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735:, the last surviving member of Hardy’s theatrical group, the Hardy Players. Three extra scenes were included at Woodhall's request, including the final one, staged as Woodhall described it from her own appearance in Hardy's original adaptation: "Tess, accompanied by Angel Clare, is arrested by a phalanx of constables for the murder of her other suitor Alec d'Urberville at sunrise, after a night spent within the bluestone towers of a lonely
463:. Williams sees Tess not as a peasant, but as an educated member of the rural working class, who suffers a tragedy through being thwarted in her hopes to rise socially and desire for a good life (which includes love and sex), not by industrialism, but by the landed bourgeoisie (Alec), liberal idealism (Angel) and Christian moralism in her family's village (see Chapter LI). Earlier commentators were not always appreciative.
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Alec d'Urberville continues to pursue Tess although she is already married. When Tess learns from her younger sister 'Liza-Lu that her parents are ill, she rushes home. Her mother recovers but her father dies, and the destitute family is evicted from their home. Alec tells Tess that her husband will
521:
is not at fault in imposing mythological, biblical and folk imagery on a story of a young girl seduced and abandoned to create a "challenging contemporaneity". It was controversial and polarizing, setting these elements in a context of 19th-century
English society, including disputes in the Church,
494:
Tess has been seen as a personification of nature, an idea supported by her ties with animals throughout the novel. Tess's misfortunes begin when she falls asleep while driving Prince to market and causes the horse's death; at
Trantridge she becomes a poultry-keeper; she and Angel fall in love amid
316:
Angel is appalled. Tess is not the pure maiden he took her for, and although he concedes she was "more sinned against" than sinning, he feels that her "want of firmness" amounts to a character flaw. The couple separate after a few days. Tess returns home while Angel travels to Brazil to try farming
259:
family, John celebrates by getting drunk. Tess drives to market in her father's place, but falls asleep at the reins; the wagon crashes and the family's only horse is killed. Feeling guilty, she agrees to visit Mrs d'Urberville, a rich widow, to "claim kin", unaware that the widow's late husband
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Alec d'Urberville, the son, is attracted to Tess and finds her a job as his mother's poultry keeper. Tess resists Alec's manipulative attentions. One night, on the pretence of rescuing her from a fight, Alec takes her on his horse to a remote spot, and it is implied that he rapes her.
530:, civil divorce was introduced and campaigns were waged against child prostitution, moving gender and sexuality issues to the forefront of public discussion. Hardy's work was criticized as vulgar, but by the late 19th century other experimental fiction works were released such as
677:; Hardy had said that young Gertrude was the true incarnation of the Tess he had imagined. Years before writing the novel, Hardy had been inspired by the beauty of her mother Augusta Way, then an 18-year-old milkmaid, when he visited Augusta's father's farm in
672:
girl from the original Hardy
Players to play Tess. The Hardy Players (re-formed in 2005) was an amateur group from Dorchester that re-enacted Hardy's novels. Bugler was acclaimed, but prevented from taking the London stage part by the jealousy of Hardy's wife
303:
Feeling she has no choice but to conceal her past, Tess is reluctant to accept Angel's marriage proposal, but eventually agrees. She later tries several times to tell Angel of her history, but he says that they can share confidences after the wedding.
254:
Tess
Durbeyfield, a country girl of 16, is the eldest child of John Durbeyfield, a haggler, and his wife Joan. When the local parson tells John that "Durbeyfield" is a corruption of "D'Urberville" and that he is descended from an ancient
355:
Tess and Alec argue, and Tess leaves the house. Sitting in her parlour beneath the d'Urbervilles' rented rooms, the landlady notices a spreading red spot – a bloodstain – on the ceiling. Tess has stabbed Alec to death in his bed.
448:, which as one critic noted, Hardy draws on imagery associated with hell to describe modern farm machinery and suggests the effete nature of city life as milk sent there must be watered down before townspeople can stomach it.
