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197:(physical appearance of a plant species) can be a key indicator. Water bodies, such as estuaries, can also have a region of transition, and the boundary is characterized by the differences in heights of the macrophytes or plant species present in the areas because this distinguishes the two areas' accessibility to light. Scientists look at color variations and changes in plant height. Third, a change of species can signal an ecotone. There will be specific organisms on one side of an ecotone or the other.
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within a short distance. The ecotone contains not only species common to the communities on both sides; it may also include a number of highly adaptable species that tend to colonize such transitional areas. The phenomenon of increased variety of plants as well as animals at the community junction is
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Plants in competition extend themselves on one side of the ecotone as far as their ability to maintain themselves allows. Beyond this competitors of the adjacent community take over. As a result, the ecotone represents a shift in dominance. Ecotones are particularly significant for mobile animals, as
471:
in 1859. Biologists believe it was the depth of the Lombok Strait itself that kept the animals on either side isolated from one another. However, it has been found that some flightless animals such as certain weevil species have, in the past, been involved in several transgression events in which
187:
Fig.1 & 2 show simple ecotones with equal and homogeneous surfaces in both cases. Fig.3 shows an inclusion of each medium in the other, creating multiple ecotones, which are shown in a more complex form in figure 4. Fig. 5 & 6 show the edges of forests or banks treated in such a way as to
204:
and the establishment of new plants. These are known as spatial mass effects, which are noticeable because some organisms will not be able to form self-sustaining populations if they cross the ecotone. If different species can survive in both communities of the two biomes, then the ecotone is
217:
in an ecotone can reveal the type of biome or efficiency of the two communities sharing space. Because an ecotone is the zone in which two communities integrate, many different forms of life have to live together and compete for space. Therefore, an ecotone can create a diverse ecosystem.
274:
are ecotones. The spatial variation of ecotones often form due to disturbances, creating patches that separate patches of vegetation. Different intensity of disturbances can cause landslides, land shifts, or movement of sediment that can create these vegetation patches and ecotones.
192:
There are several distinguishing features of an ecotone. First, an ecotone can have a sharp vegetation transition, with a distinct line between two communities. For example, a change in colors of grasses or plant life can indicate an ecotone. Second, a change in
188:
lengthen the ecotone considerably without excessively modifying the environment. Fig.7 shows a common interpenetration of media (such as that found at the edge of a forest). Fig.8 shows an ecotone that could have been formed by an animal modifying its environment.
1111:
Alfano, Niccolò; Michaux, Johan; Morand, Serge; Aplin, Ken; Tsangaras, Kyriakos; Löber, Ulrike; Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Fitriana, Yuli; Semiadi, Gono; Ishida, Yasuko; Helgen, Kristofer M; Roca, Alfred L; Eiden, Maribeth V; Greenwood, Alex D (2016).
143:
is a transition area between two biological communities, where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland
403:
region in the south. It has been shown to be the biogeographical transition between
Indochinese and Sundaic faunas. Approximately 152 species of bird were found to have northern or southern range limits between these latitudes.
356:
and is often not strictly dependent on a major physical factor separating one ecosystem from another, with resulting habitat variability. An ecotone is often unobtrusive and harder to measure.
160:
was coined (and its etymology given) in 1904 in "The
Development and Structure of Vegetation" (Lincoln, Nebraska: Botanical Seminar) by Frederic E. Clements. It is formed as a combination of
1035:
Hughes, Jennifer B; Round, Philip D; Woodruff, David S (2003). "The
Indochinese-Sundaic faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra: An analysis of resident forest bird species distributions".
359:
an ecotone is the area where two communities interact. Ecotones can be easily identified by distinct change in soil gradient and soil composition between two communities.
1995:
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304:: a "physical transition zone" between two systems. The ecotone and ecocline concepts are sometimes confused: an ecocline can signal an ecotone chemically (ex:
238:. Elsewhere, a more gradually blended interface area will be found, where species from each community will be found together as well as unique local species.
148:). An ecotone may appear on the ground as a gradual blending of the two communities across a broad area, or it may manifest itself as a sharp boundary line.
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are a common form of lakeside ecotone. The beds tend to accumulate organic matter which is then colonised by trees, forcing the reeds further into the lake.
