Dravidian peoples - Knowledge (XXG)

2836: 2290::18) Even though the innovative traits in Indic could be explained by multiple internal explanations, early Dravidian influence is the only explanation that can account for all of the innovations at once. Early Dravidian influence accounts for several of the innovative traits in Indic better than any internal explanation that has been proposed. According to Zvelebil, "several scholars have demonstrated that pre-Indo-Aryan and pre-Dravidian bilingualism in India provided conditions for the far-reaching influence of Dravidian on the Indo-Aryan tongues in the spheres of phonology, syntax and vocabulary." 1901:. In the 1990s, Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent, but more recently Heggerty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian language with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India. Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out." 4459:... More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ... 4034:... More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ... 2593: 2004:, hence people and language spread east and southwards after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the early second millennium BCE, some propose not long before the arrival of Indo-Aryan speakers, with whom they intensively interacted. Though some scholars have argued that the Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations from the Iranian plateau in the fourth or third millennium BCE or even earlier, reconstructed proto-Dravidian vocabulary suggests that the family is indigenous to India. 4501:... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ... 4223:... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ... 3945:... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ... 2067:(Copper Age) cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that the chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh, which "suggests moderate levels of gene flow". They further noted that "the direct lineal descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau", with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic 4659:, p. 44: "There are still remnant northern Dravidian languages including Brahui ... The most obvious explanation of this situation is that the Dravidian languages once occupied nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and it is the intrusion of Indo-Aryans that engulfed them in northern India leaving but a few isolated enclaves. This is further supported by the fact that Dravidian loan words begin to appear in Sanskrit literature from its very beginning." 2692: 3115:

fact, until the late 19th century most Kerala women did not wear any upper garments, or were forced to by law, and in many villages, especially in tribal communities, the sari is worn without the blouse. Unlike Indo-Aryan speakers, most Dravidian women do not cover their head with the pallu except in areas of North Karnataka. Due to the complexity of draping the sari, younger girls start with a skirt called a

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Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilisation, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium." Krishnamurti further states that South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time.

2090: 311: 220: 7049: 1831: 1965: 2205:(c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. The linguistic evidence for Dravidian impact grows stronger as we move from the Samhitas down through the later Vedic works and into the classical post-Vedic literature. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans. 2688:, now identified with Krishna and Balarama, who are all major deities in Hinduism today. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, which became more evident over time with sacred iconography, traditions, philosophy, flora and fauna that went on to influence and shape Indian civilisation. 2967: 2817: 3111:

occasions. Many villagers have only a lungi as their article of clothing. The dhoti is generally white in colour, and occasionally has a border of red, green or gold. Dhotis are usually made out of cotton for more everyday use, but the more expensive silk dhotis are used for special functions like festivals and weddings.

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in Malayalam. The lungi consists of a colourful checked cotton cloth. Many times these lungis are tube-shaped and tied around the waist, and can be easily tied above the knees for more strenuous activities. The lungi is usually everyday dress, used for doing labour while dhoti is used for more formal

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Traditional dress of Dravidian women is typical of most Indian women, that of the sari. This sari consists of a cloth wrapped around the waist and draped over the shoulder. Originally saris were worn bare, but during the Victorian era, women began wearing blouse (called a ravike) along with sari. In

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through "shift", that is, native Dravidian speakers learning and adopting Indic languages. According to Erdosy, the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Old Indo-Aryan is that the majority of early Old Indo-Aryan speakers had a Dravidian mother tongue which

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Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family". Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on a proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some

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Metspalu, Mait; Romero, Irene Gallego; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique

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Portuguese explorers like Vasco de Gama were motivated to expand mainly for the spice markets of Calicut (today called Kozhikode) in modern-day Kerala. This led to the establishment of a series of Portuguese colonies along the western coasts of Karnataka and Kerala, including Mangalore. During this

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The process of post-Harappan/Dravidian influences on southern India has tentatively been called "Dravidianization", and is reflected in the post-Harappan mixture of IVC and Ancient Ancestral South Indian people. Yet, according to Krishnamurti, Dravidian languages may have reached south India before

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Derenko: "The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo-European languages in southern Asia. It is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran, spread eastwards with the

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believe the fall of the Indus Valley Civilisation and eastward migration during the late Harappan period was due to climate change in the region, with a 200-year long drought being the major factor. The Indus Valley Civilisation seemed to slowly lose their urban cohesion, and their cities were

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originated in the Dravidian region. With the growing influence of Persian and Sufi music on Indian music, a clear distinction in style appeared from the 12th century onwards. Many literary works were composed in Carnatic style and it soon spread wide in the Dravidian regions. The most notable

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Genetically, the ancient Indus Valley people were composed of a primarily Iranian hunter-gatherers (or farmers) ancestry, with varying degrees of ancestry from local hunter-gatherer groups. The modern-day Dravidian-speakers display a similar genetic makeup, but also carry a small portion of

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language is not itself attested in the historical record. Its modern conception is based solely on reconstruction. It is suggested that the language was spoken in the 4th millennium BCE, and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE. According to Krishnamurti,

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Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark; Kim, Alexander M.; Olivieri, Luca M.; Coppa, Alfredo; Vidale, Massimo; Mallory, James (6 September 2019).

2788:. The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appears predominantly as a goddess. In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai. 1877:

Dravidian grammatical impact on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is considered far greater than the Indo-Aryan grammatical impact on Dravidian. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian

2589:, as well as sacred flora and fauna in Hinduism is recognised as a survival of the pre-Vedic Dravidian religion. Hinduism can be regarded as a religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, and other local elements. 2158:

agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish, "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book

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was also used to denote the geographical region of South India. Epigraphic evidence of an ethnic group termed as such is found in ancient India and Sri Lanka where a number of inscriptions have come to light datable from the 2nd century BCE mentioning

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or half-sari, which is composed of a skirt tied at the waist along with a cloth draped over a blouse. After adulthood girls begin using the sari. There are many different styles of sari draping varying across regions and communities. Examples are the

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and Dravidian occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis." Lockard: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many

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may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium BCE", after which it branched into various Dravidian languages. South Dravidian I (including

2710:, a king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance. The king was 'the representative of God on earth' and lived in a "koyil", which means the "residence of a god". The Modern Tamil word for temple is 4424:

Namita Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha P. Majumder (December 2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India",

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The cult of the mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one, and were typically associated with

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valley, is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation, whose inhabitants migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in

2027:, located in Northwestern India... but t is mere speculation that the Dravidians are the ensuing post–Indus Valley settlement of refugees into South and Central India." The most noteworthy scholar making such claims is 1838:

The Dravidian language family is one of the oldest in the world. Six languages are currently recognized by India as Classical languages and four of them are Dravidian languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.

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Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure",

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as being strong evidence for a proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation. The discovery in Tamil Nadu of a late Neolithic (early 2nd millennium BCE, i.e. post-dating Harappan decline) stone

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language as the most likely candidate for the underlying language. Knorozov's suggestion was preceded by the work of Henry Heras, who suggested several readings of signs based on a proto-Dravidian assumption.

1874:. There are three subgroups within the Dravidian language family: North Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and South Dravidian, matching for the most part the corresponding regions in the Indian subcontinent. 2988:. The theatrical culture flourished during the early Sangam age. Theatre-dance traditions have a long and varied history whose origins can be traced back almost two millennia to dance-theatre forms like 3090:

Dravidian speakers in southern India wear varied traditional costumes depending on their region, largely influenced by local customs and traditions. The most traditional dress for Dravidian men is the

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or grammatical) borrowing from Indo-Aryan, whereas Indo-Aryan shows more structural than lexical borrowings from the Dravidian languages. Many of these features are already present in the oldest known

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Malayalis are native to Kerala and Lakshadweep, but are also found in Puducherry and parts of Tamil Nadu. They are also found in large numbers in Middle East countries, the Americas and Australia.

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Chola-style temples consist almost invariably of the three following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were executed:

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Lockard: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of

2932:– to be used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests – dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience. 1008:, words such as "Damela", "Dameda", "Dhamila" and "Damila", which later evolved from "Tamila", could have been used to denote an ethnic identity. In the Sanskrit tradition, the word 2795:, had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about the 16th century. It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these 3197:, public duels to the death, to solve disputes between opposing rulers. Among some communities, young girls received preliminary training up until the onset of puberty. In 2191:

The Dravidian language influenced the Indo-Aryan languages. Dravidian languages show extensive lexical (vocabulary) borrowing, but only a few traits of structural (either

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time Portuguese Jesuit priests also arrived and converted a small number of people in modern Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to Catholicism, most notably the Paravars.

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Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system",

951:. Medieval South Indian guilds and trading organisations like the "Ayyavole of Karnataka and Manigramam" played an important role in the Southeast Asia trade, and the 5352:

Mudumby Narasimhachary (Ed) (1976). Āgamaprāmāṇya of Yāmunācārya, Issue 160 of Gaekwad's Oriental Series. Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

2835: 3968:, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications", 5060: 6540:

Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P.R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India",

4400:... together with the evidence of archaeology would seem to suggest that the original Dravidian-speakers entered India from Iran in the fourth millennium BC ... 978:

is often considered as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world. The temple is built in Dravidian style and occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m).

