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646:(EPA) is that "If no one in your household suffers from allergies or unexplained symptoms or illnesses and if, after a visual inspection of the inside of the ducts, you see no indication that your air ducts are contaminated with large deposits of dust or mold (no musty odor or visible mold growth), having your air ducts cleaned is probably unnecessary."
782:(DTT) can be performed. A duct with less than 0.75 mg/100m is considered to be clean, per the NADCA standard. A Hong Kong standard lists surface deposit limits of 1g/m for supply and return ducts and 6g/m for exhaust ducts, or a maximum deposit thickness of 60 μm in supply and return ducts, and 180 μm for exhaust ducts. In the UK,
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and to any length to suit, but the most common stock sizes range evenly from 4" to 24" (10-60 cm) with 6"-12" (15-30 cm) being most commonly used. Stock pipe is usually sold in 10' (300 cm) joints. There are also 5' (150 cm) joints of the non-spiral type pipe available, which is commonly used in residential applications.
529:. A probe connected to the motor is installed in the run of the duct and detects smoke, either in the air which has been extracted from or is being supplied to a room, or elsewhere within the run of the duct. Once smoke is detected, the actuator will automatically close the smoke damper until it is manually re-opened.
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Rectangular ductwork commonly is fabricated to suit by specialized metal shops. For ease of handling, it most often comes in 4' (120 cm) sections (or joints). Round duct is made using a continuous spiral forming machine which can make round duct in nearly any diameter when using the right forming die
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Automated technology exists that can seal a duct system in its entirety from the inside out using a patented process and specialized sealant. This method for duct sealing is often used in commercial construction and multi-unit residential construction. The cost associated with automated duct sealing
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should not be used on air ducts (metal, fiberglass, or otherwise) that are intended for long-term use. The adhesive on so called duct tape dries and releases with time. A more common type of duct sealant is a water-based paste that is brushed or sometimes sprayed on the seams when the duct is built.
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and vibration to the inhabitants of the building. To avoid this, vibration isolators (flexible sections) are normally inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air handler. The rubberized canvas-like material of these sections allows the air handler to vibrate without transmitting much
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would be the more definitive name. However, as it often replaces hard ductwork, it is easy to perceive it simply as a duct. Usually made of polyester material, fabric ducts can provide a more even distribution and blending of the conditioned air in a given space than a conventional duct system. They
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Flexible duct is very convenient for attaching supply air outlets to the rigid ductwork. It is commonly attached with long zip ties or metal band claps. However, the pressure loss is higher than for most other types of ducts. As such, designers and installers attempt to keep their installed lengths
187:
The ductwork construction starts with the tracing of the duct outline onto the aluminium preinsulated panel. The parts are then typically cut at 45°, bent if required to obtain the different fittings (i.e. elbows, tapers) and finally assembled with glue. Aluminium tape is applied to all seams where
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To use flexible ducting in a system, make sure to pull the duct tight so you get the full internal diameter. This reduces resistance and improves airflow, as well as ventilation efficiency. Minimize bends and kinks as much as possible, since they can affect how well the airstream flows through the
445:
allow a small portion of the flow in the main duct to be diverted into each branch duct. Take-offs may be fitted into round or rectangular openings cut into the wall of the main duct. The take-off commonly has many small metal tabs that are then bent to attach the take-off to the main duct. Round
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In commercial settings, regular inspection of ductwork is recommended by several standards. One standard recommends inspecting supply ducts every 1–2 years, return ducts every 1–2 years, and air handling units annually. Another recommends visual inspection of internally lined ducts annually Duct
365:
low-profile ducting has been developed as a cost-effective alternative to steel low-profile ducting. Low-profile ducting has been used extensively in apartment and hotel ventilation since 2005. The growth of low-profile ducting has grown significantly due to the reduction of available space in
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Fabric ducts are available in various colors, with options for silk screening or other forms of decoration, or in porous (air-permeable) and non-porous fabric. The determination which fabric is appropriate (i.e. air-permeable or not) can be made by considering if the application would require an
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Fire dampers can be found in the same places as smoke dampers, depending on the application of the area after the firewall. Unlike smoke dampers, they are not triggered by any electrical system (which is an advantage in case of an electrical failure where the smoke dampers would fail to close).
