508:
149:
1379:
4270:
4276:
4282:
1297:
1510:
1583:
131:
1712:. Glyptodonts generally inhabited open grassland with temperate to cool climate. It appears to have been restricted to the cold, humid Chaco-Pampean plains of northeastern Patagonia. Fossils have been found in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The Pleistocene was characterized by frequent cold/warm cycles (
1500:
Nonetheless, glyptodonts also had powerful forearms. Because the forelimbs did not need to bear weight, it is possible that they dug much like modern armadillos, but the carapace and spine were much more rigid than those of armadillos. Alternatively, the forelimbs may have been engaged while rotating
1479:
may have been capable of delivering a blow of about 2.5 kJ (1,800 ft⋅lbf), though this may be an underestimate. Assuming a total mass of 40 kg (88 lb) in life for the club, this would equate to a maximum velocity of 11 m/s (40 km/h; 25 mph). The tip of the tail may
1402:, on average, had a height of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), an overall length of around 3.6 m (12 ft), and a weight of about 1,400 kg (3,100 lb), but an 8,000 year old specimen was calculated to have been 1,900 to 2,370 kg (4,190 to 5,220 lb), which could indicate
1317:
dentition, and the teeth also never stopped growing in life, so they are assumed to have fed predominantly on grass. However, they have unusual teeth compared to those of other mammals, featuring three lobes (except for the first two teeth, which have the usual two lobes). The tooth core is made of
1361:
and other large glyptodonts appear to have had a markedly reduced gape, and the teeth have relatively small grinding surfaces, which indicate they were incapable of thoroughly chewing food. This may have been caused by the increasing size of the muscles to support the head and neck as the armor in
1496:
appears to have been closer to the hind limbs than the forelimbs, indicating the vast majority and in some instance nearly all of the weight was borne on the hind limbs. This might show that glyptodonts, when their weight was displaced farther tailwards, could stand on two legs, though not
1808:
provided the dating is correct, providing productive grassland which was likely in decline elsewhere on the continent. Their final demise may have been brought on or simply accelerated by human hunting. However, a later study suggested that the late date for
1497:
necessarily maintaining an erect posture. Modern xenarthrans commonly stand up in this fashion for defense, to observe, or to feed. Strong hind limbs would also have been important while accelerating the tail club and maintaining posture after getting hit.
1573:
may have been too poor for use of the tail club in predator defense. The accuracy needed to strike a target with the club may only have been attainable with a stationary adversary, further supporting use in ritualistic combat rather than predator defense.
1611:
about 2.8 mya, South
America's long period of isolation from the rest of the world ended and it was invaded by North American species as part of the Great American Interchange. Glyptodonts would have encountered new large mammalian carnivores such as the
452:
may have been able to stand on two legs like other xenarthrans. It notably sported a spiked tail club, which may have weighed 40 or 65 kg (88 or 143 lb) in life, and it may have swung this in defense against predators or in fights with other
1362:
this region became heavier and heavier, displacing the chewing muscles to less mechanically efficient positions. This is odd as thoroughly grinding grass is very important in maximizing nutrient absorption, and such inefficiency could indicate a slow
1557:. In the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, size dramatically increased, perhaps in response to a cooling climate (which would have reduced its metabolism, causing an increase in size) or to defend against recently immigrating human hunters.
1462:
Its tail was surrounded by a flexible sheath of bone, and features shallow depressions along the edges, which may have been spikes in life. The tail club could reach up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in length. Assuming a maximum
1777:, which may have been caused by some combination of overhunting by humans and climate change. A butchered specimen dating to 7,500–7,000 years ago in this region on the edge of a swamp at the La Moderna site in Argentina shows that
1785:
and coexisted with them for several thousand years. Because many other South
American megafauna also seem to have persisted for some time following the close of the Pleistocene in this region—such as the armadillo
1568:
individuals. If so, males would probably have been much more heavily built than females. Evidence of carapace fractures consistent with the force calculated for a tail club impact has been noted. The eyesight of
2590:
Varela, L.; Tambusso, P. S.; Patiño, S. J.; et al. (2017). "Potential
Distribution of Fossil Xenarthrans in South America during the Late Pleistocene: co-Occurrence and Provincialism".
2625:
Scanferla, A.; Bonini, R.; Pomi, L.; Fucks, E.; Molinari, A. (2013). "New Late
Pleistocene megafaunal assemblage with well-supported chronology from the Pampas of southern South America".
1501:
the body to swing the tail club. Because earlier, smaller glyptodonts do not share similar weight distribution, the adoption of a bipedal stance may be related to increasing body size.
1939:
Zurita, A. E.; Oliveira, E V.; Toriño, P.; et al. (2011). "On the taxonomic status of some
Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of South America".
1813:
at La
Moderna as well as other supposedly Holocene dated megafauna at other Pampas sites was likely due to contamination or other errors, casting doubt on their Holocene survival.
1888:
Catalogue of the Fossil
Mammalia in the British Museum, (Natural History): The group Tillodontia, the orders Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and Supplement
1484:(the point of impact on the club which would have exerted maximum force and minimized damage done to itself) would have been about 77 cm (2.5 ft) from the tip.
2670:
Prevosti, F. J.; Forasiepi, A.; Zimicz, N. (2013). "The
Evolution of the Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild in South America: Competition or Replacement?".
1755:
specimen was contentiously dated to about 4,300 years ago. A 2019 study suggested that these
Holocene ages at Pampean sites are underestimates due to contamination by
1736:(during interglacials). Glacials may have seen an increase in savanna, whereas interglacials (including modern day) are characterized by an expansion of rainforests.
