738:
and major outer membrane proteins can be expressed variously using 25 different genes. The glycoproteins are important targets of the host immune response, attachment to the host cell, and other features in the immune response. The more outer-membrane protein genes that can be expressed, the higher
1436:
Pritt, Sloane, Hoang-Johnson, Munderloh, Paskewitz, McElroy, McFadden, Binnicker, Neitzel, Liu, Nicholson, Nelson, Franson, Martin, Cunningham, Steward, Bogumill, Bjorgaard, Davis, McQuiston, Warshauer, Wilhelm, Patel, Trivedi, Eremeeva, Bobbi, Lynne, Diep, Ulrike, Susan, Kristina, Jevon, Matthew,
1263:
Pritt, Sloan, Johnson, Munderloh, Paskewtiz, McElroy, McFadden, Binnicker, Neitzel, Liu, Nicholson, Nelson, Franson, Martin, Cunningham, Steward, Bogumill, Bjorgaard, Davis, McQuiston, Warshauer, Wilhelm, Patel, Trivedi, Eremeeva, Bobbi, Lynne, Diep, Ulrike, Susan, Kristina, Jevon, Matthew, David,
803:
were recorded in southeastern, south-central and mid-Atlantic areas of the country in 2013. Despite the first cases of "E. ewingii" appearing in the
Missouri in the year 1999, this strain was not reportable to health officials until 2008. Since 2008, there have been reported human cases of
818:
infections were reported through the
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). The incidence rate (IR) was 3.2 cases per million person-years (PYs). The hospitalization rate (HR) was 57% and the case fatality rate (CFR) was 1%. During that same time, 55 cases of
700:
coding DNA sequences, three coding DNA sequences were biased towards nonsynonymous substitutions that affect phenotype. In contrast, 181 coding DNA sequences were biased towards synonymous substitutions, which do not affect phenotype. This indicates that
1154:
Mavromatis, K.; Doyle, C. K.; Lykidis, A.; Ivanova, N.; Francino, M. P.; Chain, P.; Shin, M.; Malfatti, S.; Larimer, F.; Copeland, A.; Detter, J. C.; Land, M.; Richardson, P. M.; Yu, X. J.; Walker, D. H.; McBride, J. W.; Kyrpides, N. C. (17 May 2006).
231:. In 1945, an "infection and treatment" method for livestock was developed. This is still the only commercially available "vaccine" against the disease, which is not a true vaccine, but intentional exposure to the disease with monitoring and
598:
of the gene. These duplication, fusion, and fission events form multiple gene copies and fragments, which are able to accumulate mutations. These copies and fragments of membrane proteins can then recombine, through a process called
594:, which have gone through intense modification over long periods of time. The great diversity in outer membrane protein genes is thought to originate from gene duplication events, followed by the fusion and fission of resulting
758:
rates. The host metabolic pathway enzymes take control of the functions lost due to reductive evolution, and this contributes to its need for a host. Natural selection may not be the reason for small genomes.
1381:"Increasing Incidence of Ehrlichiosis in the United States: A Summary of National Surveillance of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii Infections in the United States, 2008-2012"
1668:
907:
746:. The genome has had a severe loss of metabolic pathway enzymes compared to its ancestors. Reductive evolution in obligate intracellular pathogens is usually the direct result of
31:
1486:
1313:
734:
that do not show up in the previous lineages, which may indicate that these features may have contributed to a fitness advantage that kept this lineage going. Unique
684:
in Africa and the
Caribbean, but also threatens the American mainland. Three strains have arisen from this species due to evolutionary change in their genomes. When
1642:
995:
Frutos, Roger; Viari, Alain; Vachiery, Nathalie; Boyer, FrΓ©dΓ©ric; Martinez, Dominique (September 2007). "Ehrlichia ruminantium: genomic and evolutionary features".