208:
panels are manufactured with factory applied aluminium facings on both sides. The thickness of the aluminium foil can vary from 25 micrometres for indoor use to 200 micrometers for external use or for higher mechanical characteristics. There are various types of rigid polyurethane foam panels
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Ducting systems must often provide a method of adjusting the volume of air flow to various parts of the system. Volume control dampers (VCDs; not to be confused with smoke/fire dampers) provide this function. Besides the regulation provided at the registers or diffusers that spread air into
199:
Traditionally, air ductwork is made of sheet metal which was installed first and then lagged with insulation. Today, a sheet metal fabrication shop would commonly fabricate the galvanized steel duct and insulate with duct wrap prior to installation. However, ductwork manufactured from rigid
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system. Sealing leaks in air ducts reduces air leakage, optimizes energy efficiency, and controls the entry of pollutants into the building. Before sealing ducts it is imperative to ensure the total external static pressure of the duct work, and if equipment will fall within the equipment
673:, and whatever else might collect inside. Ideally, the interior surface will be shiny and bright after cleaning. Insulated fiber glass duct liner and duct board can be cleaned with special non-metallic bristles. Fabric ducting can be washed or vacuumed using typical household appliances.
292:. It is commonly sold as boxes containing 25' (7.5 m) of duct compressed into a 5' (1.5 m) length. It is available in diameters ranging from as small as 4" (10 cm) to as big as 18" (45 cm), but the most commonly used are even sizes ranging from 6" to 12" (15 to 30 cm).
168:
blankets (duct liner) or wrapped externally with fiberglass blankets (duct wrap). When necessary, a double walled duct is used. This will usually have an inner perforated liner, then a 1–2" (2.5-5 cm) layer of fiberglass insulation contained inside an outer solid pipe.
370:
in 2017 there has been a rise in the discovery of non-compliant building materials; many PVC low-profile ducting manufacturers have struggled to gain or maintain compliance, and some building projects have had to resort back to using the more expensive steel option.
300:) short, e.g. less than 15 feet (5 m) or so, and try to minimize turns. Kinks in flexible ducting must be avoided. Some flexible duct markets prefer to avoid using flexible duct on the return air portions of HVAC systems, however flexible duct can tolerate moderate
336:. Material that eliminates moisture may be healthier for the occupants. It can also be treated with an anti-microbial agent to inhibit bacterial growth. Porous material also tends to require less maintenance as it repels dust and other airborne contaminants.
786:
standard TM26 recommends duct cleaning if measured bacterial content is more than 29 colony forming units (CFU) per 10 cm; contamination is classified as "low" below 10 CFU/cm, "medium" at up to 20 CFU/cm, and "high" when measured above 20 CFU/cm.
264:. The duct board can then be folded along the groove to produce 90° folds, making the rectangular duct shape in the fabricator's desired size. The duct is then closed with outward-clinching staples and special aluminum or similar metal-backed tape.
537:
which is a piece of metal that will melt or break at a specified temperature. This allows the damper to close (either from gravity or spring power), effectively sealing the duct, containing the fire, and blocking the necessary air to burn.
163:
is the standard and most common material used in fabricating ductwork because the zinc coating of this metal prevents rusting and avoids cost of painting. For insulation purposes, metal ducts are typically lined with faced
574:
are installed inside of ductwork at changes of direction (e.g. at 90° turns) in order to minimize turbulence and resistance to the air flow. The vanes guide the air so it can follow the change of direction more easily.
450:. Other take-off designs use a snap-in attachment method, sometimes coupled with an adhesive foam gasket for improved sealing. The outlet of the take-off then connects to the rectangular, oval, or round branch duct.
259:
along the board using a straightedge as a guide. The knife automatically trims out a groove with 45° sides which does not quite penetrate the entire depth of the duct board, thus providing a thin section acting as a
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applications are available. Fabric ducting usually weighs less than other conventional ducting and will therefore put less stress on the building's structure. The lower weight allows for easier installation.
379:
The finish for external ductwork exposed to the weather can be sheet steel coated with aluminium or an aluminium/zinc alloy, a multilayer laminate, a fibre reinforced polymer or other waterproof coating.
594:
to a central air handler. The supply plenum directs air from the central unit to the rooms which the system is designed to heat or cool. They must be carefully planned in ventilation design.
332:
insulated metal duct. If so, an air-permeable fabric is recommended because it will not commonly create condensation on its surface and can therefore be used where air is supplied below the
614:
boxes (single or dual duct), fan-powered mixing boxes (in parallel or series arrangement), and induction terminal units. Terminal units may also include a heating or cooling coil.
