"Predicting the probable impact of climate change on the distribution of threatened Shorea robusta forest in Purbachal, Bangladesh"
5837:
5667:
1813:
S. Indrioko; O. Gailing; R. Finkeldey (2006). "Molecular phylogeny of
Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA".
2025:
Smitinand, Tem; Santisuk, Thatwatchai (1981). "Dipterocarpaceae of
Thailand with Special Reference to Silvicultural Ecology".
1377:
584:
1688:
137:
5698:
2262:
2009:
1372:
1076:
Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and about 475 species. Distribution includes the
552:(65 species). Many are large forest-emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m (in the
5463:
2288:
2278:
2221:
1936:"Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) leaves from the K-Pg of India: a Cretaceous Gondwana presence of the Dipterocarpaceae"
1394:
5550:
5527:
1361:
1469:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
5832:
5827:
5758:
1766:"Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene"
1598:
1523:
1518:
5711:
1636:
Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
5822:
1662:
1092:, and a large distribution in Borneo, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. North Borneo (
5763:
2273:
5615:
2064:"Effects of climate change and land cover on the distributions of a critical tree family in the Philippines"
2184:
1744:, 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J. M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
1270:. The sample appears to slowly increase in terms of diversity and abundance across the region into the mid-
5602:
5480:
5555:
5732:
1545:
1513:
124:
5620:
5607:
5518:
5750:
5646:
5576:
1865:"Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange"
1666:
1740:
Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In
5794:
5303:
4521:
4413:
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2524:
2268:
2044:
1963:
1900:
1830:
1787:
1389:
1283:
1116:
719:
595:
243:
132:
1443:
1384:
5737:
5719:
5563:
5260:
5059:
4611:
4471:
4400:
4323:
4204:
4090:
4007:
3372:
2363:
2299:
2174:
2142:
2101:
2083:
1955:
1892:
1884:
1795:
1745:
1721:
1637:
1581:
695:
575:
226:
5685:
5724:
5144:
5134:
5094:
5074:
4850:
4780:
4755:
4702:
4476:
4466:
4166:
4110:
4085:
3831:
3736:
3703:
3493:
3407:
3402:
3377:
3278:
3240:
3148:
2812:
2675:
2650:
2645:
2438:
2355:
2132:
2091:
2075:
1990:
1947:
1876:
1822:
1777:
1557:
1490:
1480:
471:
5425:
5212:
5079:
5064:
4644:
4531:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4461:
4277:
4272:
4072:
4042:
4012:
3896:
3861:
3821:
3796:
3786:
3746:
3498:
3387:
3270:
3245:
3140:
3112:
3102:
2895:
2865:
2807:
2792:
2655:
2481:
2388:
2245:
1921:
1254:
A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the
908:
599:
479:
475:
333:
175:
2213:
5417:
5407:
5389:
5361:
5323:
5313:
5265:
5232:
5222:
5217:
5139:
5089:
5036:
5021:
4906:
4820:
4760:
4750:
4654:
4556:
4491:
4481:
4441:
4423:
4224:
4151:
3939:
3901:
3856:
3791:
3766:
3741:
3685:
3599:
3367:
3314:
3250:
3107:
2999:
2976:
2938:
2915:
2905:
2708:
2570:
2509:
2373:
2096:
2063:
1406:
1255:
1111:
1085:
705:
633:
580:
162:
2119:
Shishir, Sharmin; Mollah, Tanjinul Hoque; Tsuyuzaki, Shiro; Wada, Naoya (2020-12-01).
1864:
5816:
5399:
5328:
5298:
5275:
5270:
5255:
5207:
5174:
5169:
5104:
4898:
4883:
4830:
4810:
4770:
4765:
4745:
4707:
4659:
4606:
4596:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4516:
4431:
4408:
4390:
4358:
4343:
4305:
4209:
4189:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4027:
4022:
4002:
3987:
3949:
3944:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3826:
3806:
3781:
3771:
3672:
3594:
3574:
3513:
3508:
3488:
3422:
3392:
3352:
3260:
3255:
3202:
3072:
3034:
3009:
2981:
2966:
2910:
2890:
2885:
2802:
2769:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2660:
2630:
2562:
2529:
2519:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2335:
2317:
2249:
1967:
1904:
1485:
1468:
1310:
1288:
1279:
1246:
1128:
1029:
753:
628:
607:
542:
490:
373:
273:
73:
41:
1834:
5799:
5338:
5333:
5318:
5308:
5247:
5129:
5114:
5084:
5041:
5031:
4985:
4962:
4952:
4924:
4825:
4805:
4775:
4717:
4664:
4586:
4541:
4501:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4328:
4297:
4262:
4247:
4161:
4156:
4062:
3816:
3811:
3776:
3756:
3731:
3718:
3708:
3680:
3637:
3632:
3589:
3556:
3541:
3503:
3480:
3417:
3412:
3397:
3362:
3344:
3296:
3235:
3230:
3222:
3097:
3057:
2991:
2971:
2961:
2953:
2920:
2880:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2759:
2754:
2718:
2635:
2514:
2471:
2368:
2345:
2309:
1263:
1174:
1134:
1122:
874:
770:
736:
591:
557:
413:
293:
263:
5532:
5786:
5568:
5654:
5512:
5293:
5189:
5149:
5124:
5119:
5109:
4977:
4967:
4957:
4939:
4888:
4840:
4835:
4815:
4795:
4722:
4649:
4591:
4546:
4486:
4451:
4348:
4338:
4282:
4194:
4133:
4128:
4080:
4052:
4032:
3992:
3974:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3841:
3836:
3801:
3695:
3652:
3627:
3551:
3523:
3518:
3357:
3334:
3319:
3288:
3207:
3082:
3062:
3024:
2875:
2870:
2847:
2832:
2774:
2764:
2670:
2665:
2617:
2534:
2458:
2443:
2420:
2415:
2340:
2327:
2137:
2120:
1302:
1297:
1225:
1206:
1152:
973:
821:
518:
486:
443:
393:
253:
48:
2079:
1951:
1562:
5376:
5366:
5343:
5227:
5164:
5099:
5026:
5003:
4929:
4875:
4785:
4639:
4626:
4601:
4581:
4333:
4315:
4287:
4257:
4252:
4184:
4143:
4120:
4057:
4047:
3997:
3982:
3911:
3866:
3851:
3761:
3662:
3642:
3604:
3584:
3306:
3212:
3092:
3077:
3067:
2797:
2746:
2685:
2640:
2491:
2448:
2407:
2398:
1826:
1186:
1089:
1077:
925:
498:
353:
93:
58:
5503:
2146:
2087:
1959:
1935:
1888:
5589:
5384:
5353:
5285:
5154:
5013:
4995:
4947:
4916:
4845:
4790:
4727:
4712:
4697:
4634:
4616:
4551:
4526:
4363:
4267:
4219:
4199:
3846:
3751:
3726:
3197:
3189:
3087:
3052:
3029:
3019:
3004:
2943:
2900:
2860:
2837:
2607:
2539:
2430:
1880:
1334:
1306:
1267:
1230:
1165:
1081:
995:
510:
506:
313:
98:
5776:
2105:
1896:
1799:
1274:. Chemical traces of dipterocarp resins have been found dating back to the
17:
2167:
A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture (PDF version)
1278:
of India. The oldest fossil of the family are from the latest Cretaceous (
5771:
5542:
5497:
5237:
5159:
5069:
5051:
4800:
4737:
4689:
4679:
4536:
4353:
4239:
4214:
4176:
4017:
3886:
3871:
3657:
3647:
3622:
3579:
3546:
3455:
3382:
3179:
3162:
3014:
2930:
2784:
2599:
2589:
2501:
1546:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
1259:
514:
383:
363:
343:
211:
188:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
2201:
5199:
4865:
3964:
3919:
3614:
3566:
3533:
3447:
3171:
3117:
2625:
2062:
Pang, Sean E. H.; De Alban, Jose Don T.; Webb, Edward L. (2021-01-11).
1791:
1495:
1326:
1271:
1240:
1169:
1146:
1107:
1101:
1012:
860:
804:
615:
433:
323:
103:
78:
1995:
579:) 93.0 m tall. Name Menara, or tower in Malaysian, this specimen is a
5659:
3470:
3437:
3044:
2855:
1275:
1235:
1192:
1158:
1093:
942:
838:
611:
569:
553:
548:
530:
522:
494:
453:
403:
201:
5672:
5633:
5474:
1782:
1765:
671:
The dipterocarp family is generally divided into two subfamilies:
5745:
5594:
1920:
Morley, R.J. 2000. Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests.
1383:
1371:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1212:
1180:
1140:
1097:
891:
787:
563:
536:
502:
423:
303:
283:
149:
482:
5478:
2217:
2206:
1305:
of South America, is now found to be more closely related the
5581:
478:
with 22 genera and about 695 known species of mainly lowland
2010:"Prehistoric creatures discovered in huge Indian amber haul"
1764:
S Dayanandan; P S Ashton; S M Williams; R B Primack (1999).
1742:
A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture
1720:. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 51.
1337:, was identified as sap from the family Dipterocarpaceae.
1244:
has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar.
590:
The species of this family are of major importance in the
1576:
Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011.
521:. The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in
5487:
5416:
5398:
5375:
5352:
5284:
5246:
5198:
5187:
5050:
5012:
4994:
4976:
4938:
4915:
4897:
4874:
4863:
4736:
4688:
4677:
4625:
4422:
4399:
4388:
4314:
4296:
4238:
4175:
4142:
4119:
4071:
3973:
3962:
3910:
3717:
3694:
3671:
3613:
3565:
3532:
3479:
3468:
3446:
3435:
3343:
3332:
3305:
3287:
3269:
3221:
3188:
3170:
3161:
3139:
3130:
3043:
2990:
2952:
2929:
2846:
2783:
2745:
2717:
2699:
2616:
2598:
2583:
2561:
2552:
2500:
2457:
2429:
2406:
2397:
2386:
2354:
2326:
2308:
2297:
2164:Center for International Forestry Research (1998).