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migration into the subcontinent. According to Horen Tudu, "many academic researchers have attempted to connect the Dravidians with the remnants of the great

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in Sanskrit has been historically used to denote geographical regions of southern India as whole. Some theories concern the direction of derivation between

1931: 1041:(Confederacy of Tamil rulers) dated to 150 BCE. It also mentions that the league of Tamil kingdoms had been in existence for 113 years by that time. In 6025: 2909:, which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples. Gopuras are very common in Dravidian temples. 7005: 2047:

population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages.

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started which influenced all of India, with the populations of the north of the Indian subcontinent predominantly speaking the Indo-Aryan languages.

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Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2018), "The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia",

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played an important role in the southeast Asia trade. Traders and religious leaders travelled to southeast Asia and played an important role in the

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gradually abandoned during the late Harappan period, followed by eastward migrations before the Indo-Aryan migration into the Indian subcontinent.

4809: 4761:"Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics" 2585:, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. The worship of 6819: 4910: 3180:

was chosen for the conquest of the southern kingdoms due to his swordsmanship. In South India various types of martial arts are practised like

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have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout the Indian subcontinent before the

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Gallego Romero, Irene; et al. (2011), "Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence",

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Literary evidence of traditional form of theatre, dance and music dates back to the 3rd century BCE. Ancient literary works, such as the

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Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history",

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vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook:

3407: 971: 4699: 3815: 2891:, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. 2118:

stated that (one of) the language(s) may have been Dravidic. Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researchers

829:. There are around 250 million native speakers of Dravidian languages. Dravidian speakers form the majority of the population of 6267: 5005: 4310: 3512:

Dhangar Oraon people of Nepal speak Kurukh, also Kurux, Oraon or Uranw, as their native language. Which is a Dravidian language

2780:). In Dravidian-speaking South India, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple. 6908:

Indian Genome Variation Consortium (2008). "Genetic landscape of the people of India: A canvas for disease gene exploration".

2744:"conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. These elements were incorporated later into Hinduism like the legendary marriage of 505: 4488: 4387: 3545: 3260: 2586: 1988:

The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate". They are regarded as indigenous to the

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When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalaripayattu, a South Indian Martial Art

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is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India. In north India,

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allegedly marked with Indus signs has been considered by some to be significant for the Dravidian identification.

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Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages",

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Tillotson, G. H. R. (1997). Svastika Mansion: A Silpa-Sastra in the 1930s. South Asian Studies, 13(1), pp 87–97

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but a considerable population is also found in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Kerala.

916:) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time. 2114:

is sometimes identified as having been Dravidian. Already in 1924, when announcing the discovery of the IVC,

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in major centres, and the production of images on stone and bronze sculptures. The sculpture dating from the

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texts estimated to be in circulation by the 5th to 7th century AD, are guidebooks on the Dravidian style of

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Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture : Origins, Experiences, and Culture

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Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (6 September 2019).

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is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from the 6th century describing the design and construction of

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believe that the Indo-Aryans moved into an already Dravidian-speaking area after the oldest parts of the

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Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia",

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ballads, at least a few women warriors continued to practice and achieved a high degree of expertise.

6718: 6579: 6226: 6154: 3292: 3265: 3247: 2282: 1947: 898: 472: 6834: 4918: 6910: 6383:(1965). "Характеристика протоиндийского языка" [Characteristics of Proto-Indian language]. 5929: 4869: 4174: 4000: 3868: 3524: 3242: 2985: 2953: 2945: 2785: 2761: 2613: 2557: 2335: 2331: 2196: 2150: 2131: 2111: 1989: 1935: 1825: 987: 826: 663: 500: 383: 248: 4890:"A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery" 2640:

and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to the Indus Valley Civilisation. The

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vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships",

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A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery

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The third century BCE onwards saw the development of many great empires in South India like

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Oraon people of Bhutan speak Kurukh as their native language. Which is a Dravidian language

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in origin and have been dated either as post-Vedic texts or as pre-Vedic compositions. The

6845: 6342: 4896: 4703: 3307: 3030: 2949: 2467: 2379: 2371: 2339: 2323: 2303: 1997: 1955: 1939: 1909: 1882:. There are also hundreds of Dravidian loanwords in Indo-Aryan languages, and vice versa. 1871: 1859: 1843: 1746: 1092: 913: 729: 423: 408: 403: 393: 373: 71: 4167: 2863: 7029: 6722: 6230: 6158: 4696: 4669: 4169:

Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order

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The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography

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p.234, Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad

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ancestry and may also have additional contributions from local hunter-gatherer groups.

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According to Thomason and Kaufman, there is strong evidence that Dravidian influenced

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in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on the usage of the Sanskrit word

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Nagalingam, Pathmarajah (2009). The Religion of the Agamas. Siddhanta Publications.

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Tuluvas are found in coastal Karnataka and Northern Kerala (Kasaragodu district) in

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empire. He formulated the basic structure of Carnatic music and is regarded as the

3034: 2997: 2824: 2485: 2463: 2395: 2299: 2208:

According to Mallory there are an estimated thirty to forty Dravidian loanwords in

2146: 2127: 2064: 2028: 1993: 1981: 1638: 1506: 1472: 1372: 1363:

Gondi belong to the central Dravidian subgroup. They are spread over the states of

1352: 1309: 882: 759: 705: 700: 675: 623: 281: 157: 6051: 3846: 2314:

The third century BCE onwards saw the development of large Dravidian empires like

6773: 6422: 6298: 6239: 5597: 5396: 4683: 4472: 4381: 4065: 3980: 3978: 6320: 3217: 3169: 3151: 3119:. When they get older, around the age when puberty begins, they transition to a 2605: 2478: 2470: 2427: 2136: 2119: 2055: 1770: 1742: 1670: 1368: 1273: 1265: 1210: 948: 890: 842: 830: 653: 583: 60: 6891:

The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity

6553: 6507: 6217:

Derenko, Miroslava (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians",

5326: 5078: 4777: 4345: 4111:

Ancient India: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200

3753:"A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix" 1889:, the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from 6923: 6648: 5018: 4323: 3209: 3121: 3046: 3009: 2796: 2792: 2447: 2415: 2355: 2089: 2060: 1782: 1730: 1610: 1590: 1542: 1428: 1321: 1245: 1194: 1178: 975: 936: 846: 822: 594: 52: 6738: 6515: 5662: 5640:

Tamil oratory and the Dravidian aesthetic: democratic practice in south India

5448: 4786: 4587: 3485: 6609: 6281: 6167: 5849:(1983). "Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples". 5832: 5525: 5398:

A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English

4579: 3493: 3163: 3053: 3014: 2971: 2707: 2699: 2192: 1806: 1758: 1734: 1718: 1674: 1658: 1642: 1626: 1618: 1558: 1546: 1510: 1440: 1380: 1297: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1182: 1170: 1034: 963: 894: 870: 866: 862: 589: 142: 116: 112: 64: 6931: 6756: 6656: 6627: 6571: 6533: 6365: 6332: 6290: 6258: 6186: 5998: 5276:

The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

4966:

The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

4605: 4446: 4021: 3049:

is another notable Carnatic musician who was Purandaradasa's contemporary.

2724:). Ritual worship was also given to kings. Modern words for god like "kō" ( 2050:

Asko Parpola, who regards the Harappans to have been Dravidian, notes that

1830: 310: 219: 6136: 3890: 3399: 2237: 1964: 1147: 1139: 1131: 1123: 1115: 1108: 1097: 1010: 994: 122: 6765:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

6207:

The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE

3225: 3185: 3177: 3159: 3155: 2879: 2828: 2820: 2622:

the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent

2573: 2535: 2531: 2519: 2474: 2275: 2209: 2068: 2051: 2040: 1959: 1694: 1686: 1666: 1344: 1269: 1186: 1070: 967: 944: 940: 874: 838: 638: 564: 549: 539: 273: 261: 6730: 4877:

Harappan language ... prevailing theory indicates Dravidian origins

3389: 3176:

claimed that southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general and

2885:

chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of

2579:

chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of

1765:

countries. Telugu is the fastest growing language in the United States.

17: 5870: 4438: 4013: 3213: 3205: 3173: 3127: 2966: 2816: 2749: 2685: 2681: 2633: 2617: 2597: 2549: 2527: 2484:

Around this time, Dravidians encountered Muslim traders, and the first

2201: 1790: 1702: 1662: 1233: 1162: 1005: 932: 886: 544: 285: 269: 5782:Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils 3326:

movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent."

