Duke - Knowledge (XXG)

510: 77: 960: 1463: 1208: 3667: 1196: 2373:(HRE) was until its dissolution a feudal structure, most of its Dukes were actually reigning in their lands. As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Northern Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully sovereign dukes. Also, in Germany in many ducal families every agnate would bear the ducal title of the family as a 2960: 2014: 3185:, a Mongolian royal and noble rank from the Turco-Mongol word for "lord", analogous to Duke. After revolutions and the falling Empire system in those countries (changing the ruling system to democratic and republic systems), those Khans and the other equal ranks titles added to the titleholder's surnames, and the ranking system, as usual, was disqualified as an official ranking. 699:", and that "By 1205, England had lost most of its French lands, including Normandy. However, the Channel Islands, part of the lost Duchy, remained a self-governing possession of the English Crown. While the islands today retain autonomy in government, they owe allegiance to The King in his role as Duke of Normandy." 2234:), who also had a traditional function in the royal coronation, comparable to the German imperial archoffices. Half of them were ducal: three ecclesiastical (the six prelates all ranked above the six secular peers of the realm) and three temporal, each time above three counts of the same social estate: The 3140:

Like other major Western noble titles, Duke is sometimes used to render (translate) certain titles in non-western languages. "Duke" is used even though those titles are generally etymologically and often historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered roughly equivalent,

1598:

Various royal houses traditionally awarded (mainly) dukedoms to the sons and in some cases, the daughters, of their respective sovereigns; others include at least one dukedom in a wider list of similarly granted titles, nominal dukedoms without any actual authority, often even without an estate. Such

785:

and it seems that dukes ruled over these areas. They were the most powerful landowners and, along with the bishops, elected the king, usually from their own midst. They were the military commanders and in this capacity often acted independently from the king, most notably in the latter period before

864:

The Franks employed dukes as the governors of Roman provinces, though they also led military expeditions far from their duchies. The dukes were the highest-ranking officials in the realm, typically Frankish (whereas the counts were often Gallo-Roman), and formed the class from which the kings'

2202:) and received the title of Duchess of Västergötland. The practice of conferring ducal titles has since extended to Swedish princesses as well as princes. Currently, there are five dukes and four duchesses in their own right. The territorial designations of these dukedoms refer to ten of the 1994: 823:

in the old fashion. These leaders eventually became the provincial rulers, each with a recognized seat of government. Though nominally loyal to the king, the concept of kingship was new to the Lombards and the dukes were highly independent, especially in central and southern Italy, where the

1575:

for lack of male heirs of the initial grantee. Henrietta, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough and Her Highness Princess Alexandra (HRH Princess Arthur of Connaught), 2nd Duchess of Fife were duchesses in their own right. Both were succeeded in their titles by nephews born by younger sisters of the

609:

dynasty) in Portugal (though now a republic), Spain, and the United Kingdom. In Sweden, members of the royal family are given a personal dukedom at birth. The Pope, as a temporal sovereign, has also, though rarely, granted the title of duke or duchess to persons for services to the

3180:

in Turkey, Afghanistan, and Iran after Mongolian war against them, was added as generals and kings of districts or states. In the Kingdom of Persians and Ottomans, the systems cannot be fully translated to its European counterparts so they called those generals and kings as

934:

The stem duchies were the constituent duchies of the kingdom of Germany at the time of the extinction of the Carolingian dynasty (the death of Louis the Child in 911) and the transitional period leading to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire later in the 10th century.

3601:), literally means chief of town or territory, which is equivalent to the title of Duke. All royals were given the honor to possess at least one territory by the King. They all were mostly called by their possessions. For instance, Burma's last king, 844:, in which the dukes governed without a king, commenced. It lasted only a decade before the disunited magnates, to defend the kingdom from external attacks, elected a new king and even diminished their own duchies to provide him with a handsome royal 1570:

All dukedoms in the UK apart from the Duchy of Lancaster are inherited through the male line only, although dukedoms such as Marlborough and Fife (second creation) have passed through the female line for one generation under terms of a

586:: in the United Kingdom and Spain all dukes are/were also peers of the realm, in France some were and some were not, while the term is not applicable to dukedoms of other nations, even where an institution similar to the peerage (e.g. 662:

holds both the dukedom (title) and duchy (estate holdings), the latter being the source of his personal income; those living on the ducal estates are subjects of the British sovereign and owe neither fealty nor services to the duke

694:

in 1259, the Crown still maintains that the title is retained: "In 1106, William's youngest son Henry I seized the Duchy of Normandy from his brother Robert; since that time, the English sovereign has always held the title

2342:

The theory of the participation of the peers in the coronation was laid down in the late 13th century, when some of the peerage (the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Toulouse) had already been merged in the crown.

439: 3229:; sometimes translated as "Duke", sometimes as "Lord") was sparingly granted. Under the principle of "Three Deferences and Two Royal Descendants" (三恪二王後), the three former royal houses were granted the title of 4030:

Océanie ou cinquième partie du monde : revue géographique et ethnographique de la Malaisie, de la Micronésie, de la Polynésie et de la Mélanésie, ainsi que ses nouvelles classifications et divisions de ces

851:

The Lombard kings were usually drawn from the duke pool when the title was not hereditary. The dukes tried to make their own offices hereditary. Beneath them in the internal structure were the counts and

2346:

At the end of this same century, the king elevated some counties into duchies, a practice that increased up until the Revolution. Many of these duchies were also peerages (the so-called 'new peerages').

1434:

was Duke of Norfolk (2nd creation), while the duchy of Cornwall was reserved as a title and source of income for the eldest son of the sovereign, and the duchy of Lancaster was now held by the monarch.

3253:, including the patriarch of a lineage, a non-inheritable title signifying a very broad and senior position within the court, or a respectful appellation for any regional ruler or deceased ancestor. 1925: 1153: 690:, the last vestiges of the lands of the Duchy of Normandy. The Islanders in their loyal toast will say "Le Roi, notre Duc" (The King, Our Duke). Though the title was apparently renounced under the 1343:

All five of Edward III's surviving sons eventually became dukes. In 1385, ten years after their father's death, his heir Richard II created dukedoms for his last two uncles on the same day.

