Dragonfly - Knowledge (XXG)

2806: 520: 2441: 1577:) and to expand and stiffen the wings after the adult emerges from the final nymphal stage. The leading edge of each wing has a node where other veins join the marginal vein, and the wing is able to flex at this point. In most large species of dragonflies, the wings of females are shorter and broader than those of males. The legs are rarely used for walking, but are used to catch and hold prey, for perching, and for climbing on plants. Each has two short basal joints, two long joints, and a three-jointed foot, armed with a pair of claws. The long leg joints bear rows of spines, and in males, one row of spines on each front leg is modified to form an "eyebrush", for cleaning the surface of the compound eye. 2852: 2885: 1942:

his secondary genitalia on segments 2–3, near the base of his abdomen. The male then grasps the female by the head with the claspers at the end of his abdomen; the structure of the claspers varies between species, and may help to prevent interspecific mating. The pair flies in tandem with the male in front, typically perching on a twig or plant stem. The female then curls her abdomen downwards and forwards under her body to pick up the sperm from the male's secondary genitalia, while the male uses his "tail" claspers to grip the female behind the head: this distinctive posture is called the "heart" or "wheel"; the pair may also be described as being "in cop".

1860: 2770: 3028:, top left of image) was "superb", while the "perfectly natural colours of the eyes indicate that Harris had examined living individuals of these aeshnids and either coloured the printed copper plates himself or supervised the colourists." However, they consider the nymph on the same plate far less good, "a very stiff dorso-lateral view of an aeshnid larva with mask extended. No attempt has been made to depict the eyes, antennae or hinge on the mask or labial palps, all inconceivable omissions for an artist of Harris' talent had he actually examined a specimen", and they suggest he copied it from 2108: 122: 2176: 1912: 2786: 2308: 502: 2836: 1484: 1813:(darters) have eggs and nymphs that can resist drought and are stimulated to grow rapidly in warm, shallow pools, also often benefiting from the absence of predators there. Vegetation and its characteristics including submerged, floating, emergent, or waterside are also important. Adults may require emergent or waterside plants to use as perches; others may need specific submerged or floating plants on which to lay eggs. Requirements may be highly specific, as in 2873: 2240: 1675: 146: 1783: 1384: 2382: 1581: 589:, meaning 'ancient-winged'. Like the gigantic griffinflies, dragonflies lack the ability to fold their wings up against their bodies in the way modern insects do, although some evolved their own different way to do so. The forerunners of modern Odonata are included in a clade called the Panodonata, which include the basal Zygoptera (damselflies) and the Anisoptera (true dragonflies). Today, some 3,000 species are extant around the world. 2024: 1645: 6569: 1964: 1977: 1955:

cruisers (Macromiidae), emeralds (Corduliidae), and skimmers (Libellulidae), the female lays eggs by tapping the surface of the water repeatedly with her abdomen, by shaking the eggs out of her abdomen as she flies along, or by placing the eggs on vegetation. In a few species, the eggs are laid on emergent plants above the water, and development is delayed until these have withered and become immersed.

1549: 2085:), for example, is suddenly very common in the spring, but disappears a few weeks later and is not seen again until the following year. By contrast, a "summer species" emerges over a period of weeks or months, later in the year. They may be seen on the wing for several months, but this may represent a whole series of individuals, with new adults hatching out as earlier ones complete their lifespans. 6595: 2131: 2279:, they can raise their temperature by basking in the sun. Early in the morning, they may choose to perch in a vertical position with the wings outstretched, while in the middle of the day, a horizontal stance may be chosen. Another method of warming up used by some larger dragonflies is wing-whirring, a rapid vibration of the wings that causes heat to be generated in the flight muscles. The 2341:, and smaller dragonflies. A large prey item is subdued by being bitten on the head and is carried by the legs to a perch. Here, the wings are discarded and the prey usually ingested head first. A dragonfly may consume as much as a fifth of its body weight in prey per day. Dragonflies are also some of the insect world's most efficient hunters, catching up to 95% of the prey they pursue. 2805: 7698: 6583: 2523:

becoming extinct before they have even been named. The greatest cause of decline is forest clearance with the consequent drying up of streams and pools which become clogged with silt. The damming of rivers for hydroelectric schemes and the drainage of low-lying land has reduced suitable habitat, as has pollution and the introduction of alien species.

1611:, cornua, and genital lobes. Sperm is produced at the 9th segment, and is transferred to the secondary genitalia prior to mating. The male holds the female behind the head using a pair of claspers on the terminal segment. In females, the genital opening is on the underside of the eighth segment, and is covered by a simple flap (vulvar lamina) or an 2208:. Some families appear to use special mechanisms, as for example the Libellulidae which take off rapidly, their wings beginning pointed far forward and twisted almost vertically. Dragonfly wings behave highly dynamically during flight, flexing and twisting during each beat. Among the variables are wing curvature, length and speed of stroke, 1903:

behavioural responses such as feigning death to escape the attention of males. Similarly, selection of habitat by adult dragonflies is not random, and terrestrial habitat patches may be held for up to 3 months. A species tightly linked to its birth site utilises a foraging area that is several orders of magnitude larger than the birth site.

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from previous matings; this activity takes up much of the time that a copulating pair remains in the heart posture. Flying in tandem has the advantage that less effort is needed by the female for flight and more can be expended on egg-laying, and when the female submerges to deposit eggs, the male may help to pull her out of the water.

2299:", perching with the body raised and the abdomen pointing towards the sun, thus minimising the amount of solar radiation received. On a hot day, dragonflies sometimes adjust their body temperature by skimming over a water surface and briefly touching it, often three times in quick succession. This may also help to avoid desiccation. 2259:), the fighting dragonflies adjust their flight paths to appear stationary to their rivals, minimizing the chance of being detected as they approach. To achieve the effect, the attacking dragonfly flies towards his rival, choosing his path to remain on a line between the rival and the start of his attack path. The attacker thus 1623:, armed with hooks and spines, which is used for catching prey. This labium is folded under the body at rest and struck out at great speed by hydraulic pressure created by the abdominal muscles. Both damselfly and dragonfly nymphs ventilate the rectum, but just some damselfly nymphs have a rectal epithelium that is rich in 2503: 1882:(blue dasher) jostle other dragonflies to maintain the right to alight there. Defending a breeding territory is common among male dragonflies, especially in species that congregate around ponds. The territory contains desirable features such as a sunlit stretch of shallow water, a special plant species, or the preferred 2104:), male populations use wetland habitats, while females use dry meadows and marginal breeding habitats, only migrating to the wetlands to lay their eggs or to find mating partners. Unwanted mating is energetically costly for females because it affects the amount of time that they are able to spend foraging. 2522:

Most odonatologists live in temperate areas and the dragonflies of North America and Europe have been the subject of much research. However, the majority of species live in tropical areas and have been little studied. With the destruction of rainforest habitats, many of these species are in danger of

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as their major source of respiration. Only dragonfly nymphs have internal gills, called a branchial chamber, located around the fourth and fifth abdominal segments. These internal gills consist originally of six longitudinal folds, each side supported by cross-folds. But this system has been modified

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are fused into a rigid, box-like structure with internal bracing, and provide a robust attachment for the powerful wing muscles inside. The thorax bears two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. The wings are long, veined, and membranous, narrower at the tip and wider at the base. The hindwings are

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were fitted in a "backpack" over the insect's thorax in front of its wings. Light is sent down flexible light-pipes named optrodes from the backpack into the nerve cord to give steering commands to the insect. The result is a "micro-aerial vehicle that's smaller, lighter and stealthier than anything

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set up a status survey and conservation action plan for dragonflies. This proposes the establishment of protected areas around the world and the management of these areas to provide suitable habitat for dragonflies. Outside these areas, encouragement should be given to modify forestry, agricultural,

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in a secondary host, a snail. Dragonfly nymphs may swallow cercariae, or these may tunnel through a nymph's body wall; they then enter the gut and form a cyst or metacercaria, which remains in the nymph for the whole of its development. If the nymph is eaten by a frog, the amphibian becomes infected

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Egg-laying takes two different forms depending on the species. The female in some families (Aeshnidae, Petaluridae) has a sharp-edged ovipositor with which she slits open a stem or leaf of a plant on or near the water, so she can push her eggs inside. In other families such as clubtails (Gomphidae),

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with sperm competition occurs within the spermatheca of the female and sperm can remain viable for at least 12 days in some species. Females can fertilise their eggs using sperm from the spermatheca at any time. Males use their penis and associated genital structures to compress or scrape out sperm

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Egg-laying (ovipositing) involves not only the female darting over floating or waterside vegetation to deposit eggs on a suitable substrate, but also the male hovering above her or continuing to clasp her and flying in tandem. This behaviour following the transfer of sperm is termed as mate guarding

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Dragonflies (suborder Anisoptera) are heavy-bodied, strong-flying insects that hold their wings horizontally both in flight and at rest. By contrast, damselflies (suborder Zygoptera) have slender bodies and fly more weakly; most species fold their wings over the abdomen when stationary, and the eyes

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The nymph stage of dragonflies lasts up to five years in large species, and between two months and three years in smaller species. When the naiad is ready to metamorphose into an adult, it stops feeding and makes its way to the surface, generally at night. It remains stationary with its head out of

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with a series of nymphal stages from which the adult emerges. Eggs laid inside plant tissues are usually shaped like grains of rice, while other eggs are the size of a pinhead, ellipsoidal, or nearly spherical. A clutch may have as many as 1500 eggs, and they take about a week to hatch into aquatic

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Mating in dragonflies is a complex, precisely choreographed process. First, the male has to attract a female to his territory, continually driving off rival males. When he is ready to mate, he transfers a packet of sperm from his primary genital opening on segment 9, near the end of his abdomen, to

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between the males and females. Females may sometimes be harassed by males to the extent that it affects their normal activities including foraging and in some dimorphic species females have evolved multiple forms with some forms appearing deceptively like males. In some species females have evolved

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I saw, once, an endless procession, just over an area of water-lilies, of small sapphire dragonflies, a continuous play of blue gauze over the snowy flowers above the sun-glassy water. It was all confined, in true dragonfly fashion, to one small space. It was a continuous turning and returning, an

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is often a combination of yellow, red, brown, and black pigments, with structural colours. Blues are typically created by microstructures in the cuticle that reflect blue light. Greens often combine a structural blue with a yellow pigment. Freshly emerged adults, known as tenerals, are often pale,

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Gliding, with the wings held out, is used in three situations: free gliding, for a few seconds in between bursts of powered flight; gliding in the updraft at the crest of a hill, effectively hovering by falling at the same speed as the updraft; and in certain dragonflies such as darters, when "in

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Dragonflies as a group occupy a considerable variety of habitats, but many species, and some families, have their own specific environmental requirements. Some species prefer flowing waters, while others prefer standing water. For example, the Gomphidae (clubtails) live in running water, and the

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Dragonfly nymphs vary in form with species, and are loosely classed into claspers, sprawlers, hiders, and burrowers. The first instar is known as a prolarva, a relatively inactive stage from which it quickly moults into the more active nymphal form. The general body plan is similar to that of an

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can fly up to 97 km/h (60 mph). However, the greatest reliable flight speed records are for other types of insects. In general, large dragonflies like the hawkers have a maximum speed of 36–54 km/h (22–34 mph) with average cruising speed of about 16 km/h (9.9 mph).