2791:

Among the early Dravidians, the practice of erecting memorial stones,

2446:

Medieval Tamil guilds and trading organisations like the Ayyavole and

6406:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3551:

Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems

3052:

Each of the major Dravidian languages has its own film industry like

2657: 2351: 2044: 1762: 1754: 1738: 1682: 1678: 1650: 1622: 1598: 1586: 1518: 1514: 1487: 1464: 1420: 1408: 1392: 1325: 1301: 1206: 1174: 1073: 920: 878: 858: 680: 658: 648: 6193:

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994),

5862: 2996:, which are mentioned in an ancient anthology of poems entitled the 2212:. Some of those for which Dravidian etymologies are certain include 1525:

speak Kurukh, also Kurux, Oraon or Uranw, as their native language.

6584: 6385:

Predvaritel'noe soobshchenie ob issledovanii protoindiyskikh textov

3469: 2924:

Besides these, a south Indian temple usually has a tank called the

2149:

script and suggested, based on computer analysis, an agglutinative

6699:

The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Arians and the Indus Civilization

3759:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 3193: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3068:(Malayalam). Kollywood and Tollywood produce most films in India. 2965: 2887: 2871: 2834: 2815: 2757: 2745: 2690: 2673: 2665: 2637: 2629: 2581: 2561: 2419: 2088: 1963: 1894: 1829: 1810: 1802: 1722: 1522: 1444: 1400: 1388: 928: 924: 854: 834: 277: 6874:. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. 6820:"Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state" 6394:] (in Russian). Moscow: Institute of Ethnography of the USSR. 3614: 3612: 6388:Предварительное сообщение об исследовании протоиндийских текстов 6303:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

5401:(New and Revised ed.). State University of New York Press. 4760: 4719: 4717: 4715: 3342:

The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia

3081: 2839:

Typical layout of Dravidian temple architecture, 9th century A.D

2712: 1898: 1890: 1749:

and are also widespread throughout many countries including the

1654: 6470:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth

5947:(3rd ed.). New Delhi: Low Price Publications. p. 309. 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 1137:; such linguists as Zvelebil assert that the direction is from 6594:"The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia" 4564:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 2902:, which always cover and precede the door leading to the cell. 5767:

Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100

4845:

most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously

3584: 3582: 3333:

Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins

2000:. Their origins are often viewed as being connected with the 5797:

Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2,

5188: 5186: 5184: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5042:"How climate change ended world's first great civilisations" 3688:

The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka

1637:

and are also widespread throughout many countries including

165: 3984: 3250:(dedicated to research and learning of Dravidian languages) 7031:

Dravidian language family is approximately 4,500 years old

5061:"Climate change caused Indus Valley civilization collapse" 4998: 4996: 2043:

has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a

5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 4245: 4243: 6956:

Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics

5205: 5203: 5201: 4868:. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. Archived from 3635:

The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400

2854:

design, construction, sculpture and joinery technique.

2632:

was also seen as the supreme God. Early iconography of

2462:

induced the development of many native scripts such as

5991:

Fine Arts and Crafts in Pattu-p-pāṭṭu and Eṭṭu-t-tokai

5729:. Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu. p. 75. 5171: 5169: 5167: 4279: 4277: 4044: 4042: 2071:, south of Mehrgarh, than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh. 7037: 5793: 5791: 5434: 5432: 2031:, who did extensive research on the IVC-scripts. The 5327:

Dravidian languages – Britannica Online Encyclopedia

3045:, "father" or the "grandfather") of Carnatic Music. 1697:, as are the other three major Dravidian languages. 5006:"200-Year Drought Doomed Indus Valley Civilization" 4829:"Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley" 4619: 4617: 4615: 4311:"200-Year Drought Doomed Indus Valley Civilization" 4059: 4057: 3698: 3696: 2775: 254: 242: 229: 141: 129: 111: 93: 83: 70: 46: 41: 6467: 5956: 5954: 5680: 5004: 4309: 4165:Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005) . 4090: 4088: 3970:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3599: 3597: 2110:(2,600–1,900 BCE) located in the northwest of the 6065: 6063: 6061: 5348: 5346: 5091: 4548: 4295: 2454:of the region. Locally developed scripts such as 1842:The most commonly spoken Dravidian languages are 162:Distribution of subgroups of Dravidian languages: 6392:A Preliminary Report on the Study of Proto Texts 6327:. Bombay: Indian Historical Research Institute. 6101:A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages 5655:Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature 5371:. Global Vision Publishing House. pp. 54–. 5368:Psycho-Religious Studies Of Man, Mind And Nature 4810:"Pot route could have linked Indus & Vaigai" 2616:shed light on early ancient Dravidian religion. 5314: 5302: 4759:Ansumali Mukhopadhyay, Bahata (3 August 2021). 3956:David McAlpin, "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian", 3130:, specific to Tamil Brahmin Community, and the 3004:are based on older temple dance forms known as 2556:form of religion which may have influenced the 1992:, but may have deeper pre-Neolithic roots from 5744:. Vol. 5. Sahitya Akademi. p. 4396. 5360: 5358: 4723: 4173:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University. p. 3629: 3627: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2231: 2222: 2213: 1505:Kurukh are spread over parts of the states of 5938: 5936: 5390: 5388: 4765:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 3604:History and Archaeology, Volume 1, Issues 1–2 3228:remain strong among Dravidian ethnic groups. 2680:(coasts and seas). Other gods mentioned were 2548:Ancient Dravidian religion constituted of an 2015:Although in modern times speakers of various 786: 8: 6958:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5516:Bongard-Levin, Grigorii Maksimovich (1985). 5103: 4536: 4512: 4474:Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent 4201:Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent 4066:"South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages" 3923:Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent 3907: 3618: 3588: 3338:Language families and the spread of farming. 1161:The largest Dravidian ethnic groups are the 212: 6325:Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture 6026:"Tamil leads as India tops film production" 5158: 2769: 2739: 2733: 2564:texts which post-date the Vedic texts. The 6797:, in Carole Elizabeth Boyce Davies (ed.), 6448:. Vol. I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. 5945:History of Indian and Eastern Architecture 5918:. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society of Bengal. 4386:, vol. 10, Academy of Tamil Culture, 4144:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. 3360: 3358: 3356: 3346:* Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza (1994), 2652:had an associated deity such as Seyyon in 1215: 793: 779: 292: 218: 211: 6746: 6617: 6583: 6561: 6523: 6355: 6280: 6248: 6238: 6176: 6166: 5888:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 121–125. 5543:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45. 4776: 4595: 3985:Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi & Piazza 1994 3891:"Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America" 3780:"Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010" 3778:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). 3725: 3723: 2827:bronze has become notable as a symbol of 2054:(7000–2500 BCE), to the west of the 6195:The History and Geography of Human Genes 5723:Manickam, Valliappa Subramaniam (1968). 5657:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 17. 5539:Steven Rosen, Graham M. Schweig (2006). 5487:The Making of India: A Historical Survey 5272:"Linguistic Substrata in Sanskrit Texts" 5254: 4939: 4866:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 4624:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (8 July 2015). 4411: 4359:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (8 July 2015). 4234: 4068:, in Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.), 4064:Heggarty, Paul; Renfrew, Collin (2014), 3714: 3702: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3348:The History and Geography of Human Genes 2620:(also known as Seyyon) was glorified as 2591: 912:) and South Dravidian II (including pre- 865:. Dravidian peoples are also present in 7044: 6074:. Oxford University Press. p. 95. 5683:Encyclopedia of Asian history: Volume 1 5441:Kārttikeya in Indian art and literature 5423:The Modern review: Volume 28; Volume 28 5141: 5122: 4988: 4656: 4283: 4249: 4048: 3789:. John Wiley & Sons. Archived from 3434:; Steever, Sanford B. (15 April 2015). 3380: 3318: 2166:Decline, migration and Dravidianization 2097:seal from the Indus Valley Civilization 1897:), located in present-day southwestern 1272:, with smaller numbers in southwestern 1227: 1049:there is an inscription referring to a 300: 6872:Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction 6542:The American Journal of Human Genetics 6496:The American Journal of Human Genetics 6205:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), 5742:The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature 5583:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess 5553: 5337: 5209: 5192: 5175: 4268: 3394:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1. 2287: 2270:"threshing floor". While J. Bloch and 2145:surmised that the symbols represent a 1976:made in approximately 2500 BCE in the 38: 6099:Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (2003). 5993:. Annamalai University. p. 162. 5226:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 5222:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (1997). 4951: 4911:"Significance of Mayiladuthurai find" 4524: 2764:as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", ( 2644:was classified into five categories, 2182:Dravidian and Indo-Aryan interactions 958:Dravidian visual art is dominated by 92: 7: 6445:Societies, Networks, and Transitions 5059:Sinha, Kounteya (28 February 2014). 4644: 4094: 988:Dravidian languages § Etymology 6827:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 5966:Indian Music: History and Structure 5425:. Prabasi Press Private, Ltd. 1920. 4736:Mahadevan, Iravatham (6 May 2006). 3867:. Friends of Telugu. Archived from 1885:According to David McAlpin and his 5912:The Brhat Sanhita of Varaha-mihara 5710:Ideology, caste, class, and gender 4670:"Stone age man used dentist drill" 3470:"Language situation in Bangladesh" 1809:was proposed to represent them in 1729:), but are also found in parts of 1399:was proposed to represent them in 966:has become notable as a symbol of 25: 6013:Roles and rituals for Hindu women 5585:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 6. 4909:Subramanian, T. S. (1 May 2006). 4684:"Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh" 4491:from the original on 9 April 2023 4390:from the original on 9 April 2023 4380:Tamil Literature Society (1963), 3731:"Census 2011: Languages by state" 1621:, but are also found in parts of 27:South Asian ethnolinguistic group 7047: 6301:. In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). 5520:. Arnold-Heinemann. p. 45. 5230:. Taylor & Francis. p. 5029:– via Scientific American. 4334:– via Scientific American. 3865:"Telugu People around the world" 2702:, tutelary deity of Madurai city 2604:Ancient Tamil grammatical works 1264:Brahuis are mostly found in the 992:The origin of the Sanskrit word 309: 224:Dravidian speakers in South Asia 156: 6268:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5886:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 5568:Plants of life, plants of death 3847:"History of the Tamil Diaspora" 1343:Giraavaru people were found in 5827:. Trivandrum Sanskrit Series. 4808:Saju, M. T. (5 October 2018). 4072:, Cambridge University Press, 4070:The Cambridge World Prehistory 3012:and a class of women known as 2878:are a collection of Tamil and 2756:, a god who later merged into 2626:the favoured god of the Tamils 2496:European contact (1500 onward) 1928:History of Dravidian languages 770:Portal:Dravidian civilizations 506:History of Dravidian languages 1: 6357:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3 6070:Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1998). 5708:Thiruchandran, Selvy (1997). 5566:Frederick J. Simoons (1998). 5468:. harappa.com. Archived from 5462:Mahadevan, Iravatham (2006). 5080:The Dravidianization of India 5003:Marris, Emma (3 March 2014). 4682:UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. 4433:(3), Springer India: 125–35, 4347:The Dravidianization of India 4308:Marris, Emma (3 March 2014). 3822:. August 2008. Archived from 3468:Razaul Karim Faquire (2010). 3261:Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh 1745:. Further, they have a large 1633:, although they have a large 1069:(Tamil house-holder). In the 6767:, Cambridge University Press 6676:Deciphering the Indus script 6240:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 5989:Vaittiyaliṅkan̲, Ce (1977). 5642:. Columbia University Press. 5443:. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. 5040:Keys, David (2 March 2014). 