1295:Subfamily Pakaraimoideae containing the sole genus
1544:Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016).
1405:One study by Pang et al. examined the impacts of
1759:
1757:
2015:, 25 October 2010. Retrieved: 26 October 2010.
1717:Dipterocarp Biology, Ecology, and Conservation
2229:
8:
1689:"This Is the World's Tallest Tropical Tree"
655:
646:
637:
573:), with the tallest known living specimen (
5475:
5195:
4871:
4860:
4685:
4674:
4396:
3970:
3476:
3465:
3443:
3432:
3340:
3329:
3167:
3136:
2595:
2558:
2403:
2394:
2305:
2236:
2222:
2214:
1599:Https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79491-9
1333:, containing a large amount of fossilized
626:The family name comes from the type genus
114:
31:
2136:
2095:
1994:
1916:
1914:
1781:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1561:
1494:
1484:
1301:, formerly placed here and native to the
1286:of India, assignable to the extant genus
1983:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1628:
1626:
1624:
1473:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1435:
602:, and habitat conversion. They provide
2045:"A prehistoric forest grows in Brunei"
1653:
1651:
1649:
1508:
1506:
1376:Primary lowland dipterocarp forest at
598:as a result of overcutting, extensive
1344:Dipterocarpaceae fossil displayed at
7:
5751:32AE6EEC-32AD-5F03-ABEA-EAAE8225C14A
1467:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
1360:The dipterocarps has dominated the
987:
979:
866:
711:
701:
691:
687: Dipterocarpaceae
683:
378:A.C.Londoño, E.Alvarez & Forero
5764:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126600-1
1632:Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. In
1250:is native to the Colombian Amazon.
677:Phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae
25:
1424:Dipterocarp timber classification
398:(Meijer) P.S.Ashton & J.Heck.
5459:
5458:
1634:Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak,
1486:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
136:
5843:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume
2125:Global Ecology and Conservation
1940:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1863:Ashton, Peter S. (2022-01-28).
1815:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1614:Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae.
1368:Conservation and climate change
1687:Daley, Jason (April 9, 2019).
1266:) and it dates from the upper
1:
1618:, 1982 Series I, 92: 237-552
1395:Taksin Maharat National Park
1228:: three genera, 30 species.
1216:, and should be merged into
2138:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01250
1663:Eastern Native Tree Society
1362:Borneo lowland rain forests
1309:and is placed there in the
5859:
2202:Dipterocarpaceae Data Base
2080:10.1038/s41598-020-79491-9
1952:10.1007/s00606-020-01718-z
1770:American Journal of Botany
1563:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
1524:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1519:Plants of the World Online
1346:Philippine National Museum
27:Family of flowering plants
5454:
3464:
2257:
1827:10.1007/s00606-006-0435-8
1714:Ghazoul, Jaboury (2016).
1321:Some 52-million-year-old
1026:
1009:
992:
985:
983:
977:
939:
922:
905:
888:
871:
864:
835:
818:
801:
784:
767:
750:
733:
716:
709:
699:
689:
656:
647:
638:
239:
234:
133:Scientific classification
131:
122:
113:
34:
1578:Heritage Trees of Penang
1514:"Dipterocarpaceae Blume"
594:. Some species are now
485:. Their distribution is
5784:Watson & Dallwitz:
1881:10.1126/science.abk2177
1580:. Penang: Areca Books.
1364:for millions of years.
614:, and are a source for
528:The largest genera are
348:(P.S.Ashton) P.S.Ashton
5838:Taxa described in 1825
1398:
1381:
1348:
632:which is derived from
5733:Paleobiology Database
1852:13: 231 January 2004.
1387:
1375:
1343:
1317:Fossilized arthropods
125:Dipterocarpus retusus
1693:Smithsonian Magazine
408:Roxb. ex C.F.Gaertn.
1200:forms a clade with
5304:Pentaphragmataceae
4522:Stegnospermataceae
4414:Berberidopsidaceae
4038:Pentadiplandraceae
2525:Atherospermataceae
2068:Scientific Reports
2027:Malaysian Forester
1399:
1390:Anisoptera costata
1382:
1349:
1303:Guaianan highlands
1284:Intertrappean Beds
583:tree. It grows in
546:(70 species), and
5833:Pantropical flora
5828:Malvales families
5810:
5809:
5720:Open Tree of Life
5481:Taxon identifiers
5472:
5471:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5261:Cardiopteridaceae
5183:
5182:
5060:Plocospermataceae
4859:
4858:
4673:
4672:
4612:Anacampserotaceae
4472:Ancistrocladaceae
4401:Berberidopsidales
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4324:Biebersteiniaceae
4205:Sphaerosepalaceae
4091:Strasburgeriaceae
4008:Setchellanthaceae
3958:
3957:
3431:
3430:
3373:Cercidiphyllaceae
3328:
3327:
3157:
3156:
3126:
3125:
2579:
2578:
2548:
2547:
2382:
2381:
2364:Austrobaileyaceae
2180:978-979-8764-20-2
1996:10.1111/boj.12385
1875:(6579): 455–460.