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stage (also known as "naiads") and as adults. In some species, the nymphal stage lasts up to five years, and the adult stage may be as long as 10 weeks, but most species have an adult lifespan in the order of five weeks or less, and some survive for only a few days. They are fast, agile fliers

405:, though usually lighter in build; however, the wings of most dragonflies are held flat and away from the body, while damselflies hold their wings folded at rest, along or above the abdomen. Dragonflies are agile fliers, while damselflies have a weaker, fluttery flight. Dragonflies make use of 2546:

Dragonflies are attracted to shiny surfaces that produce polarization which they can mistake for water, and they have been known to aggregate close to polished gravestones, solar panels, automobiles, and other such structures on which they attempt to lay eggs. These can have a local impact on

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Habitat degradation has reduced dragonfly populations across the world, for example in Japan. Over 60% of Japan's wetlands were lost in the 20th century, so its dragonflies now depend largely on rice fields, ponds, and creeks. Dragonflies feed on pest insects in rice, acting as a natural pest

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or naiads which moult between six and 15 times (depending on species) as they grow. Most of a dragonfly's life is spent as a nymph, beneath the water's surface. The nymph extends its hinged labium (a toothed mouthpart similar to a lower mandible, which is sometimes termed as a "mask" as it is

1892:(black saddlebags) may notice landmarks that assist in defining the boundaries of the territory. Landmarks may reduce the costs of territory establishment, or might serve as a spatial reference. Some dragonflies signal ownership with striking colours on the face, abdomen, legs, or wings. The 2420:

also take some adults; some species of wasps, too, prey on dragonflies, using them to provision their nests, laying an egg on each captured insect. In the water, various species of ducks and herons eat dragonfly nymphs and they are also preyed on by newts, frogs, fish, and water spiders.

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of male to female dragonflies varies both temporally and spatially. Adult dragonflies have a high male-biased ratio at breeding habitats. The male-bias ratio has contributed partially to the females using different habitats to avoid male harassment. As seen in Hine's emerald dragonfly

519: 1545:. The head has a system for locking it in place that consists of muscles and small hairs on the back of the head that grip structures on the front of the first thoracic segment. This arrester system is unique to the Odonata, and is activated when feeding and during tandem flight. 447:

jewellery. They are used in traditional medicine in Japan and China, and caught for food in Indonesia. They are symbols of courage, strength, and happiness in Japan, but seen as sinister in European folklore. Their bright colours and agile flight are admired in the poetry of

1876:. Some defend a territory against others of their own species, some against other species of dragonfly and a few against insects in unrelated groups. A particular perch may give a dragonfly a good view over an insect-rich feeding ground; males of many species such as the 1926: 2607:

poetry. Japanese children catch large dragonflies as a game, using a hair with a small pebble tied to each end, which they throw into the air. The dragonfly mistakes the pebbles for prey, gets tangled in the hair, and is dragged to the ground by the weight.

1615:, depending on species and the method of egg-laying. Dragonflies having simple flaps shed the eggs in water, mostly in flight. Dragonflies having ovipositors use them to puncture soft tissues of plants and place the eggs singly in each puncture they make. 1778:

Adult males vigorously defend territories near water; these areas provide suitable habitat for the nymphs to develop, and for females to lay their eggs. Swarms of feeding adults aggregate to prey on swarming prey such as emerging flying ants or termites.

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Dragonfly vision is thought to be like slow motion for humans. Dragonflies see faster than humans do; they see around 200 images per second. A dragonfly can see in 360 degrees, and nearly 80 per cent of the insect's brain is dedicated to its sight.

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across the sea, moving in any direction, and changing direction suddenly. In flight, the adult dragonfly can propel itself in six directions: upward, downward, forward, backward, to left and to right. They have four different styles of flight.

1898:(common whitetail) dashes towards an intruder holding its white abdomen aloft like a flag. Other dragonflies engage in aerial dogfights or high-speed chases. A female must mate with the territory holder before laying her eggs. There is also 425:. During mating, the male grasps the female at the back of the head, and the female curls her abdomen under her body to pick up sperm from the male's secondary genitalia at the front of his abdomen, forming the "heart" or "wheel" posture. 2506: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2510: 1636:) that burrow into the sediment, have a snorkel-like tube at the end of the abdomen enabling them to draw in clean water while they are buried in mud. Naiads can forcefully expel a jet of water to propel themselves with great rapidity. 2290:

Becoming too hot is another hazard, and a sunny or shady position for perching can be selected according to the ambient temperature. Some species have dark patches on the wings which can provide shade for the body, and a few use the

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Dragonflies live on every continent except Antarctica. In contrast to the damselflies (Zygoptera), which tend to have restricted distributions, some genera and species are spread across continents. For example, the blue-eyed darner

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Horvath, Gabor; Malik, Peter; Kriska, Gyorgy; Wildermuth, Hansruedi (2007). "Ecological traps for dragonflies in a cemetery: the attraction of Sympetrum species (Odonata: Libellulidae)by horizontally polarizing black gravestones".

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Simaika, John P.; Samways, Michael J.; Kipping, Jens; Suhling, Frank; Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Clausnitzer, Viola; Boudot, Jean Pierre; Domisch, Sami (2013). "Continental-Scale Conservation Prioritization of African Dragonflies".

2193:, unlike most families of insects, with the flight muscles attached to the wing bases. Dragonflies have a high power/weight ratio, and have been documented accelerating at 4 G linearly and 9 G in sharp turns while pursuing prey. 1526:

has 23890 ommatidia of just one size. These facets provide complete vision in the frontal hemisphere of the dragonfly. The compound eyes meet at the top of the head (except in the Petaluridae and Gomphidae, as also in the genus

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and industrial practices to enhance conservation. At the same time, more research into dragonflies needs to be done, consideration should be given to pollution control and the public should be educated about the importance of

1427:, where they are active in shade temperatures between 18 and 45 °C (64 and 113 °F); these insects were able to survive body temperatures above the thermal death point of insects of the same species in cooler places. 1807:

Libellulidae (skimmers) live in still water. Some species live in temporary water pools and are capable of tolerating changes in water level, desiccation, and the resulting variations in temperature, but some genera such as

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are on segment 10; a pair of superiors (claspers) and an inferior. The second and third segments are enlarged, and in males, the underside of the second segment has a cleft, forming the secondary genitalia consisting of the

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is probably the most widespread dragonfly species in the world; it is cosmopolitan, occurring on all continents in the warmer regions. Most Anisoptera species are tropical, with far fewer species in temperate regions.

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capable of highly accurate aerial ambush, sometimes migrating across oceans, and often live near water. They have a uniquely complex mode of reproduction involving indirect insemination, delayed fertilisation, and

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The dragonfly's long lifespan and low population density makes it vulnerable to disturbance, such as from collisions with vehicles on roads built near wetlands. Species that fly low and slow may be most at risk.

1766: 4310: 2601:, dragonflies are associated with the season of autumn. In Japan, they are symbols of rebirth, courage, strength, and happiness. They are also depicted frequently in Japanese art and literature, especially 2069:, arching backwards when all but the tip of its abdomen is free, to allow its exoskeleton to harden. Curling back upwards, it completes its emergence, swallowing air, which plumps out its body, and pumping 2076:

Dragonflies in temperate areas can be categorized into two groups: an early group and a later one. In any one area, individuals of a particular "spring species" emerge within a few days of each other. The

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The mating system of dragonflies is complex, and they are among the few insect groups that have a system of indirect sperm transfer along with sperm storage, delayed fertilisation, and sperm competition.

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The wings of dragonflies are generally clear, apart from the dark veins and pterostigmata. In the chasers (Libellulidae), however, many genera have areas of colour on the wings: for example, groundlings

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for egg-laying. The territory may be small or large, depending on its quality, the time of day, and the number of competitors, and may be held for a few minutes or several hours. Dragonflies including

1754:. One species, Gomphus militaris, even live as a parasite, feeding on the gills of gravid mussels. Adults capture insect prey in the air, making use of their acute vision and highly controlled flight. 2769: 2720:

terms "snake doctor" and "snake feeder" refer to a folk belief that dragonflies catch insects for snakes or follow snakes around and stitch them back together if they are injured. Interestingly, the

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and obtain their typical colours after a few days. Some have their bodies covered with a pale blue, waxy powderiness called pruinosity; it wears off when scraped during mating, leaving darker areas.

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Adult dragonflies hunt on the wing using their exceptionally acute eyesight and strong, agile flight. They are almost exclusively carnivorous, eating a wide variety of insects ranging from small

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live throughout the Americas from as far north as Newfoundland to as far south as Bahia Blanca in Argentina, across Europe to central Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. The globe skimmer

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Huguet, Aurélien; Nel, André; Martinez-Delclos, Xavier; Bechly, Gunter; Martins-Neto, Rafael (2002). "Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Protanisoptera (Insecta: Odonatoptera)".

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Horvath, Gabor; Blaho, Miklos; Egri, Adam; Kriska, Gyorgy; Seres, Istvan; Robertson, Bruce (2010). "Reducing the Maladaptive Attractiveness of Solar Panels to Polarotactic Insects".

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Foster, S.E; Soluk, D.A (2006). "Protecting more than the wetland: The importance of biased sex ratios and habitat segregation for conservation of the Hine's emerald dragonfly,

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Soluk, Daniel A.; Zercher, Deanna S.; Worthington, Amy M. (2011). "Influence of roadways on patterns of mortality and flight behavior of adult dragonflies near wetland areas".

5928: 4548:"Home Range, Movement, and Distribution Patterns of the Threatened Dragonfly Sympetrum depressiusculum (Odonata: Libellulidae): A Thousand Times Greater Territory to Protect?" 7965: 1930: 5316: 4989: 1573:, which is analogous to blood in vertebrates, and carries out many similar functions, but which also serves a hydraulic function to expand the body between nymphal stages ( 2476:, can kill smaller dragonfly nymphs, and may also be seen on adults. Gregarines infect the gut and may cause blockage and secondary infection. Trematodes are parasites of 4655:, p. 39: "Romantic souls are pleased to note that at the climactic moment, the two slender bodies form a delicate heart shape. Experts say the pair is now 'in cop'." 1430:

Dragonflies live from sea level up to the mountains, decreasing in species diversity with altitude. Their altitudinal limit is about 3700 m, represented by a species of

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Dragonflies and damselflies are predatory both in the aquatic nymphal and adult stages. Nymphs feed on a range of freshwater invertebrates and larger ones can prey on

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Phased-stroking, with the hindwings beating 90° ahead of the forewings, is used for fast flight. This style creates more thrust, but less lift than counter-stroking.

