Echinococcosis - Knowledge (XXG)

796: 884: 311: 669: 984: 561:, which grows to about 5–10 cm within the first year and is able to survive within organs for years. Cysts sometimes grow to be so large that by the end of several years or even decades, they can contain several liters of fluid. Once a cyst has reached a diameter of 1 cm, its wall differentiates into a thick outer, non-cellular membrane, which covers the thin germinal epithelium. From this epithelium, cells begin to grow within the cyst. These cells then become vacuolated, and are known as brood capsules, which are the parts of the parasite from which protoscolices bud. Often, daughter cysts also form within cysts. 1066: 3657: 678: 966:

just chemotherapy, one could use either mebendazole in three doses or albendazole in two doses. Since chemotherapy on its own is not guaranteed to completely rid of the disease, people are often kept on the drugs for extended periods of times (i.e. more than 6 months, years). In addition to surgery and chemotherapy, liver transplants are being looked into as a form of treatment for alveolar echinococcosis although it is seen as incredibly risky since it often leads to echinococcosis re-infection in the person afterwards.

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J, Laatamna A, Lahmar S, Naidich A, Rogan MT, Sadjjadi SM, Schmidberger J, Amri M, Bellanger AP, Benazzouz S, Brehm K, Hillenbrand A, Jalousian F, Kachani M, Labsi M, Masala G, Menezes da Silva A, Sadjjadi Seyed M, Soufli I, Touil-Boukoffa C, Wang J, Zeyhle E, Aji T, Akhan O, Bresson-Hadni S, Dziri C, Gräter T, Grüner B, Haïf A, Hillenbrand A, Koch S, Rogan MT, Tamarozzi F, Tuxun T, Giraudoux P, Torgerson P, Vizcaychipi K, Xiao N, Altintas N, Lin R, Millon L, Zhang W, Achour K, Fan H, Junghanss T, Mantion GA (2020).

3642: 2675: 2384: 1602: 322: 51: 718:. Alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis are rarely diagnosed in humans and are not as widespread as cystic echinococcosis, but polycystic echinococcosis is relatively new on the medical scene and is often left out of conversations dealing with echinococcosis, and alveolar echinococcosis is a serious disease that has a significantly high fatality rate, and may have the potential to become an emerging disease in many countries. 424: 297: 975:

for the previous two types of echinococcosis, chemotherapy is the recommended treatment approach for polycystic echinococcosis. While albendazole is the preferred drug, mebendazole can also be used if the treatment is to be for an extended period of time. Only if chemotherapy fails or if the lesions are very small is surgery advised.

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Vuitton DA, McManus DP, Rogan MT, Romig T, Gottstein B, Naidich A, Tuxun T, Wen H, Menezes da Silva A, Vuitton DA, McManus DP, Romig T, Rogan MR, Gottstein B, Menezes da Silva A, Wen H, Naidich A, Tuxun T, Avcioglu A, Boufana B, Budke C, Casulli A, Güven E, Hillenbrand A, Jalousian F, Jemli MH, Knapp

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Since polycystic echinococcosis is constrained to such a particular area of the world and is not well described or found in many people, treatment of polycystic echinococcosis is less defined than that of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. While surgical removal of cysts was the treatment of choice

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adult worms develop from protoscolices and are typically 6 mm or less in length and have a scolex, neck and typically three proglottids, one of which is immature, another of which is mature and the third of which is gravid (or containing eggs). The scolex of the adult worm contains four suckers

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Depending on the location of the cyst in the body, the person could be asymptomatic even though the cysts have grown to be very large, or be symptomatic even if the cysts are absolutely tiny. If the person is symptomatic, the symptoms will depend largely on where the cysts are located. For instance,

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Terminology used in this field is crucial, since echinococcosis requires the involvement of specialists from nearly all disciplines. In 2020, an international effort of scientists, from 16 countries, led to a detailed consensus on terms to be used or rejected for the genetics, epidemiology, biology,

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The infection is spread when food or water that contains the eggs of the parasite is ingested or by close contact with an infected animal. The eggs are released in the stool of meat-eating animals that are infected by the parasite. Commonly infected animals include dogs, foxes, and wolves. For these

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While a number of control and prevention strategies deal with cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, there are few methods to control and prevent polycystic echinococcosis. This is probably due to the fact that polycystic echinococcosis is restricted to Central and South America, and that the way that

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As with cystic echinococcosis, ultrasonography is the imaging technique of choice for alveolar echinococcosis and is usually complemented by CT scans since CT scans are able to detect the largest number of lesions and calcifications that are characteristic of alveolar echinococcosis. MRIs are also

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verify the imaging results. The imaging technique of choice for cystic echinococcosis is ultrasonography, since it is not only able to visualize the cysts in the body's organs, but it is also inexpensive, non-invasive and gives instant results. In addition to ultrasonography, both MRI and CT scans

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The cysts found in those with cystic echinococcosis are usually filled with a clear fluid called hydatid fluid, are spherical, and typically consist of one compartment and are usually only found in one area of the body. While the cysts found in those with alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis are

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For alveolar echinococcosis, surgical removal of cysts combined with chemotherapy (using albendazole and/or mebendazole) for up to two years after surgery is the only sure way to completely cure the disease. However, in inoperable cases, chemotherapy by itself can also be used. In treatment using

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Similar to the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of polycystic echinococcosis uses imaging techniques, in particular ultrasonography and CT scans, to detect polycystic structures within the person's body. However, imaging is not the preferred method of

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A formal diagnosis of any type of echinococcosis requires a combination of tools that involve imaging techniques, histopathology, or nucleic acid detection and serology. For cystic echinococcosis diagnosis, imaging is the main method—while serology tests (such as indirect hemagglutination, ELISA

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and raw garlic. Although echinococcosis has been well known for the past two thousand years, it was not until the past couple of hundred years that real progress was made in determining and describing its parasitic origin. The first step towards figuring out the cause of echinococcosis occurred

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A number of strategies are geared towards prevention and control of alveolar echinococcosis—most of which are similar to those for cystic echinococcosis. For instance, health education programs, improved water sanitation, improved hygiene and de-worming of hosts (particularly red foxes) are all

