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dragline application in 1924. Page also invented the arched dragline bucket, a design still commonly used today by draglines from many other manufacturers, and in the 1960s pioneered an archless bucket design. With its walking mechanism badly behind that of competitor
Monighan (see below), Page updated their mechanism to an eccentric drive in 1935. This much improved mechanism gave a proper elliptical motion and was used until 1988. Page modernized its draglines further with the 700 series in 1954. Page's largest dragline was the Model 757 delivered to the Obed Mine near Hinton, Alberta in 1983. It featured a 75-yard bucket on a 298-foot boom and an operating weight of 4,500 tons. In 1988, Harnischfeger Corporation (
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invented the first walking mechanism for a dragline. The device, known as the
Martinson Tractor, was installed on a Monighan dragline, creating the first walking dragline. This gave Monighan a significant advantage over other draglines and the company prospered. The cam mechanism was further improved in 1925 by eliminating the drag chains for the shoes and changing to a cam wheel running in an oval track. This gave the shoe a proper elliptical motion. The first dragline using the new mechanism was the 3-W available in 1926. So popular were these machines that the name Monighan became a generic term for dragline. In the early 1930s,
739:. It represents the first fundamental change to draglines for almost a century, since the invention of the 'miracle hitch'. Instead of using two ropes (the hoist rope and the drag rope) to manipulate the bucket, a UDD machine uses four ropes, two hoist and two drag. This allows the dragline operator to have much greater selectivity in when to pick up the bucket, and in how the bucket may be dumped. UDD machines generally have higher productivity than a standard dragline, but often have greater mechanical issues. Within the mining industry, there is still much debate as to whether UDD improvements justify their costs.
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increased and in 1924 they reached an agreement to build Marion draglines from 1 to 8 cubic yards capacity. In 1927, they built Type-7 1-yard and Type-460 1.5-yard models. The deal to build Marion machines ended in 1936. R&R began building their own designs with the Type-4120 followed by the 4140 of 3.5 cubic yards. In 1958 the
Ramsomes & Rapier division was sold to
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571:. Ruston's are a company also associated with drainage pumping engines. Electric drive systems were only used on the larger mining machines, most modern machines use a diesel-hydraulic drive, as machines are seldom in one location long enough to justify the cost of installing a substation and supply cables.
350:. Once the bucket had passed the vertical, the hoist cable would be released thus throwing the bucket. On smaller draglines, a skilled operator could make the bucket land about one-half the length of the jib further away than if it had just been dropped. On larger draglines, this is not a common practice.
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place too much pressure on the ground, and have great difficulty under the immense weight of the dragline. Maximum speed is only at most a few metres per minute, since the feet must be repositioned for each step. If travelling medium distances (about 30–100 km), a special dragline carrier can be
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50–100 million. A typical bucket has a volume ranging from 40 to 80 cubic yards (30 to 60 cubic metres), though extremely large buckets have ranged up to 220 cubic yards (168 cubic meters). The length of the boom ranges from 45 to 100 metres (148 to 328 ft). In a single cycle, it can move up to
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The market for draglines began shrinking rapidly after the boom of the 1960s and 1970s which led to more mergers. P&H's acquisition of Page in 1988 along with
Bucyrus' acquisition of Ransomes & Rapier in 1988 and Marion in 1997 cut the number of worldwide suppliers of heavy draglines by more
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built for the Ohio Coal
Company in 1969. This machine featured a 220-yard bucket on a 450-foot boom and weighed 14,500 tons. Bucyrus was itself acquired by heavy equipment and diesel engine maker, Caterpillar, in 2011. Caterpillar's largest dragline is the 8750 with a 169-yard bucket, 435-foot boom,
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was founded in 1869 by four engineers to build railway equipment and other heavy works. In 1914 they started building two small steam shovels as a result of a customer request. The rope-operated crowd system they built for this was patented and later sold to
Bucyrus. After WWI, demand for excavators
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Draglines fall into two broad categories: those that are based on standard, lifting cranes, and the heavy units which have to be built on-site. Most crawler cranes, with an added winch drum on the front, can act as a dragline. These units (like other cranes) are designed to be temporarily dismantled
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to build draglines. Page built its first crude walking dragline in 1923. These used legs operated by rack and pinion on a separate frame that lifted the crane. The body was then pulled forward by chain on a roller track and then lowered again. Page developed the first diesel engines exclusively for
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In 1907, Monighan's
Machine Works of Chicago became interested in manufacturing draglines when local contractor John W. Page placed an order for hoisting machinery to install one. In 1908, Monighan changed its name to the Monighan Machine Company. In 1913, a Monighan engineer named Oscar Martinson
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The primary limitations of draglines are their boom height and boom length, which limits where the dragline can dump the waste material. Another primary limitation is their dig depth, which is limited by the length of rope the dragline can utilize. Inherent with their construction, a dragline is
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Heavy
Engineering Corporation Limited was the first Indian company to manufacture a walking dragline of 31-yard bucket capacity. HEC makes up to a 44-yard bucket. For comparison, this would be comparable to Caterpillar's Small Draglines 8000 series with a 42-yard bucket. HEC has supplied fifteen
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entered the dragline market in 1910 with the purchase of manufacturing rights for the
Heyworth-Newman dragline excavator. Their "Class 14" dragline was introduced in 1911 as the first crawler mounted dragline. In 1912 Bucyrus helped pioneer the use of electricity as a power source for large
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177:, supports the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The dragrope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By skillful maneuver of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is controlled for various operations. A schematic of a large dragline bucket system is shown below.