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1072:"Development of a species-diagnostic marker and its application for population genetics studies of the stingless bee Trigona collina in Thailand"
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environment dependent of one or two physico-chemical factors of life, and thus presence/absence of certain species. An ecocline can be a
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1988:
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ecocline transitions are less distinct (less clear-cut), have more stable conditions within, hence a higher plant species richness.
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53:
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1981:
1234:
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Backeus, Ingvar (1993). "Ecotone Versus
Ecocline: Vegetation Zonation and Dynamics Around a Small Reservoir in Tanzania".
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Walker, Susan; Wilson, J. Bastow; Steel, John B; Rapson, G.L; Smith, Benjamin; King, Warren McG; Cottam, Yvette H (2003).
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ecotone transitions are more clear-cut (distinct), conditions are less stable, hence they have a low species richness.
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studies have also found that the Kra ecotone is the major physical barrier that limits gene flow in the honeybees
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1114:"Endogenous Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Identified in a Rodent (Melomys burtoni subsp.) from Wallacea (Indonesia)"
2700:
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1932:
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750:"Properties of ecotones: Evidence from five ecotones objectively determined from a coastal vegetation gradient"
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1163:"Multiple transgressions of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali"
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Janauer, G.A (1997). "Macrophytes, hydrology, and aquatic ecotones: A GIS-supported ecological survey".
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is up to 1,000 km wide in places and differences within species are believed to be precursors to
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species from land east of the
Wallace Line relocated to Bali. When sea levels dropped during the
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isolated from the Asian mainland. These islands were, instead, colonized by
Australasian fauna.
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often create such ecotones, due to the wide variety of climatic conditions experienced on their
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is an example of a regional scale ecotone. It marks the transition zone between the moist
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and is essentially due to a locally broader range of suitable environmental conditions or
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246:. They may also provide a boundary between species due to the obstructive nature of their
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491:. They shared the Asian fauna. The Lombok Strait's deep water kept Lombok and the
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965:"Ecotones as indicators: Boundary properties in wetland-woodland transition zones"
711:, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 23 Jan. 2012, www.britannica.com/science/ecotone.
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Tanzler, R; Toussaint, E. F. A; Suhardjono, Y. R; Balke, M; Riedel, A (2014).
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Brownstein, G; Johns, C; Fletcher, A; Pritchard, D; Erskine, P. D (2015).
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or tension – in other words, a place where ecologies are in tension.
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903:
346:(variations in density of water induced by temperature or salinity).
999:
Smith, Deborah R (2011). "Asian
Honeybees and Mitochondrial DNA".
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Kubisch, P; Leuschner, C; Coners, H; Gruber, A; Hertel, D (2017).
263:
259:
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The Kra ecotone between 11°N and 13°N latitude just north of the
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Other factors can illustrate or obscure an ecotone, for example,
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1977:
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Pearl, Solomon Eldra; Berg, Linda R.; Martin, Diana W. (2011).
25:
305:
1070:
Theeraapisakkun, M; Klinbunga, S; Sittipraneed, S (2010).
787:) at the Alpine Treeline Is Not Impaired by Self-shading"
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were all connected to one another and to the mainland of
467:, who first observed the abrupt boundary between the two
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Changes in the physical environment may produce a sharp
1167:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
836:
Swanson, F. J.; Wondzell, S. M.; Grant, G. E. (1992).
230:, as in the example of the interface between areas of
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is a good example, marking the boundary between the
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2016:
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707:The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Ecotone.”
213:and success of organisms. Lastly, the abundance of
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
676:
16:Transition area between two biological communities
783:"Fine Root Abundance and Dynamics of Stone Pine (
1210:Steve Nadis (11 June 2016). "Life on the edge".
890:(1990). "Ecotones and ecoclines are different".
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921:
632:. University of North Carolina. Archived from
1989:
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8:
209:; ecologists measure this when studying the
2210:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
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1982:
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683:(2nd ed.). Harper & Row. p.