359:
Tess chases after Angel and tells him of the deed. The couple find an empty house and stay there for five days in blissful, loving seclusion before being forced to move to evade capture. In the night, they stumble upon
364:. Tess asks Angel to marry and look after 'Liza-Lu when she is gone. She sleeps on an ancient stone altar. At dawn, while Tess sleeps, Angel sees they are surrounded. Tess's final words on waking are "I am ready."
307:
The couple spend their wedding night at an old d'Urberville mansion. When Angel confesses that he once had a brief affair with an older woman, Tess tells him about Alec, sure now he will understand and forgive.
272:
The following summer, Tess gives birth to a sickly boy. Unable to find a parson prepared to christen a child born out of wedlock, Tess attempts to do it herself, naming her dying child Sorrow.
932:
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However, Tess emerges as a powerful character not through this symbolism but because "Hardy's feelings for her were strong, perhaps stronger than for any of his other invented personages."
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Angel's father, James Clare, a clergyman, is surprised that his son wishes to marry a milkmaid but makes no objection, understanding Tess to be a pure and devout country maiden.
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571:
Mary
Jacobus, a commentator on Hardy's works, speculates that the rape/seduction ambiguity may have been forced on the author to meet publisher requirements and the "
681:. When Hardy saw Bugler (he rehearsed The Hardy Players at the hotel run by her parents), he immediately recognised her as a young image of the now older Augusta.
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724:, a new rock opera, is an official Next Link Selection at the New York Musical Theatre Festival with music, lyrics, and libretto by Annie Pasqua and Jenna Pasqua.
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at
Talbothays Dairy, where her past is unknown. She falls in love with Angel Clare, an apprentice gentleman farmer who is studying dairy management.
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Hardy's description leaves it unclear whether Alec d’Urberville rapes Tess or whether he seduces her, and the issue has been the subject of debate.
222:
in 1891, then in book form in three volumes in 1891, and as a single volume in 1892. Although now considered a major novel of the 19th century,
1848:
2339:
1738:
Pamela Gossin, Thomas Hardy's Novel
Universe: Astronomy, Cosmology, and Gender in the Post-Darwinian World. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007
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The story has also been filmed at least eight times, including three for general release through cinemas and four television productions.
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1234:"Proposed changes to murder laws could end patriarchal double standards. 'What a fine figure she showed as she hung in the misty rain'"
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649:) played the title role, with William Kettridge as Angel Clare and Whitworth Jones as Alec Tantridge. The play transferred to the
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in
Bournemouth "loved to talk of books and bookmen: Stevenson, unlike James, was an admirer of Thomas Hardy, but agreed that
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2099:
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as part of their summer season, and further developed, edited and performed in 2017 at the
Theatre Royal, Winchester, and
371:
as a black flag that signals Tess's execution is raised over the prison. Angel and 'Liza-Lu go on their way hand in hand.
1316:
Kennedy, Meegan (2004). "Syphilis and the hysterical female: the limits of realism in Sarah Grand's the heavenly twins".
703:, a new West End musical with music by Stephen Edwards and lyrics by Justin Fleming opens in London at the Savoy Theatre.
495:
cows in the fertile Froom valley; on the road to
Flintcomb-Ash, she kills some wounded pheasants to end their suffering.
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movement, the overall class structure of English society, and changing circumstances of rural labour. During the era of
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352:, under the name of "Mrs d'Urberville". In anguish, Tess tells him he has arrived too late. Angel reluctantly leaves.
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The novel was adapted for the stage in 1897. The production by Lorimer Stoddard proved a Broadway triumph for actress
48:
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2020: The BBC Radio 4 series "Hardy's Women" featured a three-part adaptation of the novel from Tess's perspective.
761:, a new British musical by composer Michael Blore and playwright Michael Davies, received a workshop production at
296:"He jumped up from his seat... and went quickly toward the desire of his eyes." 1891 illustration by Joseph Syddall
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505:, who had murdered a violent husband. This fascinating, yet repellent experience contributed to the writing of
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2019:
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1046:, aired in the United Kingdom in September and October 2008 in four parts, and in the United States on the
710:(a rock opera) with lyrics, music and libretto by Annie Pasqua and Jenna Pasqua premières in New York City.
