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Earthenware comprises "most building bricks, nearly all
European pottery up to the seventeenth century, most of the wares of Egypt, Persia and the near East; Greek, Roman and Mediterranean, and some of the Chinese; and the fine earthenware which forms the greater part of our tableware today" ("today"
266:
Earthenware can be produced at firing temperatures as low as 600 °C (1,112 °F) and many clays will not fire successfully above about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Much historical pottery was fired somewhere around 800 °C (1,470 °F), giving a wide margin of error where there was
292:
After firing, most earthenware bodies will be colored white, buff or red. For iron-rich bodies earthenware, firing at comparatively low temperature in an oxidising atmosphere results in a red colour, whilst higher temperatures with a reducing atmosphere results in darker colours, including black.
289:(or "glaze-fired") to between 950 and 1,050 °C (1,740 and 1,920 °F). Some studio potters follow the reverse practice, with a low-temperature biscuit firing and a high-temperature glost firing. Oxidising atmospheres are the most common.
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dates back to as early as 29,000–25,000 BC, and for millennia, only earthenware pottery was made, with stoneware gradually developing some 5,000 years ago, but then apparently disappearing for a few thousand years. Outside
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The compositions of earthenware bodies vary considerably, and include both prepared and 'as dug'; the former being by far the dominant type for studio and industry. A general body formulation for contemporary earthenware is 25%
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Despite the most highly valued types of pottery often switching to stoneware and porcelain as these were developed by a particular culture, there are many artistically important types of earthenware. All
879:
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were earthenware as were the later Yixian glazed pottery luohans. After the ceramic figurine was revived in
European porcelain, earthenware figures followed, such as the popular English
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than bone china, porcelain or stoneware, and consequently articles are commonly made in thicker cross-section, although they are still more easily chipped.
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After it is fired, earthenware is opaque and non-vitreous, soft and capable of being scratched with a knife. The
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and varying amounts of other minerals, and white or light-coloured (i.e., slightly greyish, cream, or ivory).
83:, absorbs liquids such as water. However, earthenware can be made impervious to liquids by coating it with a
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Whitewares: Testing and
Quality Control. W.Ryan and C.Radford. Institute of Ceramics & Pergamon. 1987.
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processes made highly decorated wares cheap enough for far wider sections of the population in Europe.
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of the mid-16th century, apparently made for the French court and the life-size majolica peacocks by
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had made large sculptures such as statues in it, where the Romans used it mainly for figurines and
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that has normally been fired below 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). Basic earthenware, often called
830:
Ryan W. and
Radford, C. Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Pergamon Press, 1987.
285:(or "bisque") fired to temperatures between 1,000 and 1,150 °C (1,830 and 2,100 °F) and
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Combined
Nomenclature of the European Union published by the EC Commission in Luxembourg, 1987
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Dictionary of
Ceramics, 3rd edition. A. E. Dodd & D. Murfin. Maney Publishing. 1994.
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no precise way of measuring temperature, and very variable conditions within the kiln.
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Pottery
Science: Materials, Process And Products. Allen Dinsdale. Ellis Horwood. 1986.
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Modern
Ceramic Engineering: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Third Edition
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Due to its porosity, fired earthenware, with a water absorption of 5-8%, must be
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ASTM C242 – 15. Standard
Terminology Of Ceramic Whitewares And Related Products
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earthenware, typically orange or red due to a comparatively high content of
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A & C Black
Publishers Limited, London, England, Third Edition, 1991.
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Digital Version of "A Representation of the manufacturing of earthenware"
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541:"Art & Architecture Thesaurus Full Record Display (Getty Research)"
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358:. With a white glaze, these were able to imitate porcelains both from
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Amongst the most complicated earthenware ever made are the life-size
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Rado, P. An Introduction to the Technology Of Pottery. 2nd edition.
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An industry term for ceramics including tableware and sanitary ware
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traditions in several parts of Europe, mostly notably the painted
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Terracotta flower pots with terracotta tiles in the background
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Rice, Prudence M. (March 1999). "On the Origins of Pottery".
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Painted, incised and glazed earthenware. Dated 10th century,
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than most whiteware bodies and hence are easier to shape by
754:"Ceramic Arts Daily – Ten Basics of Firing Electric Kilns"
590:
David W. Richerson; William Edward Lee (31 January 1992).
56:. Earthenware. Late 12th-early 13th century Iraq or Syria.
388:, technical improvements enabled very fine wares such as
137:, which are disposable earthenware teacups in South Asia
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The Craft and Art of Clay: A Complete Potter's Handbook
443:
Other types of earthenware or other examples include:
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Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery
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Generally, unfired earthenware bodies exhibit higher
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The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques.
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Higher firing temperatures may cause earthenware to
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The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques
325:, c. 1876. In 2010, an example sold for £110,000
342:of the late Middle Ages, which developed into
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885:Tin-glazed earthenware livery-button, ca 1651
880:Short film on pottery making around the world
876:— 1827 text on the manufacture of earthenware
848:"Petersons": Peterson, Susan, Peterson, Jan,
702:. Institute of Ceramics & Pergamon Press.
8:
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619:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
384:In the 18th century, especially in English
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196:to be watertight. Earthenware has lower
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728:. Courier Dover Publications. pp.
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149:describes it as being made of selected
725:The Materials and Methods of Sculpture
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354:of the Italian Renaissance, and Dutch
551:from the original on 22 December 2017
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476:, on the border of earthenware and
38:New York Metropolitan Museum of Art
852:, 2003, Laurence King Publishing,
512:from the original on 30 April 2018
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696:J. R. Taylor; A. C. Bull (1986).