4387:
2150:
Delsuc, F.; Gibb, G.C.; Kuch, M.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Southon, J.; Rouillard, J.-M.; Fernicola, J.C.; Vizcaíno, S.F.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Poinar, H.N. (2016).
1475:(based on what is measured in the muscles of recently dead animals), and a volume of 100 L (22 imp gal; 26 US gal) for the tail muscle,
4479:
4400:
2999:
Borrerro, L.A.; Zárate, M.; Miotti, L.; Massone, M. (1998). "The
Pleistocene-Holocene transition and human occupations in the Southern Cone of South America".
2209:
Barasoain, Daniel; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Croft, Darin A.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Contreras, Víctor H.; Miño-Boilini, Ángel R.; Tomassini, Rodrigo L. (June 2022).
1334:. Some of the orthodentine became exposed over time as the cementum was worn away, producing a file-like surface to better process grass, similar to the hard
2211:"A New Glyptodont (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: New Clues About the Oldest Extra-Patagonian Radiation in Southern South America"
3091:
4534:
2385:
4361:
3036:"Site formation process and megamammal bone radiocarbon dates in Campo Laborde (Pampas of Argentina): Contribution towards a research methodology"
4529:
4469:
444:. Averaging at an approximate 1,400 kg (3,100 lb), it was one of the largest glyptodonts to have ever lived. Though glyptodonts were
2338:
4464:
2302:
2055:
633:
were described on the basis of minute or debatable differences, and the total diversity had reached 65 genera with 220 species. In 1997,
4539:
1747:
may be the most recent-surviving glyptodont species, with the latest fossils suggested to date to about 8,000–7,000 years ago in the
1915:
467:, but its teeth and mouth, like those of other glyptodonts, seem unable to have chewed grass effectively, which may indicate a slow
4459:
499:, though these dates have been questioned. It may have gone extinct due to some combination of human hunting and climate change.
4454:
1366:. The apparently strong tongue may have partially reworked and pushed incompletely chewed food into the stomach or possibly a
4499:
3084:
1892:
2337:
Soibelzon, L. H.; Zamorano, M.; Scillato-Yané, G. J.; Piazza, D.; Rodriguez, S.; Soibelzon, E. &; Beilinson, E. (2012).
4514:
4474:
1805:
2552:
Vizcaíno, S. F.; Blanco, R. E.; Bender, J. B.; Milne, N. (2011). "Proportions and function of the limbs of glyptodonts".
4509:
2839:"Early-Pleistocene Glaciations in Argentina (South America) and the Response of Mammals: The Case of the Pampean Region"
1535:
and immigration of new mammals into the previously isolated continent, with some of the largest glyptodonts, including
495:. It may have been the latest-surviving glyptodont, with remains suggested to date to 8,000–7,000 years ago during the
4524:
4504:
1774:
4405:
148:
4519:
1782:
1532:
484:
1480:
have reached 15 m/s (54 km/h; 34 mph). Assuming the club was 65 kg (143 lb) in life, the
1450:
but loose around the shoulder. The carapace featured a dome, which may have been a fat-filled space, similar to a
507:
3077:
1561:
741:. Based on this and the fossil record, glyptodonts would have evolved their characteristic shape and large size (
2460:"The sweet spot of a biological hammer: the centre of percussion of glyptodont (Mammalia: Xenarthra) tail clubs"
2806:
2417:
2376:
1544:
4275:
734:. This prompted moving them from their own family, Glyptodontidae, to the subfamily Glyptodontinae within the
4281:
4151:
4102:
3913:
4301:
4269:
638:
3427:
4426:
3899:
3647:
1770:
1393:
267:
1027:
4060:
3778:
2354:
4348:
4018:
3997:
3892:
3547:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3213:
3047:
3008:
2908:
2869:
2780:
2634:
2561:
2519:
2163:
2095:
1997:
1948:
1861:—the entire mass was effectively summed down to a single point—which is an inaccurate representation.
1481:
745:) quite rapidly, possibly in response to the cooling, drying climate and expansion of open savannas.
715:
637:
and Susan K. Bell in their comprehensive revision of mammal taxonomy assigned all glyptodonts to the
3842:
3661:
3624:
3457:
646:
479:. Before this, South America had been isolated from the rest of the world, but the formation of the
4226:
4165:
4137:
4130:
4095:
4004:
3948:
3920:
3447:
3407:
3377:
2720:"The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens"
1679:
1521:
1169:
859:
719:
689:
665:
464:
4081:
3417:
3397:
3344:
3199:
3172:
2347:
Revista Brasileira de Paleontología, Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontología, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1323:
1319:
4489:
4186:
4046:
3815:
3701:
3557:
3477:
3248:
3220:
3035:
2981:
2973:
2697:
2607:
2437:
2308:
2238:
2129:
2043:
1921:
1721:
1410:
just before going extinct. This makes it one of the heaviest glyptodont species known, alongside
683:
634:
573:
295:
243:
143:
3711:
3684:
3672:
3537:
3527:
3437:
3387:
3162:
3069:
3034:
Messineo, Pablo G.; Favier Dubois, Cristián M.; Politis, Gustavo G.; Vitale, Paula (June 2021).
4431:
3487:
2260:
4484:
4413:
4392:
4053:
3640:
2934:
2895:
Politis, Gustavo G.; Messineo, Pablo G.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Lindsey, Emily L. (March 2019).