7960: 2947:" in his 1842 poem "The Two Voices", with the lines "An inner impulse rent the veil / Of his old husk: from head to tail / Came out clear plates of sapphire mail." 2680:'s darning needle", and "ear cutter", link them with evil and injury. Some of these reference the popular misconception that dragonflies can bite or sting humans. 991:. The distribution of diversity within the biogeographical regions are summarized below (the world numbers are not ordinary totals, as overlaps in species occur). 2527: 2507: 7904: 3904:

Pritchard, Gordon (1966). "On the morphology of the compound eyes of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera), with special reference to their role in prey capture".

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rocks; these had wingspans up to about 750 mm (30 in), though they were only distant relatives, not true dragonflies which first appeared during the

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Suhling, F.; Sahlén, G.; Gorb, S.; Kalkman, V.J.; Dijkstra, K-D.B.; van Tol, J. (2015). "Order Odonata". In Thorp, James; Rogers, D. Christopher (eds.).

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Taku, Kadoya; Shin-ichi, Suda; Izumi, Washitani (2009). "Dragonfly Crisis in Japan: A likely Consequence of Recent Agricultural Habitat Degradation".

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Fincke, Ola M. (2004). "Polymorphic signals of harassed female odonates and the males that learn them support a novel frequency-dependent model".

4176: 7426: 2440: 6534: 6515: 6488: 6469: 6450: 6310: 6283: 6256: 6034: 5880: 5855: 5617: 5504: 4732: 4382: 4161: 4015: 3874: 3849: 3762: 3615: 3480: 3458: 3211: 3161: 2872: 1607:, hamule, genital lobe, and penis. There are remarkable variations in the presence and the form of the penis and the related structures, the 1927: 2749:

at top left of plate illustrated), though his rough drawing of a nymph (at lower left) with the mask extended appears to be plagiarised.

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Linares, Antonio Meira; Maciel-Junior, Jose Amantino Horta; de Mello, Humberto Espirito Santo; Leite, Felipe Sa Fortes (30 April 2016).

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Bybee, Seth M.; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Erickson, Robert J.; Frandsen, Paul B.; Breinholt, Jesse W.; Suvorov, Anton; et al. (2021).

2204:; supercritical lift with the wing above the critical angle, generating high lift and using very short strokes to avoid stalling; and 2167:

Synchronised-stroking, with forewings and hindwings beating together, is used when changing direction rapidly, as it maximises thrust.

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A Nature Conservation Review: Volume 1: The Selection of Biological Sites of National Importance to Nature Conservation in Britain

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such as "Crimson pepper pod / add two pairs of wings, and look / darting dragonfly", relating the autumn season to the dragonfly.

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Although dragonflies are swift and agile fliers, some predators are fast enough to catch them. These include falcons such as the

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and small fish. A few species, especially those that live in temporary waters, are likely to leave the water to feed. Nymphs of

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habitat threatens dragonfly populations around the world. Adult dragonflies are characterised by a pair of large, multifaceted,

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larger as he closes on the rival, but does not otherwise appear to move. Researchers found that six of 15 encounters involved

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dragonfly populations; methods of reducing the attractiveness of structures such as solar panels are under experimentation.

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in several families. Water is pumped in and out of the abdomen through an opening at the tip. The naiads of some clubtails (

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Polcyn, D. M. (August 1994). "Thermoregulation During Summer Activity in Mojave Desert Dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera)".

2014:, and can rapidly propel themselves by suddenly expelling water through the anus. Some naiads, such as the later stages of 7891: 7624: 7217: 5958: 5909: 2344:

The nymphs are voracious predators, eating most living things that are smaller than they are. Their staple diet is mostly

6416: 3113: 2634:, a British motorcycle manufacturer based in Bristol, named its innovatively designed postwar 350-cc flat-twin model the 6348: 6202: 3132: 2385: 2107: 1538: 5264:"Linking biomechanics and ecology through predator–prey interactions: flight performance of dragonflies and their prey" 2161:

with the hindwings, is used for hovering and slow flight. This style is efficient and generates a large amount of lift.

7970: 7764: 7674: 7128: 2582:, dragonflies symbolize pure water. Often stylized in a double-barred cross design, dragonflies are a common motif in 1534: 222: 27: 5467: 2745:. He was the first English artist to make illustrations of dragonflies accurate enough to be identified to species ( 2630:, especially in jewellery designs. They have also been used as a decorative motif on fabrics and home furnishings. 2425:, which migrate over the Indian Ocean at a period that coincides with the migration of the globe skimmer dragonfly, 145: 7831: 7654: 7634: 6161: 5338: 4374: 4007: 2485: 1467:

are found, possibly because of the low temperature of the lakes there. The treeline emerald also lives in northern

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Khelifa, Rassim (2017). "Faking death to avoid male coercion: Extreme sexual conflict resolution in a dragonfly".

4220:"Blue integumentary structural colours in dragonflies (Odonata) are not produced by incoherent Tyndall scattering" 2676:

In Europe, dragonflies have often been seen as sinister. Some English vernacular names, such as "horse-stinger", "

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More recently, dragonfly watching has become popular in America as some birdwatchers seek new groups to observe.

2739:(1766), published in 1780, the first scientific descriptions of several Odonata including the banded demoiselle, 2225:

Dragonflies can travel at 100 body-lengths per second in forward flight, and three lengths per second backwards.

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This is not to say that other species may not use the same technique, only that this species has been studied.

2171:

cop" with a male, the female sometimes simply glides while the male pulls the pair along by beating his wings.

2002:

normally folded and held before the face) that can extend forward and retract rapidly to capture prey such as

1512:. It is dominated by the two compound eyes, which cover most of its surface. The compound eyes are made up of 7521: 7498: 7411: 6858: 6383: 4617: 3450: 3282:"An Articulated Dragonfly (Insecta, Odonata) From The Upper Liassic Posidonia Shale Of Northern Switzerland" 2568: 2446: 2354: 1911: 1403: 5633:

Washitani, Izumi (2008). "Restoration of Biologically-Diverse Floodplain Wetlands Including Paddy Fields".

5058: 2307: 1520:

has 22650 ommatidia of two varying sizes, 4500 being large. The facets facing downward tend to be smaller.

1504:

An adult dragonfly has three distinct segments, the head, thorax, and abdomen, as in all insects. It has a

501: 7717: 7586: 4122:

Tennessen, K.J. (2009). "Odonata (Dragonflies, Damselflies)". In Resh, Vincent H.; Carde, Ring T. (eds.).

2717: 2221: 2136: 1663: 554: 6587: 6401: 7679: 7571: 7361: 7356: 7207: 6710: 6620: 5520: 5035: 3836: 2631: 2481: 2313: 2275:

The flight muscles need to be kept at a suitable temperature for the dragonfly to be able to fly. Being

1695: 1694:, have a noniridescent blue that is produced structurally by scatter from arrays of tiny spheres in the 1651: 1492: 566:, another ancestral group that lacks certain wing-vein characters found in modern Odonata, lived in the 443:

Dragonflies are represented in human culture on artefacts such as pottery, rock paintings, statues, and

379: 6007: 5362: 5039: 2175: 1483: 592:

The relationships of anisopteran families are not fully resolved as of 2021, but all the families are

7955: 7932: 7919: 7813: 7526: 7320: 7307: 5784: 5732: 5697: 5662: 5580: 5130: 4892: 4678: 4559: 4504: 3778: 3725: 3678: 3489: 3293: 3238: 3101:(first ed.). Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: British Columbia Provincial Museum. p. 19. 2973: 2741: 2413: 2100: 1825:. The chemistry of the water, including its trophic status (degree of enrichment with nutrients) and 1457: 4767: 4059: 1508:

exoskeleton of hard plates held together with flexible membranes. The head is large with very short

7684: 7629: 7396: 7381: 7265: 7045: 4415:"The role of landmarks in territory maintenance by the black saddlebags dragonfly, Tramea lacerata" 4131: 4031:

Miller, P. L. (1991). "The structure and function of the genitalia in the Libellulidae (Odonata)".

3934: 3377: 2031: 1917: 1883: 1793: 1447: 533: 506: 433: 3800:

Smetanin, A. N. (2013). "On the Insect Fauna of the Kichiga River Basin, Northeastern Kamchatka".

3713: 524: 7202: 6320: 6142: 5756: 5546: 5448: 5156: 5084: 4810: 4528: 4477: 4442: 4260: 3884: 3817: 3694: 3317: 3262: 2988:

like those in the eye to make them sensitive to light. Miniature sensors, a computer chip, and a

2864: 2685: 2427: 2364:

genus have even been observed leaping out of the water to attack and kill full-grown tree frogs.

2252: 1873: 1821: 1798: 1415: 1389: 140: 6180:"Plagiarism or pragmatism – who cares? An analysis of some 18th century dragonfly illustrations" 4931: 2933:(1718–1783) similarly wrote "Dyed he is with the / Colour of autumnal days, / O red dragonfly." 1674: 6125:

Hand, Wayland D. (1973). "From Idea to Word: Folk Beliefs and Customs Underlying Folk Speech".

4219: 3582: 1619:

adult, but the nymph lacks wings and reproductive organs. The lower jaw has a huge, extensible

1423:

Some dragonflies, including libellulids and aeshnids, live in desert pools, for example in the

7800: 7406: 7376: 7325: 7315: 7290: 7224: 7024: 6879: 6845: 6530: 6511: 6484: 6465: 6446: 6306: 6300: 6279: 6252: 6246: 6030: 5988: 5876: 5851: 5748: 5613: 5500: 5494: 5285: 5205: 5148: 4935: 4728: 4718: 4696: 4595: 4577: 4520: 4434: 4378: 4368: 4252: 4215: 4157: 4011: 3870: 3845: 3758: 3752: 3611: 3561: 3525: 3517: 3454: 3381: 3309: 3254: 3207: 3201: 3177: 3157: 2635: 2539:

control. Dragonflies are steadily declining in Africa, and represent a conservation priority.

2516: 2264: 2244: 2239: 2234: 1782: 1667: 1620: 1560:

is small and flattened dorsally into a shield-like disc, which has two transverse ridges. The

1522: 1509: 1496:, are slenderer in build than dragonflies, and most hold their wings closed over their bodies. 1463: 1383: 545: 422: 406: 359: 268: 6273: 5607: 4151: 4001: 3977: 3605: 2963:

endless darting, poising, striking and hovering, so swift that it was often lost in sunlight.