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eggs via touching contaminated soil, animal feces and animal hair, another prevention strategy is improved hygiene. In addition to targeting risk factors and transmission, control and prevention strategies of cystic echinococcosis also aim at intervening at certain points of the parasite's life

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An adult worm resides in the small intestine of a definitive host. A single gravid proglottid releases eggs that are passed in the feces of the definitive host. The egg is then ingested by an intermediate host. The egg then hatches in the small intestine of the intermediate host and releases an

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On the other hand, if the person has cysts in the liver and is symptomatic, they will experience abdominal pain, abnormal abdominal tenderness, hepatomegaly with an abdominal mass, jaundice, fever and/or anaphylactic reaction. In addition, if the cysts were to rupture while in the body, whether

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The disease occurs in most areas of the world and currently affects about one million people. In some areas of South America, Africa, and Asia, up to 10% of the certain populations are affected. In 2015, the cystic form caused about 1,200 deaths; down from 2000 in 1990. The economic cost of the

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As a result, several new endemic areas were found in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and surrounding countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, and Italy. There is also evidence showing that the Baltic Countries are endemic areas.

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Baumann S, Shi R, Liu W, Bao H, Schmidberger J, Kratzer W, Li W, Barth TF, Baumann S, Bloehdorn J, Fischer I, Graeter T, Graf N, Gruener B, Henne-Bruns D, Hillenbrand A, Kaltenbach T, Kern P, Kern P, Klein K, Kratzer W, Ehteshami N, Schlingeloff P, Schmidberger J, Shi R, Staehelin Y, Theis F,

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There are several different strategies that are currently being used to prevent and control cystic echinococcosis (CE). Most of these various methods try to prevent and control CE by targeting the major risk factors for the disease and the way it is transmitted. For instance, health education

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cases and/or patients who reject surgery, for recurrence after surgery, and for lack of response to medical treatment. There have been a number of studies that suggest that PAIR with medical therapy is more effective than surgery in terms of disease recurrence, and morbidity and mortality.

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antigens) are used to verify the imaging results. It is also important to note that serologic tests are more valuable for the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis than for cystic echinococcosis since they tend to be more reliable for alveolar echinococcosis since more antigens specific for

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cycle, in particular, the infection of hosts (especially dogs) that reside with or near humans. For example, many countries endemic to echinococcosis have researched programs geared at de-worming dogs and vaccinating dogs and other livestock, such as sheep, that also act as hosts for

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oncosphere that penetrates the intestinal wall and moves through the circulatory system into different organs, in particular the liver and lungs. Once it has invaded these organs, the oncosphere develops into a cyst. The cyst then slowly enlarges, creating protoscolices (juvenile

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are transmitted to intermediate hosts via the ingestion of eggs and are transmitted to definitive hosts by means of eating infected, cyst-containing organs. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts that become infected by handling soil, dirt or animal hair that contains eggs.

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programs focused on cystic echinococcosis and its agents, and improved water sanitation attempt to target poor education and poor drinking water sources, which are both risk factors for contracting echinococcosis. Furthermore, since humans often come into contact with

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Prevention of cystic disease is by treating dogs that may carry the disease and vaccination of sheep. Treatment is often difficult. The cystic disease may be drained through the skin, followed by medication. Sometimes this type of disease is just watched. The

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Two calcified objects recovered from a 3rd- to 4th-century grave of an adolescent in Amiens (Northern France) were interpreted as probable hydatid cysts. A study of remains from two 8,000-year-old cemeteries in Siberia showed presence of echinococcosis.

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used in combination with ultrasonography though CT scans are preferred. Like cystic echinococcosis, imaging is the major method used for the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis while the same types of serologic tests (except now specific for

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or hexcanth. The name of this embryo stems from the fact that these embryos have six hooklets. The eggs are passed through the feces of the definitive host and it is the ingestion of these eggs that lead to infection in the intermediate host.

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during surgical extraction of the cysts or by trauma to the body, the person would most likely go into anaphylactic shock and have high fever, pruritus (itching), edema (swelling) of the lips and eyelids, dyspnea, stridor and rhinorrhea.

301: 621:, its hydatid cysts are large and are actually polycystic since the germinal membrane of the hydatid cyst actually proliferates both inward, to create septa that divide the hydatid into sections, and outward, to create new cysts. Like 363:

and therefore have cystic echinococcosis, the disease develops as a slow-growing mass in the body. These slow-growing masses, often called cysts, are also found in people that are infected with alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis.

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and putting communities at risk of cystic echinococcosis. Boiling livers and lungs that contain hydatid cysts for 30 minutes has been proposed as a simple, efficient and energy- and time-saving way to kill the infectious larvae.

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Computed tomography (A) and magnetic resonance (B) images of the liver of a 72-year-old man from French Guiana with polycystic echinococcosis affecting the left side of the liver. White arrows indicate the multicystic liver

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solution for 20–30 min, and cyst-re-aspiration and final irrigation. People who undergo PAIR typically take albendazole or mebendazole from 7 days before the procedure until 28 days after the procedure. It is indicated for

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mainly occurs in the Northern hemisphere, including central Europe and the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. However, its distribution was not always like this. For instance, until the end of the 1980s,

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Currently there are no human vaccines against any form of echinococcosis. However, there are studies being conducted that are looking at possible vaccine candidates for an effective human vaccine against echinococcosis.

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Unlike intermediate hosts, definitive hosts are usually not hurt very much by the infection. Sometimes, a lack of certain vitamins and minerals can be caused in the host by the very high demand of the parasite.

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Proper disposal of carcasses and offal after home slaughter is difficult in poor and remote communities and therefore dogs readily have access to offal from livestock, thus completing the parasite cycle of

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are localized in the liver (in 75% of cases), the lungs (in 5–15% of cases) and other organs in the body such as the spleen, brain, heart, and kidneys (in 10–20% of cases). In people who are infected with

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similar to those found in those with cystic echinococcosis, the alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis cysts usually have multiple compartments and have infiltrative as opposed to expansive growth.