2749:
2489:
2298:
2230:
2191:
2121:
2051:
2025:
1911:
1886:
1608:
1120:
552:
480:
4418:
4250:
2897:"Campo Laborde: A Late Pleistocene giant ground sloth kill and butchering site in the Pampas"
4074:
3969:
3316:
3264:
3055:
3016:
2965:
2924:
2916:
2877:
2788:
2739:
2731:
2687:
2679:
2650:
2642:
2599:
2569:
2527:
2479:
2471:
2429:
2394:
2290:
2222:
2181:
2171:
2111:
2103:
2015:
2005:
1964:
1956:
1882:
1760:
972:
924:
626:
418:
4339:
2339:"Un Glyptodontidae de gran tamaño en el Holoceno temprano de la Región Pampeana, Argentina"
491:
seems to have inhabited the relatively cold and humid Chaco-Pampean plains of northeastern
4494:
3962:
3832:
3768:
3654:
3301:
2769:"Accessory protection structures in Glyptodon Owen (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae)"
1756:
1524:, and the high degree of hypsodonty and the breadth of the muzzle could indicate it was a
1378:
1078:
659:
1560:
However, the increase in armor and body mass might instead have been driven primarily by
3051:
3012:
2912:
2873:
2784:
2638:
2565:
2523:
2167:
2099:
2084:
sp. (Xenarthra: Glyptodontidae) reveals that glyptodonts evolved from Eocene armadillos"
2078:
Mitchell, K.J.; Scanferla, A.; Soibelzon, E.; Bonini, R.; Ochoa, J.; Cooper, A. (2016).
2001:
1952:
4172:
4144:
4109:
3805:
3759:
3731:
3278:
3257:
3206:
2929:
2896:
2744:
2719:
2531:
2484:
2459:
2210:
1713:
1493:
738:
727:
722:). Comparisons with those of modern armadillos revealed that glyptodonts diverged from
642:
421:
210:
3020:
2285:
Defler, T. (2018). "The Xenarthrans: Armadillos, Glyptodonts, Anteaters, and Sloths".
1688:
is among the most commonly identified glyptodont genera of the Pleistocene, alongside
1666:. Native Pleistocene South American mammals include xenarthrans, such as glyptodonts,
560:
was a partial tail which seemed to indicate a massive club, so Owen assigned the name
4448:
4011:
3941:
3852:
3633:
3323:
3294:
3190:
2985:
2953:
2857:
2573:
2441:
2433:
2381:"Tail blow energy and carapace fractures in a large glyptodont (Mammalia, Xenarthra)"
2242:
1800:
1663:
1647:
799:
677:
585:
557:
496:
389:
81:
2701:
2611:
2341:[A glyptodont of great size in the early Holocene of the Pampas, Argentina]
2312:
4197:
4158:
3976:
3796:
3785:
3610:
3330:
3309:
2133:
1717:
1667:
1639:
1613:
1472:
1464:
1350:
1331:
883:
735:
723:
565:
519:
286:
2858:"Megafauna extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas"
4324:
3059:
2881:
2792:
2646:
1960:
1338:
and cementum eventually protruding through the enamel of horse and cattle teeth.
4374:
4333:
4123:
4116:
4025:
3983:
3906:
3598:
3567:
3360:
3227:
2815:
2294:
2079:
1823:
1794:
1698:
1655:
1635:
1622:
1587:
1540:
1525:
1342:
1145:
1010:
775:
703:
695:
476:
56:
30:
2226:
1296:
4240:
4233:
4179:
4088:
4039:
3934:
3883:
3862:
3822:
3748:
3577:
3234:
2768:
2735:
2683:
2603:
2176:
2151:
2010:
1985:
1858:
1830:
1599:
1509:
1468:
1363:
1186:
731:
671:
607:
599:
542:
523:
468:
404:
223:
101:
66:
2234:
4216:
4206:
4067:
4032:
3990:
3337:
3287:
3147:
3132:
3101:
2510:
Fariña, R. A. (1995). "Limb bone strength and habits in large glyptodonts".
1925:
1725:
1704:
1643:
1631:
1443:
1388:
1314:
948:
816:
742:
654:
610:
603:
528:
492:
445:
429:
425:
200:
160:
106:
50:
2938:
2920:
2753:
2493:
2475:
2399:
2380:
2195:
2125:
2029:
1650:. In addition to bears and cats, other immigrants to South America include
4318:
3927:
3120:
2954:"Gliptodontes y Cazadores-Recolectores de la Region Pampeana (Argentina)"
1733:
1671:
1549:
1435:
1407:
1327:
907:
707:
622:
618:
441:
437:
180:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
42:
34:
1582:
4366:
3869:
3691:
3587:
3467:
2186:
2116:
2020:
1969:
1837:
1788:
1354:
1335:
408:
397:
130:
111:
86:
16:
An extinct genus of mammals belonging to the armadillo order, Cingulata
4379:
2977:
2956:[Glyptodonts and hunter-gatherers in the Pampas (Argentina)].
2692:
2655:
2107:
3126:
3114:
1748:
1675:
1627:
1447:
1439:
1346:
629:
Glyptodontidae. Through the 19th and 20th centuries, new species and
589:
393:
190:
170:
38:
4295:
2767:
Zurita, A. E.; Soibelzon, L. H.; Soibelzon, E.; et al. (2010).