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The basic mechanical technology of draglines, unlike that of most equipment used in earth-moving, has remained relatively unchanged in design and control functions for almost 100 years. Some advances, however, have been made (such as hydraulic, then electro-hydraulic, controls (including
282:(established in 1880) built its first walking dragline with a simple single-crank mechanism in 1939. Its largest dragline was the 8950 sold to Amax Coal Company in 1973. It featured a 150-cubic yard bucket on a 310-foot boom and weighed 7,300 tons. Marion was acquired by Bucyrus in 1997.
293:, produced dragline excavators from 1919 licensed by Bucyrus. After the merger with Monighan in 1946, Bucyrus began producing much larger machines using the Monighan walking mechanism such as the 800 ton 650-B which used a 15-yard bucket. Bucyrus' largest dragline was
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Smaller draglines were also commonly used before hydraulic excavators came into common use, the smaller draglines are now rarely used other than on river and gravel pit works. The small machines were of a mechanical drive with clutches. Firms such as
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was the world's largest ever dragline, being 487 ft (148 m) in length, weighing some 13,500 short tons (12,247 t), and hoisting a 220 cu yd (168.2 m) bucket that could move 325 short tons (295 t) of material at a
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brought in to transport the dragline. Above that distance, disassembly is generally required. But mining draglines due to their reach can work a large area from one position and do not need to constantly move along the face like smaller machines.
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began purchasing shares of
Monighan stock with Monighan's approval. Bucyrus purchased a controlling interest and the joint company became known as Bucyrus-Monighan until the formal merger in 1946. The first walking dragline excavator in the
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102:’s digital AC drive control P&H 9020XPC, which has a bucket capacity of 110–160 cu yd (84–122 m) and boom lengths ranging from 325–425 ft (99–130 m); working weights vary between 7,539 and 8,002 tons.
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in Australia have a long-term research project into automating draglines. Mining automation teams at QCAT, a CSIRO division; have been developing the automation technology since 1994. Automated systems include cruise control and
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grid at voltages of between 6.6 and 22 kV. A typical dragline weighing 4000 to 6000 tons, with a 55-cubic-metre bucket, can use up to 6 megawatts during normal digging operations. Because of this, many (possibly
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335:. A swing operation is then performed to move the bucket to the place where the material is to be dumped. The dragrope is then released causing the bucket to tilt and empty. This is called a dump operation.
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Most mining draglines are not diesel-powered like most other mining equipment. Their power consumption on order of several megawatts is so great that they have a direct connection to the
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most efficient excavating material below the level of their base. While a dragline can dig above itself, it does so inefficiently and is not suitable to load piled up material (as a
686:) and using simulation software to train new operators), are being pursued (such as improved automation systems), or are arguable as a step forward (as is "universal dig-dump" (
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387:) stories have been told about the blackout-causing effects of mining draglines. For instance, there is a long-lived story that, back in the 1970s, if all seven draglines at
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Despite their limitations, and their extremely high capital cost, draglines remain popular with many mines, due to their reliability, and extremely low waste removal cost.
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80:. Much more efficient than even the largest of the latter, it enjoyed a heyday in extreme size for most of the 20th century, first becoming challenged by more efficient
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are among the largest mobile land machines ever built, weighing up to 13,500 tons, while the smallest and most common of the site-erected type weigh around 8,000 tons.
220:. In 1914, P&H introduced the world's first gasoline engine powered dragline. In 1988, Page was acquired by Harnischfeger which makes the P&H line of
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4250-W put online in 1969 that swung a 220 cu yd (170 m), 325 ton capacity bucket, had a 310 feet (94 m) boom, and weighed 13,500 tons.
946:, Bowtell, William John, "Improvements in or relating to Luffing Cranes.", issued 25 October 1917, assigned to Ransomes & Rapier Ltd.
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made models such as the RB10 which were popular for small building works and drainage work. Several of these can still be seen in the English
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from 1969 to 1991, and derived power from a 13,800 volt electrical supply. It was dismantled for $ 700,000 worth of recycled metal in 1999.