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diagnosis since the method that is currently considered the standard is the isolation of protoscoleces during surgery or after the person's death and the identification of definitive features of

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in people's tissues. The only drawback of using PCR to diagnose polycystic echinococcosis is that there aren't many genetic sequences that can be used for PCR that are specific only

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can and are often used although an MRI is often preferred to CT scans when diagnosing cystic echinococcosis since it gives better visualization of liquid areas within the tissue.

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such as sheep and cattle. Humans function as accidental hosts, because they are usually a dead end for the parasitic infection cycle, unless eaten by dogs or wolves after death.

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While alveolar echinococcosis is not extremely common, it is believed that in the coming years it will be an emerging or re-emerging disease in certain countries as a result of

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endemic areas in Europe were known to exist only in France, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. But during the 1990s and early 2000s, there was a shift in the distribution of

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is found to be up to 2.9 mm long. In addition to the difference in length, there are also differences in the hydatid cysts of the different species. For instance, in

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Macpherson CN, Milner R (February 2003). "Performance characteristics and quality control of community based ultrasound surveys for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis".

929: 1000:. Areas of the world where there is a high rate of infection often coincide with rural, grazing areas where dogs are able to ingest organs from infected animals. 2176: 1145:, their life cycles and how they cause disease were more fully described as more and more people began researching and performing experiments and studies. While 700:(also known as alveolar colloid of the liver, alveolar hydatid disease, alveolococcosis, multilocular echinococcosis, "small fox tapeworm"), which is caused by 681:

Indirect hemagglutination assay for human echinococcosis. Different serum samples diluted from the left to the right. Seropositivity was suspected in Sample 179

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Bitton M, Kleiner-Baumgarten A, Peiser J, Barki Y, Sukenik S (February 1992). "Anaphylactic shock after traumatic rupture of a splenic echinococcal cyst".

1407:"Echinococcosis [Echinococcus granulosus] [Echinococcus multilocularis] [Echinococcus oligarthrus] [Echinococcus vogeli]" 2891: 3836: 310: 2289: 204:

The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years. The symptoms and signs that occur depend on the cyst's location and size.

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effective to prevent and control the spread of alveolar echinococcosis. Unlike cystic echinococcosis, however, where there is a vaccine against

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There are a few aberrant cases in which carnivores play the role of the intermediate hosts. Examples are domestic cats with hydatid cysts of

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and the third is polycystic echinococcosis (also known as human polycystic hydatid disease, neotropical echinococcosis), which is caused by

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of an animal that contains the cysts such as sheep or rodents. The type of disease that occurs in human patients depends on the type of

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Laminated layer of a cyst found in a corpse in a grave from the late Roman period in France, interpreted as a probable hydatidosis cyst

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infection via PCR or a histological examination of a tissue biopsy from the person is another way to diagnose alveolar echinococcosis.

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Boiling sheep livers containing hydatid cysts for 30 minutes kills the cestode larvae – a simple method for prevention in remote areas

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can be months to years, or even decades. It largely depends on the location of the cyst in the body and how fast the cyst is growing.

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Location of people, controls, and areas in France where persons are at risk for alveolar echinococcosis. See legend below the image.

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in these isolated protoscoleces. This is the main way that PE is diagnosed, but some current studies show that PCR may identify

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if the person has cysts in the lungs and is symptomatic, they will have a cough, shortness of breath and/or pain in the chest.

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The most common form found in humans is cystic echinococcosis (also known as unilocular echinococcosis), which is caused by

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were both linked to human echinococcosis before or shortly after the 20th century, it was not until the mid-1900s that

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disease usually begins in the liver, but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain. When the

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Bonelli P, Masu G, Giudici SD, Pintus D, Peruzzu A, Piseddu T, Santucciu C, Cossu A, Demurtas N, Masala G (2018).

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Echinococcosis is a disease that has been recognized by humans for centuries. There has been mention of it in the

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Marcinkutė A, Moks E, Saarma U, Jokelainen P, Bagrade G, Laivacuma S, Strupas K, Sokolovas V, Deplazes P (2015).

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device. This form of treatment is still relatively new and requires much more testing before being widely used.

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Surgery is indicated for bigger liver cysts (> 10 cm), cysts at risk of rupture and/or complicated cysts. A

697: 3523: 3496: 2884: 714: 609:, the cysts have an ultra thin limiting membrane and the germinal epithelium may bud externally. Furthermore, 3588:, Gordon C. Cook, Patrick Manson (2003). "Section 10: Helminthic Infections 83. Echinococcosis/Hydatidosis". 1763:"Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Aspects of Echinococcosis, a Zoonosis of Increasing Concern - PMC" 4815: 4610: 4599: 4183: 4123: 4109: 3932: 3911: 2824:

Ferrer Inaebnit E, Molina Romero FX, Segura Sampedro JJ, González Argenté X, Morón Canis JM (January 2022).

954: 446: 338: 189: 3641: 2960:"PAIR: Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re-aspiration An option for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis" 2674: 2383: 1897:

Overstreet RM, Lotz JM (2016). "Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from Guest to Pest".

1601: 4922: 4713: 4508: 4361: 4051: 4046: 4037: 4013: 3822: 2959: 2783: 923: 321: 129: 3480: 4912: 4594: 4137: 4018: 3899: 727:(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), immunoblots or latex agglutination) that use antigens specific for 3481:"A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s" 2281: 1998:"Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern" 1106:

predicted that these hydatid cysts found in infected humans were actually larval stages of tapeworms.

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species, coprophagic flies, carrion birds and arthropods can act as mechanical vectors for the eggs.

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Lassen B, Janson M, Viltrop A, Neare K, Hütt P, Golovljova I, Tummeleht L, Jokelainen P (2016).

2690:"Immunity and vaccine control of Echinococcus granulosus infection in animal intermediate hosts" 937: 1867: 4927: 3993: 3938: 3845: 3759: 3708: 3593: 3556: 3431: 3379: 3330: 3289: 3230: 3181: 3163: 3120: 3069: 3020: 2941: 2855: 2847: 2801: 2752: 2701: 2663: 2645: 2599: 2510: 2475: 2429: 2372: 2354: 2261: 2232: 2212: 2158: 2076: 2027: 1957: 1910: 1849: 1792: 1710: 1590: 1572: 1480: 1383: 1332: 404: 400: 170: 105: 66: 1102:

illustrated that the hydatid cysts of echinococcosis were of "animal" origin. Then, in 1766,

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form often requires surgical intervention, followed by medications. The medication used is

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Kemp C, Roberts A (August 2001). "Infectious diseases: echinococcosis (hydatid disease)".