1543:
following this event. This may indicate increasing gigantism was an
440:. Being a glyptodont, it was a rotund animal with heavy armor and a
2969:
2838:
1857:
The calculated speed is based on the assumption that the club is a
1729:
1659:
1651:
1581:
1508:
1451:
1377:
1367:
1295:
630:
614:
577:
569:
506:
487:, including big cats, bears, proboscideans, camelids, and horses.
433:
400:
4353:
1910:. Life of the Past. Indiana University Press. pp. 224–226.
1547:
in response to new mammalian carnivores. There is evidence that
4299:
3145:
3073:
2080:"Ancient DNA from the extinct South American giant glyptodont
1670:, anteaters, and armadillos; as well as marsupials; the large
457:
at speeds of perhaps 11 m/s (40 km/h; 25 mph).
2289:. Topics in Geobiology. Vol. 42. Springer. p. 127.
1728:
record over 15 glacial cycles, indicated by the switch from
483:
allowed North American fauna to invade South America in the
2261:"Carved teeth and strange jaws: How glyptodonts masticated"
1442:, somewhat similar to that of its modern-day relative, the
2458:
Blanco, R. E.; Washington, W.J.; Rinderknecht, A. (2009).
1513:
The depressions on the tail club may have supported spikes
518:
The animal was first described by British paleontologist
2856:
Prado, J. L.; Martinez-Maza, C.; Alberdi, M. T. (2015).
2152:"The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts"
1986:"The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts"
1630:. These had replaced the former endemic top predators:
1531:
Glyptodont species notably increased in size after the
625:
to South America. Glyptodonts were classified into the
1906:
Fariña, R. A.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; De Iuliis, G. (2013).
748:
Cladogram of glyptodonts after Barasoain et al. 2022:
730:
armadillos approximately 34 million years ago in the
4246:
4222:
4212:
3880:
3858:
3848:
3838:
3828:
3811:
3774:
3744:
3707:
3697:
3680:
3621:
3606:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3275:
3245:
3187:
3168:
3158:
1908:
Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America
4308:
4196:
3879:
3795:
3758:
3729:
3671:
3620:
3597:
3358:
3274:
3244:
3186:
428:species, and they are classified in the superorder
2048:Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level
572:meaning "club-tailed"). In 1874, German zoologist
2862:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2843:Paleoenvironments: Vertebrates and Invertebrates
2713:
2711:
2412:
2410:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2287:History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America
1492:As with other glyptodonts and xenarthrans, the
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
3085:
2585:
2583:
2505:
2503:
2453:
2451:
2379:; Fariña, R. A.; Vizcaíno, S. F. (May 1999).
2050:. Columbia University Press. pp. 86–91.
641:Glyptodontoidea, which included the families
8:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2254:
2252:
2145:
2143:
4296:
3737:
3617:
3366:
3183:
3179:
3142:
3092:
3078:
3070:
1446:. The carapace was firmly anchored to the
653:was classified into Glyptodontidae in the
129:
20:
2928:
2743:
2691:
2654:
2483:
2398:
2386:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2185:
2175:
2115:
2019:
2009:
1984:Delsuc, F.; Gibb, G C.; Kuch, M. (2016).
1968:
2259:Fariña, R. A.; Vizcaíno, S. F. (2001).
1874:
1850:
308:
1773:around the world, went extinct in the
1783:first human settlers of South America
1438:that was made of many tightly fitted
7:
4480:Pleistocene mammals of South America
2837:Soibelzon, E.; Tonni, E. P. (2009).
1322:, which is surrounded by a layer of
2952:Politis, G.; Gutierrez, M. (1998).
1161:
1137:
1112:
1053:
1002:
995:
988:
964:
940:
899:
875:
851:
791:
767:
759:
751:
2532:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01422.x
2464:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
424:, which also includes some modern
417:. Glyptodonts are a member of the
407:from South America containing one
14:
2420:(2001). "Mechanics of fighting".
602:, most closely related to modern
4535:Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
4280:
4274:
4268:
2574:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00228.x
763:Traditional Glyptodontinae
714:specimen, and a nearly complete
147:
1732:(deposited during glacials) to
1607:Following the formation of the
584:, the genus name deriving from
2724:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2672:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2592:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
2215:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1893:Natural History Museum, London
1:
4530:Fossil taxa described in 1874
4470:Pleistocene first appearances
3021:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00063-3
2811:in the Paleobiology Database"
2268:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1616:, saber toothed cats such as
4465:Prehistoric placental genera
3060:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.007
2882:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.026
2793:10.1016/j.annpal.2010.01.001
2647:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.005
2353:(1): 105–112. Archived from
1961:10.1016/j.annpal.2011.07.003
1804:—the Pampas may have been a
1759:, more likely dating to the
2295:10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_6
1775:Quaternary extinction event
1654:, camels, deer, elephants (
1471:), stress exertion of 3x10
576:classified it into its own
138:Illustration of a skeleton
4556:
4540:Taxa named by Richard Owen
2434:10.1088/0031-9120/36/5/308
2227:10.1007/s10914-021-09599-w
1533:Great American Interchange
1520:is thought to have been a
485:Great American Interchange
362:Gervais and Ameghino, 1847
4266:
3740:
3369:
3182:
3154:
3141:
3109:
2736:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8
2718:Woodburne, M. O. (2010).