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the external surface of the aluminium foil has been cut. A variety of flanges are available to suit various installation requirements. All internal joints are sealed with sealant.
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2421:
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Occupants are experiencing signs of sickness, e.g. fatigue, headache, sneezing, stuffy or running nose, irritability, nausea, dry or burning sensation in eyes, nose and throat.
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vibration to the attached ducts. The same flexible section can reduce the noise that can occur when the blower engages and positive air pressure is introduced to the ductwork.
311:
There are a few types of flexible ducting - Polyurethane (PU), Aluminium & Aluminium insulated, Acoustic and
Rectangular flexible ducting, as well as semi- and combi-flex.
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276:) are typically made of flexible plastic over a metal wire coil to shape a tube. They have a variety of configurations. In the United States, the insulation is usually
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are also used widely. Return or exhaust grilles are used primarily for appearance reasons, but some also incorporate an air filter and are known as filter returns.
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Vertically mounted fire dampers are gravity operated, while horizontal fire dampers are spring powered. A fire damper's most important feature is a mechanical
1929:
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systems typically do not have these, multi-zone systems often have terminal units in the branch ducts. Usually there is one terminal unit per
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Inspections are typically visual, looking for water damage or biological growth. When visual inspection needs to be validated numerically, a
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Fabric made of more than 50% recycled material is also available, allowing it to be certified as green product. The material can also be
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ductwork is lightweight and quick to install. Also, custom or special shapes of ducts can be easily fabricated in the shop or on site.
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1974:
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Ducts, especially in homes, must often allow air to travel vertically within relatively thin walls. These vertical ducts are called
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are the central distribution and collection units for an HVAC system. The return plenum carries the air from several large return
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and are formed with either very wide and relatively thin rectangular sections or oval sections. At the bottom of the stack, a
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137:. Planning (laying out), sizing, optimizing, detailing, and finding the pressure losses through a duct system is called
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fiber and glass wool for thermal insulation. A protective layer surrounds the insulation, and is usually composed of
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available, including water formulated panel for which the foaming process is obtained through the use of water and CO
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provides a transition from an ordinary large round or rectangular duct to the thin wall-mounted duct. At the top, a
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This is actually an air distribution device and is not intended as a conduit for conditioned air. The term fabric
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and UL standards call for special fire-resistant tapes, often with foil backings and long lasting adhesives.
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441:. When the system is designed with a main duct branching into many subsidiary branch ducts, fittings called
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A rigid phenolic insulation ductwork system is listed as a class 1 air duct to UL 181 Standard for Safety.
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manufacturer's specifications. If not, higher energy usage and reduced equipment performance may result.
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Fabric ducts require a minimum of certain range of airflow and static pressure in order for it to work.
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Fabric ducts are not rated for use in ceilings or concealed attic spaces. However, products for use in
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1033:"Standard 180 Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems"
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343:, which means that the fabric can still burn, but will extinguish when the heat source is removed.
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insulation panels does not need any further insulation and can be installed in a single step. Both
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Aluminum is also used to make round spiral duct, but it is much less common than galvanized steel.
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Duct location in an attic, attached garage, leaky floor cavity, crawl space or unheated basement.
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After or during sleep, occupants experience headaches, nasal congestion, or other sinus problems.
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and the interior surface absorbs , helping to provide quiet operation of the HVAC system.
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Air terminals are the supply air outlets and return or exhaust air inlets. For supply,
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often makes it impractical for the average homeowner to implement in their own house.
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Besides the ducts themselves, complete ducting systems contain many other components.
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can be fitted within the ducts themselves. These dampers may be manual or automatic.
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Utility bills in winter and summer months above average relative to rate fluctuation
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Occupants are constantly getting sick or are experiencing more allergies than usual.
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as part of the supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable
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After cleaning, there is still left over visible dust floating around the house.
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Air pressure combined with air duct leakage can lead to a loss of energy in a
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There is a musty or stale odor when turning on the furnace or air conditioner.
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997:"ACR, The NADCA Standard for Assessment Cleaning Restoration of HVAC Systems"
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gasses. Most manufacturers of rigid polyurethane or phenolic foam panels use
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104:(HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example,
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An opposed-blade, motor-operated zone damper, shown in the "open" position.
