349:, was scheduled to begin planning in 2019 and conclude its testing and demonstrations in 2022. The first stretch of road was inaugurated in June 2020 and is the first electric road system placed in an urban environment. The system uses a conductive pickup under the vehicle that connects to a rail on top of the road surface via sliding contacts. The rail is active one meter at a time when covered by the vehicle, making it safe in a city environment. The system measures the energy consumed, so that the vehicle owner can be billed. The system as tested is capable of delivering up to 300 kW with 97% efficiency while driving and it is estimated to have a maintenance period of 10 years. Testing has been extended in late 2022 by another two years to assess seasonal damage and maintenance. At the request of Trafikverket, Elonroad has switched focus in 2023 from rail glued to the surface of the road, or
252:
584:
electrification of heavy transport vehicles, fast charging, and the standardization, construction, operation, maintenance and financing of electric roads in Sweden. A report on the chosen electric road infrastructure was expected by
September 2021, but the choice was delayed until late 2022 or early 2023, and delayed again to mid or late 2023. Regulations for electric roads, independent of the chosen technology, were proposed on September 1, 2021. A final report on the expansion of the Swedish electric road network is expected by December 2024.
129:. Overhead power was most technologically mature solution which provided the highest levels of power at the time of the 2018 report, but the technology is unsuitable for non-commercial vehicles. Ground-level power is suitable for all vehicles, with rail being a mature solution with high transfer of power and easily accessible and inspected elements. Inductive charging delivers the least power and requires more roadside equipment than the alternatives. By the late 2010s, infrastructure costs of ground-level rail became lower than overhead lines.
314:, an Israeli startup. Testing was scheduled to begin in 2020. The system is made of short sections containing copper coils that energize when a vehicle is driving over them and switch off when it's passed, and it supports power metering and a billing for the energy consumed. The system is estimated to have a maintenance period of 5 years for roadside equipment and about 10 years for in-road equipment.
550:
vehicles cannot use the wires to charge while driving, so they will have to use static charging that requires larger batteries with higher capacities than batteries required with the use of dynamic charging. Though overhead lines had the least expensive infrastructure costs when the initial report was written, soon afterward infrastructure costs of ground-level rail became lower than overhead lines.
325:, tested infrastructure by Electreon in 2023 with a bus equipped with inductive coils that receive power from a 200-meter strip of transmitters under the road surface. The receivers were able to collect 64.3% of the power emitted from the transmitters. Installation proved complex and costly, and finding suitable locations for the coils' roadside power cabinets proved difficult. The
241:, while driving under the wires. The trolley poles allow for a degree of lateral movement, but if the lorry is steered into the outside lane, the trolley poles are lowered automatically and the lorry switches to battery or diesel power. The system as tested is capable of delivering 500 kW of power and has an estimated maintenance period of 20 years.
210:
accelerated in
October 2020, when the Swedish government charged a commission with investigating the standardization, construction, operation, maintenance and financing of electric roads in Sweden. A report generated by TRL in association with the Swedish Transport Administration listed available electric road systems, of which KAIST
98:. Trafikverket was expected to announce its chosen technology for electric roads by late 2023, but due to procurement offers exceeding the project's budget, in 2023 Trafikverket began investigating cost-reducing measures in order to realize the project within its budget. The E20 project was funded at 500-600 million
558:
annualized for the entire
Swedish automotive fleet. The rail and inductive systems are estimated to have equal annualized costs for all components in aggregate other than infrastructure; the conductive rail infrastructure is estimated to cost about 1 billion euros annualized, while wireless inductive
525:
Travikverket estimated in 2020 that other-than-damage maintenance costs are highest for either of the two rail systems, second highest for overhead lines, and lowest for induction. Total annual maintenance costs were estimated in 2021 by the technology providers to be, in terms of percentage per year
218:
were estimated to be the most commercial-ready, with OLEV and eHighway already possessing a complete system in 2018. After further investigation the readiness level assessments of OLEV and
Electreon were lowered. An interim report summarizing the assessment phase was published in February 2021, and a
174:
choose the stationary and dynamic charging standards selected by
Trafikverket. RISE recommends intra-city dynamic charging infrastructure capable of at least 20 kW so vehicles can gain range while driving on the electric road, for driving on peripheral roads and inter-city infrastructure capable
317:
Electreon first tested receivers theoretically capable of up to 25 kW, installing three 25 kW receivers on an electric bus, and subsequently five 20 kW receivers on an electric truck that achieved an average transfer rate of 14 kW per receiver. The pilot was scheduled to conclude
209:
Assessments of various electric road technologies began in 2013. Initially the
Swedish Transport Administration had expected to finish the program's assessment phase by 2022, then begin formulation of the national electric road network the same year, and finish its planning by 2033. The schedule was
653:
Trafikverket has made an initial selection of procurement providers by April 2022. the choice of technology was expected to be announced by early 2023 with work beginning in March 2023, but the choice was delayed to mid to late 2023. In August the procurement process was cancelled, as the submitted
637:
the Agency will offer fixed-fee permits for use of the electric road system. As the system gains more users, it will transition to usage-based billing. The infrastructure, along with equipment installed on registered vehicles, will verify the permit and the standing of the permit holder's debts and
157:
Technical
Standard 50717, has been published in late 2022. Following standards, encompassing full interoperability and a "unified and interoperable solution" for ground-level power supply, are scheduled to be published by the end 2024, detailing a complete European standard on electric road systems
232:
Overhead power lines were first tested through the program, using
Siemens eHighway technology. The system was inaugurated in June 2016 in Sandviken municipality near GĂ€vle in central Sweden. A 2-kilometre stretch of the E16 motorway was fitted with trolley wires 5.4 metres above its surface, which
152:
recommended adopting a
European electric road standard formulated with Sweden, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, and others, while leaning toward rail ERS, though the specific rail technology has yet to be standardized. The first standard for electrical equipment on-board a vehicle
549:
Overhead power lines, despite being the most mature technology and, at the time of the 2019 report, having the least expensive infrastructure, are the most expensive overall because they only allow tall commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses to charge while driving, while non-commercial
272:
project. Short sections of the rails are energized as a compatible vehicle approaches and they are disconnected once the vehicle has passed. The system measures the energy consumed, so that the vehicle owner can be billed. Buses and trucks were tested on the road, and the system is suited for
673:
emissions. Novoleap notes that the total cost of the electric road may be positive or negative depending on its capital costs for infrastructure, its annual maintenance costs, and its delivered power per vehicle; 200 kW of power per truck is adequate, but higher levels of power such as
583:
The switch from the assessment phase to the planning phase was estimated to occur in 2022, but the
Swedish government accelerated the program's schedule, and began the planning phase with the creation of the electrification commission in October 2020. The commission will investigate the
273:
electric cars, and is safe to touch even when the road is flooded with salt water. The system as tested is capable of delivering 200 kW of power and has an estimated maintenance period of 20 years. Evias, which commercializes the technology by Elways, reports that in a pilot with
526:
of the initial capital costs, 0.5% for rail, up to 1% for induction, and 1%-2% for overhead lines. A 2022 paper estimated yearly repair and maintenance cost per kilometer at 16,000 USD for overhead lines, 11,000 USD for in-road rail, and 33,000 USD for inductive coils.
186:
The final report of the second Swedish-German research collaboration on electric road systems, CollERS 2, advised Trafikverket to select a single ERS technology, suitable for heavy trucks, with several suppliers who use an existing standard, coordinated with German and
70:
The final report of the second Swedish-German research collaboration on electric road systems, CollERS 2, advised Trafikverket to select a single ERS technology, suitable for heavy trucks, with several suppliers who use an existing standard, coordinated with German and
267:
Ground-level conductive rails were tested from 2017 to 2019, using technology by the company Elways. A 2-kilometre stretch of the 893 road between Arlanda airport cargo terminal and the Rosersberg logistics area was fitted with embedded conductor rails as part of the
825:
66:
The fact-finding program began in 2012 and assessments of various electric road technologies in Sweden began in 2013. Trafikverket expected the final report of the Swedish electrification commission by the end of 2022, but it was delayed until December 2024.
553:
Ground-level power supplies allow dynamic charging for all vehicles, which greatly reduces the required battery capacity and size since the battery is charged while it is being used. The reduced battery size and capacity reduces cost by about five billion
502:, or about 24-29 million SEK per two lane-kilometers. The procurement process was cancelled as the submitted offers by Electreon and Elonroad exceeded the project's budget. As of 2024, the procurement process is expected to begin again by the end of 2025.