826:
In
Minnesota and Wisconsin, four people reported symptoms that are associated with ehrlichiosis, and upon further research, neither of these cases was found to be
1681:
1629:
215:
during the 19th century. Its tick-borne nature was determined in 1900. The organism itself was demonstrated in 1925 when it was recognized to be a
1655:
1157:"The Genome of the Obligately Intracellular Bacterium Ehrlichia canis Reveals Themes of Complex Membrane Structure and Immune Evasion Strategies"
1264:
Gongping, William, Curtis, Joni, Scott, Scott, Christopher, Kay, Mary, Jeffrey, Jennifer, david, Mark, Robin, Vipul, Marina (August 4, 2011).
1526:
1437:
David, Gongping, William, Curtis, Joni, Scott, Scott, Christopher, Kay, Mary, Jeffrey, Jennifer, David, Mark, Robin, Vipul, Marina (2011).
823:
infections were reported through NNDSS. The national IR was 0.04 cases per million PY. The HR was 77% and the case fatality rate was 0%.
1330:
Harris, Rebecca M.; Couturier, Brianne A.; Sample, Stephan C.; Coulter, Katrina S.; Casey, Kathleen K.; Schlaberg, Robert (2016).
245:. This newly found organism has only been isolated from deer ticks in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the USA. The species is known as
865:
30:
1660:
195:
during initial stages of infection, whereas in the final stages of infection, the pathogen ruptures the host cell membrane.
1379:
Nichols
Heitman, Kristen; Dahlgren, F. Scott; Drexler, Naomi A.; Massung, Robert F.; Behravesh, Casey Barton (2016-01-01).
626:, which vary highly among individuals and species. Over time, individuals may expand or contract parts of their genes and
658:
events, and this diversity persists because of the lack of selective constraints on rapid growth inside the host tissue.
871:
246:
730:
also shows evolution in its complex membrane structures and immune evasion strategies. These evolutionary features are
1071:"Structural basis for segmental gene conversion in generation of Anaplasma marginale outer membrane protein variants"
1686:
1727:
1520:
1332:"Expanded Geographic Distribution and Clinical Characteristics of Ehrlichia ewingii Infections, United States"
650:
show extreme diversity in the structure and content of their genomes. This diversity is direct result of rare
603:, resulting in a new gene variant. This has a profound effect on the fitness of an organism. The survival of
235:
treatment if needed. In 1985, the organism was first propagated reliably in tissue culture. A new species of
1722:
1543:
308:
188:
1480:
1307:
860:
751:
655:
350:
336:
280:
227:
1603:
1217:
942:
779:
380:
705:
to maintain protein function existed, and this selection acted against the nonsynonymous mutations.
1031:
82:
702:
364:
138:
47:
1694:
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1400:
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1186:
1136:
1092:
1051:
1012:
970:
669:
631:
591:
294:
241:
39:
1034:(October 2007). "Intracellular pathogens go extreme: genome evolution in the Rickettsiales".
615:
can evade the immune system of the host more effectively and establish persistent infection.
1699:
1503:
1458:
1450:
1408:
1392:
1351:
1343:
1285:
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1235:
1225:
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723:
608:
600:
322:
270:
1581:
1532:
1331:
1221:
946:
173:
bacteria that are transmitted to vertebrates by ticks. These bacteria cause the disease
1463:
1438:
1413:
1380:
1356:
1290:
1265:
1181:
1156:
965:
930:
731:
696:
and tandem repeats. When analyzing substitution rates between the three strains in 888
689:
623:
70:
1716:
1516:
1240:
1205:
1087:
1070:
747:
735:
719:
170:
106:
94:
1069:
Futse, James E.; Brayton, Kelly A.; Knowles, Donald P.; Palmer, Guy H. (July 2005).
672:
have led to the emergence of new strains that can infect a larger variety of hosts.
1595:
212:
208:
174:
955:
1575:
739:
the chance the organism can avoid being recognized by the host's immune system.