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Air
Diffusion Council Flexible Duct Performance and Installation Standard
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A thorough duct cleaning done by a professional duct cleaner will remove
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will commonly fork, providing air to many individual air outlets such as
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82:
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1035:. American Society of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineers
17:
1724:
1396:
714: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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230:
1089:
A Management
Practice Guidance Note on Air Duct Cleaning for Hong Kong
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Polyurethane and phenolic insulation panels (pre-insulated air ducts)
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Rooms in the house have little or no air flow coming from the vents.
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Sweeping and dusting the furniture needs to be done more than usual.
554:
1059:"Verifying System Cleanliness: A Guide for Commissioning Providers"
2416:
1849:
1102:
Chartered
Institute of Building Service Engineers (October 2000),
890:
Sheet Metal and Air
Conditioning Contractors' National Association
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cleaning should be based on the results of those inspections.
683:
416:, and the large area of the duct system would transmit this
149:
Ducts can be made out of the following materials: They are
630:, and for very small HVAC systems (such as in residences)
470:
can provide a transition back to ordinary ducting while a
244:
Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated non-metallic ductwork)
27:
Conduit used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1104:
TM 26: Hygiene
Maintenance of Office Ventilation Ductwork
304:. The UL181 test requires a negative pressure of 200 Pa.
255:
The duct board is formed by sliding a specially-designed
1002:. National Air Duct Cleaners Association. Archived from
366:
ceiling cavities in an effort to reduce cost. Since the
824:
Signs of leaky or poorly performing air ducts include:
525:
Smoke dampers are driven by a motor, referred to as an
518:
are found in ductwork where the duct passes through a
474:
allows the transition to a wall-mounted air register.
48:
A round galvanized steel duct connecting to a typical
969:"Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned?"
951:
Designer's Guide to
Ceiling-Based Room Air Diffusion
2489:
2455:
2382:
2286:
2134:
1637:
1323:
1185:
831:Spaces or rooms that are difficult to heat or cool
499:provide automatic control in simple systems while
681:Cleaning of the duct system may be necessary if:
328:may also be manufactured with vents or orifices.
400:An air handling unit with vibration isolator (3)
280:, but other markets such as Australia, use both
503:(VAV) allows control in sophisticated systems.
429:Downstream of the air handler, the supply air
248:Fiberglass duct board panels provide built-in
1163:
8:
81:block wall and underside of concrete slab,
34:Ducts for air pollution control in a 17000
2553:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1930:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1179:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1170:
1156:
1148:
1091:, Asian Institute of Intelligent Buildings
412:in the air handler can create substantial
102:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
730:Learn how and when to remove this message
2364:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1052:
1050:
1026:
1024:
43:
1116:Ductwork sealing article at Energy Star
990:
988:
908:
237:instead of the aforementioned gasses.
2237:Programmable communicating thermostat
7:
2359:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1068:. American Commissioning Group (ACG)
712:adding citations to reliable sources
644:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
39:regenerative thermal oxidizer (RTO).
610:. Some types of terminal units are
2220:Minimum efficiency reporting value
323:is therefore somewhat misleading;
100:are conduits or passages used in
85:with ceramic fibre-based firestop
25:
2262:Standard temperature and pressure
1975:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1511:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1240:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
665:hair and droppings, paper clips,
404:A duct system often begins at an
1331:Absorption-compression heat pump
1087:AIIB/ACRA/BSOMES/HKBCxC (2004),
688:
2226:Normal temperature and pressure
1606:Vapor-compression refrigeration
935:HVAC Systems – Duct Design
915:The Fundamentals volume of the
699:needs additional citations for
957:, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, 2002
925:, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, 2005
550:Turning vanes inside of large
272:Flexible ducts (also known as
116:. Ducts commonly also deliver
36:standard cubic feet per minute
1:
2374:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2318:Building information modeling
2313:Building services engineering
1890:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1418:Demand controlled ventilation
1366:Building insulation materials
133:A duct system is also called
1935:High-pressure cut-off switch
1486:Ice storage air conditioning
1407:Dedicated outdoor air system
325:fabric air dispersion system
2278:Thermostatic radiator valve
2080:Thermostatic radiator valve
1591:Underfloor air distribution
1526:Radiant heating and cooling
1444:Energy recovery ventilation
1356:Automobile air conditioning
1220:Domestic energy consumption
62:mechanical shaft with HVAC
2569:
2427:Institute of Refrigeration
2308:Architectural technologist
1780:Electrostatic precipitator
967:US EPA, OAR (2014-07-28).