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395:region in the north and the wet seasonal
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2108:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1747:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
455:is a faunal boundary that separates the
2140:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
670:
668:
615:
300:An ecotone is often associated with an
1948:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
838:"Landforms, Disturbance, and Ecotones"
626:Species Diversity Patterns at Ecotones
279:they can exploit more than one set of
512:General examples of ecotones include
7:
1963:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
352:an ecotone describes a variation in
54:adding citations to reliable sources
2413:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
661:. Belmont, California: Brooks/Cole.
2166:Ecological effects of biodiversity
767:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02185.x
326:an ecocline is a variation of the
319:gradient) between two ecosystems.
14:
1502:Generalist and specialist species
2225:Occupancy–abundance relationship
1049:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00847.x
559:
545:
531:
30:
2245:Relative abundance distribution
1958:Plant defense against herbivory
1825:Competitive exclusion principle
1537:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1076:Genetics and Molecular Research
589:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
41:needs additional citations for
1830:Consumer–resource interactions
1:
2676:Biological data visualization
2503:Environmental niche modelling
2230:Population viability analysis
892:Journal of Vegetation Science
754:Journal of Vegetation Science
735:10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00047-8
2161:Density-dependent inhibition
857:10.1007/978-1-4612-2804-2_15
2630:Liebig's law of the minimum
2465:Resource selection function
1356:Metabolic theory of ecology
1009:10.1007/978-3-642-16422-4_4
2847:
2530:Niche apportionment models
2250:Relative species abundance
1454:Primary nutritional groups
1351:List of feeding behaviours
675:Smith, Robert Leo (1974).
18:
2779:
2711:Ecosystem based fisheries
2323:Interspecific competition
2215:Minimum viable population
2073:Maximum sustainable yield
2058:Intraspecific competition
2053:Effective population size
1933:Anti-predator adaptations
1444:Photosynthetic efficiency
679:Ecology and Field Biology
499:Mbam Djerem National Park
315:), or microclimatically (
2701:Ecological stoichiometry
2666:Alternative stable state
982:10.1556/168.2015.16.2.11
493:Lesser Sunda archipelago
21:Ecotone (disambiguation)
2545:Ontogenetic niche shift
2408:Ideal free distribution
2318:Ecological facilitation
2068:Malthusian growth model
2038:Consumer-resource model
1895:Paradox of the plankton
1860:Energy systems language
1580:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1547:Optimal foraging theory
1522:Heterotrophic nutrition
1037:Journal of Biogeography
930:Journal of Biogeography
804:10.3389/fpls.2017.00602
709:Encyclopædia Britannica
479:, the islands of Bali,
420:and the stingless bees
388:forest in the mainland
342:(salinity gradient) or
2691:Ecological forecasting
2635:Marginal value theorem
2433:Landscape epidemiology
2368:Cross-boundary subsidy
2303:Biological interaction
1653:Microbial intelligence
1341:Green world hypothesis
1179:10.1098/rspb.2013.2528
847:. Ecological Studies.
623:Senft, Amanda (2009).
296:Ecotones and ecoclines
189:
136:
2696:Ecological humanities
2595:Ecological energetics
2540:Niche differentiation
2403:Habitat fragmentation
2171:Ecological extinction
2118:Small population size
1870:Feed conversion ratio
1850:Ecological succession
1782:San Francisco Estuary
1696:Ecological efficiency
1638:Microbial cooperation
594:Plant functional type
465:Alfred Russel Wallace
338:(chemical gradient),
186:
131:
2721:Evolutionary ecology
2686:Ecological footprint
2681:Ecological economics
2605:Ecological threshold
2600:Ecological indicator
2470:Source–sink dynamics
2423:Land change modeling
2418:Insular biogeography
2270:Species distribution
2009:Modelling ecosystems
1668:Microbial metabolism
1507:Intraguild predation
1296:Biogeochemical cycle
1262:Modelling ecosystems
1130:10.1128/JVI.00723-16
1089:10.4238/vol9-2gmr775
845:Landscape Boundaries
439:running through the
378:Thai-Malay Peninsula
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2821:Ecology terminology
2771:Theoretical ecology
2746:Natural environment
2610:Ecosystem diversity
2580:Ecological collapse
2570:Bateman's principle
2525:Limiting similarity
2438:Landscape limnology
2260:Species homogeneity
2098:Population modeling
2093:Population dynamics
1910:Trophic state index
1118:Journal of Virology
604:Biogeographic realm
406:Population genetics
205:considered to have
2782:Outline of ecology
2731:Industrial ecology
2726:Functional ecology
2590:Ecological deficit
2535:Niche construction
2498:Ecosystem engineer
2275:Species–area curve
2196:Introduced species
2011:: Other components
1943:Deimatic behaviour
1845:Ecological network
1777:North Pacific Gyre
1762:hydrothermal vents
1701:Ecological pyramid
1648:Microbial food web
1459:Primary production
1404:Foundation species
1173:(1782): 20132528.
