94:, Clause 1) states that "the judicial Power shall extend ... to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party". This clause has been deemed to impose a requirement that United States federal courts are not permitted to cases that do not pose an actual controversy—that is, an actual dispute between adverse parties which is capable of being resolved by the . In addition to setting out the scope of the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary, it also prohibits courts from issuing
198:. As with other controversies, it has been suggested that exposure to empirical facts would be sufficient to resolve the debate once and for all. In computer simulations of cultural communities, beliefs were found to polarize within isolated sub-groups, based on the mistaken belief of the community's unhindered access to ground truth. Such confidence in the group to find the ground truth is explicable through the success of
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have shown that sensory input from different senses is integrated in a statistically optimal way, in addition, it appears that the kind of inferences used to infer single sources for multiple sensory inputs uses a
Bayesian inference about the causal origin of the sensory stimuli. As such, it appears
225:
context – in spite of identical evidence presented, the pre-existing beliefs (or evidence presented first) has an overwhelming effect on the beliefs formed. In addition, the preferences of the agent (the particular rewards that they value) also cause the beliefs formed to change – this explains the
183:
has been particularly identified as relevant in climate change controversies as individuals are found to be more positively inclined to believe in climate change if the outside temperature is higher, if they have been primed to think about heat, and if they are primed with higher temperatures when
216:
Brocas and
Carrillo propose a model to make decisions based on noisy sensory inputs, beliefs about the state of the world are modified by Bayesian updating, and then decisions are made based on beliefs passing a threshold. They show that this model, when optimized for single-step decision making,
142:
In other words, it claims that the less factual information is available on a topic, the more controversy can arise around that topic – and the more facts are available, the less controversy can arise. Thus, for example, controversies in physics would be limited to subject areas where experiments
163:, it has been proposed that those who are opposed to the scientific consensus do so because they don't have enough information about the topic. A study of 1540 US adults found instead that levels of scientific literacy correlated with the strength of
491:
Kahan, Dan M.; Maggie
Wittlin; Ellen Peters; Paul Slovic; Lisa Larrimore Ouellette; Donald Braman; Gregory N. Mandel (2011). "The Tragedy of the Risk-Perception Commons: Culture Conflict, Rationality Conflict, and Climate Change".
170:
The puzzling phenomenon of two individuals being able to reach different conclusions after being exposed to the same facts has been frequently explained (particularly by Daniel
Kahneman) by reference to a
230:) shown above. This model allows the production of controversy to be seen as a consequence of a decision maker optimized for single-step decision making, rather than a result of limited reasoning in the
191:, the same evidence seemed to license inference to radically different conclusions. Kahan et al. explained this by the cognitive biases of biased assimilation and a credibility heuristic.
155:, which only talks about lack of information ("passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real information available"). For example, in analyses of the political controversy over
143:
cannot be carried out yet, whereas controversies would be inherent to politics, where communities must frequently decide on courses of action based on insufficient information.
793:
Lord, Charles G.; Lee Ross; Mark R. Lepper (1979). "Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence".
91:
87:
698:
Joireman, Jeff; Heather Barnes
Truelove; Blythe Duell (December 2010). "Effect of outdoor temperature, heat primes and anchoring on belief in global warming".
208:
allows these failures of rationality to be described as part of a statistically optimized system for decision making. Experiments and computational models in
770:; Paul Slovic; John Gastil (2008-07-15). "Who Fears the HPV Vaccine, Who Doesn't, and Why? An Experimental Study of the Mechanisms of Cultural Cognition".
264:
559:
195:
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Ernst, Marc O.; Martin S. Banks (2002-01-24). "Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion".
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neurobiologically plausible that the brain implements decision-making procedures that are close to optimal for
Bayesian inference.
892:
164:
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that work well in every day situations, but are not amenable to decision-making about complex subjects such as climate change.
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based inferences. However, if there is no access to the ground truth, as there was not in this model, the method will fail.
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Controversies are frequently thought to be a result of a lack of confidence on the part of the disputants – as implied by
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156:
31:
448:
Pidgeon, N.; B. Fischhoff (2011). "The role of social and decision sciences in communicating uncertain climate risks".