880:Register (air and heating)
75:"HOW" (Head-Of-Wall) joint
2480:Volatile organic compound
2339:Environmental engineering
2303:Architectural engineering
2105:Ultra-low particulate air
1690:Automatic balancing valve
1618:Variable refrigerant flow
1470:Heat recovery ventilation
1413:Deep water source cooling
1127:Types of flexible ducting
1031:ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA (2012).
850:Duct (industrial exhaust)
2527:Template:Home automation
2349:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2045:Solar-assisted heat pump
1645:Air conditioner inverter
1424:Displacement ventilation
1315:Vapour pressure of water
1300:Thermal destratification
2522:World Refrigeration Day
2369:Refrigerant reclamation
2298:Architectural acoustics
2242:Programmable thermostat
2174:Clean air delivery rate
2070:Thermal expansion valve
1985:Pressurisation ductwork
1895:Ground source heat pump
1336:Absorption refrigerator
895:Uniform Mechanical Code
875:Pressurisation ductwork
558:pressurisation ductwork
358:PVC low-profile ducting
2512:Glossary of HVAC terms
2474:Sick building syndrome
2354:Mechanical engineering
2065:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1496:Mixed-mode ventilation
885:Smoke exhaust ductwork
845:Central vacuum cleaner
780:deposit thickness test
568:
567:Turning vane close-up.
560:
507:Smoke and fire dampers
487:
478:Volume control dampers
401:
384:Duct system components
94:
52:
41:
2532:Template:Solar energy
2210:Intelligent buildings
2169:Carbon dioxide sensor
1556:Room air distribution
1376:Central solar heating
1066:www.commissioning.org
855:Darcy friction factor
766:Commercial inspection
669:deposits, children's
626:are most common, but
566:
552:fire-resistance rated
549:
485:
454:Stack boots and heads
399:
60:Fire-resistance rated
58:
47:
33:
2334:Duct leakage testing
2324:Deep energy retrofit
2268:Thermographic camera
2205:Infrared thermometer
1680:Air source heat pump
1629:Water heat recycling
1195:Air changes per hour
708:improve this article
677:Signs and indicators
642:The position of the
446:versions are called
2200:HVAC control system
2190:Home energy monitor
2164:Building automation
1950:Inverter compressor
1612:Variable air volume
1521:Passive ventilation
1491:Kitchen ventilation
1391:Constant air volume
1361:Autonomous building
1009:on 11 February 2015
803:Commonly available
604:constant air volume
501:variable air volume
392:Vibration isolators
368:Grenfell Tower fire
2463:Indoor air quality
2407:ASTM International
2344:Hydronic balancing
2121:Wood-burning stove
2000:Radiator reflector
1785:Evaporative cooler
1596:Underfloor heating
1581:Thermal insulation
602:While single-zone
569:
561:
491:individual rooms,
488:
402:
302:negative pressures
250:thermal insulation
124:indoor air quality
95:
53:
42:
2540:
2539:
2456:Health and safety
2035:Scroll compressor
1990:Process duct work
1745:Convection heater
1740:Condensing boiler
1670:Air-mixing plenum
1566:Solar combisystem
1402:Cross ventilation
1205:Building envelope
740:
739:
732:
16:(Redirected from
2560:
2502:Building science
2257:Smart thermostat
2252:Room temperature
1835:Fireplace insert
1541:Radon mitigation
1439:Electric heating
1434:District heating
1429:District cooling
1346:Air conditioning
1172:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1001:
992:
983:
982:
980:
979:
964:
958:
953:, Rock and Zhu,
948:
942:
932:
926:
913:
735:
728:
724:
721:
715:
692:
684:
522:or firecurtain.
448:spin-in fittings
268:Flexible ducting
153:Galvanized steel
21:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2497:ASHRAE Handbook
2485:
2469:Passive smoking
2451:
2384:
2378:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2136:
2130:
2111:Whole-house fan
2025:Run-around coil
2020:Reversing valve
1965:Mechanical room
1955:Kerosene heater
1945:Infrared heater
1875:Gasoline heater
1815:Fan filter unit
1730:Condensate pump
1715:Centrifugal fan
1633:
1536:Radiant heating
1531:Radiant cooling
1506:Passive cooling
1501:Microgeneration
1371:Central heating
1319:
1295:Thermal comfort
1187:
1181:
1176:
1144:, 4th Ed., 2003
1138:
1136:Further reading
1133:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1057:Willis, Steve.