1003:. pp. 69–93.
567:Environment portal
463:. It is named for
376:that connects the
354:species prevalence
215:introduced species
190:
137:
2801:Landscape ecology
2788:
2787:
2671:Balance of nature
2428:Landscape ecology
2313:Community ecology
2255:Species diversity
2191:Indicator species
2186:Gradient analysis
2063:Logistic function
1971:
1970:
1928:Animal coloration
1905:Trophic mutualism
1643:Microbial ecology
1434:Photoheterotrophs
1419:Myco-heterotrophy
1331:Ecosystem ecology
1316:Carrying capacity
1281:Abiotic component
1018:978-3-642-16421-7
1001:Honeybees of Asia
969:Community Ecology
866:978-1-4612-7677-7
694:978-0-06-500976-7
637:(Master's thesis)
457:Indomalayan realm
290:ecological niches
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2488:Ecological niche
2460:selection theory
2280:Umbrella species
2265:Species richness
2201:Invasive species
2181:Flagship species
2088:Population cycle
2083:Overexploitation
2048:Ecological yield
1998:
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1880:Mesotrophic soil
1820:Climax community
1752:Marine food webs
1691:Biomagnification
1492:Chemoorganotroph
1346:Keystone species
1306:Biotic component
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2493:Ecological trap
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2235:Priority effect
2176:Endemic species
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423:Trigona collina
393:biogeographical
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240:Mountain ranges
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2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Microecosystem
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:Thorson's rule
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2565:Assembly rules
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
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2520:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2450:
2448:Patch dynamics
2445:
2443:Metapopulation
2440:
2435:
2430:
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2415:
2410:
2405:
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2395:
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2380:
2375:
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2349:
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2338:Storage effect
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2330:
2325:
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2315:
2310:
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2300:
2294:
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2272:
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2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Neutral theory
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Native species
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
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2150:
2146:
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2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
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2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Overpopulation
2075:
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2065:
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2055:
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1924:
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1916:
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1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Nutrient cycle
1882:
1877:
1875:Feeding frenzy
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Energy quality
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Cascade effect
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
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1749:
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1728:
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1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1658:Microbial loop
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Lithoautotroph
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1605:Microorganisms
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1562:Prey switching
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
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1471:
1465:
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1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Photosynthesis
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:Chemosynthesis
1391:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1286:Abiotic stress
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1239:
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1224:
1223:External links
1221:
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723:Aquatic Botany
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553:Biology portal
542:
539:Ecology portal
526:
523:
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521:
518:riparian zones
510:
501:'s ecotone in
496:
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399:forest in the
390:Southeast Asia
380:with mainland
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2625:Kleiber's law
2623:
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2398:Foster's rule
2396:
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2202:
2199:
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2187:
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2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
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2162:
2159:
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2154:
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2147:
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2138:
2134:
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2129:
2126:
2125:
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2106:
2104:
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2015:
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1961:
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1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
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1934:
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1926:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1908:
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1903:
1901:
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1888:
1886:
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1881:
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1876:
1873:
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1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
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1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1716:Trophic level
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
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1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1673:Phage ecology
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Microbial mat
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Bacteriophage
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Decomposition
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:Mesopredators
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Apex predator
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Biotic stress
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1212:New Scientist
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1082:(2): 919–30.
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:(4): 569–80.
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
989:
983:
978:
975:(2): 235–43.
974:
970:
966:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
936:(2): 209–18.
935:
931:
924:
922:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
868:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
832:
829:
824:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
786:
777:
774:
768:
763:
760:(4): 579–90.