2805:(inhabited by the Kashubians, different Slavic people from the Poles proper), branches of native ruling dynasties were usually recognized as dukes, quite similarly to the pattern in Poland. 1239: 432: 1583:

Dukes of Lancaster are called dukes even when they are female, and by tradition the monarch of the UK, whether male or female, is known in the Channel Islands as the Duke of Normandy.

1623: 2186:

reinstated the appointment of titular dukes but as a non-hereditary title for his brothers. Since then, all Swedish princes have been created dukes of a province at birth. When the

2129:

Key parts of Finland were sometimes under a Duke of Finland during the Swedish reign (until 1809). Some of the provinces are still considered duchies for the purposes of heraldry.

3756: 2312:; not a separate title at that time; just a description of the wealth and real clout of the 15th-century dukes, cousins of the kings of France) (bears the crown, fastens the belt) 1528: 2614:. As in the later Roman Empire, it remained a military office and was not a feudal or hereditary rank. In the 10th century, it was given to the military commanders over several 1619: 1564: 3286:. The title during the Han was inferior to that of prince (諸侯王), which was only available to imperial princes. The "five ranks of nobles" were implemented as such during the 425: 3249:(宋). According to tradition, these states were considered the king's guests rather than subjects. However, recent scholarship has identified multiple other meanings for 888:

were commonly employed instead of duke, probably for historical reasons relating to the greater Romanization of those provinces. But the titles were basically equivalent.

1602:

Other historical cases occurred for example in Denmark, Finland (as a part of Sweden) and France, Portugal and some former colonial possessions such as Brazil and Haiti.

3809: 3095: 3065:

In the late 15th and early 16th century, the kingdom of Georgia collapsed and most of the western Georgian dukes became princes. In the 19th century the title of

2179:

Sweden has a history of making the sons of its kings ruling princes of vast duchies, but this ceased in 1622. Only one non-royal person was ever given a dukedom.

3103: 1751:

of the monarch, other dynasts receiving various lower historical titles (much older than Belgium, and in principle never fallen to the Belgian crown), such as

711:, after Roman power in Western Europe collapsed, the title was still employed in the Germanic kingdoms, usually to refer to the rulers of old Roman provinces. 3980: 3694: 2145:

in 1217, and as such got responsibility for the army, and then in 1237, as another attempt at compromise, Skule was given the first Norwegian title of duke (

1232: 1924:

Usually, the title of duke was granted to relatives of the royal family, such as the infantes or natural sons of the monarch. There are exceptions, such as

4117: 1344: 2938:

After Belgium and the Netherlands separated in 1830, the title of duke no longer existed in the Netherlands. There is, however, one exception; the title

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to recognize distinguished civil and military officials. These could include a taxable base for the official, or could be purely honorary. For example,

3460: 3090:

duke was the highest rank for people born outside the imperial house and only three dukedoms were created. Two of these titles were for relatives of

601:

During the 19th century, many of the smaller German and Italian states were ruled by dukes or grand dukes. But at present, with the exception of the

1325: 1313:

in 1337. Upon the death of the Black Prince, the duchy of Cornwall passed to his nine-year-old son, who would eventually succeed his grandfather as

2101:, a complex system of appanages were created for male-line descendants of the king, being granted non-sovereign ducal titles in both Schleswig and 3421:

1613–1645), would entrust the administration of territories he gradually conquered all over the island of Java, to officials bearing the title of

3135: 1333: 1225: 3448:(Dutch East Indies Company), while gradually taking control of Javanese territory, would maintain the existing Mataram administrative structure. 3122:

dynasty created eight hereditary dukedoms, in rank directly below the nominal princes. They were short-lived and only recognized in the country.

2199: 3274:) attributed to the Western Zhou dynasty. However, the title was not in use until the end of the Western Han, granted to the descendants of the 2774:

as well as various minor duchies, often short-lived or in personal union or merger, named after their capitals, mainly in the regions known as

2117:

and Duke of Nordborg. This arrangement occurred in both territories despite Schleswig being a fief of Denmark and Holstein being a fief of the

2060:, in personal union with the Danish crown, was nonetheless always a German principality. The two duchies jointly became a member of the German 1599:

titles are still conferred on royal princes or princesses in the current European monarchies of Belgium, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

1159: 1543:). Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as "Your Grace" and referred to as "His Grace". Currently, there are thirty-five dukedoms in the 4013: 3660: 1418:. Some became extinct, others had multiple creations, and some had merged with the crown upon the holder's accession to the throne. When the 1149: 724: 3848: 3233:; however, not all scholars recognize such a tradition in the Western Zhou dynasty. For that dynasty, this would be the descendants of the 2946:) still exists. This title, however, is an exclusive title for the head of state (the monarch, i.e., the king or queen of the Netherlands). 1611: 1427: 1329: 2545:

dukes held territorial powers, some of them even minted coins, but later this title became more often nominal. These duchies usually were

2356: 1955: 1352: 1328:, but became extinct upon the duke's death in 1361. The following year, Edward III bestowed the title (2nd creation) on his fourth son, 1257:

In Anglo-Saxon England, where the Roman political divisions were largely abandoned, the highest political rank beneath that of king was

595: 545:

where it continued in several contexts, signifying a rank equivalent to a captain or general. Later on, in the 11th century, the title

3739: 3169:. Thus, a Rao (in the ruling system) or a Jagirdar, Deshmukh, Patil, and Zamindar (in a feudal way) are closely equivalent to a Duke. 3131: 1443: 514: 3830: 3007: 1760: 591: 2712: 865:

generals were chosen in times of war. The dukes met with the king every May to discuss policy for the upcoming year, the so-called

3917:

Li Feng (2008). "Transmitting Antiquity: The Origin and Paradigmization of the "Five Ranks"". In Dieter Kuhn; Helga Stahl (eds.).