1730:"The Pathology of Echinococcosis and the Current Echinococcosis Problem in Western Turkey" 1134: 919: 533: 229: 110: 3265: 2529: 1475: 645:

While there are no biological or mechanical vectors for the adult or larval form of any

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that involves three steps: puncture and needle aspiration of the cyst, injection of a

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As one can see from the life cycles illustrated above, all disease-causing species of

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Mowlavi G, Kacki S, Dupouy-Camet J, Mobedi I, Makki M, Harandi M, Naddaf S (2014).

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International consensus on nomenclature framework for cystic echinococcosis surgery

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sheep, goats, cattle, camel, buffalo, swine, kangaroos, and other wild herbivores

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as the infection rate of foxes escalated in certain parts of France and Germany.

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Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

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disease is estimated to be around US$ 3 billion a year. It is classified as a

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tetraspanins as vaccine candidates against primary alveolar echinococcosis".

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is an innovative technique representing an alternative to surgery. PAIR is a

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There is currently research and studies looking at new treatment involving

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Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, Li J, Vuitton DA, Zhang W, McManus DP (2019).

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thermal ablation (PTA) of the germinal layer in the cyst by means of a

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Knowledge (XXG)'s health care articles can be viewed offline with the

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were identified as and shown as being causes of human echinococcosis.

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are available. In addition to imaging and serology, identification of

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cysts do cause adult tapeworms in dogs. Shortly after this, in 1863,

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accurately described the cysts and the tapeworm heads, while in 1786

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are limited to Central and South America. Furthermore, infections by

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A number of therapy options are presently available. Treatment with

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Dang Z, Yagi K, Oku Y, et al. (December 2009). "Evaluation of

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The Rasputin Effect: When Commensals and Symbionts Become Parasitic

1086: 1064: 982: 915: 882: 794: 676: 667: 532: 521: 422: 320: 309: 295: 209: 2826:"A review of the diagnosis and management of liver hydatid cyst" 1057:

As of 2010 it caused about 1200 deaths, down from 2000 in 1990.

44:

Hydatid disease, hydatidosis, echinococcal disease, hydatid cyst

3818: 2731:

Craig PS, McManus DP, Lightowlers MW, et al. (June 2007).

2620:

Li J, Wu C, Wang H, Liu H, Vuitton DA, Wen H, Zhang W (2014).

2211:

John DT, William Petri WA, Markell EK, Voge M (January 2006).

597:

is often smaller and is 4 mm or less. On the other hand,

585:

The major morphological difference among different species of

399:

infection is complex. The worm has a life cycle that requires

2564:

Knapp J, Chirica M, Simonnet C, et al. (December 2009).

2129:: an Emerging Pathogen in Hungary and Central Eastern Europe" 840:, there is currently no canidae or livestock vaccine against 2231:(9th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 224–231. 926:

areas where surgery is performed by nonspecialist surgeons.

996:

Very few countries are considered to be completely free of

1647:"Echinococcosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3497:

10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[407:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2

2256:

Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. (2010). "Ch. 290".

21:

This article is about the disease. For the organism, see

2819: 2817: 2815: 3607:

Vuitton DA, Millon L, Gottstein B, Giraudoux P (2014).

16:

Parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type

3040:"Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis" 2177:"Echinococcosis (Dog Tapeworm Infection) - Infections" 1942:

Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners

1093:. The recommended treatments were based on herbs like 306:

Removal of cysts (here, from a definitive host, a cat)

4933:

Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin

2885:"The Medical Letter (Drugs for Parasitic Infections)" 1077:. It was also recognized by ancient scholars such as 617:

cysts contain little fluid and are multilocular. For

3681: 3350:"Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century - PMC" 3201:"Echinococcus spp. Tapeworms in North America - PMC" 3038:

Budke CM, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR (February 2006).

1681:"Emergence of polycystic neotropical echinococcosis" 910:

approach provides excellent cure rates with minimal

288:

immunology, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis.