2684:10.1007/s10914-011-9175-9
2604:10.1007/s10914-017-9406-9
2177:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039
2011:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039
1792:, the giant ground sloth
1562:intraspecific competition
1183:
1166:
1159:
1142:
1135:
1117:
1110:
1075:
1058:
1051:
1024:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
969:
962:
945:
938:
921:
904:
897:
880:
873:
856:
849:
813:
796:
789:
772:
765:
757:
396:" and oυρά "tail") is an
322:Hoplophorus clavicaudatus
301:
294:
273:
266:
144:Scientific classification
142:
137:
128:
23:
3104:and their extinct allies
3040:Quaternary International
3001:Quaternary International
2958:Latin American Antiquity
2773:Annales de Paléontologie
2627:Quaternary International
1941:Annales de Paléontologie
1545:anti-predator adaptation
1406:grew much larger in the
1304:from the front and right
657:Doedicurinae, alongside
582:Doedicurus clavicaudatus
526:species described after
358:Doedicurus uruguayanesis
280:Doedicurus clavicaudatus
4460:Pleistocene xenarthrans
4103:Parapropalaehoplophorus
1539:, being known from the
1382:1913 reconstruction of
1341:Glyptodonts have eight
718:was reconstructed (76x
706:was extracted from the
606:, thus a member of the
313:Glyptodon clavicaudatus
4455:Prehistoric cingulates
4152:Pseudoneothoracophorus
2921:10.1126/sciadv.aau4546
2476:10.1098/rspb.2009.1144
2400:10.1006/zjls.1997.0179
2046:; Bell, S. K. (1997).
1604:
1514:
1396:
1305:
649:, and Glyptodontidae.
515:
503:Taxonomy and evolution
4500:Pleistocene Argentina
4427:Paleobiology Database
2360:on 24 September 2015.
1585:
1512:
1467:of 0.25 (typical for
1394:Robert Bruce Horsfall
1381:
1299:
847:"Austral clade"
710:of a 12,000 year old
510:
259:D. clavicaudatus
4515:Fossils of Argentina
4475:Holocene extinctions
1680:New World porcupines
1482:center of percussion
1326:, and capped off by
716:mitochondrial genome
349:Doedicurus giganteus
340:Panochthus giganteus
4510:Pleistocene Uruguay
4138:Propalaehoplophorus
3052:2021QuInt.586...53M
3013:1998QuInt..49..191B
2913:2019SciA....5.4546P
2874:2015PPP...425...41P
2785:2010AnPal..96....1Z
2639:2013QuInt.305...97S
2566:2011Letha..44...93V
2524:1995Letha..28..189F
2470:(1675): 3971–3978.
2168:2016CBio...26.R155D
2100:2016MolEc..25.3499M
2002:2016CBio...26.R155D
1953:2011AnPal..97...63Z
1895:. pp. 122–123.
860:Propalaehoplophorus
592:" and oυρά "tail".
522:in 1847, the fifth
475:existed during the
331:Glyptodon giganteus
4525:Fossils of Uruguay
4505:Pleistocene Brazil
3648:Parastegosimpsonia
3249:Pachyarmatheriidae
1781:was hunted by the
1769:, like many other
1605:
1564:in fights between
1515:
1416:Pa. subintermedius
1397:
1349:, completely lack
1306:
635:Malcolm C. McKenna
574:Hermann Burmeister
529:Glyptodon clavipes
516:
448:, large ones like
4520:Fossils of Brazil
4442:
4441:
4414:Open Tree of Life
4302:Taxon identifiers
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4054:Neosclerocalyptus
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3641:Nanoastegotherium
3354:
3353:
2422:Physics Education
2304:978-3-319-98449-0
2108:10.1111/mec.13695
2094:(14): 3499–3508.
2088:Molecular Ecology
2057:978-0-231-52853-5
1694:Neosclerocalyptus
1634:crocodylomorphs,
1609:Isthmus of Panama
1586:The contemporary
1434:had a huge domed
1313:Glyptodonts have
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1121:Neosclerocalyptus
1099:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1039:
1038:
1028:Pseudohoplophorus
837:
836:
828:
827:
553:Neosclerocalyptus
481:Isthmus of Panama
381:
380:
372:
363:
354:
345:
336:
327:
318:
247:
4547:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4409:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4383:
4382:
4370:
4369:
4357:
4356:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4297:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4248:
4224:
4214:
4075:Palaehoplophorus
4061:Neothoracophorus
3970:Eosclerocalyptus
3882:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3830:
3813:
3779:Chlamydophractus
3776:
3746:
3738:
3709:
3699:
3682:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3475:
3465:
3455:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3415:
3405:
3395:
3385:
3375:
3367:
3277:
3265:Pachyarmatherium
3247:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3143:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3031:
3025:
3024:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2901:Science Advances
2892:
2886:
2885:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2418:Alexander, R. M.
2414:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2377:Alexander, R. M.
2373:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2334:
2317:
2316:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2162:(4): R155–R156.
2147:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2013:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1879:
1862:
1855:
1761:Late Pleistocene
1614:short-faced bear
1162:
1138:
1113:
1054:
1003:
996:
989:
973:Eosclerocalyptus
965:
941:
925:Palaehoplophorus
900:
876:
852:
792:
768:
760:
752:
562:G. clavicaudatus
514:fossil in Brazil
414:D. clavicaudatus
370:
367:Doedicurus gigas
361:
353:Burmeister, 1874
352:
344:Burmeister, 1874
343:
334:
325:
316:
282:
278:
242:
235:
222:
152:
151:
133:
123:
53:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4378:
4373:
4365:
4360:
4352:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4304:
4294:
4285:
4256:
4192:
4019:Heteroglyptodon
3998:Glyptodontidium
3963:Eleutherocercus
3893:Andinoglyptodon
3875:
3833:Macroeuphractus
3791:
3769:Calyptophractus
3754:
3734:
3717:
3667:
3655:Riostegotherium
3616:
3593:
3548:Prostegotherium
3518:Mazzoniphractus
3508:Macrochorobates
3498:Lumbreratherium
3363:
3350:
3302:Machlydotherium
3270:
3240:
3214:Parapeltecoelus
3178:
3150:
3137:
3105:
3098:
3068:
3067:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2907:(3): eaau4546.