3966:Aryan and Non-Aryan in India 3474:The Dhaka University Studies 3191:In ancient times there were 2760:. Tolkappiyar refers to the 2748:to Queen Mīnātchi who ruled 2612:, and the eight anthologies 2600:, father of Tamil literature 2442:Medieval trade and influence 2160:Deciphering the Indus Script 2085:Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit 960:stylised temple architecture 348:Ancient history of Sri Lanka 6987:Where Did Indians Come from 6772:Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). 6424:India's Agony Over Religion 5581:Harman, William P. (1992). 5518:Ancient Indian Civilization 5315:Thomason & Kaufman 1988 5303:Thomason & Kaufman 1988 4888:Subramanium 2006; see also 3388:Steever, S.B., ed. (2019). 3106:in Kannada and Telugu, and 2806:Architecture and visual art 2776: 2238: 1148: 1140: 1132: 1124: 1116: 1109: 1098: 1011: 995: 974:located in Indian state of 76:One of the world's primary 7091: 6680:Cambridge University Press 6554:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006 6508:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010 6442:Lockard, Craig A. (2007). 6297:Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007) . 6211:Cambridge University Press 6199:Princeton University Press 5943:Fergusson, James (1997) . 5825:Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati 5623:Chopra, Pran Nath (1979). 4778:10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w 4724:Coningham & Young 2015 3648:"Tiruvarangam Divya Desam" 3556:Cambridge University Press 3440:. Routledge. p. 388. 3141: 3075: 3029:who lived in the court of 2939: 2856:Isanasivagurudeva paddhati 2809: 2799:to bless them with victory 2738:"emperor") and "āṇḍavar" ( 2513: 2354:and smaller kingdoms like 2286:they gradually abandoned. 2078: 1925: 1887:Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis 1823: 1463:Kodavas are native to the 985: 972:Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple 901:through recent migration. 833:and are natively found in 32:Dravidian (disambiguation) 29: 7034:, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 7026:, Encyclopædia Britannica 7020:Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, 6924:10.1007/s12041-008-0002-x 6833:(4): 1–26, archived from 6801:, ABC-CLIO, p. 400, 6763:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), 6649:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4 6124:The Wonder That was India 5823:Sastri, Ganapati (1920). 5653:Kiruṭṭin̲an̲, A. (2000). 5019:10.1038/nature.2014.14800 4324:10.1038/nature.2014.14800 4198:Kumar, Dhavendra (2004). 4140:Masica, Colin P. (1989). 3920:Kumar, Dhavendra (2004). 3276:Dance forms of Tamil Nadu 2770: 2740: 2734: 2729: 2721: 2544:Indus Valley Civilization 2263: 2254: 2245: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2108:Indus Valley civilisation 2081:Indus valley civilisation 2075:Indus Valley Civilization 2025:Indus Valley civilisation 2002:Indus Valley civilisation 1978:Indus Valley civilisation 1893:(not to be confused with 1617:and northern and eastern 1439:Kannadigas are native to 1061:. A third inscription in 516:Elamo-Dravidian languages 324:Indus Valley Civilisation 259: 247: 234: 217: 155: 72:Linguistic classification 6775:Tribal Roots Of Hinduism 6400:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju 6387: 6127:(3rd ed.). London: 5884:Elgood, Heather (2000). 5780:Subramanium, N. (1980). 5599:Splendours of Tamil Nadu 5596:Anand, Mulk Raj (1980). 5395:Grimes, John A. (1996). 4895:4 September 2006 at the 4738:"Stone celts in Harappa" 4471:Dhavendra Kumar (2004), 4142:The Indo-Aryan Languages 3816:"World Tamil Population" 3667:Harvard University Press 3508:"Dhangar Oraon in Nepal" 2936:Theatre, dance and music 2102:Dravidian identification 1996:, specifically from the 1751:United States of America 1647:United States of America 1416:1,627,486 (2011 census) 1413:South-Central Dravidian 1286:South-Central Dravidian 735:Tulu Nadu state movement 511:Proto-Dravidian language 327:Keezhadi excavation site 6985:Akhilesh Pillalamarri, 6889:Erdosy, George (1995). 6703:Oxford University Press 6610:10.1126/science.aat7487 6421:Larson, Gerald (1995). 6404:The Dravidian Languages 6168:10.1073/pnas.1513197113 5726:A glimpse of Tamilology 5491:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 5439:Sinha, Kanchan (1979). 5365:Tripath, S. M. (2001). 5280:Oxford University Press 4968:. Oxford. p. 183. 4857:Cole, Jennifer (2006). 4702:18 January 2017 at the 4631:Encyclopædia Britannica 4580:10.1126/science.aat7487 4366:Encyclopædia Britannica 4204:. Springer. p. 6. 3926:. Springer. p. 6. 3633:Angela Schottenhammer, 3437:The Dravidian Languages 3391:The Dravidian languages 3340:In: Harris DR, editor, 3138:Martial arts and sports 2958:Music of Andhra Pradesh 2698:, dedicated to Goddess 2516:Dravidian folk religion 2278:were already composed. 2178:Indo-Aryan migrations. 1960:Mehrgarh § Origins 1834:Dravidian language tree 1087:While the English word 1027:Hathigumpha inscription 730:Kannada language rights 535:Dravidian folk religion 266:Dravidian folk religion 7010:, on Narasimhan (2018) 6893:. Berlin: de Gruyter. 6697:Parpola, Asko (2015), 6129:Sidgwick & Jackson 5909:Kern, H., ed. (1865). 5677:Embree, Ainslie Thomas 5638:Bate, Bernard (2009). 5625:History of South India 5092:Narasimhan et al. 2018 4964:Bryant, Edwin (2003). 4899:by I. Mahadevan (2006) 4864:. In Brown, K. (ed.). 4695:Hirst, K. Kris. 2005. 4549:Narasimhan et al. 2019 4296:Narasimhan et al. 2018 4107:Avari, Burjor (2007). 3281:Folk arts of Karnataka 3000:. Dance forms such as 2975: 2840: 2832: 2812:Dravidian Architecture 2703: 2696:Meenakshi Amman temple 2608:, the ten anthologies 2601: 2452:cultural Indianisation 2199:, the language of the 2098: 1985: 1835: 1713:Telugus are native to 1541:Kurumbar are found in 1502:3.6 million (approx.) 1317:203,382 (2011 census) 1292:Chenchus are found in 1241:133,500 (2011 census) 1091:was first employed by 1080:there is a mention to 953:cultural Indianisation 819:ethnolinguistic groups 817:, are a collection of 478:Dravidian architecture 468:Dravidian civilization 343:History of South India 6850:Philosophies of India 6282:10.1093/molbev/msr190 6103:. Otto Harrassowitz. 5784:. Ennes Publications. 5769:. Anmol Publications. 5765:Shashi, S.S. (1996). 5602:. Marg Publications. 5483:Ranbir Vohra (2000). 4859:"The Sindhi language" 4626:"Dravidian languages" 4361:"Dravidian languages" 4271:, p. 54 note 15. 4115:. Routledge. p. 3972:vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981) 3400:10.4324/9781315722580 3094:, or the more formal 3025:Carnatic musician is 2969: 2962:Cinema of South India 2838: 2819: 2694: 2595: 2298:With the rise of the 2092: 2010:Western Steppe Herder 1967: 1833: 1609:Tamils are native to 1360:13 million (approx.) 1340:0 < 100 (Extinct) 1244:Badagas are found in 750:Dravidian nationalism 6948:Thomason, Sarah Grey 6793:Tudu, Horen (2008), 6778:. Sarup & Sons. 5472:on 4 September 2006. 4748:on 4 September 2006. 4708:Guide to Archaeology 3962:Current Anthropology 3845:Sivasupramaniam, V. 3826:on 30 September 2015 3733:. Censusindia.gov.in 3293:Proto-Indo-Europeans 3266:Culture of Telangana 3248:Dravidian University 1940:Neolithic revolution 1798:2 million (approx.) 1778:2,002 (2011 census) 1585:Paniya are found in 1419:Khonds are found in 1057:seems to refer to a 899:United Arab Emirates 473:South Indian culture 30:For other uses, see 7023:Dravidian languages 6911:Journal of Genetics 6731:10.1038/nature08365 6723:2009Natur.461..489R 6231:2013PLoSO...880673D 6159:2016PNAS..113.1594B 5962:Nijenhuis, Emmie te 5847:Meister, Michael W. 5740:Lal, Mohan (2006). 5712:. Vikas Pub. House. 5317:, pp. 141–144. 5282:. pp. 76–107. 5195:, pp. 218–219. 4875:on 6 January 2007. 4513:Krishnamurti (2003) 4427:Journal of Genetics 4001:Journal of Genetics 3987:, pp. 221–222. 3871:on 25 February 2013 3243:Dravidian languages 2954:Music of Tamil Nadu 2946:Ancient Tamil music 2793:Natukal and Viragal 2762:Three Crowned Kings 2197:Indo-Aryan language 2187:Dravidian substrate 2171:Paleoclimatologists 2132:Iravatham Mahadevan 2112:Indian subcontinent 2017:Dravidian languages 1990:Indian subcontinent 1952:Origins of Mehrgahr 1826:Dravidian languages 1781:Todas are found in 1320:Irula are found in 827:Dravidian languages 501:Dravidian languages 356:Dravidian dynasties 304:culture and history 296:Part of a series on 249:Dravidian languages 214: 187: South-Central 7075:Pre-Indo-Europeans 6852:. Pantheon Books. 6604:(6457): eaat7487. 6052:"Mahabharata Text" 6032:. 22 December 2013 6030:The Times of India 5541:Essential Hinduism 5065:The Times of India 4814:The Times of India 4574:(6457): eaat7487. 4439:10.1007/BF02717908 4014:10.1007/BF02717908 3897:. 21 October 2018. 3796:on 20 October 2013 3757:censusindia.gov.in 3621:, p. 501-502. 3336:* Renfrew (1996), 3331:* Renfrew (1987), 3329:Derenko refers to: 3303:Indo-Aryan peoples 3008:, as practised by 2976: 2841: 2833: 2704: 2602: 2099: 1986: 1936:Dravidian homeland 1836: 1707:Central Dravidian 1517:. Oraon people of 1477:Central Dravidian 1460:160,000 (approx.) 1357:Central Dravidian 1039:T(ra)mira samghata 811:Dravidian-speakers 740:Telugu Desam Party 7070:Dravidian peoples 6965:978-0-520-05789-0 6952:Kaufman, Terrence 6900:978-3-11-014447-5 6881:978-81-85452-01-2 6785:978-81-7625-299-7 6717:(7263): 489–494, 6689:978-0-521-43079-1 6485:978-0-500-05052-1 6476:Thames and Hudson 6455:978-0-618-38612-3 6434:978-0-7914-2411-7 6413:978-0-521-77111-5 6381:Knorozov, Yuri V. 6350:(22): 1331–1334, 6312:978-0-7007-1762-0 6110:978-3-447-04455-4 6081:978-0-19-563940-7 5975:978-90-04-03978-0 5968:, Leiden: Brill, 5408:978-0-7914-3068-2 5378:978-81-87746-04-1 5289:978-0-19-513777-4 5104:Krishnamurti 2003 4975:978-0-19-516947-8 4537:Reich et al. 2009 4211:978-1-4020-1215-0 4184:978-0-521-84316-4 4151:978-0-521-29944-2 4126:978-1-134-25162-9 3933:978-1-4020-1215-0 3908:Krishnamurti 2003 3619:Krishnamurti 2003 3589:Krishnamurti 2003 3565:978-0-521-77939-5 3548:(26 April 2001). 