2011:
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Angel's farming venture fails, he repents of his treatment of Tess, and he decides to return to England.
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Tess's family soon exhaust the funds Angel has given her, and she is forced to take field work at the
1544:"Tess – a workshop performance of a new musical by night project theatre | Royal Shakespeare Company"
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in London on the same date. It was revived in America in 1902 and then made into a motion picture by
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references made about her, Tess has been seen variously as an Earth goddess or a sacrificial victim.
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2188:
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527:
1599:"Bollywood's Long Love Affair with Thomas Hardy's Novels: Adaptations and Cultural Appropriations"
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717:, a new stage adaptation with five actors was produced in London by Myriad Theatre & Film.
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786:. When the opera came to London three years later, Hardy, then 69, attended the premiere.
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Hardy's writing often explores what he called the "ache of modernism", a theme notable in
209:
1727:
William A. Davis Jr., "Hardy and the 'Deserted Wife' Question: The Failure of the Law in
1741:
James A. W. Heffernan, "'Cruel Persuasion': Seduction, Temptation and Agency in Hardy's
1261:"Elizabeth Martha Brown. The inspiration for Thomas Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles""
1944:
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and advocating sensitivity rather than condemnation for young women infected with it.
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Simon Stoke had adopted the surname to distance himself from his tradesman's roots.
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never return, and he offers to house the Durbeyfields on his estate. She refuses.
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1688:– vibrant young cast line-up for dramatic adaptation of Hardy classic for BBC One
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for 17 performances from 14 April 1900 with a slightly different cast, including
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received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged the
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The London Stage 1900-1909: a Calendar of Plays and Players, vol 1: 1900-1907
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628:
407:
Mercy Chant, schoolteacher whom Angel's family initially hopes he will marry
1752:
L. R. Leavis, "Marriage, Murder, and Morality: The Secret Agent and Tess."
782:
was first performed in Naples, but the run was cut short by an eruption of
367:
Angel and 'Liza-Lu look down at 8 a.m. from a nearby hill over the town of
17:
1352:
931:-language film by Bidyut Chakrabarty, based on the novel, produced by the
386:
Eliza Louisa ('Liza-Lu) Durbeyfield, the eldest of Tess's younger siblings
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1160:"Bournemouth. Andrew O'Hagan on Robert Louis Stevenson and His Friends",
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After a long search, Angel finds Tess elegantly dressed and living in a
256:
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Alec Stoke-d’Urberville, Tess's seducer/rapist and father of her child
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The novel was successfully adapted for the stage several more times:
292:
1799:
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questions the identification of Tess with a peasantry destroyed by
1499:
Norrie's Tale: An Autobiography of the Last of the 'Hardy Players'
863:
846:
637:, a different stage adaptation by H. A. Kennedy, premièred at the
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291:
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In 1924, Hardy wrote a British theatrical adaptation and chose
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Marian, Izz Huett and Retty Priddle, milkmaids, friends of Tess
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1657:
1193:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc. pp. 218–219.
731:, adapted from the original 1924 script by Devina Symes for
517:
The moral commentary running through the novel insists that
1770:
Adrian Poole, "'Men's Words' and Hardy's Women." Essays in
769:'s studio theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, in February 2019.
997:, "Tess", directed by Michael Currer-Briggs, and starring
143:
380:
Tess Durbeyfield, the novel's protagonist, a country girl
1669:
David Wiegand, "Compelling performances rescue 'Tess'":
739:
on the bleak and wind swept expanse of Salisbury Plain."