697:
693:
1131:
1114:
808:
in
Oklahoma, Arkansas and Tennessee though it is observed less frequently than
1266:"Emergence of New Pathogenic Ehrlichia Species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009"
1047:
855:
688:
their genomes,e many active genomic modifications have occurred, such as high
685:
673:
432:
379:
The following species have been published, but are not valid according to the
232:
217:
1566:
1404:
1008:
834:, but instead it was revealed as a new species, similar in genetic makeup to
1616:
1030:
Darby, Alistair C.; Cho, Nam-Huyk; Fuxelius, Hans-Henrik; Westberg, Joakim;
722:Ξ±-proteobacterium. This species is responsible for the globally distributed
681:
646:
635:
192:
1472:
1422:
1365:
1347:
1299:
1230:
1190:
1140:
1096:
1055:
1016:
974:
1454:
1396:
1281:
1249:
1673:
1560:
791:
bacterial infection in the
Eastern and Southeastern United States, while
755:
612:
595:
178:
58:
1529:
Clinical experiences about ehrlichia and coinfections at dogs in
Romania
1172:
767:
Despite there being multiple strains of ehrlichiosis, only two species,
1634:
899:
651:
627:
1439:"Emergence of a New Ehrlichia Species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009"
1206:"Accelerated evolution and Muller's rachet in endosymbiotic bacteria"
1537:
1115:"Molecular interactions between bacterial symbionts and their hosts"
275:(Donatien and Lestoquard 1935) Moshkovski 1945 (Approved Lists 1980)
1621:
590:
genome contains many different variants of genes that encode outer
265:
The following species have been effectively and validly published:
166:
611:
of its host. With a higher range of outer membrane proteins, the
618:
The most pronounced evidence of evolution in the genome size of
1541:
1608:
1511:
842:
ticks are hypothesized to be the transmitting vector of the
654:
with extreme genomes that emerged by chance after repeated
181:, because the main reservoirs for the disease are animals.
931:"Exit Mechanisms of the Intracellular Bacterium Ehrlichia"
1534:
Newly discovered species of
Ehrlichia found in deer ticks
1507:
191:
and are transported between cells through the host cell
908:
List of
Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
775:, are currently known to cause the disease in humans.
718:
is a small, obligate-intracellular, tick-transmitted,
1385:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1550:
369:(Misao and Kobayashi 1956) Ristic and Huxsoll 1984
1325:
1323:
211:. The first ehrlichial disease was recognized in
1527:Forum discution and clinical presentation (RO)
1510:, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by
430:The following species have been published as
8:
1485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1312:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
868:(now called human granulocytic anaplasmosis)
692:rates, truncated genes, and the presence of
1538:
799:tick in the Upper Midwest; 1,518 cases of
29:
20:
1519:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1462:
1412:
1355:
1289:
1239:
1229:
1180:
1130:
1086:
964:
954:
929:Thomas, S; Popov, VL; Walker, DH (2010).
742:Also, reductive evolution is present in
883:
680:, is a prevalent tick-borne disease of
1478:
1305:
893:
891:
889:
887:
668:The evolutionary changes in the outer
207:is named after German microbiologist
151:Moshkovski 1947 (Approved Lists 1980)
7:
1108:
1106:
990:
988:
986:
984:
239:was discovered inside the deer tick
1506:genomes and related information at
1443:The New England Journal of Medicine
1270:The New England Journal of Medicine
14:
814:During 2008β2012, 4,613 cases of
1088:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04670.x
866:Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
644:and its closely related genus
1:
724:canine monocytic ehrlichiosis
1336:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1113:Dale, C.; Moran, N. (2006).
956:10.1371/journal.pone.0015775
872:Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
1744:
1210:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
1132:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.014
750:in small populations, low
486:Ehrlichia ornithorhynchi"
1048:10.1016/j.tig.2007.08.002
634:and may sometimes affect
225:, and is currently named
221:. It was initially named
144:
137:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1521:Medical Subject Headings
1009:10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.007
846:strain in these states.