2476: 1701: 1431: 4171: 3309:

Government changed the title to Sacrificial Official to Confucius (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which still exists as a hereditary office of the

66: 2985: 1963: 1134: 978: 605:, there are no dukes ruling as monarchs. Duke remains the highest hereditary title (aside from titles borne by a reigning or 655:

is a fully independent state and its head, the Grand Duke, is a sovereign monarch reigning over his Luxembourgish subjects.

621:

A woman who holds in her own right the title to such duchy or dukedom, or is married to a duke, is normally styled duchess.

509: 475:, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ranked below princes and grand dukes. The title comes from French 2293:

with the dignity of peerage, but it was debated if he was an ecclesiastical peer or merely a bishop holding a lay peerage.

2009:(Latin for "Duke of the Swedes"); the design of his coronet combined those used by continental European and English dukes. 1705: 1560: 1102: 881: 747: 651:

A duchy is the territory or geopolitical entity ruled by a duke, whereas his title or area is often called a dukedom. The

3577:. He is barred from wearing a crown as a matter of tradition and is generally seen as the reigning representative of his 3438: 2836:

and Oldenburg, and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.

1838: 1426:

on 22 August 1485, only four ducal titles remained extant, of which two were now permanently associated with the crown.

1144: 518: 1946:

Spanish infantes and infantas are usually given a royal dukedom upon marriage, excepting the heir apparent who is the

1615: 950: 2970: 1929: 1535:

has never been associated with independent rule in the British Isles: they hold dukedoms, not duchies (excepting the

959: 3783: 4088: 4043: 2616: 2528: 2433: 1281: 856:, a uniquely Lombard title initially referring to judicial functions, similar to a count's, in provincial regions. 751: 3702: 3287: 3153:

cannot be fully translated to its European counterparts. The closest equivalent to the title of Sovereign Duke is

2989: 2974: 797:(city district). The cities were commanded by counts, who were in turn answerable to the dukes, who called up the 2875: 1941: 1878:

was given to the second son of the monarch. This was changed during the Liberal regime in the 19th century (with

1512:

Since the unification of Italy in 1870 and the end of monarchy in Germany in 1918, there have no longer been any

746:, so Robert received Achaea from John in exchange for 5,000 ounces of gold and the rights to the diminished 652: 3445: 3208: 2926: 2187: 1913: 1552: 1423: 1306: 1129: 1092: 31: 1527:

In the United Kingdom, the inherited position of a duke along with its dignities, privileges, and rights is a

3971: 1332:, who was also married to the first duke's daughter. On the same day Edward III also created his second son, 2826:

Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy I Oldenburgskiy I prochaya, I prochaya, i prochaya

2720: 2195: 1454:

over the ensuing century. England's premier ducal title, Norfolk, remains in the Howard family to this day.

1169: 500:

origin), and later coming to mean the leading military commander of a province. In most countries, the word

679:, but it is held separately from the Crown, with the income of the duchy estates providing the sovereign's 76: 4106: 3490: 3329: 2724: 2687: 2098: 1844: 1637: 1439: 743: 691: 671:

as well, but this is a dukedom (title) without a duchy. Similarly, the British monarch rules and owns the

39: 3026:

is equivalent to duke. The word means "head of the nation" or "head of the army". A duke ruled a duchy (

4156: 3263: 3216: 3212: 2981: 2844: 2809: 2456: 1815: 1447: 1314: 1302: 1212: 739: 35: 3294:, usurpers typically sought the title of duke, then prince, before compelling the monarch to abdicate. 3141:

especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, useful as an indication of relative rank.

2594:) with princely titles, but they created these titles as Holy Roman Emperors, not as kings of Hungary. 2591: 2114: 1966:. In Spain all dukes hold the court rank of grandee, which has precedence over all other noble titles. 1490: 1374:

By 1483, a total of 16 ducal titles had been created: Cornwall, Lancaster, Clarence, Gloucester, York,

3110:. None of these titles were hereditary, just like every other title in the Brazilian nobility system. 2226:

The highest precedence in the realm, attached to a feudal territory, was given to the twelve original

3537: 3502: 3099: 2871: 2511: 2480: 2444: 2183: 2110: 1903: 1879: 1871: 1829:

was sometimes added), but soon all politically relevant princes were to use the royal style of king.

1772: 1633: 1139: 896: 542: 366: 46: 3484: 2910: 2898: 2587: 2284: 2245: 2203: 1848: 1548: 1087: 1060: 735: 4069: 4061: 4052: 4166: 3949: 3894: 3291: 3107: 2848: 2683: 2654: 2534: 2496: 2289: 2149:). There is no indication that those two titles meant the same thing, or was mixed. He was first 2083: 2067: 1947: 1852: 1822: 1669: 1661: 1641: 1592: 1556: 1544: 1540: 1407: 1364: 1348: 1097: 1082: 1027: 904: 762: 687: 672: 606: 3552:, the enogie is expected to rule his domain as he sees fit, subject to the approval of the oba. 3381:), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example, a sister of the king 4005: 3999: 866: 4009: 3826: 3803: 3735: 3638: 3628: 3482:

have been maintained in the modern Indonesian administrative subdivision structure, heading a

3434: 3407: 3310: 3091: 3032: 2572: 2507: 2472: 2381: 2370: 2327: 2174: 2138: 2118: 2102: 2061: 1982: 1970: 1917: 1856: 1799: 1752: 1689: 1673: 1649: 1572: 1536: 1498: 1368: 1321: 1297: 877: 873: 841: 829: 782: 731: 676: 634: 626: 573: 565: 413: 58: 3932:

Falkenhausen, Lothar von (1996). "The Concept of Wen in the Ancient Chinese Ancestral Cult".