7975: 7576: 7458: 7351: 7346: 7212: 7037: 6998: 6613: 6442: 6134: 5792: 5740: 5705: 5670: 5609:

Biodiversity associated with the rice field agroecosystem in Asian countries: A brief review

5588: 5440: 5275: 5195: 5187: 5138: 5092: 4900: 4837: 4802: 4686: 4666: 4585: 4567: 4512: 4469: 4426: 4244: 4234: 4123: 4102: 4040: 3913: 3809: 3733: 3686: 3507: 3497: 3427: 3369: 3348: 3301: 3246: 3077: 3042: 2857: 2842: 2393: 2381: 2360: 2149: 2061:

begins to split at a weak spot behind the head. The adult dragonfly crawls out of its nymph

1947: 1893: 1887: 1604: 1580: 1409: 1394: 1181: 1071: 752: 636: 601: 413: 278: 249: 7755: 6599: 1851:(scarce chaser) need slow-moving, eutrophic waters with reeds or similar waterside plants. 7511: 7032: 6821: 6789: 6731: 6723: 6702: 6507: 4211: 3635: 2564: 2292: 2209: 2205: 1998: 1946:

and the guarding male attempts to increase the probability of his sperm fertilising eggs.

1899: 1847: 1835: 1155: 769: 582: 511: 417: 374:, sometimes with coloured patches, and an elongated body. Many dragonflies have brilliant 348: 273: 4124: 3370: 2922: 2665:

is "Dragonfly Island". This is attributed to a legend in which Japan's mythical founder,

585:. They retain some traits of their distant predecessors, and are in a group known as the 5788: 5736: 5701: 5666: 5584: 5431:

Anderson, R. Charles (2009). "Do dragonflies migrate across the western Indian Ocean?".

5134: 4896: 4841: 4682: 4563: 4508: 3729: 3682: 3493: 3297: 3242: 2940:, described a dragonfly splitting its old skin and emerging shining metallic blue like " 2196:

Dragonflies generate lift in at least four ways at different times, including classical

1963: 1720:) have bright orange patches at the wing bases. Some aeshnids such as the brown hawker ( 7839: 7826: 7702: 7593: 7566: 7492: 7366: 7250: 7183: 7094: 6895: 6829: 6805: 6744: 6736: 5200: 5175: 4920: 4590: 4547: 4044: 3917: 3024: 2910: 2817: 2705: 2642: 2113: 2036: 1985: 1969: 1829:

can also affect its use by dragonflies. Most species need moderate conditions, not too

1815: 1770:

Dragonfly returns to same perch each time it darts out to catch very small flying prey.

1722: 1352: 1325: 833: 814: 578: 563: 437: 314: 129: 6568: 4793:

Mill, P. J.; Pickard, R. S. (1975). "Jet-propulsion in anisopteran dragonfly nymphs".

3250: 2023: 1644: 1569:

broader than the forewings and the venation is different at the base. The veins carry

7949: 7649: 7194: 7062: 6837: 6752: 6435: 6179: 5796: 5744: 5496:

Dragonflies and Damselflies: Model Organisms for Ecological and Evolutionary Research

3607:

Dragonfly Genera of the New World: An Illustrated and Annotated Key to the Anisoptera

3321: 3188:

of the Upper Carboniferous, whose expanse of wing was somewhere about 27 inches.

2937: 2921:"almost as numerous as are the dragonflies themselves in the early autumn." The poet 2822: 2666: 2591: 2579: 2572: 2463: 2397: 2190: 2181: 2141: 1993: 1472: 1424: 1208: 798: 736: 549: 541: 465: 449: 429: 383: 337: 291: 284: 79: 6573: 5760: 5452: 5160: 4814: 4532: 4481: 4446: 4264: 3821: 3402: 3266: 1976: 7581: 7546: 7470: 7240: 7078: 6887: 6874: 6813: 6776: 6760: 6674: 6103: 5397: 4060:"Sperm competition and penis structure in some Libellulid dragonflies (Anisoptera)" 2930: 2812: 2732: 2713: 2532: 2409: 2401: 2345: 2280: 2197: 2158: 2118: 1845:(four-spotted chaser) prefer acidic waters such as peat bogs, while others such as 1704: 1586: 1537:

or ocelli. The mouthparts are adapted for biting with a toothed jaw; the flap-like

1264: 1015: 909: 593: 367: 296: 7769: 7120: 6500: 5818: 4691: 4473: 3714:"Habitat Characteristics and Odonata Diversity in Mountain Ponds of Central Italy" 3604:

Garrison, Rosser W.; Ellenrieder, Natalia von; Louton, Jerry A. (16 August 2006).

2358:

sometimes hunt small arthropods on the ground at night, while some species in the

2130: 2049:

the water, while its respiration system adapts to breathing air, then climbs up a

540:

Dragonflies and their relatives are similar in structure to an ancient group, the

7805: 5980: 5709: 5674: 5592: 4904: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4572: 3447:

Dragonflies through Binoculars: A field guide to the dragonflies of North America

3076:(in French). Vol. t.9e. Brussels and Leipzig: C. Muquardt. pp. 1–291 . 1937:

Dragonflies over a pond (including female inserting eggs below the water surface.

983:

About 3,012 species of dragonflies were known in 2010; these are classified into

7896: 7865: 7749: 7644: 7475: 7446: 7371: 7341: 7295: 7245: 7086: 7070: 7011: 6951: 6943: 6900: 3502: 3475: 2989: 2951: 2796: 2627: 2583: 2472: 2422: 2078: 2062: 2058: 1877: 1710: 1690: 1680: 1548: 1529: 1487: 1295: 1233: 1097: 1020: 1010: 1005: 892: 867: 686: 597: 586: 453: 444: 394: 371: 308: 302: 260: 54: 6594: 4667:"Sperm numbers, sperm storage duration and fertility limitation in the Odonata" 3431: 3071: 7421: 7416: 7273: 7188: 6982: 6768: 5444: 4430: 4107: 4090: 3813: 3019: 2944: 2477: 2459: 2070: 2050: 1730: 1659: 1648: 1612: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1000: 652: 605: 559: 515:, attained a wingspan around 680 millimetres (27 inches). (Museum of Toulouse) 375: 341: 238: 99: 64: 6340: 6029:] (in Japanese and English). Chiyoda, Tokyo: Natsume Group. p. 305. 4700: 4581: 4438: 3521: 3411:: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" 3336: 3313: 3281: 3258: 2954:

described the rapid, agile flight of dragonflies in his 1937 nonfiction book

552:

of Europe, a group that included one of the largest insects that ever lived,

7639: 7255: 7003: 6990: 6927: 6690: 6668: 6656: 5831:

There is a photograph in the catalogue; it is free for non-commercial usage.

4414: 3305: 3081: 2897: 2760: 2684:

folklore holds that the devil uses dragonflies to weigh people's souls. The

2616: 2467: 2455: 2405: 2338: 2330: 2296: 2276: 2094: 1830: 1809: 1716: 1633: 1608: 1591: 1557: 1542: 1513: 1452: 1125: 1040: 703: 529: 402: 398: 387: 254: 243: 207: 177: 157: 104: 7740: 6228: 5752: 5363:"The Symbolism, Biology and Lore of Dragonflies | The Dragonfly Foundation" 5289: 5209: 5191: 5152: 4599: 4524: 4256: 3529: 6605: 6582: 5471: 5096: 4091:"The odonate mating system, communication, and sexual selection: A review" 7787: 7734: 7536: 7441: 7283: 7278: 6866: 2941: 2860: 2756: 2693: 2670: 2620: 2326: 2003: 1445:, but individuals are occasionally swept in by strong winds, including a 1025: 574: 490: 486: 94: 89: 74: 69: 59: 44: 7779: 7697: 4963: 4153:

Discover Nature in Water & Wetlands: Things to Know and Things to Do

3558:

Ecology and general biology. Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates

2763:(with its back facing the viewer), with its head to chief (at the top). 2212:, forward/back position of wing, and phase relative to the other wings. 7857: 7531: 7487: 7453: 7431: 7386: 6637: 6146: 5521:"An Introduction To The Study of Invertebrate Zoology. Platyhelminthes" 5280: 5263: 4806: 3698: 3418: 3229: 2721: 2556: 2417: 2349: 2260: 2054: 2027: 2007: 1747: 1684:

has noniridescent structural blue; the female (below) lacks the colour.

1624: 1442: 1030: 567: 363: 355: 351: 197: 109: 84: 5929:"The latest buzz; In the world of design, dragonflies are flying high" 4239: 3512: 2976:

with light-sensitive "steering neurons" in its nerve cord to create a

2057:). Anchoring itself firmly in a vertical position with its claws, its 1441:

Dragonflies become scarce at higher latitudes. They are not native to

7870: 7792: 7465: 7166: 7155: 6662: 6650: 4516: 4248: 2981: 2977: 2776: 2681: 2560: 2066: 2041: 2011: 1599: 1574: 1505: 1468: 1435: 187: 167: 48: 7711: 6138: 5143: 5118: 3737: 3690: 1598:

The abdomen is long and slender and consists of 10 segments. Three

7436: 3022:

and Matti Hämäläinen comment that his drawing of a 'large brown' (

2892: 2701: 2677: 2615:

and Japan, dragonflies have been used in traditional medicine. In

2612: 2603: 2598: 2501: 2439: 2380: 2322: 2306: 2238: 2174: 2129: 2106: 2073:

into its wings, which causes them to expand to their full extent.

2022: 1962: 1924: 1910: 1858: 1781: 1756: 1673: 1643: 1579: 1547: 1541:, at the front of the mouth, can be shot rapidly forward to catch 1482: 1382: 518: 500: 6545: 6057: 5117:

Mizutani, A. K.; Chahl, J. S.; Srinivasan, M. V. (June 5, 2003).

3476:"Phylogeny and classification of Odonata using targeted genomics" 3353: 2779:

from Memphite region, ancient Egypt Middle Kingdom, 12-13 Dynasty

2759:, like other winged insects, the dragonfly is typically depicted 1455:, only a few species of dragonfly including the treeline emerald 1407:

lives all across North America, and in Central America; emperors

7818: 7480: 6019:杉浦洋一 (Youichi Sugiura); John K. Gillespie (ジョン・K・ギレスピー) (1999). 3865:

Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).

2985: 2792: 2587: 2334: 2220:

Old and unreliable claims are made that dragonflies such as the

2201: 1989: 1751: 1628: 354:. About 3,000 extant species of dragonflies are known. Most are 7715: 7124: 6924: 6687: 6609: 6417:"Draper's Genetically Modified Cyborg DragonflEye Takes Flight" 5262:

Combes, S.A.; Rundle, D.E.; Iwasaki, J.M.; Crall, J.D. (2012).

3335:

Kohli, Manpreet Kaur; Ware, Jessica L.; Bechly, Günter (2016).

1451:

native to North Africa, and an unidentified darter species. In

428:

Fossils of very large dragonfly-like insects, sometimes called

5305:"First report on predation of adult anurans by Odonata larvae" 4619:

15. Selective Forces Propelling Genitalic Evolution in Odonata

3184:

No dragonfly at present existing can compare with the immense

2185:: its wings at this instant are synchronised for agile flight. 1819:(green hawker), which lives in swamps with the water-soldier, 6080: 6078: 5014:

I doubt if any greater speed than this occurs amongst Odonata

2829:); the nymph at lower left is shown with the "mask" extended. 1556:

The thorax consists of three segments as in all insects. The

6302:

Delphi Complete Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson (Illustrated)

4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 2144:

position with male above clasping the female behind the neck

6020: 3337:"How to date a dragonfly: Fossil calibrations for odonates" 3182:. CUP Archive. 2018-10-13. p. 324. GGKEY:0Z7A1R071DD. 2121:

with the forewings at this instant, suggesting fast flight.