407:. However even now, if they have been shut down, they are always restarted one at a time due to the immense power requirements of startup.
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Since draglines are typically large, complicated and very expensive, training new operators can be a tricky process. In the same way that
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produced a few diesel-electric excavators rather over 1/10th its size, the largest in Europe in the 1960s at 1400-1800 tons. One, named
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K. Pathak, K. Dasgupta, A. Chattopadhyay, "Determination of the working zone of a dragline bucket – A graphical approach", Doncaster,
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Crane & Excavator division. This became NCK-Rapier. The walking dragline division of NCK-Rapier was acquired by Bucyrus in 1988.
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In a typical cycle of excavation, the bucket is positioned above the material to be excavated. The bucket is then lowered and the
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514:), was the world's largest mobile earth-moving machine, weighing 13,500 tons and standing nearly 22 stories tall. It operated in
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Keith Haddoc, "Extreme Mining Machines – stripping shovels and draglines", pub by MBI, Appendix 4 Tables of capacities page 127
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is then drawn so that the bucket is dragged along the surface of the material. The bucket is then lifted by using the
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880:, Martinson, Oscar J., "Traction Mechanism.", issued 6 July 1926, assigned to Monighan Machine Co.
861:, Martinson, Oscar J., "Excavator-Tractor.", issued 23 June 1914, assigned to Monighan Machine Co.
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899:, Martinson, Oscar J., "Traction Machine.", issued 10 May 1927, assigned to Monighan Machine Co.
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than half. Today, P&H and Caterpillar are the only remaining manufacturers of large draglines.
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software has been developed to assist new operators in learning how to control the machines.
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228:. P&H's largest dragline is the 9030C with a 160-yard bucket and up to a 425-foot boom.
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In all but the smallest of draglines, movement is accomplished by "walking" using feet or
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A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a large
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in the 1950s, then superseded by them on the upper end from the 1970s on.
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and transported over the road on flatbed trailers. Draglines used in
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Piece of heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining
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stripping shovels and draglines used in mining. An Italian company,
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driving rigs. These types are built by crane manufacturers such as
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The much larger type which is erected on site is commonly used in
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Four East Midlands Ironstone Tramways Part Three: Wellingborough
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414:"Walking" dragline animation based on Martinson's patent of 1926
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1101:, "Calculation of Dragline bucket pose under gravity loading",
989:"Dragline Digging Methods in Australian Strip Mines – A Survey"
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757:– generic class of machine of which draglines are a sub class
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On crane-type draglines, the bucket can also be 'thrown' by
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on the drag cable. This would then swing the bucket like a
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963:"Heavy Engineering Corporation Limited, Ranchi, India"
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wrapped it walked 13 miles (21 km) in 9 weeks to
763:– type of mining machine (also called a front shovel)
119:, port construction, pond and canal dredging, and as
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The largest walking dragline produced as of 2014 was
30:"Dragline" redirects here. For the album by Paw, see
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Narrow Gauge and Industrial Railway Modelling Review
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are of this smaller, crane type. These are used for
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and its diesel and electric powered descendant, the
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1053:"The Big Muskie – Remembering the walking giant"
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242:Marion 111-M Dragline in action. (30 seconds)
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1082:(11 December 2009) accessed 19 December 2011
987:Mirabediny, H.; Baafi, E. (1 January 1998).
271:of Sheffield, which was combined with their
1027:(10 October 2008) accessed 1 November 2008]
787:Digging big – the world’s biggest draglines
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669:Learn how and when to remove this message
311:draglines to the Indian mining industry.
286:Bucyrus Foundry and Manufacturing Company
1022:"Maid Marian's journey becomes a 'drag'"
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1037:"Paradise for Sidewalk Superintendents"
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202:) purchased Page Engineering Company.
87:The largest ever walking dragline was
498:The walking mechanism on a preserved
362:Dragline excavating coal in Australia
185:The dragline was invented in 1904 by
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607:adding citations to reliable sources
366:A large dragline system used in the
1092:The Institution of mining engineers
769:– earliest type of mining excavator
342:up to the jib and then releasing a
506:The coal mining dragline known as
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723:have developed to train pilots,
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594:needs additional citations for
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370:industry costs approximately
1103:Mechanism and machine theory
751:– alternative mining machine
280:Marion Power Shovel Company
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258:Wellingborough iron quarry
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206:Harnischfeger Corporation
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200:P&H Mining Equipment
195:Page Engineering Company
705:Digital Terrain Mapping
518:, in the U.S. state of
512:American Electric Power
502:1150 dragline in the UK
152:largest heavy draglines
1296:Bucket chain excavator
1291:Bucket-wheel excavator
1066:CSIRO research project
749:Bucket wheel excavator
575:Technological advances
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474:page. You can help by
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375:450 tons of material.