389:
Angel Clare, intending farmer who becomes Tess's husband
216:
version, published by the British illustrated newspaper
395:
Mrs d’Urberville (or Stoke-d’Urberville), Alec's mother
933:
Assam State Film (Finance and Development) Corporation
592:
Mrs. Fiske in Lorimer Stoddard's stage adaptation of
1772:
Criticism: A Quarterly Journal of Literary Criticism
1526:"Dorchester Corn Exchange welcomes Hardy adaptation"
908:, Indian Hindi-language film adaptation directed by
404:
Reverends Felix and Cuthbert Clare, Angel's brothers
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Theatre Programme: Coronet Theatre, w/c 19 Feb 1900
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References, personification, character, experiences
237:The novel is set in an impoverished rural England,
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1438:"The Stage" Cyclopaedia - a Bibliography of Plays
1357:. London: Frances Lincoln Limited. p. 139.
1056:in January 2009 in two parts. The cast included
746:was produced into a piece of musical theatre by
616:in 1913, starring Mrs. Fiske; no copies remain.
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1590:
974:, directed by Michael Henderson, and starring
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1842:
1125:. Penrith: Humanities-Ebooks. pp. 32–3.
778:1906: An Italian operatic version written by
280:Some years later, Tess finds employment as a
8:
2552:British novels adapted into television shows
1765:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900
645:Gate on 19 February 1900. Mrs Lewis Waller (
39:
2257:The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall
1493:
1491:
1354:Thomas Hardy : the world of his novels
2354:
2340:
2332:
1849:
1835:
1827:
1654:– Thomas Hardy's classic novel for BBC One
692:became a triumph on the West End starring
457:The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence
47:
38:
32:Tess of the d'Urbervilles (disambiguation)
2532:Works originally published in The Graphic
1474:. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. p. 18.
501:When Hardy was 16, he saw the hanging of
383:John and Joan Durbeyfield, Tess's parents
1440:. New York: Burt Franklin. p. 438.
1123:Thomas Hardy 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles'
1386:Jacobus, Mary (1976). "Tess's Purity".
1288:. Oxford University Press. p. 13.
1094:
401:Reverend and Mrs Clare, Angel's parents
201:Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman
1176:Thomas Hardy and the Survivals of Time
1023:, directed by Ian Sharp, and starring
862:, Indian Hindi-language film starring
849:-language film adaptation directed by
451:On the other hand, the Marxist critic
2527:Novels first published in serial form
1431:
1429:
1427:
348:in the fashionable seaside resort of
7:
1569:"Former journalist wins drama award"
1116:
1114:
809:, mentioned under Theatre, starring
109:James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.
2567:Fictional people sentenced to death
688:1946: An adaptation by playwright
604:when it opened on 2 March 1897. A
25:
2547:British novels adapted into plays
2542:British novels adapted into films
2108:Poems of the Past and the Present
935:and released on 18 February 2000.
623:, by H. Mountford, opened at the
2592:Fictional atheists and agnostics
2490:
1810:
1759:Oliver Lovesey, "Reconstructing
1501:, Wareham: Lullworde Publication
1282:Hardy, Thomas (14 August 2008).
1148:Hardy: Tess of the D'Urbervilles
1035:(Angel), the latter Dorset-born.
2557:Female characters in literature
239:Thomas Hardy's fictional Wessex
2290:Florence Dugdale (second wife)
1:
2100:Wessex Poems and Other Verses
2068:Barbara of the House of Grebe
2028:A Changed Man and Other Tales
1786:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
942:21st-century Indian set film
208:. It initially appeared in a
2224:The Convergence of the Twain
1150:, Cambridge University Press
556:. These raised awareness of
541:The Story of an African Farm
1820:public domain audiobook at
1524:Meech, Ruth (3 June 2011).
1436:Clarence, Reginald (1909).
1414:"Tess of the D'Urbervilles"
822:Another lost silent version
53:Title page of first edition
2608:
2577:Novels adapted into operas
2082:A Tragedy of Two Ambitions
1905:Far from the Madding Crowd
1617:"Dulhan Ek Raat Ki (1967)"
1418:Internet Broadway Database
1108:, XLIV, July–December 1891
619:In the UK, an adaptation,
575:" readership of his time.