3525:"ORAON OF BHUTAN" 3447:978-1-136-91164-4 3432:Louis, Rosenblatt 3199:vadakkan pattukal 3132:Mundum Neriyathum 2732:"king"), "iṟai" ( 2505:Dravidian culture 2352:Kingdom of Mysore 2310:Dravidian empires 1817: 1816: 1084:(Tamil dynasty). 807:Dravidian peoples 803: 802: 755:Dravidian parties 745:Tamil nationalism 614:Dravidian peoples 483:Dravidian studies 291: 290: 207: 206: 201: 200: 78:language families 16:(Redirected from 7082: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7043: 7009: 6969: 6943: 6904: 6885: 6863: 6846:Zimmer, Heinrich 6841: 6839: 6824: 6811: 6789: 6768: 6759: 6750: 6705: 6693: 6667: 6631: 6621: 6588: 6587: 6574: 6565: 6536: 6527: 6489: 6473: 6459: 6438: 6417: 6395: 6376: 6359: 6336: 6316: 6293: 6284: 6261: 6252: 6242: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6180: 6170: 6140: 6114: 6086: 6085: 6067: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6022: 6016: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5958: 5949: 5948: 5940: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5805: 5795: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5686: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5490: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5362: 5353: 5350: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5229: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5196: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5162: 5159:Hiltebeitel 2007 5156: 5145: 5139: 5126: 5120: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5008: 5000: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4921:on 30 April 2008 4917:. Archived from 4906: 4900: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4831:. Archived from 4824: 4818: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4780: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4744:. Archived from 4733: 4727: 4721: 4710: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4599: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4356: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4272: 4266: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4172: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4114: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4037: 4036: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3973: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3795: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3691: 3684: 3671: 3670: 3661:Shulman, David. 3658: 3652: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3607: 3601: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3385: 3370: 3362: 3351: 3323: 3222:lambs and tigers 2992:, Kaapaalam and 2912:Pillared halls ( 2779: 2773: 2772: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2723: 2642:Sangam landscape 2560:, Vedic and non- 2510:Religious belief 2490:Sri Lankan Moors 2392:Eastern Chalukya 2388:Western Chalukya 2266: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2216: 1974:bronze sculpture 1972:, a prehistoric 1944:Fertile Crescent 1805:. A state named 1795:South Dravidian 1775:South Dravidian 1603:South Dravidian 1579:South Dravidian 1563:South Dravidian 1535:South Dravidian 1499:North Dravidian 1457:South Dravidian 1433:South Dravidian 1395:. A state named 1337:South Dravidian 1333:Giraavaru people 1314:South Dravidian 1258:North Dravidian 1238:South Dravidian 1216: 1213:from Karnataka. 1151: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1112: 1101: 1014: 998: 795: 788: 781: 313: 293: 230:Total population 222: 215: 213:Dravidian people 192: 186: 178: 172: 166: 160: 151: 137: 136:49 = (phylozone) 125: 39: 21: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7038: 7008:. 2 April 2018. 7004: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6946: 6907: 6901: 6888: 6882: 6868:Zvelebil, Kamil 6866: 6860: 6844: 6840:on 11 June 2007 6837: 6822: 6816:Witzel, Michael 6814: 6809: 6792: 6786: 6771: 6762: 6708: 6696: 6690: 6670: 6634: 6591: 6577: 6539: 6492: 6486: 6462: 6456: 6441: 6435: 6420: 6414: 6398: 6389: 6379: 6343:Current Biology 6339: 6319: 6313: 6296: 6264: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6143: 6117: 6111: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6069: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6011:Leslie, Julia. 6010: 6006: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5960: 5959: 5952: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5863:10.2307/3249613 5845: 5844: 5840: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5796: 5789: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5364: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5199: 5191: 5182: 5174: 5165: 5157: 5148: 5140: 5129: 5121: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5072: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5046:The Independent 5039: 5038: 5034: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4897:Wayback Machine 4887: 4883: 4872: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4836: 4827:Rahman, Tariq. 4826: 4825: 4821: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4713: 4704:Wayback Machine 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4672:. 6 April 2006. 4668: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4623: 4622: 4613: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4412:Andronov (2003) 4410: 4406: 4393: 4391: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4339: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4256: 4248: 4241: 4237:, p. 1333. 4233: 4229: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4063: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4040: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3976: 3955: 3951: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3910:, pp. 40–1 3906: 3902: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3694: 3685: 3674: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3558:. p. 227. 3540: 3539: 3535: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3410: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3308:Indian diaspora 3234: 3166: 3142:Main articles: 3140: 3088: 3076:Main articles: 3074: 3031:Krishnadevaraya 2986:system of music 2964: 2950:Music of Kerala 2940:Main articles: 2938: 2905:Gate-pyramids, 2898:The porches or 2848:Manasara shilpa 2814: 2808: 2771:வாண்புகழ் மூவர் 2664:(forests), and 2587:village deities 2546: 2512: 2507: 2498: 2444: 2380:Andhra Ikshvaku 2312: 2304:Sanskritization 2296: 2294:Sanskritization 2189: 2184: 2168: 2104: 2087: 2079:Main articles: 2077: 1998:Iranian plateau 1962: 1956:Demic diffusion 1948:Demic diffusion 1932:Proto-Dravidian 1924: 1919: 1910:Proto-Dravidian 1828: 1822: 1465:Kodagu district 1159: 1110:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 1093:Robert Caldwell 1076:story known as 1067:Dhamila-gharini 1045:in present-day 990: 984: 955:of the region. 905:Proto-Dravidian 799: 765: 764: 725: 717: 716: 715: 608: 600: 599: 579: 571: 570: 569: 529: 521: 520: 496: 488: 487: 463: 455: 454: 453: 352: 338: 330: 329: 321: 225: 210: 203: 202: 194: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 174: 170: 163: 147: 135: 121: 88:Proto-Dravidian 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7088: 7086: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7036: 7035: 7027: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7001: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6975:External links 6973: 6971: 6970: 6964: 6944: 6905: 6899: 6886: 6880: 6864: 6858: 6842: 6812: 6807: 6790: 6784: 6769: 6760: 6706: 6694: 6688: 6668: 6643:(6): 637–647, 6637:Human Genetics 6632: 6589: 6585:10.1101/292581 6575: 6548:(3): 422–438, 6537: 6502:(6): 731–744, 6490: 6484: 6464:Mallory, J. P. 6460: 6454: 6439: 6433: 6427:. SUNY Press. 6418: 6412: 6396: 6377: 6337: 6317: 6311: 6294: 6262: 6225:(11): e80673, 6214: 6202: 6190: 6141: 6115: 6109: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6080: 6057: 6043: 6017: 6004: 5981: 5974: 5950: 5932: 5921: 5901: 5895:978-0304707393 5894: 5876: 5857:(4): 266–296. 5838: 5815: 5806: 5787: 5772: 5757: 5751:978-8126012213 5750: 5732: 5715: 5700: 5693: 5668: 5645: 5630: 5615: 5608: 5588: 5573: 5570:. p. 363. 5558: 5546: 5531: 5508: 5501: 5475: 5454: 5428: 5414: 5407: 5384: 5377: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5288: 5259: 5247: 5240: 5214: 5197: 5180: 5163: 5146: 5127: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5070: 5051: 5032: 4992: 4981: 4974: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4901: 4881: 4849: 4819: 4800: 4751: 4728: 4726:, p. 114. 4711: 4688: 4675: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4611: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4483: 4463: 4416: 4414:, p. 299. 4404: 4372: 4351: 4337: 4300: 4288: 4273: 4254: 4239: 4227: 4210: 4190: 4183: 4157: 4150: 4132: 4125: 4099: 4084: 4078: 4053: 4038: 3989: 3974: 3949: 3932: 3912: 3900: 3882: 3856: 3837: 3807: 3770: 3744: 3719: 3707: 3692: 3672: 3653: 3639: 3623: 3608: 3593: 3591:, p. 501. 