1850:Molecular Ecology
1727:978-0-19-108784-4
1586:978-967-57190-6-6
1380:, Sabah, Malaysia
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
963:
962:
954:
953:
850:
849:
696:Dipterocarpoideae
576:Shorea faguetiana
465:
464:
230:
16:(Redirected from
5850:
5823:Dipterocarpaceae
5803:
5802:
5790:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5767:
5766:
5754:
5753:
5741:
5740:
5728:
5727:
5715:
5714:
5702:
5701:
5689:
5688:
5676:
5675:
5663:
5662:
5650:
5649:
5637:
5636:
5624:
5623:
5611:
5610:
5598:
5597:
5585:
5584:
5572:
5571:
5559:
5558:
5546:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5519:Dipterocarpaceae
5508:
5507:
5506:
5489:Dipterocarpaceae
5476:
5462:
5461:
5196:
5145:Thomandersiaceae
5135:Lentibulariaceae
5095:Scrophulariaceae
5075:Tetrachondraceae
4872:
4861:
4851:Mitrastemonaceae
4781:Pentaphylacaceae
4756:Tetrameristaceae
4703:Hydrostachyaceae
4686:
4675:
4477:Rhabdodendraceae
4467:Dioncophyllaceae
4397:
4230:Dipterocarpaceae
4167:Dipentodontaceae
4111:Crossosomataceae
4086:Geissolomataceae
3971:
3832:Chrysobalanaceae
3737:Ctenolophonaceae
3704:Lepidobotryaceae
3494:Anisophylleaceae
3477:
3466:
3444:
3433:
3408:Tetracarpaeaceae
3403:Aphanopetalaceae
3378:Daphniphyllaceae
3341:
3330:
3279:Trochodendraceae
3241:Circaeasteraceae
3168:
3149:Ceratophyllaceae
3137:
2813:Alstroemeriaceae
2676:Potamogetonaceae
2651:Scheuchzeriaceae
2646:Hydrocharitaceae
2596:
2559:
2439:Aristolochiaceae
2404:
2395:
2356:Austrobaileyales
2306:
2302:
2300:Basalangiosperms
2284:Acrogymnospermae
2246:flowering plants
2238:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2183:. Archived from
2172:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2051:. 28 April 2022.
2041:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1785:
1761:
1752:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1665:. Archived from
1655:
1644:
1630:
1619:
1612:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1440:
988:
980:
867:
712:
702:
692:
684:
674:
673:
659:
658:
650:
649:
641:
640:
489:, from northern
476:flowering plants
468:Dipterocarpaceae
459:
449:
439:
429:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
249:
225:
222:Dipterocarpaceae
141:
140:
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
35:Dipterocarpaceae
32:
21:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5798:
5793:
5785:
5783:
5775:
5770:
5762:
5757:
5749:
5744:
5736:
5731:
5723:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5684:
5679:
5671:
5666:
5658:
5653:
5645:
5640:
5632:
5627:
5619:
5614:
5606:
5601:
5593:
5588:
5580:
5575:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5549:
5541:
5539:
5531:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5483:
5473:
5468:
5430:
5426:Paracryphiaceae
5412:
5394:
5371:
5348:
5280:
5242:
5213:Torricelliaceae
5192:
5179:
5080:Calceolariaceae
5065:Carlemanniaceae
5046:
5008:
4990:
4972:
4934:
4911:
4893:
4868:
4855:
4732:
4682:
4669:
4645:Balanophoraceae
4621:
4532:Lophiocarpaceae
4512:Achatocarpaceae
4507:Caryophyllaceae
4497:Macarthuriaceae
4462:Drosophyllaceae
4418:
4393:
4368:
4310:
4292:
4278:Crypteroniaceae
4273:Melastomataceae
4234:
4171:
4138:
4115:
4073:Crossosomatales
4067:
4043:Gyrostemonaceae
4013:Koeberliniaceae
3967:
3954:
3906:
3897:Picrodendraceae
3862:Lacistemataceae
3822:Dichapetalaceae
3797:Centroplacaceae
3787:Lophopyxidaceae
3747:Erythroxylaceae
3713:
3690:
3667:
3609:
3561:
3528:
3499:Corynocarpaceae
3473:
3460:
3440:
3427:
3388:Grossulariaceae
3337:
3324:
3301:
3283:
3271:Trochodendrales
3265:
3246:Lardizabalaceae
3217:
3184:
3153:
3141:Ceratophyllales
3132:Ceratophyllidae
3122:
3113:Ecdeiocoleaceae
3103:Flagellariaceae
3039:
2986:
2948:
2925:
2896:Tecophilaeaceae
2866:Blandfordiaceae
2842:
2808:Petermanniaceae
2793:Campynemataceae
2779:
2741:
2713:
2695:
2656:Aponogetonaceae
2612:
2587:
2575:
2544:
2496:
2482:Himantandraceae
2453:
2425:
2391:
2389:Mesangiospermae
2378:
2350:
2322:
2298:
2293:
2274:Marchantiophyta
2253:
2242:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1922:Wiley-Blackwell
1919:
1912:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1842:
1821:(1–4): 99–115.