1826: 1708:) have brown bands on all four wings, while some scarlets ( 6464:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 559–561. 5380: 5378: 5221: 5219: 4546:

Dolný, Aleš; Harabiš, Filip; Mižičová, Hana (2014-07-09).

4396: 4394: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 382:, making them conspicuous in flight. An adult dragonfly's 5606:

Channa N. B. Bambaradeniya; Felix P. Amerasinghe (2004).

5547:"Dragonflies: status survey and conservation action plan" 3844:(Second ed.). Nature Alaska Images. pp. 5, 32. 2619:, adult dragonflies are caught on poles made sticky with 3954: 3952: 3906:

Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London

5850:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 4746: 4744: 4720:

A World of Insects: The Harvard University Press Reader

4413:

Lojewski, Jeffrey A.; Switzer, Paul V. (1 March 2015).

2661:

is an old word for dragonfly, so one interpretation of

2295:

to avoid overheating. This behaviour involves doing a "

562:, with a wingspan around 750 mm (30 in). The 4616:

Cordero-Rivera, Adolfo; Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex (2010).

3718:

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

2450:, with water mites massed on the underside of its body 2148:

Dragonflies are powerful and agile fliers, capable of

2040:, newly emerged and still soft, holding on to its dry 2010:, and small fish. They breathe through gills in their 19:

This article is about the insect. For other uses, see

6248:

A Walk around the Pond: insects in and over the water

4922:

A Walk Around the Pond: Insects in and Over the Water

3712:

Carchini, G.; Solimini, Angelo; Ruggiero, A. (2005).

432:, are found from 325 million years ago (Mya) in 6481:

Field Guide to the Dragonflies of Britain and Europe

5119:"Insect behaviour: Motion camouflage in dragonflies" 393:

Dragonflies can be mistaken for the closely related

7724: 7665: 7607: 7559: 7510: 7395: 7334: 7306: 7264: 7233: 7176: 7162: 7061: 7023: 6981: 6964: 6942: 6857: 6788: 6722: 6701: 5987:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 20. 5873:

Symbols of Japan: Thematic Motifs in Art and Design

2432:may actually be feeding on them while on the wing. 1666:, making them conspicuous in flight. Their overall 1516:, the numbers being greater in the larger species. 1475:, making it the most northerly of all dragonflies. 6499: 6434: 4919: 4774:. University of Florida: Entomology and Nematology 2737:The Aurelian or natural history of English insects 2700:("eyes-snatcher"). They are often associated with 6240: 6238: 5846:Mitchell, Forrest L.; Lasswell, James L. (2005). 3754:Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects 3583:"Featured Creatures: dragonflies and damselflies" 3200:Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (22 July 2009). 3095:Cannings, Robert A.; Stuart, Kathleen M. (1977). 26:"Anisoptera" redirects here. For other uses, see 5552:. International Union for Conservation of Nature 4828:Corbet, Philip S. (1980). "Biology of odonata". 3929: 3927: 3560:(4 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 893–932. 2878:Tiffany dragonfly pendant lamp, designed c. 1903 6272:Mitchell, Forrest Lee; Lasswell, James (2005). 6178:Orr, Albert G.; Hämäläinen, Matti (July 2014). 2960: 2348:and other insect larvae, but they also feed on 2251:In high-speed territorial battles between male 397:, which make up the other odonatan infraorder ( 6544:Trueman, John W. H.; Rowe, Richard J. (2009). 6278:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 36. 5059:"Frequently Asked Questions about Dragonflies" 4311:Parasitism of Mussel Gills by Dragonfly Nymphs 3995: 3993: 2528:International Union for Conservation of Nature 2489:by the adult or fluke stage of the trematode. 2157:Counter-stroking, with forewings beating 180° 7136: 6621: 5979:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric; Käthe Roth (2005). 5470:. Minnesota Dragonfly Society. Archived from 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 3131:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 3112:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 2484:often involving a period as a stage called a 1802:, with submerged vegetation in the background 1501:are well separated on the sides of the head. 8: 7073:(emerald dragonflies or green-eyed skimmers) 6462:Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata 6390:. No. 5668. p. 269 (online p. 17). 6325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3979:A Manual of the Dragonflies of North America 3889:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3156:(2nd ed.). CABI Books. pp. 74–75. 2454:Dragonflies are affected by three groups of 1688:Some dragonflies, such as the green darner, 1627:, relying mostly on three feathery external 6527:A Guide to the Dragonflies of Great Britain 6299:Tennyson, Alfred, Lord (17 November 2013). 5841: 5839: 5837: 4640: 3835:Hudson, John; Armstrong, Robert H. (2010). 3368:Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. (2005). 1786:Habitat preference: A four-spotted chaser, 1698:of epidermal cells underneath the cuticle. 477: 468: 7966:Insects used as insect pest control agents 7712: 7173: 7143: 7129: 7121: 6978: 6939: 6935: 6921: 6698: 6684: 6628: 6614: 6606: 5339:"Dragonflies see the world in slow motion" 4611: 4609: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3018:Reviewing his artwork, the odonatologists 2917:that Japanese poets had created dragonfly 1980:Illustration of a naiad with mask extended 1872:Many dragonflies, particularly males, are 993: 120: 34: 6848:(helicopter damselflies or forest giants) 6251:. Harvard University Press. p. 247. 5279: 5199: 5142: 4717:Cardé, Ring T.; Resh, Vincent H. (2012). 4690: 4589: 4571: 4238: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4106: 4033:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3511: 3501: 3352: 6027:A Bilingual Handbook on Japanese Culture 5957:Brown, Roland (November–December 2007). 5817:. The Petrie Museum, UCL. Archived from 5540: 5538: 5493:Córdoba-Aguilar, Alex (28 August 2008). 4712: 4710: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4298: 4277: 2900:with gold and silver, Walters Art Museum 1975: 1833:, not too acidic; a few species such as 6402:"Equipping Insects for Special Service" 6173: 6171: 5418: 4761: 4759: 4156:. Stackpole Books. pp. 88, 94–96. 4130:(2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 4003:Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East 3376:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3062: 3002: 2815:, 1780: At top left, the brown hawker, 2765: 2673:, which was then eaten by a dragonfly. 2117:in flight: The hindwings are about 90° 1726:) have translucent, pale yellow wings. 581:, and the crown group developed in the 7961:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances 7427:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 6369: 6318: 6099:"Do dragonflies bite or sting humans?" 6084: 6058:"Odonata: Dragonflies and Damselflies" 6056:Trueman, John W. H.; Rowe, Richard J. 5895: 5384: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5053: 5051: 5049: 4866: 4854: 4768:"Dragonflies and damselflies: Odonata" 4750: 4652: 4400: 4198: 3958: 3882: 3656: 2863:vase with dragonfly handles, c. 1879, 1733:blend of dull brown, green, and grey. 1658:Many adult dragonflies have brilliant 6305:. Delphi Classics. pp. 544–545. 6203:"Chasing Dragonflies and Damselflies" 5875:. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 108–9. 5523:. University of California, Riverside 5174:Glendinning, Paul (27 January 2004). 3781:. Reykjavik Grapevine. 26 August 2011 3481:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3280:Etter, Walter; Kuhn, Olivier (2000). 2388:with a captured dragonfly in its bill 2053:or other emergent plant, and moults ( 573:Anisoptera first appeared during the 464:The infraorder Anisoptera comes from 7: 7920:b71483be-3d07-4244-b43f-8bcd8de50001 7845:5f9c5721-70dd-45c4-a824-75f147769146 6384:"Country Life: Pike and Dragonflies" 6164:. University of Kentucky Entomology. 5180:The Mathematics of Motion Camouflage 4671:International Journal of Odonatology 4367:Ratcliffe, Derek (26 January 2012). 3986:. pp. 10–21. GGKEY:5YCUC2C45TH. 3632:"Emperor dragonfly (Anax imperator)" 2626:Images of dragonflies are common in 1729:Dragonfly nymphs are usually a well- 6808:(narrow-winged or pond damselflies) 6345:H. E. Bates official author website 6245:Waldbauer, Gilbert (30 June 2009). 5910:"Dragonflies Shimmering as Jewelry" 4842:10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.001201 4795:Journal of Comparative Physiology A 4419:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3098:The Dragonflies of British Columbia 2623:, then fried in oil as a delicacy. 1590:, has the long, slender abdomen of 883: 858: 805: 793: 727: 719: 677: 627: 619: 611: 544:or griffinflies, from the 325 370:, two pairs of strong, transparent 5927:Large, Elizabeth (June 27, 1999). 4997:. pp. 322–323. Archived from 4643:, p. Life Cycle and Behavior. 4045:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb01536.x 3918:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1966.tb01126.x 1387:An aggregation of globe skimmers, 14: 6479:Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B. (2006). 6382:Bates, H. E. (12 February 1937). 6160:Newton, Blake (16 August 2008) . 5908:Moonan, Wendy (August 13, 1999). 3869:. Cengage Learning. p. 745. 3867:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition 2470:flatworms (flukes). Water mites, 7696: 6593: 6581: 6567: 5797:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01798.x 5745:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01518.x 5083:Hopkin, Michael (June 5, 2003). 3150:Gordh, G.; Headrick, D. (2011). 3030:August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof 2883: 2871: 2850: 2834: 2811:Accurately drawn dragonflies by 2804: 2784: 2768: 2247:as used by fighting dragonflies 1992:stage and undergo an incomplete 1662:or metallic colours produced by 378:or metallic colours produced by 144: 7014:(giant dragonfly and relatives) 6483:. British Wildlife Publishing. 6351:from the original on 2021-09-09 5268:Journal of Experimental Biology 5089:Dragonfly Flight Tricks the Eye 4227:Journal of Experimental Biology 3206:. Academic Press. p. 722. 1915:Mating pair of marsh skimmers, 409:when attacking prey or rivals. 7542:Home-stored product entomology 6415:Ackerman, Evan (1 June 2017). 4988:Tillyard, Robert John (1917). 3984:University of California Press 3779:"Dragonfly Spotted In Iceland" 3073:Monographie des caloptérygines 2206:creating and shedding vortices 1: 7625:Decline in insect populations 7218:List of insect-inspired songs 6572:The dictionary definition of 5935:. pp. 6N. Archived from 5635:Global Environmental Research 4692:10.1080/13887890.2005.9748242 4474:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.04.017 4150:Lawlor, Elizabeth P. (1999). 3935:"Introduction to the Odonata" 3251:10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00071-2 3070:Selys-Longchamps, E. (1854). 6201:Adams, Jill U. (July 2012). 5710:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.015 5675:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.039 5593:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.033 4905:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.006 4573:10.1371/journal.pone.0100408 3634:. Arkive.org. Archived from 2696:, they are sometimes called 2480:such as frogs, with complex 2386:Southern red-billed hornbill 1988:insects; they do not have a 1967:Nymph of emperor dragonfly, 832:many Synthemistidae genera, 485:"wing" because dragonflies' 6739:(jewelwings or demoiselles) 6460:Corbet, Phillip S. (1999). 6441:. Stackpole Books. p. 5499:. OUP Oxford. p. 176. 5433:Journal of Tropical Ecology 5028:"Chapter 1 — Fastest Flyer" 4918:Waldbauer, Gilbert (2006). 4830:Annual Review of Entomology 3503:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107115 2735:(1731–1785), known for his 28:Anisoptera (disambiguation) 7992: 7655:Pesticide toxicity to bees 7635:List of endangered insects 6840:(threadtails, bambootails) 6824:(white-legged damselflies) 6404:. Draper. 19 January 2017. 5315:(1): 42–44. Archived from 5026:Dean, T. J. (2003-05-01). 4991:The Biology of Dragonflies 4766:Bybee, Seth (1 May 2012). 4375:Cambridge University Press 4095:Italian Journal of Zoology 4008:Princeton University Press 3445:Dunkle, Sidney W. (2000). 3432:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.14 3341:Palaeontologia Electronica 3179:The Biology of Dragonflies 3153:A dictionary of entomology 3139:. Perseus Digital Library. 3120:. Perseus Digital Library. 2232: 1461:and some aeshnids such as 979:Distribution and diversity 25: 21:Dragonfly (disambiguation) 18: 7693: 6938: 6934: 6920: 6796:(closed wing damselflies) 6697: 6683: 6645: 6427:General and cited sources 5445:10.1017/S0266467409006087 5063:British Dragonfly Society 4665:Reinhardt, Klaus (2005). 4431:10.1007/s00265-014-1847-z 4108:10.1080/11250009309355839 3814:10.1134/s0013873813020048 3757:. Springer. p. 246. 3610:. JHU Press. p. 40. 3581:Bybee, Seth (May 2012) . 2980:-like "DragonflEye". The 2044:, and expanding its wings 1533:). Also, they have three 906: 889: 881: 864: 856: 828: 811: 803: 791: 766: 749: 733: 725: 717: 700: 683: 675: 649: 633: 625: 617: 478: 469: 235: 230: 141:Scientific classification 139: 128: 119: 37: 7620:Colony collapse disorder 7615:Bees and toxic chemicals 6433:Berger, Cynthia (2004). 5959:"1955 Douglas Dragonfly" 4928:Harvard University Press 4725:Harvard University Press 4000:Paulson, Dennis (2011). 3372:Evolution of the Insects 2906:In poetry and literature 2896:with a dragonfly, 1931: 2841:Woodcut on paper, after 2688:name for dragonflies is 2597:As a seasonal symbol in 2567:at Lahun, from the Late 2017:Antipodophlebia asthenes 1865:Onychogomphus forcipatus 1842:Libellula quadrimaculata 1789:Libellula quadrimaculata 416:, both in their aquatic 358:, with fewer species in 16:Predatory winged insects 7522:Insect bites and stings 7499:Drosophila melanogaster 7412:Biological pest control 6859:Lestoidea (superfamily) 6275:A Dazzle Of Dragonflies 5933:The Sun (Baltimore, MD) 5871:Baird, Merrily (2001). 5848:A Dazzle of Dragonflies 5815:Petrie Museum Catalogue 5690:Biological Conservation 5655:Biological Conservation 5573:Biological Conservation 5468:"Dragonfly Biology 101" 4885:Biological Conservation 4641:Trueman & Rowe 2009 4126:Encyclopedia of Insects 4089:Battin, Tom J. (1993). 3585:. University of Florida 3451:Oxford University Press 3407:In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 3306:10.1111/1475-4983.00157 3203:Encyclopedia of Insects 3137:A Greek-English Lexicon 3118:A Greek-English Lexicon 3082:10.5962/bhl.title.60461 3045:of "optical electrode". 2913:wrote in his 1901 book 2799:, Arizona, c. 1400–1625 2447:Pachydiplax longipennis 2355:Cordulegaster bidentata 1879:Pachydiplax longipennis 1404:Rhionaeschna multicolor 615: Anisoptera 489:are broader than their 7587:Rats, Lice and History 7089:(cruisers or skimmers) 7081:(skimmers or perchers) 7006:(clubtail dragonflies) 6903:(sylphs or malachites) 6498:Meister, Cari (2001). 5192:10.1098/rspb.2003.2622 5032:Book of Insect Records 4058:Miller, P. L. (1995). 3976:Needham, J.G. (1975). 2993:else that's manmade". 2965: 2791:Dragonfly symbol on a 2724:name for dragonfly is 2718:Southern United States 2692:("eye-poker"), and in 2519: 2493:Dragonflies and humans 2451: 2389: 2318: 2248: 2186: 2145: 2137:Sympetrum fonscolombii 2122: 2045: 1981: 1973: 1938: 1922: 1869: 1803: 1771: 1685: 1664:structural colouration 1655: 1595: 1553: 1552:Anatomy of a dragonfly 1497: 1397: 555:Meganeuropsis permiana 537: 516: 7572:Alfred Russel Wallace 7357:Entomological warfare 7208:Insects in literature 5961:. Motorcycle Classics 5097:10.1038/news030602-10 5036:University of Florida 3838:Dragonflies of Alaska 3401:Zhang, Z.-Q. (2011). 2972:A dragonfly has been 2915:A Japanese Miscellany 2514: 2443: 2384: 2314:Gomphus vulgatissimus 2310: 2242: 2233:Further information: 2222:southern giant darner 2178: 2133: 2110: 2026: 1979: 1966: 1936: 1914: 1862: 1785: 1769: 1696:endoplasmic reticulum 1677: 1654:in a dragonfly's eyes 1652:structural coloration 1647: 1583: 1551: 1493:Ischnura senegalensis 1486: 1386: 522: 504: 401:) and are similar in 380:structural coloration 7840:Fauna Europaea (new) 7527:Insect sting allergy 7321:Cicadas in mythology 6993:(hawkers or darners) 6590:at Wikimedia Commons 6525:Powell, Dan (1999). 