2362:
2192:
Vi er med pĂ„ bygging av fĂžrste permanente el-vei for #tungtrafikk, i Sverige: E20 mellom Hallsberg og Ărebro, 21 km, klar i 2025Delivery truckHigh voltage signSmiling face. Elektriske skinner mater lastebiler med strĂžm via glideskinnerThumbs
1005:
718:
318:
in March 2022, however Electreon has requested an extension for another year so it can test receivers theoretically capable of 30 kW. Testing has been extended in late 2022 by another two years to assess seasonal damage and maintenance.
1876:
A. Wendt et al., "Wireless Electric Road Systems â Technology Readiness and Recent Developments," 2024 IEEE Wireless Power Technology Conference and Expo (WPTCE), Kyoto, Japan, 2024, pp. 177-182, doi: 10.1109/WPTCE59894.2024.10557264.
1211:
1902:
764:
575:, though the conditions for such a fast-charging network are not currently met and it's not clear if they can ever be met, while passenger vehicles were found to incur the least costs with electric road charging.
179:(VTI) similarly recommends a system capable of delivering 300 kW per truck. The French Ministry of Ecology working group recommends 400 kW for 44-ton trucks driving at 90 kilometers per hour along a 2%
605:, the road owner, the electric road technology operator, the metering and billing provider, and the user of the electric road. The ownership model can vary: the power grid company may own the secondary roadside
2296:
562:
The Swedish Transport Administration's regulations for state electric roads proposed in 2021 include estimates for different charging system costs for the customer driving different types of electric vehicles.
2335:
654:
offers exceeded the project's budget. Trafikverket will perform cost analyses seeking cost-reducing measures that will help realize the project within its budget. The E20 project was funded at 500-600 million
1294:
Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council
791:
2070:
165:
with taking concrete measures on the Sweden-Germany-France cooperation regarding electric roads, and publish annual reports in October 2022, 2023, and 2024, and a final report in October 2025. A report by
2371:
724:
158:"for communication and power supply through conductive rails embedded in the road" as specified in the proposed technical standard prTS 50740 in accordance with European Union directive 2023/1804.
845:
609:
that power the electric road infrastructure or they may be owned by other players, and the power reading and payment system may be owned by a player separate from the infrastructure operator.
1201:
546:
estimates that installing approximately 4,000 km of electric roads that supply at least 150 kW per truck on average is the most economically beneficial option for electric vehicle charging.
874:
629:
has been tasked with proposing a technical, financial, and legal framework for the electric road toll system by November 1, 2022. The agency proposes expanding the legal framework of the
357:
rail, which is better suited for higher vehicle speeds. Testing was concluded in May 2024. Elonroad credits the pilot with paving the way for their participation in the pilot project for
277:
initiated in 2021 the infrastructure successfully delivered 960 kW of power, and hopes to deliver megawatts of power for logistics loading docks and electric aircraft in the future.
2045:
79:
but with their coordination, utilizing an ERS-technology-neutral payment system. In 2024 the CollERS project was renewed and extended to include France. The first standard for on-board
154:
1405:
Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU
1640:
1538:
675:
176:
1357:
1052:
773:
2211:
1504:
1109:
1597:
251:
2232:
1343:
686:
for the first permanent electric road, which will initially rely on a permit for a fixed fee. As the system gains more users, it will transition to usage-based billing.
738:
597:
The Swedish Transport Administration anticipates that a national electric road network would require interfaces between several players: the electricity supplier, the
2344:
1971:
804:
2079:
1927:
514:
per two lane-kilometers or one road-kilometer: 12.4 for overhead wires, 9.4-10.5 for in-road rail, 11.5-15.3 for on-road rail, and 19.5-20.8 for inductive coils.
149:
2276:
517:
A 2022 paper estimates the capital costs per two lane-kilometers at 1.1M USD for overhead wires, 0.7M USD for in-road rail, and 2.2M USD for inductive coils.
469:
311:
215:
1403:
933:
1659:
195:
but with their coordination, utilizing an ERS-technology-neutral payment system. In 2024 the CollERS project was renewed and extended to include France.