1812:
1811:
1807:
1783:10.2307/2656982
1763:
1762:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1631:
1622:
1616:Flora Malesiana
1613:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1575:
1571:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1420:
1370:
1354:
1319:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
964:
955:
909:Neobalanocarpus
851:
669:
624:
600:illegal logging
540:(104 species),
534:(196 species),
480:tropical forest
457:
447:
437:
427:
417:
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
334:Neobalanocarpus
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
257:
247:
224:
135:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5856:
5854:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:wfo-7000000197
5791:
5781:
5768:
5755:
5742:
5729:
5716:
5703:
5690:
5677:
5664:
5651:
5638:
5625:
5612:
5599:
5586:
5573:
5560:
5547:
5537:
5524:
5509:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5418:Paracryphiales
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5408:Escalloniaceae
5404:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5390:Caprifoliaceae
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5362:Columelliaceae
5358:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:Argophyllaceae
5321:
5316:
5314:Alseuosmiaceae
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:Phyllonomaceae
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5233:Myodocarpaceae
5230:
5225:
5223:Pittosporaceae
5220:
5218:Griseliniaceae
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Schlegeliaceae
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5090:Plantaginaceae
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5037:Sphenocleaceae
5034:
5029:
5024:
5022:Convolvulaceae
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4907:Metteniusaceae
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4821:Sarraceniaceae
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Fouquieriaceae
4758:
4753:
4751:Marcgraviaceae
4748:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4683:
4678:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4655:Misodendraceae
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4557:Phytolaccaceae
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4492:Asteropeiaceae
4489:
4484:
4482:Simmondsiaceae
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:Plumbaginaceae
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4424:Caryophyllales
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4225:Sarcolaenaceae
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Gerrardinaceae
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Elaeocarpaceae
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3902:Phyllanthaceae
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Passifloraceae
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Putranjivaceae
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Calophyllaceae
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Rhizophoraceae
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3686:Zygophyllaceae
3683:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3600:Ticodendraceae
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:Hamamelidaceae
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3315:Myrothamnaceae
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Menispermaceae
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Joinvilleaceae
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Strelitziaceae
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2977:Pontederiaceae
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2939:Dasypogonaceae
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2916:Amaryllidaceae
2913:
2908:
2906:Xeronemataceae
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2709:Petrosaviaceae
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
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2611:
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2604:
2602:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2571:Chloranthaceae
2567:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Calycanthaceae
2506:
2504:
2498:
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2484:
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2469:
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2392:
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2374:Schisandraceae
2371:
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2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:Polypodiophyta
2276:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
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2199:
2179:
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2158:External links
2156:
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2152:
2111:
2054:
2036:
2017:
2001:
1973:
1926:
1910:
1854:
1840:
1805:
1776:(8): 1182–90.
1753:
1733:
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1620:
1602:
1589:
1569:
1556:(3): 201–217.
1536:
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1479:(2): 105–121.
1459:
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1426:
1419:
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1407:climate change
1369:
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1318:
1315:
1256:Sarcolaenaceae
1252:
1251:
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1221:
1163:
1112:Dipterocarpeae
1086:Southeast Asia
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706:Dipterocarpeae
700:
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688:
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679:
678:
668:
667:Classification
665:
623:
620:
610:, balsam, and
608:essential oils
604:valuable woods
581:yellow meranti
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179:
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129:
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62:
57:
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37:
26:
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5855:
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5626:
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5617:
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5609:
5604:
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5596:
5591:
5587:
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5578:
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5570:
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5427:
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5415:
5409:
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5403:
5401:
5400:Escalloniales
5397:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5329:Menyanthaceae
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Campanulaceae
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5276:Aquifoliaceae
5274:
5272:
5271:Helwingiaceae
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Stemonuraceae