528:Ehrlichia senegalensis"
472:Ehrlichia occidentalis"
1161:Journal of Bacteriology
607:depends greatly on the
542:Ehrlichia shimanensis"
458:Ehrlichia khabarensis"
189:intracellular pathogens
187:species are obligately
1348:10.3201/eid2205.152009
1231:10.1073/pnas.93.7.2873
1075:Molecular Microbiology
997:Trends in Parasitology
444:Ehrlichia corsicanum"
417:French and Harvey 1983
223:Rickettsia ruminantium
177:, which is considered
1455:10.1056/NEJMoa1010493
1397:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0540
1282:10.1056/NEJMoa1010493
1204:Moran, N. A. (1996).
898:EuzΓ©by JP, Parte AC.
861:Ehrlichiosis (canine)
355:(Cowdry 1925) Dumler
351:Ehrlichia ruminantium
281:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
228:Ehrlichia ruminantium
780:Amblyomma americanum
381:Bacteriological Code
309:Ehrlichia minasensis
1222:1996PNAS...93.2873M
1173:10.1128/JB.01837-05
1032:Andersson, Siv G.E.
947:2010PLoSO...515775T
622:is the presence of
570:Ehrlichia walkeri"
556:Ehrlichia urmitei"
514:Ehrlichia rustica"
375:Provisional species
83:Alphaproteobacteria
1036:Trends in Genetics
793:A. phagocytophilum
703:selection pressure
389:Ehrlichia japonica
365:Ehrlichia sennetsu
337:Ehrlichia risticii
250:Wisconsin HM543746
1710:
1709:
1695:Open Tree of Life
1544:Taxon identifiers
1167:(11): 4015β4023.
840:Ixodes scapularis
797:Ixodes scapularis
795:is spread by the
670:membrane proteins
632:genetic variation
592:membrane proteins
577:
563:
549:
535:
521:
507:
500:Ehrlichia ovata"
493:
479:
465:
451:
418:
408:
398:
370:
360:
346:
332:
318:
304:
295:Ehrlichia ewingii
290:
276:
242:Ixodes scapularis
158:
157:
152:
40:Ehrlichia ewingii
16:Genus of bacteria
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1703:
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1327:
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1311:
1303:
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1253:
1243:
1233:
1216:(7): 2873β2878.
1201:
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1194:
1184:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1066:
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992:
979:
978:
968:
958:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
895:
754:rates, and high
572:corrig. Brouqui
571:
557:
543:
529:
515:
501:
487:
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459:
445:
416:
413:Ehrlichia platys
406:
392:
368:
354:
340:
326:
312:
298:
284:
274:
261:Accepted species
150:
33:
21:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1728:Bacteria genera
1713:
1712:
1711:
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1203:
1202:
1198:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1042:(10): 511β520.
1029:
1028:
1024:
994:
993:
982:
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
897:
896:
885:
880:
852:
810:E. chaffeensis.
765:
713:
666:
609:immune response
601:gene conversion
584:
428:
407:Moshkovski 1945
403:Ehrlichia ovina
377:
323:Ehrlichia muris
271:Ehrlichia canis
263:
258:
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133:
123:
109:
97:
85:
73:
61:
17:
12:
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1499:
1498:External links
1496:
1493:
1492:
1449:(5): 422β429.
1428:
1371:
1342:(5): 862β865.
1319:
1276:(5): 422β429.
1255:
1196:
1146:
1125:(3): 453β465.
1102:
1081:(1): 212β221.
1061:
1022:
1003:(9): 414β419.
980:
941:(12): e15775.