1889:

There are examples of duke as a subsidiary title, granted to the most powerful noble houses:

1563:, held by thirty different people, as three people hold two dukedoms and two hold three (see 4161: 3941: 3886: 3548:

is usually referred to as a duke in English. Often a cadet of the dynasty that produces the

3530: 3321: 3298: 3200: 3150: 3119: 3087: 2863: 2840: 2576: 2537:

no ducal principalities existed but duchies were often formed for members of the dynasty as

2488: 2448: 2437: 2421: 2405: 2316: 2301: 2256: 2018: 1993: 1974: 1897: 1893: 1756: 1709: 1677: 1653: 1645: 1403: 1379: 1337: 1310: 1124: 969: 696: 668: 659: 493: 325: 189: 2086:

to a younger son of the monarch. Short-lived dukedoms were created for the same purpose in

1462: 3731: 3725: 3648: 3633: 3574: 3325: 2650: 2580: 2484: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2425: 2215: 2191: 2106: 2022: 1959: 1860: 1736: 1720: 1713: 1665: 1415: 1411: 1399: 1395: 1375: 1270: 1200: 1050: 825: 630: 382: 91: 3593:

era of 11th century, each and every single one of the royal family received the title of

2567:

In the Jagiellonian era (1490–1526) only two dukes did not belong to the royal dynasty:

4151: 3655: 3643: 3271: 3258: 2918: 2867: 2859: 2829: 2779: 2767: 2716: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2638: 2634: 2611: 2417: 2409: 2393: 2389: 2374: 2056:(a portion of which later became part of Germany). Its southern neighbor, the duchy of 1907: 1697: 1681: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1181: 810: 489: 480: 242: 216: 177: 3666: 1195: 529:(which separated the civilian and military administrations of the Roman provinces), a 4145: 4125: 3898: 3569: 3377: 3373: 3333: 3275: 3238: 2775: 2751: 2429: 2236: 1883: 1864: 1768: 1764: 1748: 1740: 1451: 1360: 408: 144: 139: 134: 4111: 3058:

only for Georgian dukes. When talking about foreign dukes, they use the German word

2787: 1928:, who, although not having any relation to the royal family, was given the title of 614:. In some realms the relative status of "duke" and "prince", as titles borne by the 3549: 3545: 3411: 3403: 3246: 3221: 3204: 3182: 2833: 2824:, especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: 2813: 2699: 2642: 2556: 1875: 1821:

principalities, none of these warlords was exactly styled duke. A few (as Portugal

1693: 1685: 1657: 1478: 1356: 622: 468: 460: 237: 201: 149: 124: 119: 2296:

The secular dukes in the peerage of the realm were, again in order of precedence:

618:

rather than by members of reigning dynasties, varied—e.g., in Italy and Germany.

3975: 3605:

was called by his possession, when he was a prince, of a town Thibaw (Hsipaw in

3602: 3578: 3382: 3352:, which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into 3234: 3154: 3044: 2959: 2568: 2499:

and the Ernestine lines of the Saxon duchies were the sovereign ducal families.

1998: 1791: 1521: 1419: 1164: 918: 892: 758: 708: 680: 555: 2252:(in Champagne; who crowns and anoints the king, traditionally in his cathedral) 2013: 492:

to refer to a military commander without an official rank (particularly one of

3890: 3606: 3564: 3560: 3514: 3510: 3306: 3242: 3048: 3027: 2906: 2763: 2560: 1788: 1776: 1517: 939: 602: 578: 547: 526: 472: 156: 4074:. Samuiṅʻʺ Sutesana nhaṅʻʹ ʼA myuiʺ sāʺ Cā kraññʻʹ Tuikʻ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna. 2001. 3967: 3534: 3506: 3349: 3302: 3279: 2882: 2802: 2798: 2695: 2691: 2078:

Beginning in the 11th century, Danish kings frequently awarded the title of

2049: 1978: 1818: 1811: 1258: 1055: 900: 778: 403: 299: 294: 284: 268: 103: 3069:

was abolished by the Russian conquerors and the former dukes took the word

2783: 720: 3671: 1284:, their power and regional jurisdiction was limited to that of the Norman 3618: 3195: 3022: 2735:

Generally, confusion reigns whether to translate the usual ruler titles,

2704: 2679: 2622: 2538: 2503: 2401: 2221: 2057: 1843:

In Portugal, the title of duke was granted for the first time in 1415 to

1744: 1471: 1442:

at Bosworth field, and the title was forfeit. It was restored to his son

1023: 1014: 1004: 816: 667:. In Scotland, the male heir apparent to the British crown is always the 615: 611: 464: 387: 330: 309: 289: 279: 232: 227: 184: 161: 17: 3757:"Felipe VI no ha concedido un solo título nobiliario en todo su reinado" 4098:

Lewis, Archibald R. "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751".

3397: 3283: 2855: 2791: 2759: 2755: 2750:

petty principalities generally ruled by branches of the earlier Polish

2274: 2270:(in Picardy; bears the 'Sainte Ampoule' containing the sacred ointment) 2091: 2087: 2037: 2033: 2029: 1951: 1882:), when the first infante (second son of the monarch) got the title of 1732: 1467: 885: 853: 845: 587: 583: 398: 361: 356: 247: 86: 3953: 3226: 1644:". Ducal titles which have been given within the royal family include 551:

was introduced for the post of commander-in-chief of the entire navy.

3454: 3337: 3040: 2771: 2747: 2626:), and in the late 11th century it became used for the governor of a 2542: 2492: 2397: 2385: 2227: 2041: 1763:

held the title when he became the realm's temporary head of state as

1486: 1482: 790: 560: 377: 351: 335: 304: 206: 172: 3360:

was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of

3945: 2816:; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification 2782:, including (there are often also important Latin or German forms) 2380:

In Northern Italy some important sovereign ducal families were the

576:, the highest-ranking peers of the king. A duke may or may not be, 3623: 3590: 3393: 3166: 3162: 3158: 2754:

are regarded as duchies in translated titulary. Examples of such:

2737: 2452: 2045: 2012: 2002: 1992: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1513: 1461: 1285: 1019: 837: 646: 569: 568:. Dukes were the rulers of the provinces and the superiors of the 508: 497: 456: 340: 320: 258: 27:

Noble or royal title in some European countries and their colonies

2893:

meaning "duke" in the Middle Ages, whereas Latin for "prince" is

3921:. Würzberg: Würzburger Sinologische Schriften. pp. 103–134. 3429:. Prior to the unification of Java by Sultan Agung, independent 2633:

When the Catholic crusaders overran the Byzantine Empire in the

2413: 2267: 1277: 1009: 263: 211: 114: 98: 1969:

The last non-royal hereditary dukedom created was the title of

1767:) and Prince of Liège (a secularised version of the historical 3877:

Pines, Yuri (2020). "Names and Titles in Eastern Zhou Texts".