280:(NTD) and belongs to the group of diseases known as 4836: 4805: 4756: 4663: 4573: 4545: 4498: 4387: 4378: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4320: 4257: 4173: 4158: 4069: 4036: 3949: 3884: 3869: 3856: 3774: 3685: 2989:Park KH, Jung SI, Jang HC, Shin JH (October 2009). 411:such as dogs, while intermediate hosts are usually 395:Like many other parasite infections, the course of 156: 148: 136: 125: 117: 104: 87: 77: 65: 40: 35: 3557:"Dogs Were a Prehistoric Woman's Best Friend, Too" 1728:Canda MS, Canda T, Astarcioglu H, Güray M (2003). 2733:"Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis" 2530:"Hydatid cyst | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.org" 2447: 2445: 2443: 930:PAIR (puncture-aspiration-injection-reaspiration) 3138:Massolo A, Liccioli S, Budke C, Klein C (2014). 557:From the embryo released from an egg develops a 537:Protoscolices being released from a hydatid cyst 248:(MRI) may also be used. Blood tests looking for 2879: 2877: 328:showing the characteristic laminated cyst wall. 236:causing the infection. Diagnosis is usually by 3571:, 17 July 2014. Retrieved on 25 November 2014. 3309:"Echinococcus infections in the Baltic region" 1674: 1672: 3830: 3485:Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 2452:Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA (April 2010). 613:cysts are unilocular and full of fluid while 228:animals to become infected they must eat the 8: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2123:Sréter T, Széll Z, Egyed Z, Varga I (2003). 1991: 1679:Tappe D, Stich A, Frosch M (February 2008). 1125:showed through a series of experiments that 220:. Lung disease may cause pain in the chest, 183:type. The two main types of the disease are 121:Vaccination of sheep, treating infected dogs 2830:Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas 2615: 2613: 2118: 2116: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1348: 1346: 1267: 1265: 1263: 336:In the human manifestation of the disease, 252:against the parasite may be helpful as may 4384: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4170: 3881: 3866: 3837: 3823: 3815: 3682: 3395: 3393: 3199:Cerda JR, Buttke DE, Ballweber LR (2018). 2331:"Cystic echinococcosis in a domestic cat ( 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1121:. Half a century later, during the 1850s, 601:is found to be up to 5.6 mm long and 49: 32: 3632: 3425: 3373: 3324: 3283: 3273: 3224: 3175: 3114: 3104: 3063: 3014: 2935: 2925: 2841: 2787: 2657: 2593: 2541: 2469: 2423: 2398:Verbitskiy D, Zarour G (1 October 2019). 2366: 2314:. Public Healthy Agency of Canada. 2001. 2152: 2070: 2021: 1924: 1786: 1704: 1584: 1566: 1474: 1464: 1434: 1432: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1377: 1326: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 544:eggs contain an embryo that is called an 383:The incubation period for all species of 2688:Lightowlers MW, Heath DD (5 June 2004). 430: 212:is affected, the patient may experience 3526:from the original on 24 September 2016. 2229:Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology 1750:from the original on 28 September 2011. 1174: 3545:from the original on 10 December 2008. 2245:from the original on 8 September 2017. 2183:from the original on 28 September 2020 2103:"Parasites and Health: Echinococcosis" 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 1273:"Echinococcosis Treatment Information" 593:is approximately 2 to 7 mm while 3460:from the original on 14 November 2021 2570:infection in a hunter, French Guiana" 2047:"History of Human Parasitology - PMC" 1996:Eckert J, Deplazes P (January 2004). 1248:from the original on 21 February 2014 268:, which may be needed for years. The 7: 3144:in North America: the great unknown" 1529:from the original on 4 December 2014 1364:(10053): 1459–1544. 8 October 2016. 1313:(10053): 1545–1602. 8 October 2016. 861:is still not completely understood. 152:1.4 million (cystic form, 2015) 1109:A few decades afterwards, in 1782, 1029:Unlike the previous two species of 467:foxes, dogs, other canidae and cats 3450:"tapeworms: Topics by Science.gov" 2897:from the original on 4 March 2010. 2318:from the original on 5 March 2010. 2312:Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 2292:from the original on 4 March 2010. 2109:from the original on 4 March 2010. 1954:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2001.tb00047.x 1878:from the original on 16 March 2022 1821:from the original on 17 April 2019 1417:from the original on 20 March 2014 1283:from the original on 20 March 2014 853:humans become accidental hosts of 693:Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato 14: 3093:Veterinary Medicine International 2471:10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001 1657:from the original on 25 July 2020 1238:"Echinococcosis Fact sheet N°377" 696:. The second most common form is 3672:WHO fact sheet on echinococcosis 3655: 3640: 2970:from the original on 5 July 2022 2712:from the original on 7 July 2020 2673: 2382: 1627:from the original on 9 June 2022 1617:"CDC - Echinococcosis - Biology" 1600: 1499:from the original on 19 May 2020 407:. Definitive hosts are normally 2626:protoscoleces in hydatid cysts" 895:, whether combined or not with 589:is the length of the tapeworm. 1615:Prevention CC (16 July 2019). 1: 3479:Egerton FN (5 October 2008). 3354:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2798:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.045 2749:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70134-2 2507:10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00224-3 2063:10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002 2051:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2014:10.1128/cmr.17.1.107-135.2004 1779:10.1128/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004 1767:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1761:Eckert J, Deplazes P (2004). 1519:"Neglected Tropical Diseases" 1457:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 1439:Lozano R (15 December 2012). 1370:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 1319:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1098:during the 17th century when 629:cysts are filled with fluid. 272:disease may result in death. 61:life cycle (click to enlarge) 4296:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides 3326:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.032 3275:10.1371/journal.pone.0164142 3205:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2843:10.17235/reed.2021.7896/2021 2286:DPDx. Parasite Image Library 2133:Emerging Infectious Diseases 1117:was accurately described by 934:minimally invasive procedure 903:for at least 3 to 6 months. 