921:
882:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
869:
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858:
851:
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828:E. chaffeensis
816:E. chaffeensis
801:E. chaffeensis
785:E. chaffeensis
769:E. chaffeensis
764:
761:
732:derived traits
712:
707:
678:E. ruminantium
665:
663:E. ruminantium
660:
624:tandem repeats
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1723:Rickettsiales
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783:ticks spread
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752:recombination
749:
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736:glycoproteins
733:
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720:Gram-negative
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175:ehrlichiosis
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1576:Wikispecies
698:orthologous
694:pseudogenes
1717:Categories
878:References
856:Heartwater
832:E. ewingii
821:E. ewingii
806:E. ewingii
789:E. ewingii
773:E. ewingii
686:sequencing
674:Heartwater
656:bottleneck
568:Candidatus
554:Candidatus
540:Candidatus
526:Candidatus
512:Candidatus
498:Candidatus
484:Candidatus
470:Candidatus
456:Candidatus
442:Candidatus
433:candidatus
424:Candidatus
233:antibiotic
218:Rickettsia
203:The genus
24:Ehrlichia
1582:Ehrlichia
1552:Ehrlichia
1517:Ehrlichia
1504:Ehrlichia
1405:1476-1645
902:Ehrlichia
682:livestock
647:Anaplasma
642:Ehrlichia
636:phenotype
620:Erhlichia
605:Ehrlichia
588:Ehrlichia
582:Evolution
558:Ehounoud
544:Kawahara
516:Ehounoud
446:Cicculli
436:species:
299:Anderson
285:Anderson
248:Ehrlichia
237:Ehrlichia
205:Ehrlichia
193:filopodia
185:Ehrlichia
162:Ehrlichia
132:See text.
128:Species:
120:Ehrlichia
1561:Wikidata
1473:21812671
1423:26621561
1366:27089171
1300:21812671
1191:16707693
1141:16901780
1097:15948961
1056:17822801
1017:17652027
975:21187937
935:PLOS ONE
850:See also
844:E. muris
836:E. muris
756:mutation
744:E. canis
728:E. canis
716:E. canis
710:E. canis
613:parasite
596:paralogs
530:Dahmana
341:Holland
179:zoonotic
139:Synonyms
102:Family:
66:Phylum:
59:Bacteria
54:Domain:
1648:1100621
1635:3221416
1567:Q138670
1464:3319926
1414:4710445
1357:4861533
1291:3319926
1250:8610134
1218:Bibcode
1182:1482910
966:3004962
943:Bibcode
914:June 1,
628:alleles
488:Gofton
474:Gofton
426:species
256:Species
199:History
148:Cowdria
114:Genus:
90:Order:
78:Class:
1700:904947
1661:957129
1622:1EHRLG
1523:(MeSH)
1508:PATRIC
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910:(LPSN)
652:clones
576:. 2003
562:. 2016
548:. 2006
534:. 2020
520:. 2016
506:. 2019
492:. 2018
478:. 2017
464:. 2015
450:. 2020
397:. 2021
359:. 2001
345:. 1985
331:. 1995
317:. 2016
303:. 1992
289:. 1992
1643:IRMNG
1609:97610
1596:632PK
1512:NIAID
1241:39726
574:et al
560:et al
546:et al
532:et al
518:et al
504:et al
502:Lynn
490:et al
476:et al
462:et al
448:et al
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357:et al
343:et al
329:et al
315:et al
301:et al
287:et al
167:genus
165:is a
1682:NCBI
1669:LPSN
1656:ITIS
1630:GBIF
1617:EPPO
1487:link
1469:PMID
1419:PMID
1401:ISSN
1362:PMID
1314:link
1296:PMID
1246:PMID
1187:PMID
1137:PMID
1119:Cell
1093:PMID
1052:PMID
1013:PMID
971:PMID
916:2021
787:and
771:and
586:The
460:Rar
393:Lin
327:Wen
1687:943
1604:EoL
1591:CoL
1459:PMC
1451:doi
1447:365
1409:PMC
1393:doi
1352:PMC
1344:doi
1286:PMC
1278:doi
1274:365
1236:PMC
1226:doi
1177:PMC
1169:doi
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961:PMC
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830:or
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