759:
755:
751:
744:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
714:
710:
704:
701:
696:
690:
686:
681:
680:
671:
669:
665:
660:
653:
650:
639:on 2011-09-30
635:
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568:
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557:
554:
548:
543:
540:
529:
524:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Lombok Strait
438:
434:
431:
430:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
366:
361:
358:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
323:
322:In contrast:
320:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
282:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
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237:
233:
229:
221:
219:
216:
212:
208:
203:
198:
196:
185:
178:
176:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
142:
134:
130:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2816:Biogeography
2751:Regime shift
2736:Macroecology
2457:
2453:
2393:Edge effects
2377:
2363:Biogeography
2308:Commensalism
2156:Biodiversity
2033:Allee effect
1772:kelp forests
1725:Example webs
1590:Detritivores
1429:Organotrophs
1409:Kinetotrophs
1361:Productivity
1211:
1205:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1040:
1036:
1000:
972:
968:
958:
933:
929:
898:(1): 135–8.
895:
891:
888:Maarel, Eddy
882:
870:. Retrieved
848:
844:
831:
794:
790:
785:Pinus cembra
784:
776:
757:
753:
743:
726:
722:
716:
708:
703:
678:
658:
652:
641:. Retrieved
634:the original
625:
618:
578:
514:salt marshes
443:between the
437:Wallace Line
427:
421:
417:Apis dorsata
415:
409:
321:
317:hydrothermal
299:
277:
252:Mont Ventoux
236:cleared land
225:
199:
191:
172:
165:
161:
157:
155:
140:
138:
112:
106:October 2015
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2388:Disturbance
2291:interaction
2113:Recruitment
2043:Depensation
1835:Copiotrophs
1706:Energy flow
1628:Lithotrophy
1572:Decomposers
1552:Planktivore
1527:Insectivore
1517:Heterotroph
1482:Bacterivore
1449:Phototrophs
1399:Chemotrophs
1371:Restoration
1321:Competition
872:11 November
851:: 304–323.
474:Pleistocene
447:islands of
411:Apis cerana
397:dipterocarp
374:Kra Isthmus
332:thermocline
286:edge effect
284:called the
195:physiognomy
168:, from the
2795:Categories
2756:Sexecology
2333:Parasitism
2298:Antibiosis
2133:Resistance
2128:Resilience
2018:Population
1938:Camouflage
1890:Oligotroph
1805:Ascendency
1767:intertidal
1757:cold seeps
1711:Food chain
1512:Herbivores
1487:Carnivores
1414:Mixotrophs
1389:Autotrophs
1268:components
643:2011-01-07
610:References
507:speciation
445:Indonesian
344:pycnocline
336:chemocline
211:food chain
146:ecosystems
76:newspapers
2661:Allometry
2615:Emergence
2343:Symbiosis
2328:Mutualism
2123:Stability
2028:Abundance
1840:Dominance
1798:Processes
1787:tide pool
1683:Food webs
1557:Predation
1542:Omnivores
1469:Consumers
1424:Mycotroph
1381:Producers
1326:Ecosystem
1291:Behaviour
401:Sundaland
386:deciduous
340:halocline
222:Formation
202:migration
156:The word
152:Etymology
133:Reed beds
65:"Ecotone"
2806:Habitats
2716:Endolith
2645:Xerosere
2557:networks
2373:Ecocline
1919:Defense,
1595:Detritus
1497:Foraging
1366:Resource
1197:24648218
1148:27384662
1098:20486087
1057:55953315
823:28469633
599:Satoyama
579:Ecocline
525:See also
503:Cameroon
461:Wallacea
367:Examples
313:gradient
310:salinity
302:ecocline
281:habitats
272:wetlands
228:boundary
179:Features
2826:Habitat
2811:Ecology
2706:Ecopath
2513:Habitat
2383:Ecotype
2378:Ecotone
2355:ecology
2353:Spatial
2289:Species
2149:Species
2020:ecology
2005:Ecology
1953:Mimicry
1921:counter
1865:f-ratio
1613:Archaea
1301:Biomass
1274:General
1266:Trophic
1258:Ecology
1188:3973253
1139:5008096
950:2845672
912:3236065
814:5395556
797:: 602.
659:Biology
584:Ecotype
485:Sumatra
477:ice age
270:. Most
248:terrain
162:ecology
158:ecotone
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1732:Lakes
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