2894:
2893:
2889:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2551:
2550:
2539:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2375:
2374:
2365:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2305:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2156:Current Biology
2149:
2148:
2141:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2058:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1990:Current Biology
1983:
1982:
1978:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1819:
1742:
1580:
1507:
1490:
1460:
1412:Pa. intermedius
1376:
1357:. Nonetheless,
1311:
1294:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1100:
1091:
1079:Eleutherocercus
1040:
838:
829:
660:Eleutherocercus
538:G. tuberculatus
505:
497:middle Holocene
377:
369:
360:
351:
342:
333:
324:
315:
307:
306:
290:
284:
276:
275:
262:
241:
233:
220:
146:
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
46:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4410:
4397:
4384:
4371:
4358:
4345:
4330:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4220:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4173:Trachycalyptus
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4145:Protoglyptodon
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4110:Phlyctaenopyga
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3886:
3884:Glyptodontinae
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3856:
3846:
3843:Paleurphractus
3836:
3826:
3819:
3809:
3806:Chaetophractus
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3760:Chlamyphorinae
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3741:
3735:
3732:Chlamyphoridae
3730:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3688:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3662:Stegosimpsonia
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3627:
3625:Astegotheriini
3615:
3614:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3541:
3531:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3461:
3458:Epipeltecoelus
3451:
3441:
3431:
3421:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3281:
3279:Pampatheriidae
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3258:Neoglyptatelus
3253:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3207:Epipeltephilus
3203:
3195:
3193:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3026:
3007:(1): 191–199.
2991:
2970:10.2307/971990
2944:
2887:
2848:
2829:
2798:
2759:
2730:(4): 245–264.
2707:
2662:
2617:
2598:(4): 539–550.
2579:
2537:
2518:(3): 189–196.
2499:
2447:
2428:(5): 415–418.
2406:
2363:
2349:(in Spanish).
2318:
2303:
2277:
2248:
2221:(2): 263–282.
2201:
2139:
2063:
2056:
2044:McKenna, M. C.
2035:
1996:(4): 155–156.
1976:
1947:(1–2): 63–83.
1931:
1916:
1898:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1798:, and the dog
1741:
1738:
1664:New World rats
1579:
1576:
1506:
1503:
1494:center of mass
1489:
1486:
1459:
1456:
1375:
1372:
1310:
1307:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
968:
963:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
944:
939:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
903:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
879:
874:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
855:
850:
848:
844:
843:
840:
839:
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
822:
821:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
795:
790:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
771:
766:
764:
758:
756:
750:
739:Chlamyphoridae
647:Palaeopeltidae
643:Pampatheriidae
568:deriving from
534:G. reticulatus
504:
501:
422:Chlamyphoridae
379:
378:
376:
375:
374:
373:
371:Ameghino, 1847
364:
355:
346:
337:
328:
319:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
292:
291:
285:
271:
270:
264:
263:
255:
253:
249:
248:
231:
227:
226:
224:Glyptodontinae
218:
214:
213:
211:Chlamyphoridae
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
139:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4552:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4227:Pedrolypeutes
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:Stromatherium
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:Prodaedicurus
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:Paraglyptodon
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4012:Glyptotherium
4009:
4007:
4006:
4005:Glyptostracon
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3949:Daedicuroides
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:Coscinocercus
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3921:Clypeotherium
3918:
3916:
3915:
3914:Castellanosia
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:Proeuphractus
3847:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:Astegotherium
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:Eocoleophorus
3442:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:Barrancatatus
3402:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:Acantharodeia
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:Scirrotherium
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:Kraglievichia
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3191:Peltephilidae
3185:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:(1): 93–101.
2559:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2274:(2): 219–234.
2273:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1917:9780253002303
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1801:Dusicyon avus
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:interglacials
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:; and native
1673:
1669:
1668:ground sloths
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:sparassodonts
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:Propanochthus
1164:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1133:Hoplophorini
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1049:Doedicurinae
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
991:
990:
984:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
974:
967:
966:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
950:
943:
942:
936:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
926:
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
909:
902:
901:
895:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
885:
878:
877:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
861:
854:
853:
846:
845:
842:
841:
833:
832:
824:
823:
820:
819:
818:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
801:
800:Glyptotherium
794:
793:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
777:
770:
769:
762:
761:
754:
753:
749:
746:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
728:chlamyphorine
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
697:
692:
691:
690:Daedicuroides
686:
685:
680:
679:
678:Castellanosia
674:
673:
668:
667:
666:Prodaedicurus
662:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
586:Ancient Greek
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:type specimen
555:
554:
549:
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
521:
513:
509:
502:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:was likely a
462:
458:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
416:
415:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
390:Ancient Greek
387:
386:
368:
365:
359:
356:
350:
347:
341:
338:
332:
329:
323:
320:
314:
311:
310:
309:
300:
297:
293:
288:
283:
281:
272:
269:
268:Binomial name
265:
261:
260:
254:
251:
250:
245:
240:
239:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:2–0.007
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4309:
4273:
4249:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4198:Tolypeutinae
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4159:Stromaphorus
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4082:Palaeopeltis
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3977:Eucinepeltus
3975:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3900:Asterostemma
3898:
3891:
3868:
3861:
3851:
3841:
3831:
3821:
3814:
3804:
3797:Euphractinae
3786:Chlamyphorus
3784:
3777:
3767:
3747:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3683:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3611:Stegotherium
3609:
3586:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3546:
3536:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3426:
3418:Chasicotatus
3416:
3406:
3398:Archaeutatus
3396:
3386:
3376:
3345:Yuruatherium
3343:
3336:
3331:Tonnicinctus
3329:
3322:
3315:
3310:Pampatherium
3308:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3263:
3256:
3233:
3228:Peltephilus
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3200:Anantiosodon
3198:
3173:Saltatherium
3171:
3161:
3131:Superorder:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2842:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2814:
2808:
2801:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2727:
2723:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2595:
2591:
2557:
2553:
2515:
2511:
2467:
2463:
2425:
2421:
2393:(1): 41–49.