185:Tess of the d'Urbervilles:
40:Tess of the d'Urbervilles:
29:
27:1891 novel by Thomas Hardy
2486:
2460:Tess of the D'Urbervilles
2452:Tess of the D'Urbervilles
2393:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
2385:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
2368:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
2285:Emma Gifford (first wife)
1969:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
1953:The Mayor of Casterbridge
1873:The Poor Man and the Lady
1817:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
1800:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
1729:Tess of the D'urbervilles
1686:Tess Of The D'Urbervilles
1652:Tess of the D'Urbervilles
1330:10.1080/09699080400200231
1285:Tess of the D'Urbervilles
1191:Tess of the D'Urbervilles
1102:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
1020:Tess of the D'Urbervilles
1014:London Weekend Television
767:Royal Shakespeare Company
744:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
729:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
715:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
701:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
594:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
473:Tess of the D'Urbervilles
224:Tess of the d'Urbervilles
46:
2075:The Fiddler of the Reels
1921:The Return of the Native
1889:Under the Greenwood Tree
1638:filmfinance.assam.gov.in
1076:(Mrs d'Urberville), and
1040:four-hour BBC adaptation
483:Because of the numerous
2203:The Respectable Burgher
2131:Satires of Circumstance
1996:Short story collections
1672:San Francisco Chronicle
1263:. Capital Punishment UK
1164:, 21 May 2020, pp. 7–9.
1080:(Reverend James Clare).
1018:three-hour mini-series
813:as Tess and Scots-born
429:, the main setting for
324:farm of Flintcomb-Ash.
2522:Novels by Thomas Hardy
2275:Thomas Hardy's Cottage
2217:A Trampwoman's Tragedy
2012:A Group of Noble Dames
1913:The Hand of Ethelberta
1470:Wearing, J.P. (1981).
1400:10.1093/eic/XXVI.4.318
1351:Bullen, J. B. (2013).
1216:Fiction and Repetition
1189:Hardy, Thomas (1991).
1162:London Review of Books
1121:Watts, Cedric (2007).
748:Youth Music Theatre UK
597:
503:Elizabeth Martha Brown
469:Robert Louis Stevenson
441:
297:
2478:Thomas Hardy's Wessex
2306:Thomas Hardy's Wessex
2116:Time's Laughingstocks
2020:Life's Little Ironies
1747:Thomas Hardy Yearbook
1146:Kramer, Dale (1991),
807:"lost" silent version
708:Tess, The New Musical
631:on 5 January 1900.
606:copyright performance
591:
424:
295:
91:Thomas Hardy's Wessex
1774:31.4 (1981): 328–345
1660:. – 21 January 2008.
1497:N. Woodhall (2006),
995:ITV Play of the Week
940:Michael Winterbottom
811:Minnie Maddern Fiske
602:Minnie Maddern Fiske
513:Morality and society
375:Principal characters
30:For other uses, see
2562:Fictional murderers
2517:1891 British novels
2189:The Darkling Thrush
2047:The Three Strangers
1897:A Pair of Blue Eyes
1767:43.4 (2003): 913–38
1756:80.1 (1996): 161–69
1510:C. Tomalin (2006),
1388:Essays in Criticism
1053:Masterpiece Classic
790:Film and television
780:Frederic d'Erlanger
528:first-wave feminism
43:
2092:Poetry collections
1881:Desperate Remedies
1694:. – 17 March 2008.
920:in the lead roles.
759:Tess - The Musical
610:St James's Theatre
598:
554:The Heavenly Twins
442:
298:
2587:Fictional rapists
2582:Novels about rape
2504:
2503:
2409:Dulhan Ek Raat Ki
2329:
2328:
2210:The Man He Killed
2139:Moments of Vision
1929:The Trumpet-Major
1805:Project Gutenberg
1735:29.1 (1993): 5–19
1722:Secondary sources
1675:, 2 January 2009.
1597:Ghosh, Oindrila.
1575:. 2 November 2012
1364:978-0-7112-3275-4
1232:(2 August 2008).