298:
945:
Lee, M.D.; M. Steyvers; M. de Young; B.J. Miller. "A Model-Based
Approach to Measuring Expertise in Ranking Tasks".
838:
HOVLAND, CARL I.; WALTER WEISS (1951-12-21). "The
Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness".
222:
83:
384:
209:
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Brocas, Isabelle; Juan D. Carrillo (2012). "From perception to action: An economic model of brain processes".
294:
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Ungar, S. (2000). "Knowledge, ignorance and the popular culture: climate change versus the ozone hole".
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Braman, Donald; James
Grimmelmann; Dan M. Kahan (20 July 2007). "Modeling Cultural Cognition".
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Similar effects on reasoning are also seen in non-scientific controversies, for example in the
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is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting
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was created from a revision of this article dated 27 June 2013
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thinking about the future temperature increases from climate change.
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175:' – in other words, that most judgments are made using fast acting
560:"Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics"
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1038:"Human trimodal perception follows optimal statistical inference"
123:, as expressed by the astrophysicist and science fiction author
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and polarization of opinions – exactly as described in the
167:, but not on which side of the debate that they stood.
102:, meaning that the controversy has not arisen yet, or
634:"Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases"
932:Shooting down the more guns, less crime hypothesis
735:"Furor on Rush to Require Cervical Cancer Vaccine"
106:, meaning that the controversy has already been
187:In other controversies – such as that around the
88:Article Three of the United States Constitution
44:or point of view. The word was coined from the
1036:Wozny, D.R.; U.R. Beierholm; L. Shams (2008).
733:Saul, Stephanie; Andrew Pollack (2007-02-17).
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79:, a controversy is a purely civil proceeding.
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1123:(Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing, 2014).
27:State of prolonged public dispute or debate
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98:, or from hearing cases that are either
934:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
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196:gun control debate in the United States
71:; while legal cases include all suits,
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891:Fremling, G.M.; J.R. Lott Jr (2002).
55:– "turned in an opposite direction".
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930:Ayres, I.; J.J. Donohue III (2002).
700:Journal of Environmental Psychology
226:biased assimilation (also known as
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632:Tversky, A.; D. Kahneman (1974).
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680:from the original on 2018-06-01
558:Kahneman, Daniel (2003-12-01).
415:Public Understanding of Science
67:, a controversy differs from a
766:Kahan, Dan M.; Donald Braman;
360:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1:
658:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
817:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098
567:The American Economic Review
362:. 2001-04-09. Archived from
356:"EFF Quotes Collection 19.6"
157:anthropogenic climate change
153:Benford's law of controversy
121:Benford's law of controversy
116:Benford's law of controversy
32:Controversy (disambiguation)
1079:Games and Economic Behavior
712:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.004
385:"Quotations: Computer Laws"
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589:10.1257/000282803322655392
223:global warming controversy
113:
84:Case or Controversy Clause
29:
1091:10.1016/j.geb.2011.10.001
427:10.1088/0963-6625/9/3/306
165:opinion on climate change
840:Public Opinion Quarterly
210:multisensory integration
206:Bayesian decision theory
1133:on Knowledge (XXG) data
870:Social Justice Research
1120:The Controversy Manual
958:Cite journal requires
772:Law and Human Behavior
539:Cite journal requires
268:
248:Listen to this article
136:to the amount of real
134:inversely proportional
450:Nature Climate Change
337:Third rail (politics)
267:
1127:Controversial topics
498:10.2139/ssrn.1871503
470:10.1038/nclimate1080
299:More spoken articles
51:, as a composite of
30:For other uses, see
1137:Controversial Today
991:2002Natur.415..429E
650:1974Sci...185.1124T
462:2011NatCC...1...35P
232:bounded rationality
200:wisdom of the crowd
173:bounded rationality
147:Psychological bases
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739:The New York Times
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1042:Journal of Vision
985:(6870): 429–433.
801:(11): 2098–2109.
768:Geoffrey L. Cohen
644:(4157): 1124–31.
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228:confirmation bias
127:in 1980, states:
96:advisory opinions
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399:2007-03-10
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343:References
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295:Audio help
286:2013-06-27
177:heuristics
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638:Science
605:3132137
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