2390:
2384:
2355:the original
2350:
2346:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2159:
2155:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2047:
2038:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:j.ctt16gzd2q
1907:
1901:
1887:
1883:Lydekker, R.
1877:
1853:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1810:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1753:G. claviceps
1752:
1744:
1743:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1656:gomphotheres
1640:terror birds
1621:
1617:
1606:
1598:
1597:(grey), and
1594:
1590:
1578:Paleoecology
1570:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1553:preyed upon
1548:
1536:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1505:Paleobiology
1499:
1491:
1476:
1461:
1431:
1427:
1424:G. elongatus
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1387:
1383:
1358:
1345:, and, like
1340:
1324:orthodentine
1320:osteodentine
1312:
1301:
1185:
1184:
1168:
1167:
1144:
1143:
1119:
1118:
1077:
1076:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1008:
971:
970:
947:
946:
923:
922:
906:
905:
884:Eucinepeltus
882:
881:
858:
857:
815:
814:
798:
797:
774:
773:
755:Glyptodonts
747:
711:
701:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
650:
613:(along with
595:
594:
581:
566:species name
561:
551:
547:
541:
537:
533:
527:
520:Richard Owen
517:
511:
488:
472:
460:
459:
454:
449:
413:
412:
384:
383:
382:
366:
357:
348:
339:
335:Serres, 1866
330:
321:
312:
279:
274:
258:
257:
237:
236:
24:
18:
4375:iNaturalist
4334:Wikispecies
4187:Xiphuroides
4124:Plohophorus
4117:Plaxhaplous
4047:Metopotoxus
4026:Hoplophorus
3984:Glyptatelus
3907:Boreostemma
3816:Doellotatus
3702:Pliodasypus
3599:Dasypodinae
3568:Punatherium
3558:Pucatherium
3478:Hemiutaetus
3361:Dasypodidae
3221:Peltecoelus
2822:17 December
2816:Fossilworks
2779:(1): 1–11.
2187:11336/49579
2117:11336/48521
2021:11336/49579
1970:11336/43130
1824:Megatherium
1806:refuge zone
1795:Megatherium
1757:humic acids
1751:, though a
1699:Hoplophorus
1623:Homotherium
1588:glyptodonts
1541:Pleistocene
1526:bulk feeder
1469:vertebrates
1428:Plaxhaplous
1343:cheek teeth
1330:instead of
1292:Description
1146:Hoplophorus
1011:Plohophorus
776:Boreostemma
732:late Eocene
724:tolypeutine
704:ancient DNA
696:Plaxhaplous
684:Xiphuroides
639:superfamily
477:Pleistocene
326:Nodot, 1857
217:Subfamily:
31:Pleistocene
4449:Categories
4340:Doedicurus
4310:Doedicurus
4241:Tolypeutes
4234:Priodontes
4180:Urotherium
4089:Panochthus
4040:Lomaphorus
3956:Doedicurus
3935:Comaphorus
3863:Prozaedyus
3823:Euphractus
3749:Proeutatus
3712:Propraopus
3685:Anadasypus
3673:Dasypodini
3578:Stenotatus
3538:Prodasypus
3528:Meteutatus
3438:Coelutatus
3428:Chorobates
3388:Amblytatus
3235:Ronwolffia
3163:Noatherium
3102:armadillos
3100:Genera of
2964:(2): 111.
2809:Doedicurus
2693:11336/2663
2656:11336/4334
2633:: 97–103.
2082:Doedicurus
1869:References
1859:point mass
1831:Panochthus
1811:Doedicurus
1779:Doedicurus
1767:Doedicurus
1745:Doedicurus
1740:Extinction
1710:Panochthus
1686:Doedicurus
1642:, and the
1626:, and the
1600:Panochthus
1595:Doedicurus
1593:(yellow),
1571:Doedicurus
1566:Doedicurus
1555:Doedicurus
1537:Doedicurus
1518:Doedicurus
1477:Doedicurus
1444:armadillos
1432:Doedicurus
1404:Doedicurus
1400:Doedicurus
1384:Doedicurus
1364:metabolism
1359:Doedicurus
1302:Doedicurus
1187:Panochthus
1062:Doedicurus
712:Doedicurus
672:Comaphorus
651:Doedicurus
608:superorder
604:armadillos
600:glyptodont
596:Doedicurus
548:G. ornatus
543:Panochthus
524:glyptodont
512:Doedicurus
489:Doedicurus
473:Doedicurus
469:metabolism
461:Doedicurus
455:Doedicurus
450:Doedicurus
446:quadrupeds
432:alongside
405:glyptodont
385:Doedicurus
317:Owen, 1847
244:Burmeister
238:Doedicurus
25:Doedicurus
4490:Ensenadan
4325:Q18510893
4217:Kuntinaru
4207:Cabassous
4068:Neuryurus
4033:Kelenkura
3991:Glyptodon
3488:Isutaetus
3338:Vassallia
3288:Holmesina
3148:Cingulata
3133:Xenarthra
3113:Kingdom:
3046:: 53–65.