568:
564:
2137:
1311:
854:
1389:
Technical Specification for ground-based feeding systems for dynamic electric road charging infrastructure on road vehicles in operation CLC/prTS 50740
2450:
1338:
1029:
1623:
2170:
2466:
1419:
219:
preliminary report on the standardization, construction, operation, maintenance and financing of electric roads was submitted September 2021.
1497:
898:
543:
329:
dynamic charging project DynaCoV found wireless electric roads financially infeasible, using itemized costs provided in 2021 by Electreon.
167:
2396:
102:, or about 24-29 million SEK per two lane-kilometers. As of 2024, the procurement process is expected to begin again at the end of 2025.
1989:
1244:, 34 minutes 34 seconds (standardization), 2 hours 36 minutes 51 seconds (standardization), 2 hours 35 minutes 25 seconds (maintenance),
1060:
658:, or about 24-29 million SEK per two lane-kilometers. As of 2024, the procurement process is expected to begin again by the end of 2025.
1425:
1370:
875:"Declaration between France and Sweden on a renewed Strategic Innovation Partnership for Sustainable, Digital and Resilient Societies"
1739:
1558:
1510:
2471:
2010:
1096:
148:
published in 2021 a request for regulation and standardization of electric road systems. Shortly afterward, a working group of the
2422:
1606:
538:
of the entire Swedish automotive fleet under each of the three power delivery systems. Each of the systems was found to result in
1756:
1207:
60:
2446:
Technical Committee 69 - Electrical power/energy transfer systems for electrically propelled road vehicles and industrial trucks
1699:
1440:
1773:
613:
formed a consortium that will handle the different aspects of the business model, such as energy metering and billing, for its
83:
equipment for electric road vehicles was published in late 2022, with a complete set of standards expected by the end of 2024.
2258:
1719:
899:"PD CLC/TS 50717 Technical Requirements for Current Collectors for ground-level feeding system on road vehicles in operation"
2312:
2218:
Industry leaders and startup companies form innovative consortium to reduce carbon emission through electric road solutions
669:
will result, for logistics companies, in reduced capital costs for electric fleets, reduced operating costs, and reduced CO
2444:
1105:
110:
1292:
1950:
1903:"NĂ€sta generations elvĂ€g invigd i Lund av sydsvenskt konsortium â med energi- och digitaliseringsminister Anders Ygeman"
1857:
1815:
638:
payments, then allow or disallow drawing power from the electric road system and bill the permit holder appropriately.
1136:
Guerrieri, M. (2019), "Catenary-Free Tramway Systems: Functional and CostâBenefit Analysis for a Metropolitan Area.",
1833:
958:
1797:
614:
416:
338:
260:
256:
141:
122:
80:
650:
was chosen to be the first permanent electric road in Sweden. The road was expected to begin operation by 2027.
2282:
679:
630:
626:
2011:"Analyzing the Societal Cost of Electric Roads Compared to Batteries and Oil for All Forms of Road Transport"
1678:
1506:
Interaction Effects between Battery Electric Trucks, Electric Road Systems and Static Charging Infrastructure
1320:
461:
535:
606:
1605:, Regeringskansliet (Government Offices of Sweden), September 1, 2021, pp. 291â297, archived from
661:
An analysis by the logistics firm Novoleap concluded that the electric road on the E20 section between
2152:"Rebecka Johansson, Ministry of Infrastructure - ERS Regulations, policies and strategies in Sweden",
2213:
Industriföretag och startups skapar innovativt konsortium för att minska koldioxidutslÀpp via elvÀgar
1574:
1529:
1488:
981:
827:
Delrapport inom uppdraget om handlingsprogram för laddinfrastruktur och tankinfrastruktur för vÀtgas
1862:
1463:
1366:
1288:
1260:
698:
602:
486:
The first permanent electric road in Sweden was as of 2023 planned to be built on a section of the
358:
326:
286:
204:
188:
145:
86:
The first permanent electric road in Sweden was as of 2023 planned to be built on a section of the
72:
1359:
Final draft: Standardization request to CEN-CENELEC on 'Alternative fuels infrastructure' (AFI II)
2119:
1887:
1245:
1165:
647:
487:
465:
307:
297:
126:
87:
908:
274:
1490:
Interaktionseffekter mellan batterielektriska lastbilar, elvÀgar och statisk laddinfrastruktur
441:
2109:
2025:
1155:
1145:
674:
400 kW and 800 kW are more beneficial and might be required in the long term. The
572:
171:
114:
44:
32:
510:
The table on the right specifies Trafikverket's 2021 estimate for capital costs in million
2190:
986:
539:
1387:
935:
Regulating Electric Road Systems in Europe - How can a deployment of ERS be facilitated?