577:that has about 25–50 hooks. 193:. Less common forms include 4633:Angiostrongylus cantonensis 4282:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei 3664:Medical Knowledge (XXG) app 3142:Echinococcus multilocularis 2890:. DPDx, CDC. 20 July 2009. 2772:Echinococcus multilocularis 2127:Echinococcus multilocularis 1907:10.1007/978-3-319-28170-4_2 703:Echinococcus multilocularis 4949: 3592:. Philadelphia: Saunders. 3590:Manson's tropical diseases 2436:– via Springer Link. 2416:10.1007/s15010-019-01325-2 2260:(7th ed.). Elsevier. 278:neglected tropical disease 246:magnetic resonance imaging 20: 4873:Capillaria philippinensis 4796:Halicephalobus gingivalis 4767:Strongyloides stercoralis 3007:10.3349/ymj.2009.50.5.717 1242:World Health Organization 848:Polycystic echinococcosis 581:Morphological differences 553:Larval/hydatid cyst stage 195:polycystic echinococcosis 160:1,200 (cystic form, 2015) 57: 48: 4879:Intestinal capillariasis 3974:Dicrocoelium dendriticum 3625:10.1051/parasite/2014024 3568:Discovery Communications 3562:18 December 2014 at the 3512:"Echinococcosis Of Bone" 3510:Howorth MB (July 1945). 3418:10.1051/parasite/2014010 3160:10.1051/parasite/2014069 2927:10.4103/0972-9941.134873 2642:10.1051/parasite/2014064 2351:10.1051/parasite/2018027 1568:10.1051/parasite/2020024 715:Echinococcus oligarthrus 199:unicystic echinococcosis 4866:Trichuriasis / Whipworm 4816:Enterobius vermicularis 4611:Cutaneous larva migrans 4184:Echinococcus granulosus 4124:Heterophyes heterophyes 4110:Gastrodiscoides hominis 3933:Trichobilharzia regenti 3677:CDC Echinococcosis Page 2624:Echinococcus granulosus 2306:Echinococcus granulosus 2215:Echinococcus granulosus 955:radiofrequency ablation 831:Alveolar echinococcosis 824:Echinococcus granulosus 698:alveolar echinococcosis 190:alveolar echinococcosis 4714:Visceral larva migrans 4509:Gnathostoma spinigerum 4362:Dracunculus medinensis 4268:Diphyllobothrium latum 4047:Paragonimus westermani 4014:Opisthorchis viverrini 3217:10.3201/eid2402.161126 3056:10.3201/eid1202.050499 2586:10.3201/eid1512.090940 2288:. CDC. 17 April 2019. 2145:10.3201/eid0903.020320 1697:10.3201/eid1402.070742 1070: 988: 888: 800: 682: 674: 538: 530: 452:dogs and other canidae 428: 333: 318: 307: 132:, medications, surgery 59:Echinococcus granulosa 4595:Ancylostoma duodenale 4138:Metagonimus yokogawai 1651:www.sciencedirect.com 1466:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 1068: 1026:’ ability to spread. 986: 886: 804:Cystic echinococcosis 798: 680: 671: 536: 525: 426: 324: 313: 305: 185:cystic echinococcosis 4847:Trichinella spiralis 4674:Ascaris lumbricoides 4488:Lymphatic filariasis 4470:Wuchereria bancrofti 3516:J Bone Joint Surg Am 3366:10.1128/CMR.00075-18 3106:10.1155/2020/8859116 3044:Emerging Infect. Dis 2908:Jani K (July 2014). 2574:Emerging Infect. Dis 2002:Clin. Microbiol. Rev 1685:Emerging Infect. Dis 1413:. 29 November 2013. 1279:. 29 November 2013. 4861:Trichuris trichiura 4788:Trichostrongyliasis 4404:Onchocerca volvulus 3960:Clonorchis sinensis 3895:Schistosoma mansoni 3876:Trematode infection 3537:Connolly S (2006). 3266:2016PLoSO..1164142L 3087:Gessese AT (2020). 2914:J Minim Access Surg 2720:– via PubMed. 2568:Echinococcus vogeli 2543:10.53347/rid-152545 1104:Pierre Simon Pallas 709:Echinococcus vogeli 440:Intermediate Hosts 427:Red fox with rodent 242:computer tomography 222:shortness of breath 4747:Parascaris equorum 4733:Dioctophyme renale 4639:Angiostrongyliasis 4619:Necator americanus 4589:Hookworm infection 4449:Dirofilaria repens 4274:Diphyllobothriasis 4165:Tapeworm infection 4096:Fasciolopsis buski 3775:External resources 3586:Alimuddin I. Zumla 2213:"7: The Cestodes: 1451:(9859): 2095–128. 1133:was identified by 1071: 989: 889: 801: 683: 675: 539: 531: 482:bush dogs and dogs 429: 405:intermediate hosts 334: 319: 308: 292:Signs and symptoms 72:Infectious disease 4918:Tropical diseases 4900: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4832: 4831: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4190:E. multilocularis 4154: 4153: 3994:Fasciola hepatica 3846:Parasitic disease 3812: 3811: 3599:978-0-7020-2640-9 3555:Viegas, Jennifer 3412:. Article no. 9. 2737:Lancet Infect Dis 2238:978-0-7216-4793-7 2225:(Hyatid Disease)" 1916:978-3-319-28168-1 1151:E. multilocularis 1143:E. multilocularis 1131:E. multilocularis 1024:E. multilocularis 1013:E. multilocularis 1009:E. multilocularis 1004:E. multilocularis 842:E. multilocularis 752:E. multilocularis 748:E. multilocularis 743:E. multilocularis 712:and very rarely, 615:E. multilocularis 607:E. multilocularis 595:E. multilocularis 502: 501: 462:E. multilocularis 345:E. multilocularis 303: 171:parasitic disease 164: 163: 106:Diagnostic method 30:Medical condition 4940: 4781:Trichostrongylus 4773:Strongyloidiasis 4653:Metastrongylosis 4385: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4235:Hymenolepis nana 4171: 4071:Intestinal fluke 3882: 3867: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3816: 3683: 3659: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3603: 3572: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3539:"Echinococcosis" 3534: 3528: 3527: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3377: 3360:(2): e00075-18. 3345: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3277: 3260:(10): e0164142. 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3108: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3018: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2929: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2845: 2821: 2810: 2809: 2791: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2661: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2597: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2545: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2449: 2438: 2437: 2427: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2370: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2282:"Echinococcosis" 2278: 2272: 2271: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2219:E. multiloularis 2208: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2156: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2098: 2085: 2084: 2074: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2025: 1993: 1966: 1965: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1811:"Echinococcosis" 1807: 1801: 1800: 1790: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1734: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1708: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1588: 1570: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1478: 1468: 1436: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1403: 1392: 1391: 1381: 1350: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1269: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1234: 1123:Karl von Siebold 437:Definitive Hosts 431: 401:definitive hosts 304: 224:, and coughing. 