1056:
1055:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1006:
999:
994:
993:
986:
977:
975:
966:
965:
961:
949:
945:
933:
929:
918:ASHRAE Handbook
914:
910:
903:
841:
822:
793:
768:
736:
725:
719:
716:
705:
693:
679:
640:
620:
600:
581:
544:
509:
480:
456:
437:, grilles, and
427:
394:
386:
377:
360:
317:
270:
246:
212:
197:
179:
155:
147:
128:thermal comfort
119:ventilation air
77:between top of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Psychrometrics
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Air flow meter
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Heating system
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1900:Heat exchanger
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Gas compressor
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:Expansion tank
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1720:Ceramic heater
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Solar air heat
1558:
1553:
1551:Renewable heat
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1460:Forced-air gas
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1310:Thermodynamics
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:Psychrometrics
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Gas compressor
1232:
1230:Fluid dynamics
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1108:
1094:
1079:
1046:
1020:
995:NADCA (2013).
984:
959:
943:
927:
907:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
829:
821:
820:Signs of leaks
818:
810:Building codes
792:
789:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
738:
737:
696:
694:
687:
678:
675:
639:
636:
619:
616:
599:
598:Terminal units
596:
580:
577:
543:
540:
508:
505:
479:
476:
455:
452:
426:
423:
393:
390:
385:
382:
376:
373:
359:
356:
341:fire retardant
316:
315:Fabric ducting
313:
269:
266:
245:
242:
210:
196:
193:
178:
175:
154:
151:
146:
143:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2565:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:organizations
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Duct cleaning
2327:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Control valve
2178:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Turning vanes
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:Thermal wheel
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Solar chimney
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Fan coil unit
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Cooling tower
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Vapor barrier
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Solar heating
1574:
1572:
1571:Solar cooling
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Refrigeration
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Passive house
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Chilled water
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Sensible heat
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Noise control
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Heat transfer
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1005:
998:
991:
989:
985:
974:
970:
963:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
936:
931:
928:
924:
920:
919:
912:
909:
905:
900:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
833:
830:
827:
826:
825:
819:
817:
813:
811:
806:
801:
798:
790:
788:
785:
781:
777:
772:
765:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
741:
734:
731:
723:
713:
709:
703:
702:
697:This section
695:
691:
686:
685:
682:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
638:Duct cleaning
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
618:Air terminals
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
578:
576:
573:
572:Turning vanes
565:
559:
556:
553:
548:
542:Turning vanes
541:
539:
536:
530:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:Smoke dampers
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
484:
477:
475:
473:
472:register head
469:
465:
461:
453:
451:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
419:
415:
411:
407:
398:
391:
389:
383:
381:
375:Waterproofing
374:
372:
369:
364:
357:
355:
352:
349:
344:
342:
337:
335:
329:
326:
322:
314:
312:
309:
305:
303:
299:
293:
291:
288:or metalized
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
258:
253:
251:
243:
241:
238:
236:
235:foaming agent