3578: 3564: 3546:Smith, Bernard 3533: 3516: 3499: 3460: 3446: 3423: 3408: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3352: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3271:Arts of Kerala 3268: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3139: 3136: 3073: 3070: 3027:Purandara Dasa 3022:Carnatic music 2981:Cilappatikaram 2942:Carnatic music 2937: 2934: 2922: 2921: 2910: 2903: 2860:Brihat-samhita 2810:Main article: 2807: 2804: 2777:Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar 2672:(plains), and 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2460:Pallava script 2443: 2440: 2311: 2308: 2295: 2292: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2167: 2164: 2124:Kamil Zvelebil 2103: 2100: 2076: 2073: 2035:population of 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1906:proto-language 1824:Main article: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1715:Andhra Pradesh 1711: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1631:Andhra Pradesh 1607: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1551:Andhra Pradesh 1539: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1484:Andhra Pradesh 1480: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1385:Andhra Pradesh 1365:Madhya Pradesh 1361: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1294:Andhra Pradesh 1290: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1167:Andhra Pradesh 1158: 1155: 1105:Tantravārttika 1055:Nagarjunakonda 1051:Dhamila-vaniya 1047:Andhra Pradesh 986:Main article: 983: 980: 801: 800: 798: 797: 790: 783: 775: 772: 771: 767: 766: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 667: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 592: 587: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 480: 475: 470: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 452: 451: 446: 441: 439:Aryacakravarti 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 359: 358: 351: 350: 345: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 306: 305: 298: 297: 289: 288: 260:Predominantly 257: 256: 252: 251: 245: 244: 240: 239: 232: 231: 227: 226: 223: 208: 205: 204: 199: 198: 193: Southern 189: 183: 181: 175: 173: Northern 169: 164: 161: 153: 152: 145: 139: 138: 133: 127: 126: 119: 109: 108: 107: 106: 103: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 84:Proto-language 81: 80: 74: 68: 67: 57:Southeast Asia 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7087: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7055: 7045: 7041: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7007: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6859:0-691-01758-1 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6808:9781851097050 6804: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6672:Parpola, Asko 6669: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6305:. Routledge. 6304: 6300: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6275:(1): 249–60, 6274: 6270: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6153:(6): 1594–9, 6152: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5851:Artibus Asiae 5848: 5842: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5803:81-208-0223-3 5800: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5701: 5696: 5694:9780684188980 5690: 5685: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5616: 5611: 5609:9780391025240 5605: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5509: 5504: 5502:9780765607119 5498: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5479: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5458: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268:Bryant, Edwin 5263: 5260: 5257:, p. 81. 5256: 5255:Zvelebil 1990 5251: 5248: 5243: 5241:9781884964985 5237: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5218: 5215: 5212:, p. 81. 5211: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5161:, p. 12. 5160: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5144:, p. 52. 5143: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5125:, p. 50. 5124: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4957: 4954:, p. 138 4953: 4948: 4945: 4942:, p. 117 4941: 4940:Knorozov 1965 4936: 4933: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4835:on 9 May 2008 4834: 4830: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4647:, p. 400 4646: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4527:, p. 13. 4526: 4521: 4518: 4515:, p. 15. 4514: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4490: 4486: 4484:1-4020-1215-2 4480: 4476: 4475: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4383:Tamil Culture 4376: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4304: 4301: 4298:, p. 15. 4297: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4252:, p. 17. 4251: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4235:Kivisild 1999 4231: 4228: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4103: 4100: 4097:, p. 400 4096: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4079:9781107647756 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4008:(3): 125–35, 4007: 4003: 4002: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3717:, p. xxi 3716: 3715:Zvelebil 1990 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703:Zvelebil 1990 3699: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3686:Indrapala, K 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3542:Swan, Michael 3537: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3409:9781315722580 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3298:Early Indians 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3182:Kalaripayattu 3179: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148:Kuttu Varisai 3145: 3144:Kalaripayattu 3137: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3006:Catir Kacceri 3003: 3002:Bharatanatyam 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2984:, describe a 2983: 2982: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852:Vastu Shastra 2849: 2845: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2823:, example of 2822: 2818: 2813: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486:Tamil Muslims 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384:Vishnukundina 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:Eastern Ganga 2365: 2364:Western Ganga 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2302:a process of 2301: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2240: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143:Yuri Knorozov 2140: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116:John Marshall 2113: 2109: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1832: 1827: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1710:85.1 million 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:French Guiana 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1436:43.7 million 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377:Uttar Pradesh 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157:Ethnic groups 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1128: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1082:Damila-rattha 1079: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:Kanheri Caves 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025:persons. The 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1007: 1003: 999: 997: 989: 981: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 906: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 796: 791: 789: 784: 782: 777: 776: 774: 773: 769: 768: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 721: 720: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 676:Cholanaikkans 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 619:Brahui people 617: 615: 612: 611: 604: 603: 596: 593: 591: 588: 585: 582: 581: 575: 574: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 525: 524: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 498: 492: 491: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 459: 458: 450: 449:Eastern Ganga 447: 445: 444:Western Ganga 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 357: 354: 353: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 334: 333: 328: 325: 317: 316: 312: 308: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 253: 250: 246: 241: 238: 233: 228: 221: 216: 197: 182: 179: Central 168: 167: 159: 154: 150: 146: 144: 140: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 118: 114: 110: 104: 101: 98: 97: 96: 89: 86: 82: 79: 75: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 55:and parts of 54: 51: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7030: 7022: 6986: 6955: 6915: 6909: 6890: 6871: 6849: 6835:the original 6830: 6826: 6798: 6795:"Dravidians" 6774: 6764: 6714: 6710: 6698: 6678:. New York: 6675: 6640: 6636: 6601: 6597: 6545: 6541: 6499: 6495: 6469: 6444: 6423: 6403: 6391: 6384: 6347: 6341: 6324: 6321:Heras, Henry 6302: 6272: 6266: 6222: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6150: 6146: 6123: 6119:Basham, A.L. 6100: 6071: 6046: 6034:. Retrieved 6029: 6020: 6015:, pp.149–152 6012: 6007: 5990: 5984: 5965: 5944: 5924: 5911: 5904: 5885: 5879: 5854: 5850: 5841: 5824: 5818: 5809: 5781: 5775: 5766: 5760: 5741: 5735: 5725: 5718: 5709: 5703: 5687:. Scribner. 