53: 33: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4892: 4828: 4801: 4752: 4659: 4607:Ancylostomiasis 4577: 4561: 4541: 4521:Gnathostomiasis 4494: 4391: 4374: 4325: 4322: 4308: 4259:Pseudophyllidea 4253: 4204:Taenia saginata 4162: 4150: 4102:Fasciolopsiasis 4087:Echinostomiasis 4065: 4032: 4026:Opisthorchiasis 3945: 3925:Schistosomiasis 3919:S. intercalatum 3873: 3871:Fluke/trematode 3862: 3859: 3852: 3843: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3770: 3769: 3694: 3668: 3660: 3652: 3639: 3606: 3600: 3584: 3581: 3579:Further reading 3576: 3575: 3564:Wayback Machine 3554: 3550: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3454:www.science.gov 3448: 3447: 3443: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3319:(3–4): 121–31. 3306: 3305: 3301: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3037: 3036: 3032: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2789:10.1.1.539.7799 2782:(52): 7339–45. 2769: 2768: 2764: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2580:(12): 2029–31. 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2451: 2450: 2441: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2239: 2210: 2209: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2100: 2099: 2088: 2045:Cox FE (2002). 2044: 2043: 2039: 1995: 1994: 1969: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1917: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1872:parasite.org.au 1866: 1865: 1861: 1839: 1838: 1834: 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4721: 4720: 4702:Toxocara canis 4698: 4697: 4696: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4647:Metastrongylus 4643: 4642: 4641: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4601:A. braziliense 4591: 4585: 4583: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4462:Dirofilariasis 4452: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4441:Mansonelliasis 4431: 4430: 4429: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4410:Onchocerciasis 4399: 4397: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4368:Dracunculiasis 4357: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4247:Hymenolepiasis 4231: 4230: 4229: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4196:Echinococcosis 4179: 4177: 4175:Cyclophyllidea 4168: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4144:Metagonimiasis 4134: 4133: 4132: 4130:Heterophyiasis 4120: 4119: 4118: 4116:Amphistomiasis 4106: 4105: 4104: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4075: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4059:Paragonimiasis 4042: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4010: 4009: 4008: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3986:Dicrocoeliasis 3970: 3969: 3968: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3939:Swimmer's itch 3929: 3928: 3927: 3913:S. haematobium 3890: 3888: 3879: 3864: 3854: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3803:Echinococcosis 3794: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3756: 3745: 3726: 3711: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686:Classification 3680: 3679: 3674: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650:External links 3648: 3647: 3646: 3604: 3598: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3548: 3529: 3522:(3): 401–411. 3502: 3491:(4): 407–433. 3471: 3441: 3389: 3340: 3299: 3240: 3211:(2): 230–235. 3191: 3130: 3079: 3050:(2): 296–303. 3030: 2981: 2951: 2900: 2873: 2811: 2762: 2723: 2700:(1–2): 27–31. 2694:Parassitologia 2680: 2609: 2556: 2520: 2485: 2439: 2410:(5): 703–727. 2389: 2321: 2295: 2273: 2267:978-0443068393 2266: 2248: 2237: 2194: 2168: 2112: 2086: 2057:(4): 595–612. 2037: 1967: 1932: 1915: 1889: 1868:"Echinococcus" 1859: 1832: 1802: 1773:(1): 107–135. 1753: 1737:Turk J Med Sci 1720: 1668: 1638: 1607: 1540: 1510: 1428: 1393: 1342: 1294: 1259: 1244:. March 2014. 1173: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1155:E. oligarthrus 1100:Francesco Redi 1062: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1047:E. oligarthrus 1039:E. oligarthrus 993: 990: 980: 977: 971: 968: 962: 959: 880: 877: 875: 872: 866: 865:Human vaccines 863: 855:E. oligarthrus 849: 846: 832: 829: 805: 802: 792: 789: 781:E. oligarthrus 773:E. oligarthrus 765:E. oligarthrus 759: 756: 737: 734: 723: 720: 687: 686:Classification 684: 665: 662: 659:E. granulosus. 654: 653:Aberrant cases 651: 634: 631: 603:E. oligarthrus 582: 579: 566: 563: 554: 551: 519: 516: 506: 503: 500: 499: 498:small rodents 496: 493: 491:E. oligarthrus 487: 486: 483: 480: 472: 471: 470:small rodents 468: 465: 457: 456: 453: 450: 442: 441: 438: 435: 420: 417: 392: 389: 350:E. oligarthrus 293: 290: 214:abdominal pain 167:Echinococcosis 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 140: 134: 133: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 108: 102: 101: 89: 85: 84: 81: 75: 74: 69: 63: 62: 55: 54: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 36:Echinococcosis 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4945: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4923:Helminthiases 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4726:Baylisascaris 4723: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4476:Brugia malayi 4472: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227:Cysticercosis 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4053:P. kellicotti 4049: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966:Clonorchiasis 3964: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3860:platyhelminth 3855: 3851: 3850:helminthiases 3847: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001:(5): 717–20. 3000: 2996: 2995:Yonsei Med. J 2992: 2985: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743:(6): 385–94. 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2557: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008:(1): 107–35. 2007: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844:(in Hebrew). 