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5208:Pennantiaceae
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5186:
5176:
5175:Orobanchaceae
5173:
5171:
5170:Paulowniaceae
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Linderniaceae
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
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5081:
5078:
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4987:
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4951:
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4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4899:Metteniusales
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:Oncothecaceae
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Actinidiaceae
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:Diapensiaceae
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Lecythidaceae
4769:
4767:
4766:Polemoniaceae
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Balsaminaceae
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:Hydrangeaceae
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4676:
4666:
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4660:Schoepfiaceae
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4648:
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4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
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4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Portulacaceae
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Halophytaceae
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Molluginaceae
4575:
4573:
4572:Nyctaginaceae
4570:
4568:
4567:Sarcobataceae
4565:
4563:
4562:Petiveriaceae
4560:
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4543:
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4517:Amaranthaceae
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4458:
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4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Frankeniaceae
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Aextoxicaceae
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:Superasterids
4387:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Simaroubaceae
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Anacardiaceae
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4306:Picramniaceae
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
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4256:
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4251:
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4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Thymelaeaceae
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Muntingiaceae
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
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4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:Stachyuraceae
4104:
4102:
4101:Guamatelaceae
4099:
4097:
4096:Staphyleaceae
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Emblingiaceae
4026:
4024:
4023:Salvadoraceae
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Limnanthaceae
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Tropaeolaceae
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3950:Brunelliaceae
3948:
3946:
3945:Cephalotaceae
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Ixonanthaceae
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Euphorbiaceae
3880:
3878:
3877:Rafflesiaceae
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Euphroniaceae
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Malpighiaceae
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Caryocaraceae
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Podostemaceae
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3673:Zygophyllales
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Casuarinaceae
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Nothofagaceae
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Tetramelaceae
3512:
3510:
3509:Cucurbitaceae
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Apodanthaceae
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3423:Cynomoriaceae
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Saxifragaceae
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Peridiscaceae
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3261:Ranunculaceae
3259:
3257:
3256:Berberidaceae
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Nelumbonaceae
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Eriocaulaceae
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3035:Zingiberaceae
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Heliconiaceae
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2982:Haemodoraceae
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Commelinaceae
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Asphodelaceae
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Ixioliriaceae
2889:
2887:
2886:Doryanthaceae
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Melanthiaceae
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Cyclanthaceae
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2737:Dioscoreaceae
2735:
2733:
2732:Burmanniaceae
2730:
2728:
2727:Nartheciaceae
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2701:Petrosaviales
2698:
2692:
2691:Cymodoceaceae
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Posidoniaceae
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Juncaginaceae
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Tofieldiaceae
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2563:Chloranthales
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Chloranthidae
2551:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Hernandiaceae
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Gomortegaceae
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Eupomatiaceae
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Degeneriaceae
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Myristicaceae
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Hydatellaceae
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2318:Amborellaceae
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2190:on 2011-07-25
2186:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:Sample, Ian.
2005:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1989:(2): 105–20,
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:979-8764-20-X
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1669:on 2012-02-15
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:983-2181-59-3
1639:
1635:
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1627:
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1587:
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1579:
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1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1449:
1448:www.mobot.org
1445:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:found in the