183:, or at minimum 250 kW so the truck can charge along flat or gently-sloping roads.
1955:
1576:
Maturity of ERS power transfer technologies - 4th Electric Road Systems Conference 2020
192:
76:
646:
The Swedish Transport Administration announced on July 1, 2021, that a section of the
633:
for electric road permits, and rolling out the technical framework in stages. For the
2460:
2123:
1169:
655:
511:
499:
424:
396:
385:
303:
180:
118:
99:
52:
1928:"Elonroad teams with Hydro to build road that dynamically charges electric vehicles"
2418:
1664:
800:
238:
234:
162:
2234:
Uppdrag till Transportstyrelsen att föreslÄ ett avgiftssystem för statliga elvÀgar
1642:
Efficiency of AC conductive eRoad charging system âAnalysis of experimental data
2097:
1150:
689:
An expansion of further 3000 kilometers of electric roads is expected by 2045.
678:
similarly recommends a system capable of delivering 300 kW per truck. The
2435:
2153:
2114:
1239:
598:
113:(formerly Transport Research Laboratory) lists three power delivery types for
1261:"Key Messages on Electric Roads - Executive Summary from the CollERS Project"
2401:
1446:
1030:"Skjuts upp â dĂ€rför skenade kostnaden för Sveriges första permanenta elvĂ€g"
903:
662:
491:
91:
51:) is a program involving the assessment, planning, and implementation of an
941:, CollERS2 - Swedish German research collaboration on Electric Road Systems
739:"Test och demonstration - resultat, erfarenheter, lÀrande och reflektioner"
666:
542:, with the rail system being the most beneficial. A 2022 research paper by
495:
95:
1990:"Elonroad avslutar elvÀgstester efter fem Är: "Fantastiskt pilotprojekt""
290:
17:
2172:
Swedish ERS - program background, current analysis phase and plans ahead
1160:
559:
infrastructure is estimated to cost about 2.8 billion euros annualized.
2030:
1834:"Electreon Extends and Expands Swedish Wireless In-Road Charging Pilot"
400:
370:
Estimates for electric road technologies tested by Trafikverket (2021)
2072:
Power conversion challenges with an all-electric land transport system
1660:"World's first electrified road for charging vehicles opens in Sweden"
2313:"30 experter: Ăverraskningarna som kommer omforma vĂ„r mobilitet 2022"
1700:"ElvÀgs-uppstickarens nya giv: Automatiskt ladda bilen pÄ 10 minuter"
137:
56:
2397:"Sverige pĂ„ vĂ€g att bli först med elvĂ€gar â Rullar ut ganska snabbt"
1972:"Nytt fokus pĂ„ nedsĂ€nkt elvĂ€g â upphöjda elvĂ€gsskenor monteras bort"
1889:
DynaCoV - Final Feasibility Report on DWPT Deployment within the UK
1720:"30 experter: Det hÀr var de största trenderna inom mobilitet 2021"
1531:
OmvÀrldsanalys och faktorer som pÄverkar nyttjandegraden av elvÀgar
341:
in 2020 using technology by Elonroad, a Swedish startup located in
2431:
2317:
1724:
1704:
1684:
1235:
534:
A 2019 report by the Swedish Electromobility Centre estimates the
250:
1464:"Recommendations for Charging Infrastructure in Stockholm County"
1203:
Analysera förutsÀttningar och planera för en utbyggnad av elvÀgar
555:
342:
322:
211:
1774:"ElectReon Completes Dynamic Wireless Charging Road For Trucks"
1006:"Vi avbryter upphandlingen för Sverige första permanenta elvÀg"
2207:
610:
445:
214:, Siemens eHighway, Elways, Elonroad, Bombardier PRIMOVE, and
140:, Elonroad, and other companies have, in 2020, begun drafting
1552:
1550:
1548:
1442:
Trafikutskottets betÀnkande 2022/23:TU4 - InfrastrukturfrÄgor
1053:"Electric Road Systems, towards decarbonising road transport"
237:
can connect the power pickups, mounted on mechanical arms or
2278:
Nytt avgiftssystem för att ladda fordon pÄ statliga elvÀgar