1214:J.Hillis Miller,
1200:978-0-393-95903-1
859:Dulhan Ek Raat Ki
754:, London in 2018.
461:industrialization
427:Vale of Blackmore
232:Victorian England
197:
196:
114:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
2599:
2537:Victorian novels
2496:Wikisource texts
2494:
2463:(2008 TV series)
2455:(1998 TV series)
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2231:The Blinded Bird
2054:A Mere Interlude
1985:The Well-Beloved
1977:Jude the Obscure
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1003:Maurice Kaufmann
999:Geraldine McEwan
980:Michael Aldridge
889:Nastassja Kinski
752:The Other Palace
534:'s depiction of
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42:A Pure Woman
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2321:(song cycle)
2319:Winter Words
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2004:Wessex Tales
2002:
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1858:Thomas Hardy
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1708:. Retrieved
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1577:. Retrieved
1572:
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1551:. Retrieved
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1512:Thomas Hardy
1511:
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1299:. Retrieved
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1265:. Retrieved
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1243:. Retrieved
1239:The Guardian
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1031:(Alec), and
1019:
1007:Jeremy Brett
1005:(Alec), and
994:
982:(Alec), and
950:Freida Pinto
943:
924:
914:Rishi Kapoor
910:Rajiv Kapoor
903:
895:(Alec), and
893:Leigh Lawson
882:
857:
840:
834:Conrad Nagel
832:(Alec), and
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721:
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694:Wendy Hiller
683:
663:
659:Oswald Yorke
657:as Alec and
643:Notting Hill
641:in London's
634:
633:
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614:Adolph Zukor
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187:A Pure Woman
183:
170:
159:Wessex Tales
157:
81:Social novel
63:Thomas Hardy
36:
2425:Prem Granth
2401:Man Ki Jeet
2311:Egdon Heath
2252:(1904–1908)
2249:The Dynasts
2155:Human Shows
2147:Late Lyrics
1937:A Laodicean
1579:13 February
1553:13 February
1530:Dorset Echo
1301:8 September
1074:Anna Massey
912:- starring
905:Prem Granth
897:Peter Firth
851:W. Z. Ahmed
842:Man Ki Jeet
679:Bockhampton
579:Adaptations
550:Sarah Grand
465:Henry James
328:The Convert
322:starve-acre
219:The Graphic
87:Set in
18:Durbeyfield
2511:Categories
2444:Television
1710:18 January
1573:York Press
1090:References
1070:Ruth Jones
963:Television
868:Dharmendra
805:1913: The
690:Ronald Gow
670:Dorchester
661:as Angel.
655:Fred Terry
362:Stonehenge
350:Sandbourne
340:Fulfilment
250:The Maiden
214:serialised
192:Wikisource
1972:(1891/92)
1373:855836986
1338:162372430
1218:, p. 119.
1174:Radford,
1068:(Angel),
954:Riz Ahmed
845:, Indian
629:Blackpool
573:Grundyist
412:Symbolism
276:The Rally
106:Publisher
98:Published
2280:Max Gate
2233:" (1916)
2226:" (1915)
2219:" (1903)
2212:" (1902)
2205:" (1901)
2198:" (1901)
2191:" (1900)
2184:" (1898)
2084:" (1894)
2077:" (1893)
2070:" (1891)
2063:" (1887)
2056:" (1885)
2049:" (1883)
1822:LibriVox
1267:12 April
1245:12 April
1178:, p. 183
1072:(Joan),
1064:(Alec),
1060:(Tess),
1038:2008: A
1027:(Tess),
1009:(Angel).
1001:(Tess),
986:(Angel).
978:(Tess),
929:Assamese
899:(Angel).
891:(Tess),
881:'s film
836:(Angel).
828:(Tess),
817:as Alec.
675:Florence
558:syphilis
552:'s work
489:Biblical
487:and neo-
437:towards
282:milkmaid
230:of late
210:censored
69:Language
2471:Related
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