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1077:"Dragline Automation"
803:"A walking excavator"
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809:: 249. 29 July 1916.
618:"Dragline excavator"
603:improve this article
525:The British firm of
807:The Literary Digest
715:Simulation software
354:Draglines in mining
323:Dragline excavator.
306:Other manufacturers
218:Henry Harnischfeger
208:was established as
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1126:HEC draglines
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623:
620: –
619:
615:
614:Find sources:
608:
604:
598:
597:
592:This section
590:
586:
581:
580:
574:
572:
570:
567:and parts of
566:
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533:
528:
523:
521:
517:
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509:
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496:
486:
483:February 2024
477:
473:
469:
466:This section
464:
461:
457:
456:
450:
448:
445:
443:
439:
430:
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425:
421:
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192:
191:Chicago Canal
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79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1494:Carbide lamp
1392:Mine railway
1322:Gold panning
1317:Fire-setting
1285:
1274:Steam shovel
1269:Power shovel
1238:Blasting cap
1201:Sledgehammer
1102:
1091:
1079:
1072:
1061:
1047:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1001:
992:
982:
970:. Retrieved
966:
957:
938:
920:
910:
891:
872:
853:
834:
815:
806:
797:
789:
782:
767:Steam shovel
761:Power shovel
736:
734:
718:
697:
680:
665:
656:
646:
639:
632:
625:
613:
601:Please help
596:verification
593:
565:Lincolnshire
545:
530:
524:
505:
500:Bucyrus-Erie
480:
476:adding to it
472:Power Shovel
467:
446:
442:wheel loader
434:
417:
380:high-voltage
377:
365:
337:
326:
309:
300:
284:
277:
262:
249:Bucyrus-Erie
245:
204:
187:John W. Page
184:
156:
150:mining. The
136:strip-mining
133:
109:
97:
93:Bucyrus-Erie
86:
78:power shovel
74:steam shovel
57:
55:
45:Bucyrus-Erie
36:
1499:Ventilation
1479:Safety lamp
1417:Slate wagon
1301:Gold dredge
1099:Peter Corke
659:August 2024
438:rope shovel
431:Limitations
212:in 1884 by
1540:Excavators
1529:Categories
1444:Haul truck
1412:Quarry tub
1385:Horizontal
1376:Man engine
1206:Jackhammer
1191:Hand steel
1167:Excavation
972:19 October
967:hecltd.com
916:Quine, Dan
897:US 1627984
878:US 1591764
859:US 1101460
840:US 1101459
821:US 1095464
774:References
694:Automation
629:newspapers
508:Big Muskie
397:Queensland
385:apocryphal
333:hoist rope
295:Big Muskie
291:Fiorentini
167:wire ropes
140:overburden
100:Joy Global
89:Big Muskie
49:Big Muskie
1550:Draglines
1459:Reclaimer
1359:Headframe
1340:Transport
1253:Gunpowder
1234:Detonator
944:GB 110458
755:Excavator
684:joysticks
401:black out
315:Operation
260:in 1940.
148:oil sands
125:Link-Belt
62:excavator
47:in 1969,
43:Built by
1489:Headlamp
1407:Pit pony
1402:Mine car
1397:Minecart
1347:Vertical
1248:Dynamite
1221:Blasting
918:(2016).
743:See also
711:BE1370.
420:pontoons
348:pendulum
329:dragrope
64:used in
18:Dragline
1454:Stacker
1433:Blondin
1424:Mantrip
1327:Hushing
1196:Crowbar
1181:Pickaxe
1094:, 1992.
643:scholar
569:Norfolk
553:Bucyrus
537:Rutland
403:all of
340:winding
222:shovels
181:History
1516:mining
1472:Safety
1243:Dualin
1211:Gezähe
1186:Shovel
1009:
950:
903:
884:
865:
846:
827:
709:Tarong
645:
638:
631:
624:
616:
549:Ruston
532:SUNDEW
444:can).
344:clutch
226:cranes
171:diesel
161:-like
142:above
129:Hyster
1354:Hoist
1310:Other
1174:Tools
700:CSIRO
650:JSTOR
636:books
541:Corby
422:, as
159:truss
106:Types
52:pass.
1504:SCSR
1371:Whim
1007:ISBN
974:2023
690:)):
622:news
557:Fens
551:and
520:Ohio
372:US$
278:The
216:and
163:boom
144:coal
127:and
121:pile
117:road
91:, a
68:and
731:UDD
688:UDD
605:by
559:of
478:.
440:or
393:BHP
273:NCK
173:or
1531::
1236:/
991:.
965:.
928::
805:.
563:,
131:.
56:A
1435:)
1431:(
1154:e
1147:t
1140:v
1055:.
995:.
976:.
932:.
672:)
666:(
661:)
657:(
647:·
640:·
633:·
626:·
599:.
485:)
481:(
34:.
20:)
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