1324:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1311:APG IV (2016)
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1289:Dipterocarpus
1285:
1281:
1280:Maastrichtian
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1247:Pseudomonotes
1243:
1242:
1237:
1234:is native to
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:Dipterocarpus
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:Pseudomonotes
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
990:
989:
982:
981:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
959:
958:
950:
949:
946:
945:
944:
937:
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933:
932:
929:
928:
927:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
910:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
893:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
876:
869:
868:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
846:
845:
842:
841:
840:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
823:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
806:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
789:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
772:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:Dipterocarpus
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
738:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
721:
714:
713:
707:
704:
703:
697:
694:
693:
686:
685:
681:
680:
676:
675:
672:
666:
664:
662:
653:
644:
635:
631:
630:
629:Dipterocarpus
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
577:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:
555:
551:
550:
545:
544:
543:Dipterocarpus
539:
538:
533:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:South America
488:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
456:
455:
451:
446:
445:
441:
436:
435:
431:
426:
425:
421:
416:
415:
411:
406:
405:
401:
396:
395:
391:
386:
385:
381:
376:
375:
374:Pseudomonotes
371:
366:
365:
361:
356:
355:
351:
346:
345:
341:
336:
335:
331:
326:
325:
321:
316:
315:
311:
306:
305:
301:
296:
295:
291:
286:
285:
281:
276:
275:
274:Dipterocarpus
271:
266:
265:
261:
256:
255:
251:
246:
245:
241:
240:
238:
233:
228:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
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203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:Tracheophytes
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
127:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
43:
42:Maastrichtian
33:
30:
19:
5488:
5339:Calyceraceae
5334:Goodeniaceae
5319:Phellinaceae
5309:Stylidiaceae
5248:Aquifoliales
5130:Bignoniaceae
5115:Martyniaceae
5085:Gesneriaceae
5042:Hydroleaceae
5032:Montiniaceae
4986:Boraginaceae
4963:Gelsemiaceae
4953:Gentianaceae
4925:Eucommiaceae
4826:Roridulaceae
4806:Symplocaceae
4776:Sladeniaceae
4718:Curtisiaceae
4665:Loranthaceae
4587:Didiereaceae
4542:Barbeuiaceae
4502:Microteaceae
4457:Nepenthaceae
4447:Polygonaceae
4437:Tamaricaceae
4329:Nitrariaceae
4298:Picramniales
4263:Vochysiaceae
4248:Combretaceae
4229:
4162:Tapisciaceae
4157:Petenaeaceae
4063:Brassicaceae
3817:Trigoniaceae
3812:Balanopaceae
3777:Hypericaceae
3757:Bonnetiaceae
3732:Irvingiaceae
3719:Malpighiales
3709:Celastraceae
3681:Krameriaceae
3638:Elaeagnaceae
3633:Dirachmaceae
3590:Juglandaceae
3557:Polygalaceae
3542:Quillajaceae
3504:Coriariaceae
3481:Cucurbitales
3418:Haloragaceae
3413:Penthoraceae
3398:Crassulaceae
3363:Altingiaceae
3345:Saxifragales
3297:Dilleniaceae
3236:Papaveraceae
3231:Eupteleaceae
3223:Ranunculales
3131:
3098:Restionaceae
3058:Bromeliaceae
2992:Zingiberales
2972:Philydraceae
2962:Hanguanaceae
2954:Commelinales
2921:Asparagaceae
2881:Hypoxidaceae
2828:Ripogonaceae
2823:Philesiaceae
2818:Colchicaceae
2760:Velloziaceae
2755:Triuridaceae
2719:Dioscoreales
2636:Alismataceae
2584:
2553:
2515:Siparunaceae
2472:Magnoliaceae
2369:Trimeniaceae
2346:Nymphaeaceae
2310:Amborellales
2289:Angiospermae
2244:Families of
2205:
2192:. Retrieved
2185:the original
2166:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2049:ScienceDaily
2048:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2013:The Guardian
2012:
2004:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1872:
1868:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1773:
1769:
1741:
1736:
1716:
1709:
1699:February 26,
1697:. Retrieved
1692:
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1633:
1615:
1592:
1577:
1572:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1529:17 September
1527:. Retrieved
1517:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1388:
1378:Danum Valley
1359:
1355:
1320:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1264:Indian Plate
1253:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1175:Balanocarpus
1173:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1135:Stemonoporus
1133:
1127:
1123:Cotylelobium
1121:
1115:
1028:
1027:
1011:
1010:
994:
993:
941:
940:
924:
923:
907:
906:
890:
889:
875:Dryobalanops
873:
872:
837:
836:
820:
819:
803:
802:
786:
785:
771:Stemonoporus
769:
768:
752:
751:
737:Cotylelobium
735:
734:
718:
717:
670:
660:
654:"wing", and
651:
642:
627:
625:
592:timber trade
589:
585:Danum Valley
574:
568:
562:
558:Dryobalanops
556:
547:
541:
535:
529:
527:
467:
466:
452:
442:
432:
422:
414:Stemonoporus
412:
402:
392:
382:
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
302:
294:Dryobalanops
292:
282:
272:
264:Cotylelobium
262:
252:
242:
221:
195:
182:
169:
156:
123:
29:
5655:iNaturalist
5513:Wikispecies
5294:Rousseaceae
5190:Campanulids
5150:Verbenaceae
5125:Acanthaceae
5120:Pedaliaceae
5110:Byblidaceae
4978:Boraginales
4968:Apocynaceae
4958:Loganiaceae
4940:Gentianales
4889:Icacinaceae
4841:Cyrillaceae
4836:Clethraceae
4816:Styracaceae
4796:Primulaceae
4723:Grubbiaceae
4650:Santalaceae
4592:Basellaceae
4547:Gisekiaceae
4487:Physenaceae
4452:Droseraceae
4349:Sapindaceae
4339:Burseraceae
4283:Alzateaceae
4195:Neuradaceae
4134:Francoaceae
4129:Geraniaceae
4081:Aphloiaceae
4053:Capparaceae
4033:Tovariaceae
3993:Moringaceae
3975:Brassicales
3935:Cunoniaceae
3930:Oxalidaceae
3925:Connaraceae
3842:Achariaceae
3837:Humiriaceae
3802:Elatinaceae
3696:Celastrales
3653:Cannabaceae
3628:Barbeyaceae
3552:Surianaceae
3524:Begoniaceae
3519:Datiscaceae
3358:Paeoniaceae
3335:Superrosids
3320:Gunneraceae
3289:Dilleniales
3208:Platanaceae
3083:Thurniaceae
3063:Rapateaceae
3025:Marantaceae
2876:Lanariaceae
2871:Asteliaceae
2856:Orchidaceae
2848:Asparagales
2833:Smilacaceae
2775:Pandanaceae
2765:Stemonaceae
2671:Zosteraceae
2666:Maundiaceae
2618:Alismatales
2535:Monimiaceae
2459:Magnoliales
2444:Saururaceae
2421:Winteraceae
2416:Canellaceae
2399:Magnoliidae
2341:Cabombaceae
2328:Nymphaeales
2261:Supergroup
1695:. p. 1
1496:10654/18083
1298:Pakaraimaea
1226:Monotoideae
1207:Anthoshorea
1153:Vateriopsis
974:Monotoideae
822:Vateriopsis
606:, aromatic
587:in Sabah.
519:Philippines
487:pantropical
444:Vateriopsis
394:Rubroshorea
298:C.F.Gaertn.
278:C.F.Gaertn.