3556: 3270:

was interpreted as the highest in the "five ranks of nobles" (

2953: 1886:

and the second infante (third son) was known as Duke of Beja.

819:

entered Italy, the Latin chroniclers called their war leaders

484: 3784:"Felipe VI cierra el grifo de los condes, duques y marqueses" 3501:

is still found in the official title of the hereditary dukes

1269:) in the chronicles. The title ealdorman was replaced by the 789:

The army was structured decimally with the highest unit, the

2885:, the approximate equivalent of a duke or prince was called 2820:

was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title

2590:

the Habsburg kings rewarded Hungarian aristocrats (like the

2361:

In Northern Italy, Germany and Austria the title of "duke" (

2048:

existed in the Middle Ages. The longest-surviving duchy was

1962:

from her cousin and is the second holder of the title), and

4110: 2742:

etc. as Prince (analogous to the German Fürst) or as Duke;

2190:

was amended to allow female succession to the throne, King

1591:"Royal duke" redirects here. For the South Korean car, see 1305:

created the first English dukedom by naming his eldest son

3471:. French traveller Gérard Louis Domeny de Rienzi mentions 3098:

who received the title when married to Pedro I's daughter

2678:

In Italy and other western countries, the later Byzantine

1450:, as one of a number of dukes created or recreated by the 533:

became the military commander in each province. The title

3425:, this title is hereditary. Such territories were called 1363:, which later fought for the throne with John of Gaunt's 793:, probably corresponding to about 1,000 people from each 3467:

In the 19th century, the Javanese term for 'regent' was

2702:. The Greek rank of their holders, however, was that of 917:, the Franks) and it was thus used until the end of the 1950:. Those titles are nowadays not hereditary but carry a 1624:

List of dukedoms in the peerages of Britain and Ireland

913:

implied supreme military control of the entire nation (

45:"Titular duke" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3332:

granted the posthumous title Duke of Hui (徽國公) to the

2198:

became Crown Princess (displacing her younger brother

4060:

Center, Duke University Commonwealth-Studies (1966).

3934:

Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR)

781:

retained the Roman divisions of their kingdom in the

467:. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, 3782:

Ejerique, Raúl Sánchez, Raquel (17 September 2016).

3458:" in Dutch, and the territories they administered, " 2719:

was instituted in 1868 upon the birth of the future

1620:

List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland

1565:

List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland

719:

The Venetians installed a "Duke of Durazzo" (today

3106:, was the only dukedom created during the reign of 2889:in the Lithuanian language. Latin translation was 2514:, and later by all senior members of that dynasty. 686:The Channel Islands are two of the three remaining 2812:; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar 1855:, following their participation in the successful 909:: 'duke and prince of the Franks'. In this title, 455:is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a 4121:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 650–651. 3919:Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization 2808:In Russia, before the imperial unification from 3278:and Zhou royal houses and the eventual usurper 3051:. Erismtavari was the first among equal dukes. 2897:. The overall leader of the Lithuanian dukes ( 1580:is normally only used for the wife of a duke. 1509:in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization. 4102:, Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp. 381–410. 3301:noble title was granted to the descendants of 2443:In Germany, important ducal families were the 1985:in 2014, no new noble title has been created. 1261:, and the first ealdormen were referred to as 30:"Duchess" redirects here. For other uses, see 3864:A Renaissance Tapestry: The Gonzaga of Mantua 3581:, the monarch who has the right to wear one. 1233: 727:over the city and its environs in 1205–1213. 433: 8: 3981:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms 3808:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3699:The Official Website of the British Monarchy 3062:, which is the German equivalent of "duke". 3030:); a duke of two or more duchies was called 2929:until 1795 when Russians took over the land. 2222:Appanage § Original appanage: in France 1477:In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of 3755:Confidencial, Monarquía (4 November 2020). 3701:. The Royal Household. 2009. Archived from 2988:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2664:, officially the "Duchy of the Archipelago" 2583:), and both bore the title as royal dukes. 2686:were sometimes translated as duchies: the 1739:(historically the most prestigious in the 1240: 1226: 954: 440: 426: 53: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3356:(provinces). The administration of these 3008:Learn how and when to remove this message 1825:) started as count (even if the title of 4048:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1977. 4004:. University of Hawai`i Press. pp. 3320:and others were also awarded, sometimes 2563:of Transylvania and some other counties) 2240:with ducal territories among them were: 742:, did not wish to do him homage for the 3987:. Taipei: Dingwen Printing. p. 37. 3686: 3136:Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles 2506:" was the title borne from 1358 by the 1180: 977: 65: 4045:United States Congressional Serial Set 3801: 3567:, a viceroyal chieftain is known as a 3392:1350–1389) was "Bhre Lasem", "lady of 2579:(whose father was the titular king of 1806:, transformed the territory of former 1324:was created by Edward III in 1351 for 4051:Murdoch, William Gordon Burn (1908). 3727:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty 3661:List of fictional dukes and duchesses 2645:), some of which were of ducal rank: 2097:After the accession to the throne of 1958:(although she inherited the title of 1775:until he succeeded his older brother 1743:, and containing the federal capital 625:, however, was known by tradition as 525:Following the reforms of the emperor 7: 4054:From Edinburgh to India & Burmah 2986:adding citations to reliable sources 2671:(Candia) was initially ruled by the 2483:. In the German Confederation the 2369:in German) was quite common. As the 2113:, Duke of Franzhagen, Duke of Beck, 1973:in favour of former primer minister 1851:, the second and third sons of king 1612:Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom 69:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe 3563:and the other kingdoms of Nigerian 3519:Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya 3241:; their dukedoms were respectively 2925:), who acted as the monarch of the 2475:divided into several duchies), the 2357:Dukes in Italy, Germany and Austria 1956:Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria 1524:, a higher title, just below king. 4071:Mranʻ mā samuiṅʻʺ sutesana cā coṅʻ 4057:. G. Routledge & sons Limited. 4033:, Firmin Didot Frères, Paris, 1834 3396:". This system was similar to the 3132:Equivalents of Duke outside Europe 2602:The Byzantines retained the title 2001:bore a ducal coronet and used the 1954:. The current royal duchesses are 1265:(the plural of the original Latin 515:James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos 25: 4129:Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition 4028:Grégoire Louis Domeny de Rienzi, 3094:: an illegitimate daughter and a 3077:Post-colonial non-European states 2028:The Northern European duchies of 1632:is a duke who is a member of the 4138:. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1969. 4131:. Oxford University Press: 1971. 3730:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3665: 3324:, during the imperial period of 2958: 2338:(holds the second square banner) 2277:(in Burgundy; bears the scepter) 1977:in 1981. Since the accession of 1916:, to be used by the heir of the 1906:, to be used by the heir of the 1896:, to be used by the heir of the 1702:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 1206: 1194: 958: 572:in the cities and later, in the 217:Prince-elector, Princess-elector 75: 3416: 3387: 2323:(holds the first square banner) 3589:In Myanmar (Burma), since the 2828:"Duke of Schleswig-Holstein , 1964:Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo 1422:dynasty came to an end at the 1: 3824:Furstebilder från folkungatid 3670:The dictionary definition of 3039:In the 6th to 9th centuries, 2250:archevêque-duc pair de France 1561:Peerage of the United Kingdom 1470:(United Kingdom), as used in 3849:Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö 3843:Heikinheimo, Ilmari (1955). 3262:and others that date to the 3173:Turkey, Afghanistan and Iran 2723:as a distinct title for the 1839:List of dukedoms in Portugal 903:clan began to use the title 840:died, a period known as the 564:) signified first among the 519:robes of the British peerage 202:Crown prince, Crown princess 3885:(5–6). Leiden: Brill: 716. 2858:were many petty duchies as 2731:Slavic and nearby countries 1616:Dukes in the United Kingdom 1438:Norfolk perished alongside 951:Dukes in the United Kingdom 596:Hungarian House of Magnates 582:, a member of the nation's 488:, 'leader', a term used in 4188: 3400:system in Western Europe. 3282:. It was also granted to 3129: 3104:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva 2529:Duchy (Kingdom of Hungary) 2526: 2354: 2351:Italy, Germany and Austria 2219: 2213: 2172: 2021:(1254–1291) was the first 1939: 1836: 1609: 1590: 1295: 948: 937: 921:dynasty in France in 987. 808: 644: 506:is the female equivalent. 44: 29: 3891:10.1163/15685322-10656P06 3020:In Georgia, the title of 2637:, they installed several 2571:(the illegitimate son of 2541:. During the rule of the 2261:evêque-duc pair de France 1942:List of dukedoms in Spain 1859:. Pedro became the first 1628:In the United Kingdom, a 1213:United Kingdom portal 1028:Lord / Lady of Parliament 906:dux et princeps Francorum 836:sovereigns. In 575, when 757:In 1368, Durazzo fell to 750:. John took the style of 653:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 603:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 157:Grand duke, Grand duchess 4095:. Clarendon Press: 1895. 4066:. Duke University Press. 3998:Chan, Wing-tsit (1989). 3984: 3521:(shortened into KGPAA). 