5821:on 16 September 2017 5725:Conservation Biology 5612:. IWMI. p. 10. 5545:Moore, N.W. (1997). 4881:Somatochlora hineana 4727:. pp. 195–197. 4377:. pp. 378–379. 4345:, pp. 243, 272. 3802:Entomological Review 2974:genetically modified 2742:Calopteryx splendens 2641:Among the classical 2586:pottery, as well as 2134:Red-veined darters ( 2101:Somatochlora hineana 1458:Somatochlora arctica 509:dragonfly relative, 246:(hawkers or darners) 7630:Habitat destruction 7382:Insects in religion 7050:Neopetalia punctata 6763:(azure damselflies) 6713:(ancient greenling) 6087:, pp. 559–561. 5789:2007FrBio..52.1700H 5737:2010ConBi..24.1644H 5702:2011BCons.144.1638S 5667:2013BCons.157..245S 5585:2009BCons.142.1899K 5474:on 27 February 2015 5319:on 24 December 2019 5176:"Motion Camouflage" 5135:2003Natur.423..604M 4897:2006BCons.127..158F 4683:2005IJOdo...8...45R 4564:2014PLoSO...9j0408D 4509:2017Ecol...98.1724K 4218:(15 October 2004). 3751:Mani, M.S. (1968). 3730:2005ACMFE..15..573C 3683:1994FuEco...8..441P 3494:2021MolPE.16007115B 3409:Animal Biodiversity 3405:(von Siebold, 1848) 3403:"Phylum Arthropoda 3298:2000Palgy..43..967E 3243:2002Geobi..35..537H 2731:The watercolourist 2728:("sieve-knitter"). 2271:Temperature control 2253:Australian emperors 1921:, forming a "heart" 1918:Orthetrum luzonicum 1839:(black darter) and 1796:, the water violet 1678:Male green darner, 1600:terminal appendages 1479:General description 1448:Hemianax ephippiger 534:Solnhofen limestone 507:Upper Carboniferous 434:Upper Carboniferous 386:have nearly 24,000 7971:Insects in culture 7703:Insects portal 7675:Insects and humans 7203:Arthropods in film 7152:Human interactions 6880:Megapodagrionidae 6846:Pseudostigmatidae 6529:. Arlequin Press. 6209:(July–August 2012) 5985:Japan Encyclopedia 5777:Freshwater Biology 5281:10.1242/jeb.059394 4964:"Dragonfly Flight" 4807:10.1007/BF00631969 4772:Featured Creatures 4216:Torres, Rodolfo H. 4177:Aquatic Entomology 4010:. pp. 29–32. 3671:Functional Ecology 2925:(1644–1694) wrote 2865:Walters Art Museum 2669:, was bitten by a 2520: 2464:gregarine protozoa 2452: 2428:Pantala flavescens 2390: 2319: 2257:Hemianax papuensis 2249: 2187: 2146: 2123: 2083:Basiaeschna janata 2046: 1982: 1974: 1939: 1923: 1870: 1822:Stratiotes aloides 1804: 1799:Hottonia palustris 1772: 1686: 1656: 1596: 1554: 1498: 1416:Pantala flavescens 1398: 1390:Pantala flavescens 604:are sister to the 538: 517: 134:Sympetrum vulgatum 7943: 7942: 7718:Taxon identifiers 7709: 7708: 7598:Insect Literature 7555: 7554: 7454:Carmine/Cochineal 7407:Beneficial insect 7377:Insects in ethics 7326:Scarab (artifact) 7316:Bees in mythology 7225:Insects on stamps 7118: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7098: 7090: 7082: 7074: 7053: 7041: 7038:Cordulegastridae 7025:Cordulegastroidea 7015: 7007: 6994: 6974: 6960: 6959: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6891: 6883: 6870: 6849: 6841: 6833: 6825: 6817: 6809: 6798: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6740: 6714: 6586:Media related to 6536:978-1-900-15901-2 6517:978-1-57765-461-2 6490:978-0-9531399-4-1 6471:978-0-8014-2592-9 6452:978-0-8117-2971-0 6312:978-1-909496-24-8 6285:978-1-58544-459-5 6258:978-0-674-04477-7 6036:978-4-8163-2646-2 5916:. pp. E2:38. 5882:978-0-8478-2361-1 5857:978-1-58544-459-5 5619:978-92-9090-532-5 5506:978-0-19-155223-6 5387:, pp. 48–49. 5228:, pp. 44–46. 4962:Rowe, Richard J. 4857:, pp. 10–11. 4734:978-0-674-04619-1 4403:, pp. 32–34. 4384:978-0-521-20329-6 4333:, pp. 13–14. 4280:, pp. 26–35. 4240:10.1242/jeb.01240 4233:(22): 3999–4009. 4214:; Cole, Jeff A.; 4188:Insect Physiology 4163:978-0-8117-2731-0 4017:978-1-4008-3966-7 3876:978-81-315-0104-7 3851:978-1-57833-302-8 3764:978-90-6193-114-0 3617:978-0-8018-8446-7 3460:978-0-19-511268-9 3213:978-0-08-092090-0 3163:978-1-84593-542-9 2997:Explanatory notes 2858:Tiffany & Co. 2716:'s servant". The 2517:Oze National Park 2512: 2311:Common clubtail, 2265:motion camouflage 2245:motion camouflage 2243:The principle of 2235:Motion camouflage 2229:Motion camouflage 2200:like an aircraft 2179:Southern hawker, 2079:springtime darner 2032:Emperor dragonfly 1934: 1767: 1714:) and dropwings ( 1523:Petalura gigantea 1518:Aeshna interrupta 1464:Aeshna subarctica 1381: 1380: 975: 974: 966: 965: 957: 956: 948: 947: 939: 938: 930: 929: 921: 920: 845: 844: 780: 779: 664: 663: 528:, Late Jurassic ( 452:and the prose of 423:sperm competition 414:predatory insects 407:motion camouflage 360:temperate regions 340:belonging to the 330: 329: 269:Cordulegastroidea 226: 7983: 7936: 7935: 7923: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7900: 7899: 7897:NBNSYS0100009406 7887: 7886: 7874: 7873: 7861: 7860: 7848: 7847: 7835: 7834: 7822: 7821: 7809: 7808: 7796: 7795: 7783: 7782: 7773: 7772: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7713: 7701: 7700: 7577:Jean-Henri Fabre 7352:Cricket fighting 7347:Cockroach racing 7213:Insects in music 7174: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7122: 7096: 7088: 7080: 7072: 7047: 7039: 7013: 7005: 6999:Austropetaliidae 6992: 6979: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6952:Epiophlebioptera 6944:Epiophlebioptera 6940: 6936: 6922: 6902: 6889: 6881: 6868: 6847: 6839: 6831: 6823: 6822:Platycnemididae 6815: 6807: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6778: 6770: 6762: 6754: 6746: 6738: 6712: 6699: 6685: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6607: 6598:Data related to 6597: 6585: 6571: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6540: 6521: 6506:. ABDO. p. 6505: 6494: 6475: 6456: 6440: 6421: 6420: 6419:. IEEE Spectrum. 6412: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6341:"Down the River" 6337: 6331: 6330: 6324: 6316: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6097:Jones, Richard. 6094: 6088: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6016: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5843: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5783:(9): 1700–1709. 5771: 5765: 5764: 5731:(6): 1644–1653. 5720: 5714: 5713: 5696:(5): 1638–1643. 5685: 5679: 5678: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5579:(9): 1889–1905. 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5186:(1538): 477–81. 5171: 5165: 5164: 5146: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5055: 5044: 5043: 5042:on 20 July 2011. 5038:. Archived from 5023: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4959: 4946: 4945: 4925: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4763: 4754: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4694: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4575: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4517:10.1002/ecy.1781 4503:(6): 1724–1726. 4492: 4486: 4485: 4462:Animal Behaviour 4457: 4451: 4450: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4242: 4224: 4212:Prum, Richard O. 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4147: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4028: 4022: 4021: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3973: 3962: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3880: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3843: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3553: 3534: 3533: 3515: 3505: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3406: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3375: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3067: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3016: 3010: 3007: 2887: 2875: 2854: 2843:Kitagawa Utamaro 2838: 2808: 2788: 2772: 2655:Toyo-akitsushima 2513: 2394:American kestrel 2191:powered directly 2020:, hunt on land. 1984:Dragonflies are 1948:Sexual selection 1935: 1868:male in Bulgaria 1768: 1584:Migrant hawker, 1182:Cordulegastridae 1072:Austropetaliidae 994: 990: 986: 884: 859: 806: 794: 753:Cordulegastridae 728: 720: 678: 637:Austropetaliidae 628: 620: 612: 602:Austropetaliidae 481: 480: 472: 471: 412:Dragonflies are 279:Cordulegastridae 250:Austropetaliidae 221: 149: 148: 124: 114: 51: 41:Temporal range: 35: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7931: 7926: 7918: 7916: 7908: 7903: 7895: 7890: 7882: 7877: 7869: 7864: 7856: 7851: 7843: 7838: 7830: 7825: 7817: 7812: 7804: 7799: 7791: 7786: 7778: 7776: 7768: 7763: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7720: 7710: 7705: 7695: 7689: 7667: 7661: 7603: 7551: 7513: 7506: 7398: 7391: 7330: 7302: 7260: 7229: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7149: 7119: 7102: 7095:Synthemistidae 7057: 7033:Chlorogomphidae 7019: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6956: 6930: 6908: 6853: 6832:(shadowdamsels) 6830:Platystictidae 6806:Coenagrionidae 6795: 6793: 6792: 6790:Coenagrionoidea 6784: 6771:(gossamerwings) 6745:Chlorocyphidae 6737:Calopterygidae 6732:Amphipterygidae 6724:Calopterygoidea 6718: 6711:Hemiphlebiidae 6703:Hemiphlebioidea 6693: 6679: 6641: 6634: 6564: 6551: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6524: 6518: 6497: 6491: 6478: 6472: 6459: 6453: 6432: 6429: 6424: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6317: 6313: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6139:10.2307/3087894 6127:American Speech 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5942: 5940: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5845: 5844: 5835: 5824: 5822: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5376: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5217: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5144:10.1038/423604a 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5057: 5056: 5047: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4949: 4942: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4716: 4715: 4708: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4630: 4622: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4316: 4309: 4305: 4301:, pp. 8–9. 4297: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4222: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4149: 4148: 4139: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4018: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3961:, pp. 5–6. 3957: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3937:. UCMP Berkeley 3933: 3932: 3925: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3881: 3877: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3841: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3738:10.1002/aqc.741 3711: 3710: 3706: 3691:10.2307/2390067 3668: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3537: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3413: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3186:Meganeura monyi 3176: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2970: 2908: 2901: 2888: 2879: 2876: 2867: 2855: 2846: 2839: 2830: 2809: 2800: 2789: 2780: 2773: 2565:Flinders Petrie 2553: 2515:Dragonflies in 2502: 2500: 2495: 2438: 2379: 2370: 2305: 2293:obelisk posture 2273: 2237: 2231: 2218: 2210:angle of attack 2128: 2091: 1961: 1925: 1909: 1895:Plathemis lydia 1889:Tramea lacerata 1857: 1848:Libellula fulva 1836:Sympetrum danae 1757: 1744: 1739: 1642: 1481: 1156:Chlorogomphidae 988: 984: 981: 976: 967: 958: 949: 940: 931: 922: 846: 781: 770:Chlorogomphidae 665: 583:Middle Jurassic 512:Meganeura monyi 499: 462: 326: 305:(skimmers, etc) 299:(skimmers, etc) 274:Chlorogomphidae 220: 143: 132: 115: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 43: 42: 39: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7989: 7987: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7948: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7924: 7914: 7901: 7888: 7875: 7862: 7849: 7836: 7827:Fauna Europaea 7823: 7810: 7797: 7784: 7774: 7761: 7746: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7594:Lafcadio Hearn 7591: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7567:Jan Swammerdam 7563: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7493:Model organism 7490: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7367:Insect farming 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7270: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7251:Artificial fly 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7191: 7184:Insects in art 7180: 7178: 7171: 7160: 7159: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7084: 7076: 7067: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7046:Neopetaliidae 7043: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7009: 7001: 6996: 6987: 6985: 6976: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6932: 6931: 6925: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6896:Pseudolestidae 6893: 6885: 6877: 6872: 6863: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6838:Protoneuridae 6835: 6827: 6819: 6816:(narrow-wings) 6811: 6802: 6800: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6774: 6766: 6758: 6753:Dicteriadidae 6750: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6707: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6688: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6602:at Wikispecies 6591: 6579: 6563: 6562:External links 6560: 6559: 6558: 6548:. Tree of Life 6541: 6535: 6522: 6516: 6495: 6489: 6476: 6470: 6457: 6451: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6407: 6393: 6374: 6362: 6332: 6311: 6291: 6284: 6264: 6257: 6234: 6220: 6193: 6167: 6152: 6133:(1/2): 67–76. 6117: 6089: 6074: 6048: 6035: 6022:日本文化を英語で紹介する事典 6011: 6000: 5993: 5971: 5949: 5919: 5914:New York Times 5900: 5898:, p. 559. 5888: 5881: 5863: 5856: 5833: 5811:"Beads UC7549" 5802: 5766: 5715: 5680: 5644: 5625: 5618: 5598: 5563: 5534: 5512: 5505: 5485: 5458: 5439:(4): 347–358. 5423: 5411: 5389: 5374: 5354: 5330: 5295: 5274:(6): 903–913. 5254: 5242: 5230: 5215: 5166: 5109: 5091:. Nature.com. 5075: 5045: 5018: 5004:on 3 July 2017 4980: 4947: 4940: 4910: 4891:(2): 158–166. 4871: 4859: 4847: 4820: 4801:(4): 329–338. 4785: 4755: 4740: 4733: 4706: 4657: 4645: 4628: 4625:. p. 343. 4605: 4558:(7): e100408. 4538: 4487: 4468:(5): 833–845. 4452: 4425:(3): 347–355. 4405: 4390: 4383: 4359: 4357:, p. 246. 4347: 4335: 4314: 4303: 4282: 4270: 4203: 4201:, p. 102. 4191: 4180: 4169: 4162: 4137: 4114: 4101:(4): 353–360. 4081: 4050: 4023: 4016: 3989: 3963: 3948: 3923: 3896: 3875: 3857: 3850: 3827: 3808:(2): 160–173. 3792: 3770: 3763: 3743: 3724:(6): 573–581. 3704: 3677:(4): 441–449. 