1843: 1836: 1833: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1541: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:E. granulosus 1144: 1140: 1139:E. granulosus 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:E. granulosus 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 999: 998:E. granulosus 991: 985: 978: 976: 969: 967: 960: 958: 956: 952: 947: 944: 939: 935: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 885: 878: 873: 871: 864: 862: 860: 856: 847: 845: 843: 839: 838:E. granulosus 830: 828: 825: 819: 817: 816:E. granulosus 812: 803: 797: 790: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 757: 755: 753: 749: 744: 735: 733: 730: 729:E. granulosus 721: 719: 717: 716: 711: 710: 705: 704: 699: 695: 694: 685: 679: 670: 663: 661: 660: 652: 650: 648: 643: 640: 632: 630: 628: 624: 623:E. granulosus 620: 616: 612: 611:E. granulosus 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591:E. granulosus 588: 580: 578: 576: 571: 564: 562: 560: 552: 550: 547: 543: 535: 528: 524: 517: 515: 513: 504: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 484: 481: 479: 478: 474: 473: 469: 466: 464: 463: 459: 458: 454: 451: 449: 448: 447:E. granulosus 444: 443: 439: 436: 433: 432: 425: 418: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 390: 388: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 362: 361:E. granulosus 357: 356: 351: 347: 346: 341: 340: 339:E. granulosus 331: 330:H&E stain 327: 323: 317: 312: 291: 289: 285: 283: 282:helminthiases 279: 273: 271: 267: 263: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 168: 159: 155: 151: 147: 144: 141: 139: 135: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 113:, blood tests 112: 109: 107: 103: 99: 98: 93: 90: 86: 82: 80: 76: 73: 70: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 28: 24: 19: 4913:Dog diseases 4886: 4871: 4859: 4845: 4822:Enterobiasis 4814: 4794: 4780: 4765: 4745: 4731: 4724: 4718:Toxocariasis 4707: 4700: 4686: 4672: 4645: 4631: 4625:Necatoriasis 4617: 4600: 4593: 4554: 4527: 4514: 4507: 4500:Thelazioidea 4481: 4474: 4468: 4455: 4447: 4433: 4424: 4416: 4402: 4360: 4294: 4280: 4267: 4240: 4233: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4182: 4136: 4122: 4108: 4094: 4085: 4078: 4052: 4045: 4019: 4012: 4000:F. gigantica 3999: 3992: 3979: 3972: 3958: 3931: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3901:S. japonicum 3900: 3893: 3796: 3782: 3758: 3747: 3728: 3713: 3698: 3662: 3616: 3612: 3589: 3566: 3551: 3532: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3462:. 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Retrieved 1241: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1127:Echinococcus 1126: 1114: 1108: 1094: 1072: 1056: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031:Echinococcus 1030: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1002: 997: 995: 979:Epidemiology 973: 964: 951:percutaneous 948: 928: 908:laparoscopic 905: 897:praziquantel 890: 868: 858: 854: 851: 841: 837: 834: 823: 820: 815: 811:Echinococcus 810: 807: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 761: 751: 747: 742: 739: 728: 725: 713: 707: 701: 691: 689: 658: 656: 647:Echinococcus 646: 644: 639:Echinococcus 638: 636: 633:Transmission 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 587:Echinococcus 586: 584: 570:Echinococcus 569: 568: 559:hydatid cyst 558: 556: 542:Echinococcus 541: 540: 529:egg in feces 527:Echinococcus 526: 508: 490: 475: 460: 445: 397:Echinococcus 396: 394: 385:Echinococcus 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 360: 353: 349: 343: 337: 335: 286: 274: 269: 261: 258: 234:Echinococcus 233: 226: 205: 203: 198: 194: 188: 184: 180:Echinococcus 178: 166: 165: 130:Conservative 97:Echinococcus 95: 58: 27: 23:Echinococcus 18: 4887:C. hepatica 4853:Trichinosis 4838:Adenophorea 4694:Anisakiasis 4575:Strongylida 4556:Gongylonema 4547:Spiruroidea 4535:Thelaziasis 4515:G. hispidum 4389:Filarioidea 4353:Camallanida 4335:Secernentea 4302:Sparganosis 4288:Sparganosis 4241:H. diminuta 4210:T. asiatica 4080:Echinostoma 4020:O. felineus 4006:Fasciolosis 3951:Liver fluke 3886:Blood fluke 2964:www.who.int 2534:Radiopaedia 2464:(1): 1–16. 2335:) in Italy" 2333:Felis catus 1815:www.who.int 1743:: 369–374. 1621:www.cdc.gov 1533:28 November 1503:8 September 1079:Hippocrates 901:mebendazole 893:albendazole 495:wild felids 314:Cysts in a 266:albendazole 143:Albendazole 41:Other names 4907:Categories 4758:Rhabditida 4680:Ascariasis 4665:Ascaridida 4456:D. immitis 4435:Mansonella 4427:filariasis 4394:Filariasis 4321:Roundworm/ 4038:Lung fluke 3907:S. mekongi 3848:caused by 3798:Patient UK 3760:DiseasesDB 1169:References 970:Polycystic 943:inoperable 938:scolicidal 791:Prevention 758:Polycystic 565:Adult worm 546:oncosphere 505:Life cycle 413:herbivores 409:carnivores 326:Micrograph 316:cotton rat 250:antibodies 238:ultrasound 173:caused by 138:Medication 118:Prevention 4482:B. timori 4380:Spirurida 4326:infection 4223:Taeniasis 4216:T. solium 3980:D. hospes 3863:infection 3858:Flatworm/ 3784:eMedicine 3168:1776-1042 2868:235200924 2852:1130-0108 2784:CiteSeerX 2650:1776-1042 2528:Rizi FR. 2495:Acta Trop 2458:Acta Trop 2404:Infection 2359:1776-1042 2223:E. vogeli 1577:1776-1042 1159:E. vogeli 1043:E. vogeli 1035:E. vogeli 916:mortality 912:morbidity 874:Treatment 859:E. vogeli 785:E. vogeli 777:E. vogeli 769:E. vogeli 664:Diagnosis 627:E. vogeli 619:E. vogeli 599:E. vogeli 575:rostellum 477:E. vogeli 355:E. vogeli 175:tapeworms 149:Frequency 126:Treatment 67:Specialty 4928:Zoonoses 4807:Oxyurida 4688:Anisakis 4580:hookworm 4529:Thelazia 4344:Spiruria 4324:Nematode 3792:med/1046 3613:Parasite 3560:Archived 3543:Archived 3524:Archived 3458:Archived 3436:24572211 3406:Parasite 3384:30760475 3335:26324242 3294:27723790 3254:PLOS ONE 3235:29350139 3186:25531581 3148:Parasite 3125:33354312 3074:16494758 3025:19881979 2968:Archived 2946:25013326 2892:Archived 2860:34034501 2806:19782112 2757:17521591 2710:Archived 2706:15305682 2668:25456565 2630:Parasite 2604:19961693 2515:12606098 2480:19931502 2434:31147846 2377:29727269 2339:Parasite 2316:Archived 2290:Archived 2243:Archived 2181:Archived 2163:12643838 2107:Archived 2081:12364371 2032:14726458 1962:11930567 1876:Archived 1842:Harefuah 1819:Archived 1797:14726458 1745:Archived 1715:18258123 1655:Archived 1625:Archived 1595:32500855 1555:Parasite 1527:Archived 1497:Archived 1485:23245604 1476:10790329 1421:20 March 1415:Archived 1388:27733281 1337:27733282 1287:20 March 1281:Archived 1252:19 March 1246:Archived 1083:Aretaeus 961:Alveolar 736:Alveolar 512:scolices 485:rodents 434:Organism 270:alveolar 262:alveolar 244:(CT) or 218:jaundice 206:Alveolar 92:Tapeworm 83:Variable 79:Symptoms 4708:T. cati 4425:Loa loa 4418:Loa loa 4160:Cestoda 3789:med/629 3754:D004443 3634:4071351 3427:3936287 3375:6431127 3313:Vet Par 3285:5056716 3262:Bibcode 3226:5782903 3177:4273702 3116:7735834 3099:: 1–8. 3065:3373106 3016:2768250 2937:4083542 2776:Vaccine 2659:4251422 2595:3044547 2425:8505309 2368:5935470 2154:2958538 2105:. 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