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
207:
206:phenolic foam
203:
194:
192:
189:
185:
183:
176:
174:
170:
167:
162:
159:
152:
150:
144:
142:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:, as well as
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
51:
46:
40:
37:
32:
19:
2507:Fireproofing
2291:and services
2287:Professions,
2185:Gas detector
2085:Trickle vent
2060:Smoke damper
2055:Smoke canopy
2050:Space heater
1980:Plenum space
1915:Heating film
1795:Exhaust hood
1769:
1765:Dehumidifier
1705:Blast damper
1700:Barrier pipe
1675:Air purifier
1586:Thermosiphon
1465:Free cooling
1381:Chilled beam
1305:Thermal mass
1290:Stack effect
1275:Particulates
1255:Infiltration
1186:Fundamental
1141:
1122:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1065:
1037:. Retrieved
1011:. Retrieved
1004:the original
976:. Retrieved
972:
962:
950:
946:
934:
930:
916:
911:
904:
823:
814:
802:
794:
791:Duct sealing
779:
775:
773:
769:
726:
717:
706:Please help
701:verification
698:
680:
661:, pet hair,
648:
641:
621:
608:thermal zone
601:
582:
570:
535:fusible link
531:
524:
516:fire dampers
510:
497:Zone dampers
489:
471:
467:
463:
459:
457:
447:
442:
430:
428:
403:
387:
378:
361:
353:
348:raised floor
345:
338:
330:
324:
320:
318:
310:
306:
297:
294:
286:polyethylene
273:
271:
254:
247:
239:
202:polyurethane
198:
190:
186:
180:
171:
156:
148:
138:
134:
132:
117:
113:
109:
105:
97:
96:
66:ducting and
2517:Warm Spaces
2159:Blower door
2137:and control
2135:Measurement
2116:Windcatcher
2090:Trombe wall
2030:Sail switch
2010:Refrigerant
2005:Recuperator
1880:Grease duct
1840:Freeze stat
1825:Fire damper
1695:Back boiler
1665:Air ionizer
1660:Air handler
1624:Ventilation
1476:Hybrid heat
1341:Air barrier
1260:Latent heat
973:www.epa.gov
937:, 3rd Ed.,
860:Fire damper
776:vacuum test
592:bell mouths
590:(vents) or
406:air handler
213:instead of
139:duct design
126:as well as
114:exhaust air
83:firestopped
64:sheet metal
2273:Thermostat
2195:Humidistat
2126:Zone valve
2095:TurboSwing
1970:Oil heater
1940:Humidifier
1870:Gas heater
1820:Fan heater
1790:Evaporator
1775:Economizer
1750:Compressor
1655:Air filter
1638:Components
1455:Forced-air
1351:Antifreeze
1324:Technology
1270:Outgassing
1210:Convection
978:2022-11-23
901:References
468:stack head
464:stack boot
431:trunk duct
308:ductwork.
278:glass wool
166:fiberglass
161:mild steel
158:Galvanized
110:return air
106:supply air
89:on top of
2383:Industry
2232:OpenTherm
1910:Heat pump
1905:Heat pipe
1855:Fume hood
1830:Fireplace
1735:Condenser
1685:Attic fan
1481:Hydronics
805:duct tape
720:July 2009
632:registers
624:diffusers
555:Durasteel
443:take-offs
439:registers
435:diffusers
425:Take-offs
414:vibration
334:dew point
282:polyester
182:Aluminium
177:Aluminium
145:Materials
2547:Category
2490:See also
2215:LonWorks
2149:Aquastat
2015:Register
1995:Radiator
1650:Air door
1450:Firestop
1250:Humidity
1225:Enthalpy
1215:Dilution
1200:Bake-out
1188:concepts
870:Bus duct
839:See also
778:(VT) or
527:actuator
520:firewall
135:ductwork
91:rockwool
87:caulking
79:concrete
50:diffuser
18:Ductwork
2289:trades,
1860:Furnace
1725:Chiller
1397:Coolant
1072:16 June
1039:16 June
1013:16 June
667:calcium
655:cobwebs
628:grilles
588:grilles
584:Plenums
579:Plenums
493:dampers
410:blowers
231:pentane
2442:SMACNA
2402:ASHRAE
2222:(MERV)
2176:(CADR)
2154:BACnet
2107:(ULPA)
1960:Louver
1885:Grille
1760:Damper
1710:Boiler
1608:(VCRS)
1409:(DOAS)
955:ASHRAE
941:, 1990
939:SMACNA
923:ASHRAE
663:rodent
659:debris
460:stacks
408:. The
112:, and
71:piping
68:copper
2482:(VOC)
2476:(SBS)
2465:(IAQ)
2422:CIBSE
2417:BSRIA
2320:(BIM)
2264:(STP)
2228:(NTP)
1850:Freon
1620:(VRF)
1614:(VAV)
1472:(HRV)
1446:(ERV)
1420:(DCV)
1393:(CAV)
1062:(PDF)
1007:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
784:CIBSE
418:noise
262:hinge
257:knife
98:Ducts
2437:LEED
2397:AMCA
2392:AHRI
1925:HEPA
1845:Flue
1770:Duct
1074:2014
1041:2014
1015:2014
865:HVAC
797:HVAC
671:toys
651:dust
514:and
321:duct
298:runs
274:flex
225:and
219:HCFC
204:and
2447:UMC
2432:IIR
2412:BRE
1805:Fan
710:by
612:VAV
363:PVC
290:PET
233:as
223:HFC
215:CFC
2549::
1064:.
1049:^
1023:^
987:^
971:.
921:,
657:,
653:,
227:HC
221:,
217:,
141:.
130:.
108:,
1171:e
1164:t
1157:v
1076:.
1043:.
1017:.
981:.
733:)
727:(
722:)
718:(
704:.
296:(
211:2
93:.
20:)
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