3348:The Javanese kingdom of 3209:Spring and Autumn period 3054:Georgians use the title 2927:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2669:Venetian colony of Crete 1930:Duke of Ávila and Bolama 1914:Duke of Miranda do Corvo 1553:Peerage of Great Britain 1531:. However, the title of 1430:was Duke of Suffolk and 1424:Battle of Bosworth Field 1307:Edward, the Black Prince 761:, who was recognized by 32:Duchess (disambiguation) 4118:Encyclopædia Britannica 4107:Phillips, Walter Alison 3488:, the subdivision of a 3433:s also exist, e.g. the 2874:. They were vassals of 2606:, transcribed as δούξ ( 2287:was given the title of 2070:" in the 19th century. 1870:From the reign of king 1723:in the United Kingdom. 1367:descendants during the 1359:, thereby founding the 1280:) over time. After the 1170:Territorial designation 67:Imperial, royal, noble, 4093:Italy and her Invaders 3822:Prof. Jan Svanberg in 3761:Monarquía Confidencial 3724:Crouch, David (2002). 3368:, "lord of" (the word 3330:Emperor Lizong of Song 3102:. The third, given to 2725:Crown Prince of Greece 2459:, the ducal family of 2188:1810 Act of Succession 2157:, but after he became 2109:, Duke of Sønderborg, 2025: 2010: 1474: 1446:thirty years later by 1015:Viscount / Viscountess 1005:Marquess / Marchioness 786:the Muslim invasions. 744:Principality of Achaea 734:succeeded his father, 522: 404:Gentleman, Gentlewoman 40:Dukes (disambiguation) 4126:Stenton, Sir Frank M. 3264:Warring States period 3213:Warring States period 3073:as their last names. 3047:, a title similar to 2495:, the Welf branch of 2173:Further information: 2016: 1996: 1932:in the 19th century. 1926:António José de Ávila 1759:'s so-titled brother 1465: 1303:Edward III of England 938:Further information: 512: 280:Viscount, Viscountess 228:Marquess, Marchioness 162:Archduke, Archduchess 104:High king, High queen 36:Duke (disambiguation) 3845:Suomen elämäkerrasto 3705:on 21 September 2012 3540:that is known as an 3151:Indian feudal system 2982:improve this section 2915:didysis kunigaikštis 2512:Archduchy of Austria 2111:Duke of Augustenborg 1952:grandeeship of Spain 1904:Duke of Torres Novas 1863:and Henry the first 1800:Caliphate of Córdoba 1747:) is awarded to the 1712:was given the title 1634:British royal family 1576:duchesses. The word 897:mayors of the palace 543:Eastern Roman Empire 459:, or of a member of 290:Burgrave, Burgravine 233:Margrave, Margravine 47:Partitioned-off duke 4172:Men's social titles 4001:Chu Hsi New Studies 3866:. Harper & Row. 3145:Indian Subcontinent 2845:Duchy of Reichstadt 2711:In the independent 2660:the Aegean insular 2559:(consisting of the 2518:Elsewhere in Europe 2285:Archbishop of Paris 2266:the bishop-duke of 2246:Archbishop of Reims 2204:Provinces of Sweden 2194:'s eldest daughter 1708:in 1936 the former 1549:Peerage of Scotland 1345:Thomas of Woodstock 1292:Late medieval times 1201:Politics portal 566:Germanic monarchies 357:Baronet, Baronetess 4136:The Goths in Spain 3441:by Agung in 1625. 3372:being akin to the 3292:Southern dynasties 3290:(晉朝). During the 3193:During the era of 2940:Hertog van Limburg 2849:Duchy of Friedland 2843:, and short-lived 2684:Palaiologan period 2655:Duchy of Neopatras 2552:the Duchy of Bihar 2549:the Duchy of Nitra 2535:Kingdom of Hungary 2410:Parma and Piacenza 2290:duc de Saint-Cloud 2273:the bishop-duc de 2161:he kept the title 2115:Duke of Glücksburg 2082:(earl) or duke of 2068:Schleswig-Holstein 2026: 2011: 1960:Duchess of Hernani 1948:Prince of Asturias 1670:Duke of Cumberland 1662:Duke of Gloucester 1642:His Royal Highness 1636:, entitled to the 1593:Daewoo Royale Duke 1557:Peerage of Ireland 1545:Peerage of England 1541:Duchy of Lancaster 1491:Brunswick-Lüneburg 1475: 1349:Duke of Gloucester 748:Kingdom of Albania 738:. Robert's uncle, 688:Crown Dependencies 673:Duchy of Lancaster 623:Queen Elizabeth II 541:, survived in the 523: 479:, itself from the 4015:978-0-8248-1201-0 3695:"Channel Islands" 3639:Duchy of Brittany 3629:Duchies in Sweden 3435:Duchy of Surabaya 3311:Republic of China 3036:, duke of dukes. 3033:eristavt-eristavi 3018: 3017: 3010: 2872:Duchy of Racibórz 2713:Kingdom of Greece 2573:Matthias Corvinus 2396:in Piedmont; the 2371:Holy Roman Empire 2328:Duke of Aquitaine 2321:duc de Normandie 2257:suffragan bishops 2175:Duchies in Sweden 2119:Holy Roman Empire 1857:Conquest of Ceuta 1783:Iberian peninsula 1753:Count of Flanders 1690:Duke of Edinburgh 1674:Duke of Cambridge 1650:Duke of Lancaster 1573:special remainder 1537:Duchy of Cornwall 1516:dukes in Europe; 1499:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 1485:in Italy, and of 1369:Wars of the Roses 1353:Edmund of Langley 1334:Lionel of Antwerp 1326:Henry of Grosmont 1322:Duke of Lancaster 1298:Duke of Lancaster 1253:Anglo-Saxon times 1250: 1249: 925:Holy Roman Empire 842:Rule of the Dukes 830:Duke of Benevento 783:Iberian Peninsula 767:Prince of Albania 732:Robert of Taranto 677:Duke of Lancaster 641:Duchy and dukedom 635:Duke of Lancaster 607:formerly reigning 574:feudal monarchies 450: 449: 414:Lord of the Manor 378:Knight, Chevalier 16:(Redirected from 4179: 4134:Thompson, E. A. 4122: 4114: 4076: 4075: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3903: 3902: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3840: 3834: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3691: 3669: 3531:Kingdom of Benin 3420: 3418: 3391: 3389: 3299:Duke of Yansheng 3088:Empire of Brazil 3082:Empire of Brazil 3013: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2962: 2954: 2864:Duchy of Legnica 2841:Duchy of Krumlov 2657:was later linked 2588:Battle of Mohács 2473:Ernestine branch 2365:in Italian, and 2317:Duke of Normandy 2306:duc de Bourgogne 2302:Duke of Burgundy 2153:, and then also 2019:Bengt Birgersson 1989:Nordic countries 1898:Duke of Braganza 1894:Duke of Barcelos 1798:from the former 1769:prince-bishopric 1757:King Leopold III 1710:King Edward VIII 1704:. Following his 1678:Duke of Rothesay 1654:Duke of Clarence 1646:Duke of Cornwall 1338:Duke of Clarence 1311:Duke of Cornwall 1242: 1235: 1228: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1199: 1198: 1184: 1160:Forms of address 1020:Baron / Baroness 983: 962: 955: 880:, the titles of 801:when necessary. 697:Duke of Normandy 669:Duke of Rothesay 660:Duke of Cornwall 627:Duke of Normandy 537:, Hellenised to 442: 435: 428: 87:Emperor, Empress 79: 54: 21: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4142: 4141: 4105: 4089:Hodgkin, Thomas 4085: 4083:General sources 4080: 4079: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4023: 4016: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3915: 3906: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3649:Duchy of Naples 3634:Duchy of Amalfi 3615: 3587: 3575:Yoruba language 3527: 3415: 3386: 3346: 3326:Chinese history 3305:. In 1935, the 3191: 3175: 3147: 3138: 3130:Main articles: 3128: 3116: 3092:Emperor Pedro I 3084: 3079: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2979: 2963: 2952: 2944:Duke of Limburg 2936: 2876:King of Bohemia 2839:In Bohemia was 2733: 2715:, the style of 2653:, to which the 2651:Duchy of Athens 2639:crusader states 2620:(also known as 2600: 2531: 2525: 2520: 2359: 2353: 2332:duc d'Aquitaine 2224: 2218: 2216:Dukes in France 2212: 2192:Carl XVI Gustaf 2177: 2171: 2135: 2127: 2107:Duke of Gottorp 2076: 2023:Duke of Finland 1991: 1944: 1938: 1874:, the title of 1861:Duke of Coimbra 1841: 1835: 1794:, sweeping the 1785: 1737:Duke of Brabant 1735:, the title of 1729: 1721:non-royal dukes 1719:There are also 1714:Duke of Windsor 1666:Duke of Bedford 1626: 1610:Main articles: 1608: 1596: 1589: 1460: 1428:John de la Pole 1300: 1294: 1282:Norman conquest 1255: 1246: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1193: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1150:Courtesy titles 1119: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1077: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1045: 1044: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1010:Earl / Countess 994: 993: 981: 980:Peerages in the 979: 953: 947: 942: 932: 927: 862: 826:Duke of Spoleto 813: 807: 775: 752:Duke of Durazzo 723:) during their 717: 705: 692:Treaty of Paris 649: 643: 637:in Lancashire. 