5682: 5671: 5654: 5648: 5639: 5633: 5624: 5618: 5598: 5591: 5582: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5556:, p. 27 5549: 5540: 5534: 5517: 5511: 5486: 5478: 5470:the original 5464: 5457: 5440: 5422: 5417: 5397: 5367: 5333: 5322: 5310: 5298: 5275: 5262: 5250: 5225: 5217: 5178:, p. v. 5142:Lockard 2007 5123:Lockard 2007 5099: 5087: 5079: 5077:Razab Khan, 5073: 5064: 5054: 5045: 5035: 5010: 4989:Parpola 1994 4984: 4965: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923:. Retrieved 4919:the original 4914: 4904: 4884: 4876: 4870:the original 4865: 4852: 4844: 4837:. Retrieved 4833:the original 4822: 4813: 4803: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4746:the original 4741: 4731: 4707: 4691: 4678: 4664: 4657:Mallory 1989 4652: 4640: 4629: 4571: 4567: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4525:Avari (2007) 4520: 4508: 4500: 4493:, retrieved 4477:, Springer, 4473: 4466: 4458: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4407: 4399: 4392:, retrieved 4382: 4375: 4364: 4354: 4346: 4344:Razab Khan, 4340: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4284:Parpola 2015 4250:Parpola 2015 4230: 4222: 4215:. Retrieved 4200: 4193: 4168: 4160: 4141: 4135: 4110: 4102: 4069: 4049:Derenko 2013 4033: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3944: 3937:. Retrieved 3922: 3915: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3869:the original 3859: 3850: 3840: 3828:. Retrieved 3824:the original 3819: 3810: 3798:. Retrieved 3791:the original 3786: 3773: 3761:. Retrieved 3756: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3710: 3705:, p. xx 3690:, pp.155–156 3687: 3662: 3656: 3642: 3634: 3569:. Retrieved 3550: 3536: 3528: 3519: 3511: 3502: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3451:. Retrieved 3436: 3426: 3390: 3383: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3321: 3204:Sports like 3203: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3167: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3051: 3042: 3038: 3035:Vijayanagara 3020: 3013: 3005: 2998:Kaliththokai 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2875: 2867: 2864:Varāhamihira 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2825:Chola Empire 2800: 2790: 2782: 2711: 2705: 2677: 2669: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2625: 2621: 2603: 2580: 2565: 2547: 2499: 2483: 2445: 2336:Vijayanagara 2313: 2300:Kuru Kingdom 2297: 2288:Erdosy (1995 2280: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2207: 2200: 2193:phonological 2190: 2176: 2169: 2159: 2156: 2147:logosyllabic 2141: 2128:Asko Parpola 2105: 2094: 2065:chalcolithic 2049: 2029:Asko Parpola 2014: 2006: 1994:Western Asia 1987: 1982:Mohenjo-daro 1970:Dancing Girl 1903: 1884: 1876: 1841: 1837: 1639:South Africa 1507:Chhatishgarh 1373:Chhattisgarh 1261:2.5 million 1160: 1146: 1138: 1130: 1122: 1114: 1104: 1103:in the work 1096: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1078:Akiti Jataka 1077: 1066: 1065:refers to a 1058: 1050: 1038: 1037:refers to a 1022: 1018: 1009: 993: 991: 964:Chola period 957: 918: 903: 883:South Africa 814: 810: 806: 804: 760:Dravida Nadu 624:Gondi people 613: 355: 301: 282:Christianity 268:and others: 236: 209:Ethnic group 195: 131:Linguasphere 94:Subdivisions 49:distribution 36: 7003:Scroll.in, 6918:(1): 3–20. 5627:. S. Chand. 5554:Basham 1967 5338:Witzel 1995 5210:Larson 1995 5193:Zimmer 1951 5176:Tiwari 2002 5106:, p. 6 4839:20 November 4771:(1): 1–14. 4495:25 November 4394:25 November 4269:Samuel 2008 4217:25 November 3939:25 November 3875:12 February 3851:Murugan.org 3830:4 September 3737:12 February 3369:centuries." 3344:, pp. 70–92 3218:vallam kali 3170:Mahabharata 3152:Varma Kalai 3064:(Kannada), 2994:Pandarangam 2797:hero stones 2706:Throughout 2610:Pattuppāṭṭu 2606:Tolkappiyam 2332:Rashtrakuta 2120:Henry Heras 2056:Indus River 2037:Balochistan 1862:(براہوئی), 1743:Maharashtra 1681:countries, 1671:Philippines 1606:78 million 1566:45 million 1369:Maharashtra 1274:Afghanistan 1266:Balochistan 1225:Population 1211:Tulu people 1113:, the word 949:Rashtrakuta 891:East Africa 843:Afghanistan 831:South India 584:South India 384:Rashtrakuta 237:250 million 61:South India 7064:Categories 6474:. London: 6299:"Hinduism" 5979:at pp. 4–5 5278:. Oxford: 4952:Heras 1953 4697:"Mehrgarh" 3820:Tamilo.com 3800:11 January 3763:6 December 3571:18 October 3453:18 October 3376:References 3210:jallikattu 3122:langa voni 3102:in Tamil, 3062:Sandalwood 3060:(Telugu), 3047:Kanakadasa 3010:courtesans 2883:scriptures 2614:Eṭṭuttokai 2577:scriptures 2514:See also: 2492:appeared. 2448:Manigramam 2416:Travancore 2261:"hollow", 2061:South Asia 2021:Indo-Aryan 1926:See also: 1880:substratum 1858:(മലയാളം), 1846:(తెలుగు), 1783:Tamil Nadu 1731:Tamil Nadu 1727:Puducherry 1615:Puducherry 1611:Tamil Nadu 1591:Tamil Nadu 1543:Tamil Nadu 1429:Kannadigas 1322:Tamil Nadu 1268:region of 1246:Tamil Nadu 1209:, and the 1195:Kannadigas 1179:Tamil Nadu 976:Tamil Nadu 937:Satavahana 897:, and the 847:Bangladesh 825:who speak 823:South Asia 821:native to 815:Dravidians 670:Giraavarus 629:Kannadigas 595:South Asia 379:Satavahana 53:South Asia 47:Geographic 42:Dravidians 6739:0028-0836 6516:0002-9297 5663:603890991 5449:644105825 5048:. London. 5027:131063035 4915:The Hindu 4795:257091003 4787:2662-9992 4686:. UNESCO. 4645:Tudu 2008 4588:0036-8075 4332:131063035 4095:Tudu 2008 3486:1562-7195 3418:261720917 3164:Malyutham 3098:, called 3066:Mollywood 3058:Tollywood 3056:(Tamil), 3054:Kollywood 3015:Devadasis 2990:Kotukotti 2972:Kuchipudi 2930:Pushkarni 2914:Chaultris 2708:Tamilakam 2700:Meenakshi 2658:Thirumaal 2656:(hills), 2550:animistic 2428:Cannanore 2272:M. 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The 921:Pandya 914:Telugu 893:, the 879:France 859:Bhutan 849:, the 681:Khonds 659:Irulas 649:Tamils 607:People 419:Tuluva 414:Saluva 320:Origin 196: 191: 185: 177: 171: 7054:India 6991:part1 6936:S2CID 6838:(PDF) 6823:(PDF) 6661:S2CID 6390:[ 6370:S2CID 5916:(PDF) 5867:JSTOR 5023:S2CID 4873:(PDF) 4862:(PDF) 4791:S2CID 4451:S2CID 4328:S2CID 4026:S2CID 3794:(PDF) 3783:(PDF) 3663:Tamil 3414:S2CID 3366:Aryan 3314:Notes 3287:Other 3108:mundu 3096:dhoti 3092:lungi 3086:Dhoti 3078:Lungi 2888:murti 2872:Vedic 2766:Tamil 2758:Indra 2746:Shiva 2726:Tamil 2718:Tamil 2686:Vaali 2638:Sivan 2630:Sivan 2624:, as 2596:Sage 2582:murti 2570:Tamil 2562:Vedic 2554:Vedic 2464:Khmer 2420:Venad 2404:Reddy 2360:Alupa 2328:Chutu 2320:Chola 2316:Chera 2283:Indic 2268:khala 2239:daṇḍa 2224:ಕುಲ್ಫ 2215:ಕುಲಾಯ 1904:As a 1895:Eelam 1872:Coorg 1868:Gondi 1848:Tamil 1811:India 1803:India 1771:Todas 1723:Yanam 1523:Nepal 1473:Koyas 1445:India 1401:India 1389:Bihar 1310:Irula 1219:Name 1205:from 1197:from 1177:from 1165:from 1141:tamiḻ 1125:tamiḻ 1004:. In 1002:Tamil 929:Chera 925:Chola 910:Tamil 855:Nepal 835:India 701:Malar 664:Nagas 434:Reddy 429:Nayak 369:Chera 364:Chola 278:Islam 6960:ISBN 6928:PMID 6895:ISBN 6876:ISBN 6854:ISBN 6803:ISBN 6780:ISBN 6753:PMID 6735:ISSN 6684:ISBN 6653:PMID 6624:PMID 6568:PMID 6530:PMID 6512:ISSN 6480:ISBN 6450:ISBN 6429:ISBN 6408:ISBN 6362:PMID 6329:OCLC 6307:ISBN 6287:PMID 6255:PMID 6183:PMID 6147:PNAS 6133:OCLC 6105:ISBN 6076:ISBN 6038:2017 5995:OCLC 5970:ISBN 5890:ISBN 5829:OCLC 5799:ISBN 5746:ISBN 5689:ISBN 5659:OCLC 5604:ISBN 5522:OCLC 5497:ISBN 5445:OCLC 5403:ISBN 5373:ISBN 5284:ISBN 5236:ISBN 4970:ISBN 4927:2015 4841:2008 4783:ISSN 4602:PMID 4584:ISSN 4497:2008 4479:ISBN 4443:PMID 4396:2008 4219:2008 4206:ISBN 4179:ISBN 4146:ISBN 4121:ISBN 4074:ISBN 4018:PMID 3941:2008 3928:ISBN 3877:2013 3832:2015 3802:2022 3765:2018 3739:2013 3573:2016 3560:ISBN 3490:OCLC 3482:ISSN 3455:2016 3442:ISBN 3404:ISBN 3184:and 3082:Sari 2846:and 2713:koil 2684:and 2636:and 2572:and 2568:are 2488:and 2479:Thai 2471:Kawi 2458:and 2396:Sena 2259:bila 2250:kūla 2137:celt 2130:and 2106:The 2093:The 2083:and 1968:The 1899:Iran 1891:Elam 1870:and 1864:Tulu 1761:and 1741:and 1721:and 1693:and 1655:Fiji 1629:and 1589:and 1582:N/A 1549:and 1538:N/A 1521:and 1513:and 1486:and 1391:and 1289:N/A 1189:and 1169:and 1129:and 947:and 908:pre- 861:and 805:The 63:and 6920:doi 6743:PMC 6727:doi 6715:461 6645:doi 6641:134 6614:PMC 6606:doi 6602:365 6558:PMC 6550:doi 6520:PMC 6504:doi 6352:doi 6277:doi 6245:PMC 6235:doi 6173:PMC 6163:doi 6151:113 5859:doi 5232:308 5015:doi 4773:doi 4592:PMC 4576:doi 4572:365 4435:doi 4320:doi 4175:345 4010:doi 3396:doi 3168:In 3043:lit 2928:or 2916:or 2862:by 2752:or 2735:இறை 2668:in 2660:in 2255:ಬಿಲ 2246:ಕುಲ 2233:ದಂಡ 2039:in 1443:in 1145:to 1107:by 1021:or 1000:is 813:or 123:dra 7066:: 6997:, 6993:, 6989:, 6950:; 6934:. 6926:. 6916:87 6914:. 6829:, 6825:, 6751:, 6741:, 6733:, 6725:, 6713:, 6701:, 6682:. 6659:, 6651:, 6639:, 6622:. 6612:. 6600:. 6596:. 6566:, 6556:, 6546:93 6544:, 6528:, 6518:, 6510:, 6500:89 6498:, 6478:. 6368:, 6360:, 6346:, 6285:, 6273:29 6271:, 6253:, 6243:, 6233:, 6221:, 6209:, 6197:, 6181:, 6171:, 6161:, 6149:, 6131:. 6060:^ 6028:. 5953:^ 5935:^ 5865:. 5855:44 5853:. 5790:^ 5495:. 5493:15 5431:^ 5387:^ 5357:^ 5345:^ 5274:. 5234:. 5200:^ 5183:^ 5166:^ 5149:^ 5130:^ 5111:^ 5063:. 5044:. 5021:. 5013:. 5009:. 4995:^ 4913:. 4843:. 4812:. 4789:. 4781:. 4767:. 4763:. 4740:. 4714:^ 4706:. 4628:. 4614:^ 4600:. 4590:. 4582:. 4570:. 4566:. 4499:, 4487:, 4457:, 4449:, 4441:, 4431:80 4429:, 4398:, 4363:. 4326:. 4318:. 4314:. 4276:^ 4257:^ 4242:^ 4221:. 4177:. 4119:. 4117:13 4087:^ 4056:^ 4041:^ 4032:, 4024:, 4016:, 4006:80 4004:, 3977:^ 3943:. 3893:. 3849:. 3818:. 3785:. 3755:. 3722:^ 3695:^ 3675:^ 3665:. 3626:^ 3611:^ 3596:^ 3581:^ 3554:. 3544:; 3527:. 3510:. 3488:. 3478:67 3476:. 3472:. 3412:. 3402:. 3355:^ 3220:, 3216:, 3212:, 3208:, 3188:. 3172:, 3158:, 3154:, 3150:, 3146:, 3134:. 3080:, 3018:. 2970:A 2956:, 2952:, 2948:, 2944:, 2774:, 2730:கோ 2728:: 2720:: 2628:. 2538:, 2534:, 2530:, 2526:, 2522:, 2518:, 2481:. 2473:, 2466:, 2438:. 2430:, 2426:, 2422:, 2418:, 2414:, 2410:, 2406:, 2402:, 2398:, 2394:, 2390:, 2386:, 2382:, 2378:, 2374:, 2370:, 2366:, 2362:, 2358:, 2356:Ay 2350:, 2346:, 2342:, 2338:, 2334:, 2330:, 2326:, 2322:, 2318:, 2264:ಖಲ 2162:. 2126:, 2122:, 1954:, 1950:, 1946:, 1942:, 1938:, 1934:, 1930:, 1813:. 1785:. 1757:, 1753:, 1737:, 1733:, 1717:, 1689:, 1685:, 1677:, 1673:, 1669:, 1665:, 1661:, 1657:, 1653:, 1649:, 1641:, 1625:, 1613:, 1593:. 1553:. 1545:, 1509:, 1467:. 1423:. 1403:. 1387:, 1383:, 1379:, 1375:, 1371:, 1367:, 1347:. 1324:, 1304:. 1296:, 1276:. 1248:. 1185:, 1181:, 1153:. 943:, 939:, 935:, 931:, 927:, 923:, 889:, 885:, 881:, 877:, 873:, 869:, 857:, 853:, 845:, 841:, 837:, 809:, 284:, 280:, 276:, 272:, 264:, 115:/ 7042:: 6968:. 6942:. 6922:: 6903:. 6884:. 6862:. 6831:1 6788:. 6729:: 6721:: 6692:. 6647:: 6630:. 6608:: 6552:: 6506:: 6488:. 6458:. 6437:. 6416:. 6354:: 6348:9 6335:. 6315:. 6279:: 6237:: 6229:: 6223:8 6165:: 6157:: 6139:. 6113:. 6084:. 6054:. 6040:. 6001:. 5898:. 5873:. 5861:: 5835:. 5754:. 5697:. 5665:. 5612:. 5528:. 5505:. 5451:. 5411:. 5381:. 5340:. 5305:. 5292:. 5244:. 5094:. 5067:. 5017:: 4978:. 4929:. 4816:. 4797:. 4775:: 4769:8 4634:. 4608:. 4578:: 4551:. 4539:. 4437:: 4369:. 4322:: 4286:. 4187:. 4154:. 4129:. 4051:. 4012:: 3879:. 3853:. 3834:. 3804:. 3767:. 3741:. 3669:. 3650:. 3575:. 3496:. 3457:. 3420:. 3398:: 3350:. 3041:( 2831:. 2801:. 2716:( 1984:. 1725:( 794:e 787:t 780:v 117:5 34:. 20:)

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