787:. Hanover House. pp. 74–79.
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764:from the original on 8 May 2012
785:Ceramics an Illustrated Primer
465:, which uses iridescent glazes
321:Life-size majolica peacock by
181:than bone china or porcelain.
52:Top section of a water jug or
1:
367:Yixian glazed pottery luohans
276:Yixian glazed pottery luohans
1228:Northern Black Polished Ware
889:Victoria & Albert museum
580:, London: B.T.Batsford, 1962
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404:showed. The invention of
338:is earthenware, as is the
281:Modern earthenware may be
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218:
945:Base minerals, and glazes
938:Glossary of pottery terms
935:
699:Ceramics Glaze Technology
429:Tang dynasty tomb figures
221:Pottery § Production
1134:Processes and decoration
833:Hamer, Frank and Janet.
578:The Technique of Pottery
1400:Food storage containers
797:Frank and Janet Hamer,
631:10.1023/A:1022924709609
417:lead-glazed earthenware
301:Examples of earthenware
722:Rich, Jack C. (1988).
506:www.brooklynmuseum.org
326:
314:
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257:Pottery § Shaping
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72:is glazed or unglazed
1297:Pre-conquest Americas
783:Norton, F.H. (1960).
433:Staffordshire figures
427:. Chinese painted or
386:Staffordshire pottery
340:Hispano-Moresque ware
336:ancient Roman pottery
320:
308:
274:One of the life-size
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187:
153:sometimes mixed with
143:Combined Nomenclature
130:
117:Pit fired earthenware
892:jewellery collection
758:ceramicartsdaily.org
375:Saint-Porchaire ware
311:Saint-Porchaire ware
1022:Main types, by body
402:Catherine the Great
198:mechanical strength
16:Nonvitreous pottery
1274:History of pottery
1198:Black and red ware
1092:Forming techniques
458:Victorian majolica
415:glazed wares were
344:tin-glazed pottery
327:
315:
313:salt. 17.5 cm high
279:
190:
139:
1375:Ceramic materials
1357:
1356:
1233:Painted Grey Ware
1146:biscuit porcelain
860:, 9781856693547,
603:978-0-8247-8634-2
576:Dora Billington,
502:"Brooklyn Museum"
406:transfer printing
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1040:Egyptian faience
1030:Asbestos-ceramic
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1287:Ancient Rome
1257:Conservation
1193:Black-figure
1120:Slip casting
1115:RAM pressing
1034:
930:and claywork
862:google books
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766:. Retrieved
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553:. Retrieved
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514:. Retrieved
505:
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410:
398:Frog Service
383:
373:(907–1125),
371:Liao dynasty
364:
362:and Europe.
328:
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1248:Sea pottery
1035:Earthenware
1007:Salt glazed
997:Lead-glazed
957:China stone
625:(1): 1–54.
309:Triangular
287:glost-fired
209:iron oxides
175:roller-head
74:nonvitreous
70:Earthenware
1364:Categories
1243:Red-figure
1238:Rang Mahal
1153:Burnishing
1082:Terracotta
1070:soft-paste
1065:hard-paste
1055:Jasperware
1012:Tin-glazed
1002:Lustreware
858:1856693546
489:References
483:Yellowware
463:Lusterware
448:Terracotta
411:In China,
215:Production
205:terracotta
167:plasticity
93:bone china
81:terracotta
1327:Delftware
1178:Pit fired
1077:Stoneware
1060:Porcelain
1050:Ironstone
992:Ash glaze
977:Kaolinite
639:140760300
478:stoneware
421:Etruscans
394:creamware
360:East Asia
356:Delftware
237:ball clay
226:Materials
171:RAM press
155:feldspars
122:East Asia
109:figurines
101:tableware
97:stoneware
89:porcelain
1380:Crockery
1349:Tilework
1218:Kakiemon
1188:Slipware
1173:Painting
1110:Pinching
1105:Moulding
1045:Fritware
982:Petuntse
967:Feldspar
952:Bone ash
768:16 April
762:Archived
760:. 2012.
555:30 April
549:Archived
516:30 April
510:Archived
439:See also
390:Wedgwood
352:maiolica
245:feldspar
243:and 15%
107:such as
1385:Pottery
1332:Faience
1317:Islamic
1208:Celadon
1163:Glazing
1100:Coiling
928:Pottery
827:, 1988.
453:Redware
379:Mintons
369:of the
348:faience
323:Mintons
283:biscuit
251:Shaping
145:of the
77:pottery
1322:Persia
1183:Saggar
1158:Firing
856:
841:
736:
637:
600:
413:sancai
262:Firing
241:quartz
239:, 35%
235:, 25%
233:kaolin
194:glazed
134:kulhar
95:, and
1307:Korea
1302:Japan
1292:China
1223:Malwa
1213:Jorwe
635:S2CID
295:bloat
151:clays
1370:Clay
1312:Maya
1168:Kiln
987:Slip
972:Frit
962:Clay
854:ISBN
839:ISBN
770:2012
734:ISBN
598:ISBN
557:2018
518:2018
469:Raku
400:for
334:and
103:and
54:habb
32:Iran
627:doi
392:'s
346:or
177:or
1366::
887:,
756:.
732:.
730:49
668:^
647:^
633:.
621:.
565:^
547:.
543:.
508:.
504:.
435:.
297:.
247:.
173:,
111:.
91:,
920:e
913:t
906:v
845:.
809:)
772:.
742:.
641:.
629::
623:6
606:.
559:.
520:.
34:.
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