254:Anthoshorea
176:Angiosperms
18:Dipterocarp
5817:Categories
5673:77126600-1
5377:Dipsacales
5367:Bruniaceae
5344:Asteraceae
5228:Araliaceae
5165:Phrymaceae
5100:Stilbaceae
5027:Solanaceae
5004:Vahliaceae
4930:Garryaceae
4876:Icacinales
4786:Sapotaceae
4640:Opiliaceae
4627:Santalales
4602:Talinaceae
4582:Montiaceae
4334:Kirkiaceae
4316:Sapindales
4288:Penaeaceae
4258:Onagraceae
4253:Lythraceae
4185:Cytinaceae
4144:Huerteales
4121:Geraniales
4058:Cleomaceae
4048:Resedaceae
3998:Caricaceae
3983:Akaniaceae
3912:Oxalidales
3867:Salicaceae
3852:Goupiaceae
3762:Clusiaceae
3663:Urticaceae
3643:Rhamnaceae
3605:Betulaceae
3585:Myricaceae
3307:Gunnerales
3213:Proteaceae
3093:Cyperaceae
3078:Mayacaceae
3068:Xyridaceae
2798:Corsiaceae
2747:Pandanales
2686:Ruppiaceae
2641:Butomaceae
2492:Annonaceae
2449:Piperaceae
2408:Canellales
2204: [
2194:2004-10-03
2131:: e01250.
2074:(1): 276.
1673:2009-04-17
1453:2023-07-20
1444:"Malvales"
1430:References
1397:, Thailand
1335:arthropods
1329:province,
1187:Parashorea
1117:Anisoptera
1090:New Guinea
1078:Seychelles
926:Parashorea
720:Anisoptera
596:endangered
499:Seychelles
354:Parashorea
338:P.S.Ashton
244:Anisoptera
5385:Adoxaceae
5354:Bruniales
5286:Asterales
5155:Lamiaceae
5014:Solanales
4996:Vahliales
4948:Rubiaceae
4917:Garryales
4846:Ericaceae
4791:Ebenaceae
4728:Cornaceae
4713:Loasaceae
4698:Nyssaceae
4635:Olacaceae
4617:Cactaceae
4552:Aizoaceae
4527:Limeaceae
4364:Meliaceae
4268:Myrtaceae
4220:Cistaceae
4200:Malvaceae
3847:Violaceae
3752:Ochnaceae
3727:Pandaceae
3198:Sabiaceae
3190:Proteales
3088:Juncaceae
3053:Typhaceae
3030:Costaceae
3020:Cannaceae
3005:Lowiaceae
2944:Arecaceae
2901:Iridaceae
2861:Boryaceae
2838:Liliaceae
2608:Acoraceae
2540:Lauraceae
2431:Piperales
2269:Bryophyta
2173:. CIFOR.
2147:2351-9894
2088:2045-2322
2033:: 377–85.
1968:228870254
1960:1615-6110
1946:(6): 90.
1905:246360938
1889:0036-8075
1550:Phytotaxa
1307:Cistaceae
1268:Oligocene
1231:Marquesia
1204:sections
1166:Imbricate
1084:, India,
1082:Sri Lanka
996:Marquesia
511:Indonesia
507:Indochina
428:Symington
314:Marquesia
146:Kingdom:
5787:dipteroc
5777:42000085
5772:Tropicos
5540:BioLib:
5498:Wikidata
5464:Category
5238:Apiaceae
5160:Mazaceae
5070:Oleaceae
5052:Lamiales
4801:Theaceae
4738:Ericales
4690:Cornales
4680:Asterids
4537:Kewaceae
4354:Rutaceae
4240:Myrtales
4215:Bixaceae
4177:Malvales
4018:Bataceae
3887:Linaceae
3872:Peraceae
3658:Moraceae
3648:Ulmaceae
3623:Rosaceae
3580:Fagaceae
3547:Fabaceae
3456:Vitaceae
3383:Iteaceae
3180:Buxaceae
3163:Eudicots
3015:Musaceae
2931:Arecales
2785:Liliales
2600:Acorales
2590:Monocots
2502:Laurales
2106:33432023
1897:35084986
1835:26395665
1800:10449398
1659:"Borneo"
1418:See also
1260:Gondwana
622:Taxonomy
515:Malaysia
418:Thwaites
384:Richetia
364:Pentacme
344:Neohopea
288:Thwaites
218:Family:
212:Malvales
189:Eudicots
44:- recent
5504:Q580593
5200:Apiales
4866:Lamiids
3965:Malvids
3920:Huaceae
3615:Rosales
3567:Fagales
3534:Fabales
3448:Vitales
3172:Buxales
3118:Poaceae
2626:Araceae
2585:Lilidae
2097:7801684
1869:Science
1792:2656982
1357:hills.
1352:Ecology
1327:Gujarat
1282:) aged
1272:Miocene
1241:Monotes
1172:group (
1170:Shoreae
1147:Vateria
1114:group (
1108:Valvate
1102:Sarawak
1013:Monotes
861:Shoreae
805:Vateria
645:"two",
616:plywood
434:Vateria
324:Monotes
235:Genera
208:Order:
150:Plantae
5725:438195
5686:115589
5556:273760
5533:137426
3471:Fabids
3438:Rosids
3045:Poales
2250:APG IV
2177:
2145:
2104:
2094:
2086:
1966:
1958:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1833:
1798:
1790:
1748:
1724:
1640:
1584:
1276:Eocene
1236:Africa
1218:Shorea
1202:Shorea
1193:Shorea
1159:Vatica
1100:, and
1094:Brunei
943:Shorea
839:Vatica
661:karpós
657:καρπός
652:pteron
648:πτερόν
636:words
612:resins
570:Shorea
554:genera
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