3661: 3649: 3623: 3616: 3596: 3573: 3566: 3535: 3466: 3459: 3437: 3393: 3386: 3360: 3327: 3292:(5): 967–977. 3272: 3237:(5): 537–560. 3219: 3212: 3192: 3169: 3162: 3142: 3123: 3104: 3087: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3034: 3025:Aeshna grandis 3011: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2969: 2966: 2956:Down the River 2911:Lafcadio Hearn 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2870: 2868: 2856: 2849: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2821:(described by 2818:Aeshna grandis 2810: 2803: 2801: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2747:Aeshna grandis 2643:names of Japan 2569:Middle Kingdom 2555:A blue-glazed 2552: 2549: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2437: 2434: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2304: 2301: 2272: 2269: 2230: 2227: 2217: 2214: 2189:The wings are 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2127: 2124: 2114:Aeshna grandis 2111:Brown hawker, 2090: 2087: 2037:Anax imperator 1986:hemimetabolous 1970:Anax imperator 1960: 1957: 1908: 1905: 1856: 1853: 1816:Aeshna viridis 1794:emergent plant 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1723:Aeshna grandis 1641: 1638: 1480: 1477: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353:Incertae sedis 1348: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326:Synthemistidae 1322: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 980: 977: 973: 972: 969: 968: 964: 963: 960: 959: 955: 954: 951: 950: 946: 945: 942: 941: 937: 936: 933: 932: 928: 927: 924: 923: 919: 918: 915: 914: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 895:" (emeralds) 888: 882: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 863: 857: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 843: 842: 839: 838: 834:incertae sedis 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 815:Synthemistidae 810: 804: 802: 792: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782: 778: 777: 774: 773: 765: 762: 761: 758: 757: 755:(goldenrings) 748: 745: 744: 741: 740: 732: 726: 724: 718: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 682: 676: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 662: 661: 658: 657: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 632: 626: 624: 618: 616: 610: 579:Early Jurassic 564:Protanisoptera 498: 495: 476:"unequal" and 461: 458: 438:Early Jurassic 328: 327: 322: 321: 320: 319: 318: 315:Synthemistidae 312: 306: 300: 289: 288: 287: 282: 276: 266: 265: 264: 258: 252: 247: 233: 232: 228: 227: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 137: 136: 130:Vagrant darter 126: 125: 117: 116: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 52: 40: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7988: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7664: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7650:Neonicotinoid 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7509: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335:Other aspects 7333: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7195:Musca depicta 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7085: 7083: 7079:Libellulidae 7077: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7063:Libelluloidea 7060: 7054: 7051: 7044: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6972:(dragonflies) 6967: 6963: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6888:Perilestidae 6886: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6869:(spreadwings) 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6814:Isostictidae 6812: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6779:(bannerwings) 6777:Polythoridae 6775: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6761:Diphlebiidae 6759: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6639: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6578:at Wiktionary 6577: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6388:The Spectator 6385: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6268: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6162:"Dragonflies" 6156: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6118: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6049: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6004: 6001: 5996: 5994:9780674017535 5990: 5986: 5982: 5981:"Akitsushima" 5975: 5972: 5960: 5953: 5950: 5939:on 2015-02-23 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5602: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5564: 5548: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5486: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5424: 5421:, p. 16. 5420: 5415: 5412: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5255: 5252:, p. 12. 5251: 5246: 5243: 5240:, p. 31. 5239: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5085:"Nature News" 5079: 5076: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5000: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4981: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4941:9780674022119 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4883:Williamson". 4882: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4753:, p. 39. 4752: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4355:Dijkstra 2006 4351: 4348: 4344: 4343:Dijkstra 2006 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331:Dijkstra 2006 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4299:Dijkstra 2006 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4278:Dijkstra 2006 4274: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4082: 4069: 4065: 4064:Odonatologica 4061: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3638:on 2015-04-09 3637: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3597: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3567:9780123850263 3563: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3410: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3387:9780521821490 3383: 3379: 3374: 3373: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286:Palaeontology 3283: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3052: 3044: 3041:Optrode is a 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968:In technology 2967: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2950:The novelist 2948: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2938:Lord Tennyson 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667:Emperor Jimmu 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2590:rock art and 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2573:ancient Egypt 2570: 2566: 2563:was found by 2562: 2558: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2526:In 1997, the 2524: 2518: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2448: 2444:Blue dasher, 2442: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2184: 2183: 2182:Aeshna cyanea 2177: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2143: 2142:mate guarding 2139: 2138: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1994:metamorphosis 1991: 1987: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1683: 1682: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1473:Arctic Circle 1471:, within the 1470: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1425:Mojave Desert 1421: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1209:Neopetaliidae 1207: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 992: 978: 971: 970: 962: 961: 953: 952: 944: 943: 935: 934: 926: 925: 917: 916: 913: 911: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 894: 886: 885: 879: 878: 875: 874: 871: 869: 861: 860: 854: 853: 850: 849: 841: 840: 837: 836: 835: 826: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817:(tigertails) 816: 808: 807: 800: 799:Libelluloidea 796: 795: 789: 788: 785: 784: 776: 775: 772: 771: 764: 763: 760: 759: 756: 754: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 737:Neopetaliidae 730: 729: 722: 721: 715: 714: 711: 710: 707: 705: 698: 697: 694: 693: 690: 689:(petaltails) 688: 680: 679: 673: 672: 669: 668: 660: 659: 656: 654: 647: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 630: 629: 622: 621: 614: 613: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 560:Early Permian 557: 556: 551: 550:Carboniferous 547: 543: 542:Meganisoptera 535: 531: 527: 526: 521: 514: 513: 508: 503: 496: 494: 492: 488: 484: 475: 467: 459: 457: 455: 451: 450:Lord Tennyson 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 384:compound eyes 381: 377: 373: 369: 368:compound eyes 365: 361: 357: 353: 350: 346: 343: 339: 338:flying insect 335: 325: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 294: 293: 292:Libelluloidea 290: 286: 285:Neopetaliidae 283: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 267: 262: 259: 256: 253: 251: 248: 245: 242: 241: 240: 237: 236: 234: 229: 224: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 50: 46: 36: 33: 29: 22: 7725: 7680:Insecticides 7597: 7585: 7582:Hans Zinsser 7547:Clothes moth 7497: 7308:In mythology 7241:Fishing bait 7193: 7097:(tigertails) 7087:Macromiidae 7071:Corduliidae 7049: 7040:(spiketails) 7012:Petaluridae 6965: 6901:Synlestidae 6890:(shortwings) 6875:Lestoideidae 6675:Odonatoptera 6673:Superorder: 6574: 6550:. Retrieved 6526: 6501: 6480: 6461: 6436: 6410: 6396: 6387: 6377: 6372:, p. 7. 6365: 6353:. Retrieved 6344: 6335: 6301: 6294: 6274: 6267: 6247: 6223: 6211:. Retrieved 6206: 6196: 6187: 6183: 6155: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6108:. Retrieved 6104:BBC Wildlife 6102: 6092: 6065:. Retrieved 6062:Tree of Life 6061: 6051: 6040:. Retrieved 6026: 6021: 6014: 6003: 5984: 5974: 5963:. Retrieved 5952: 5941:. Retrieved 5937:the original 5932: 5922: 5913: 5903: 5891: 5872: 5866: 5847: 5823:. Retrieved 5819:the original 5814: 5805: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5608: 5601: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5556:13 September 5554:. Retrieved 5525:. Retrieved 5515: 5495: 5488: 5476:. Retrieved 5472:the original 5466:Mead, Kurt. 5461: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5419:Meister 2001 5414: 5402:. Retrieved 5400:. BBC Nature 5392: 5366:. Retrieved 5357: 5346:. Retrieved 5342: 5333: 5321:. Retrieved 5317:the original 5312: 5308: 5298: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5129:(423): 604. 5126: 5122: 5112: 5100:. Retrieved 5088: 5078: 5066:. Retrieved 5040:the original 5031: 5021: 5013: 5006:. Retrieved 4999:the original 4990: 4983: 4971:. Retrieved 4968:Tree of Life 4967: 4921: 4913: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4869:, p. 9. 4862: 4850: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4776:. Retrieved 4771: 4719: 4677:(1): 45–58. 4674: 4670: 4660: 4648: 4618: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4369: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4306: 4273: 4230: 4226: 4206: 4194: 4183: 4172: 4152: 4125: 4117: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4072:. Retrieved 4067: 4063: 4053: 4039:(1): 43–73. 4036: 4032: 4026: 4002: 3978: 3939:. Retrieved 3912:(1–3): 1–8. 3909: 3905: 3899: 3866: 3860: 3837: 3830: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3783:. Retrieved 3773: 3753: 3746: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3659:, p. 9. 3652: 3640:. Retrieved 3636:the original 3626: 3606: 3599: 3587:. Retrieved 3576: 3557: 3485: 3479: 3469: 3446: 3440: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3396: 3371: 3363: 3354:10.26879/576 3344: 3340: 3330: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3202: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3152: 3145: 3136: 3126: 3117: 3107: 3097: 3090: 3072: 3065: 3037: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2971: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2935: 2931:Hori Bakusui 2926: 2923:Matsuo Bashō 2918: 2914: 2909: 2891: 2816: 2813:Moses Harris 2754: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2733:Moses Harris 2730: 2725: 2710:gwas-y-neidr 2709: 2704:, as in the 2697: 2689: 2675: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2625: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2577: 2554: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533:biodiversity 2525: 2521: 2498:Conservation 2471: 2453: 2445: 2426: 2423:Amur falcons 2391: 2371: 2359: 2353: 2343: 2320: 2312: 2289: 2284: 2281:green darner 2277:cold-blooded 2274: 2256: 2250: 2219: 2216:Flight speed 2195: 2188: 2180: 2159:out of phase 2147: 2135: 2119:out of phase 2112: 2099: 2092: 2082: 2075: 2047: 2035: 2015: 1983: 1968: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1916: 1907:Reproduction 1894: 1888: 1878: 1871: 1863: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1797: 1787: 1777: 1773: 1745: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1705:Brachythemis 1703: 1700: 1689: 1687: 1679: 1657: 1617: 1597: 1594:dragonflies. 1587:Aeshna mixta 1585: 1555: 1528: 1521: 1517: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1490:, like this 1462: 1456: 1446: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1422: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1388: 1351: 1265:Libellulidae 1016:Afrotropical 1011:Australasian 982: 910:Libellulidae 907: 890: 865: 831: 829: 812: 767: 750: 734: 706:(clubtails) 701: 684: 650: 634: 594:monophyletic 591: 572: 553: 539: 525:Mesurupetala 523: 510: 482: 473: 463: 442: 430:griffinflies 427: 411: 392: 344: 333: 331: 323: 317:(tigertails) 297:Libellulidae 281:(spiketails) 263:(petaltails) 217: 214:Infraorder: 133: 32: 7956:Dragonflies 7866:iNaturalist 7750:Wikispecies 7666:Categories, 7645:Insecticide 7476:Sericulture 7447:Royal jelly 7372:Flea circus 7362:Entomophagy 7296:Cantharidin 7291:Spanish fly 7266:In medicine 7246:Fly fishing 7177:In the arts 6882:(flatwings) 6769:Euphaeidae 6552:25 February 6502:Dragonflies 6437:Dragonflies 6370:Powell 1999 6355:9 September 6190:(2): 26–30. 6085:Corbet 1999 6067:27 February 5896:Corbet 1999 5661:: 245–254. 5527:27 February 5478:27 February 5404:26 February 5385:Berger 2004 5323:20 December 5250:Powell 1999 5238:Berger 2004 5226:Berger 2004 5102:January 16, 5068:28 February 5008:15 December 4973:26 February 4867:Berger 2004 4855:Berger 2004 4836:: 189–217. 4751:Berger 2004 4653:Berger 2004 4401:Berger 2004 4199:Powell 1999 4074:21 November 3959:Berger 2004 3941:24 February 3657:Powell 1999 3642:26 February 3589:26 February 3043:portmanteau 2990:solar panel 2952:H. 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