631:Channel Islands 490:republican Rome 446: 383:Imperial Knight 321:Baron, Baroness 259:Count, Countess 68: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4123: 4103: 4096: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4035: 4021: 4014: 3990: 3959: 3946:10.2307/495623 3924: 3904: 3869: 3854: 3835: 3815: 3774: 3747: 3741:978-1852855956 3740: 3716: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3663: 3658: 3656:Lists of dukes 3653: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3644:Duchy of Gaeta 3641: 3636: 3631: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3586: 3583: 3526: 3523: 3461:regentschappen 3345: 3342: 3256:In works like 3190: 3187: 3174: 3171: 3146: 3143: 3127: 3124: 3115: 3112: 3096:brother-in-law 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3016: 3015: 2998:September 2023 2966: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2879: 2868:Duchy of Zator 2860:Duchy of Brzeg 2852: 2837: 2806: 2795: 2780:Greater Poland 2768:Greater Poland 2746:In splintered 2740:/ knez/ książe 2732: 2729: 2717:Duke of Sparta 2676: 2675: 2673:Duke of Candia 2665: 2662:Duchy of Naxos 2658: 2635:Fourth Crusade 2612:Medieval Greek 2599: 2596: 2565: 2564: 2553: 2550: 2527:Main article: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2510:rulers of the 2414:Cybo-Malaspina 2375:courtesy title 2355:Main article: 2352: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2324: 2313: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2253: 2237:Prince-Bishops 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2182:In 1772, King 2170: 2167: 2139:Skule Bårdsson 2134: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2075: 2072: 1990: 1987: 1979:King Felipe VI 1971:Duke of Suárez 1940:Main article: 1937: 1934: 1922: 1921: 1918:Duke of Lafões 1911: 1908:Duke of Aveiro 1901: 1880:Queen Maria II 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1804:taifa-remnants 1784: 1781: 1773:King Albert II 1728: 1725: 1698:Duke of Sussex 1682:Duke of Albany 1607: 1606:United Kingdom 1604: 1588: 1585: 1520:is ruled by a 1507:Saxe-Altenburg 1503:Saxe-Meiningen 1459: 1456: 1293: 1290: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1230: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1203: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183:House of Lords 1178: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1103:United Kingdom 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1061:Representative 1058: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026:, replaced by 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000:Duke / Duchess 996: 995: 991: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982:United Kingdom 975: 974: 964: 963: 949:Main article: 946: 943: 931: 928: 926: 923: 861: 858: 811:Duke (Lombard) 809:Main article: 806: 803: 774: 771: 716: 713: 704: 701: 645:Main article: 642: 639: 558:the title (as 513:A portrait of 448: 447: 445: 444: 437: 430: 422: 419: 418: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 393: 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 372: 371: 370: 369: 364: 359: 354: 346: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 315: 314: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 274: 273: 272: 271: 266: 261: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 243:Count palatine 240: 235: 230: 222: 221: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 193: 192: 182: 181: 180: 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 129: 128: 127: 122: 109: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 95: 94: 81: 80: 72: 71: 63: 62: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4184: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3862:Simon, Kate. 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831:91-85884-52-9 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3720: 3717: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3680: 3676:at Wiktionary 3675: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3494:or province. 3493: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3456: 3452:were called " 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334:Neo-Confucian 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239:Shang dynasty 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201:Ancient China 3198: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3043:was ruled by 3042: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3012: 3009: 3001: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2967:This section 2965: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:kunigaikščiai 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776:Little Poland 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:Piast dynasty 2749: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2721:Constantine I 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577:Lőrinc Újlaki 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2555:the Duchy of 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2543:Árpád dynasty 2540: 2536: 2530: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502:In Austria, " 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2054:Sonderjylland 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1997:In the 1260s 1995: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Adolfo Suárez 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1884:Duke of Porto 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1865:Duke of Viseu 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849:infante Henry 1846: 1845:infante Peter 1840: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:prince-regent 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:heir apparent 1746: 1742: 1741:Low Countries 1738: 1734: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1452:Tudor dynasty 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:House of York 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:John of Gaunt 1327: 1323: 1320:The title of 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:Great Britain 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 988: 987: 984: 976: 973: 971: 966: 965: 961: 957: 956: 952: 944: 941: 936: 929: 924: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 859: 857: 855: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 818: 812: 804: 802: 800: 796: 792: 787: 784: 780: 772: 770: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 714: 712: 710: 702: 700: 698: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 656: 654: 648: 640: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 592:Imperial Diet 589: 585: 581: 580: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562: 557: 552: 550: 549: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520: 516: 511: 507: 505: 504: 499: 495: 491: 487: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469:grand princes 466: 462: 458: 454: 443: 438: 436: 431: 429: 424: 423: 421: 420: 415: 412: 410: 409:Ministerialis 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 373: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 316: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 276: 275: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 197:Duke, Duchess 195: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 170: 169: 168: 163: 160: 158: 155: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 130: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 102: 100: 99:Tsar, Tsarina 97: 93: 90: 89: 88: 85: 84: 83: 82: 78: 74: 73: 70: 64: 60: 56: 55: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4157:Noble titles 4135: 4128: 4116: 4112:"Duke" 4099: 4092: 4070: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4038: 4029: 4024: 4000: 3993: 3979: 3962: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3918: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3863: 3857: 3844: 3838: 3823: 3818: 3792:. Retrieved 3790:(in Spanish) 3787: 3777: 3765:. Retrieved 3763:(in Spanish) 3760: 3750: 3726: 3719: 3707:. 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