2986:163958695
2868:: 41–49.
2442:250808555
2243:245945029
2235:1064-7554
1771:megafauna
1726:Patagonia
1722:sequences
1705:Neuryurus
1690:Glyptodon
1672:toxodonts
1644:marsupial
1636:madtsoiid
1591:Glyptodon
1454:'s hump.
1420:G. munizi
1389:Glyptodon
1315:hypsodont
1300:Skull of
949:Kelenkura
817:Glyptodon
743:gigantism
702:In 2016,
655:subfamily
619:anteaters
611:Xenarthra
493:Patagonia
438:anteaters
430:Xenarthra
426:armadillo
252:Species:
201:Cingulata
167:Kingdom:
161:Eukaryota
4485:Lujanian
4319:Wikidata
3928:Cochlops
3127:Mammalia
3121:Chordata
3119:Phylum:
3115:Animalia
2939:30854426
2754:21125025
2702:15751319
2678:: 3–21.
2612:25974749
2494:19710060
2313:92413294
2196:26906483
2126:27158910
2030:26906483
1885:(1887).
1817:See also
1734:paleosol
1714:glacials
1678:such as
1638:snakes,
1618:Smilodon
1550:Smilodon
1436:carapace
1408:Holocene
1355:incisors
1328:cementum
908:Cochlops
720:coverage
708:carapace
588:δοῖδυξ "
442:carapace
392:δοῖδυξ "
296:Synonyms
207:Family:
191:Mammalia
181:Chordata
177:Phylum:
171:Animalia
157:Domain:
43:Lujanian
35:Holocene
4419:4943308
4406:1811494
4393:1277980
4367:4832829
4354:4529495
4251:Vetelia
3870:Zaedyus
3692:Dasypus
3588:Utaetus
3468:Eutatus
3125:Class:
3048:Bibcode
3009:Bibcode
2930:6402857
2909:Bibcode
2870:Bibcode
2781:Bibcode
2745:2987556
2635:Bibcode
2562:Bibcode
2554:Lethaia
2520:Bibcode
2512:Lethaia
2485:2825778
2164:Bibcode
2134:3720645
2096:Bibcode
1998:Bibcode
1949:Bibcode
1838:Titanis
1789:Eutatus
1720:), and
1676:rodents
1632:sebecid
1603:(brown)
1351:canines
1347:bovines
1336:dentine
623:endemic
556:). The
546:), and
409:species
398:extinct
277:†
256:†
230:Genus:
197:Order:
187:Class:
118:↓
4495:Uquian
4380:632040
3317:Plaina
2984:
2978:971990
2976:
2937:
2927:
2752:
2742:
2700:
2610:
2492:
2482:
2440:
2311:
2301:
2241:
2233:
2194:
2132:
2124:
2054:
2028:
1924:
1914:
1749:Pampas
1708:, and
1662:, and
1660:tapirs
1652:horses
1646:-like
1628:jaguar
1522:grazer
1465:strain
1448:pelvis
1440:scutes
1426:, and
1332:enamel
736:extant
693:, and
631:genera
627:family
615:sloths
598:was a
590:pestle
465:grazer
434:sloths
419:family
394:pestle
289:, 1847
246:, 1874
39:Uquian
4432:43572
4388:IRMNG
2982:S2CID
2974:JSTOR
2698:S2CID
2608:S2CID
2438:S2CID
2358:(PDF)
2343:(PDF)
2309:S2CID
2264:(PDF)
2239:S2CID
2130:S2CID
1922:JSTOR
1845:Notes
1730:loess
1488:Limbs
1452:camel
1368:cecum
1309:Teeth
578:genus
570:Latin
564:(the
550:(now
540:(now
401:genus
4401:NCBI
4362:GBIF
2935:PMID
2824:2021
2750:PMID
2490:PMID
2299:ISBN
2231:ISSN
2192:PMID
2122:PMID
2052:ISBN
2026:PMID
1912:ISBN
1716:and
1620:and
1458:Tail
1386:and
1374:Body
1353:and
726:and
617:and
436:and
305:List
287:Owen
57:PreꞒ
4349:EoL
3056:doi
3044:586
3017:doi
2966:doi
2925:PMC
2917:doi
2878:doi
2866:425
2789:doi
2740:PMC
2732:doi
2688:hdl
2680:doi
2651:hdl
2643:doi
2631:305
2600:doi
2570:doi
2528:doi
2480:PMC
2472:doi
2468:276
2430:doi
2395:doi
2391:126
2291:doi
2223:doi
2182:hdl
2172:doi
2112:hdl
2104:doi
2016:hdl
2006:doi
1965:hdl
1957:doi
1724:in
1658:),
1473:N m
1392:by
580:as
403:of
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2686:.
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2649:.
2641:.
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2606:.
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2594:.
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4247:†
4223:†
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102:K
97:J
92:T
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77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
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