1757:"Q3 Tech Focus: Mixed Results as Smart Road Testing Begins"
975:
973:
971:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
952:
950:
948:
824:
Energimyndigheten (Swedish Energy Agency) (January 2023),
819:
817:
2158:, November 4, 2021, 14 minutes 25 seconds into the video
1421:
Fortsatt samarbete om elvÀgar med Frankrike och Tyskland
1046:
1044:
1042:
353:
rail, to rail embedded in the road at surface level, or
175:
of 300 kW or more for best cost-effectiveness. The
41:
Swedish Transport Administration Electrification Program
2337:
The Swedish Transport Administration's Procurement Plan
2329:
2327:
2298:
Sveriges första elvĂ€g byggs mellan Ărebro och Hallsberg
142:
a standard for ground-level power supply electric roads
1457:
1455:
869:
867:
763:
Swedish Transport Administration (November 29, 2017),
177:
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute
29:
Swedish Transport Administration electric road program
2231:
Swedish Ministry of Infrastructure (March 24, 2022),
2102:
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
2047:
VÀgunderhÄll och kostnader för olika typer av ElvÀgar
1816:"ElvÀgen till flyget mÄste rivas upp efter projektet"
927:
925:
839:
837:
255:
Electric truck driving on a public road with Elways
1858:"Elbilsladdningsprojekt i Nyland i Kramfors â igen"
1592:
1590:
1588:
1313:SystÚme de route électrique. Groupe de travail n°1
634:
2295:Swedish Transport Administration (July 1, 2021),
2136:Government Offices of Sweden (October 15, 2020),
1628:, Swedish Transport Administration, June 22, 2016
1557:Government Offices of Sweden (October 15, 2020),
1523:
1521:
1482:
1480:
844:Matts Andersson; et al. (January 31, 2024),
2078:, Swedish Electromobility Centre, archived from
1131:
1129:
1098:Electric Road Systems: a solution for the future
571:trucks were found to incur the least costs with
498:. The E20 project was funded at 500-600 million
2437:Electric Road Systems - PIARC Online Discussion
2155:Electric Road Systems - PIARC Online Discussion
2069:Francisco J. MĂĄrquez-FernĂĄndez (May 20, 2019),
2004:
2002:
1560:Regeringen ökar tempot i elektrifieringsarbetet
1259:Martin G. H. Gustavsson, ed. (March 26, 2021),
1241:Electric Road Systems - PIARC Online Discussion
2259:"Förenklat avgiftssystem för statliga elvÀgar"
440:Ground-level power supplythrough on-road rail(
153:powered by a rail electric road system (ERS),
117:, or charging while the vehicle is in motion:
1023:
1021:
1019:
982:"40 experter: SÄ blir det nya mobilitetsÄret"
758:
756:
754:
752:
8:
2096:Börjesson M, Johansson M, KÄgeson P (2021),
2064:
2062:
2060:
1230:
1228:
720:Trafikverkets Program för ElvÀgar byter namn
339:ground-level conductive rails power delivery
2343:, March 1, 2022, p. 28, archived from
2334:"Produktion ElvĂ€g E20 Ărebro - Hallsberg",
2252:
2250:
1798:"ElvÀgen pÄ Gotland kan rivas upp nÀsta Är"
1000:
998:
996:
1339:"Sur les routes de la mobilité électrique"
1095:D Bateman; et al. (October 8, 2018),
766:National roadmap for electric road systems
368:
298:Inductive charging § Dynamic charging
2451:International Electrotechnical Commission
2364:Report electric road Region Ărebro County
2113:
2029:
1625:First electric road in Sweden inaugurated
1439:"Samarbete om elvÀgar med andra lÀnder",
1310:Patrick PĂ©lata; et al. (July 2021),
1159:
1149:
959:"ElvĂ€g Ărebro-Hallsberg, Infradagen 2023"
893:
891:
2370:, pp. 17â19, 49, 61, archived from
49:Trafikverkets Program för Elektrifiering
2139:Planering för elvÀgar och snabbladdning
1599:Regler för statliga elvÀgar SOU 2021:73
1305:
1303:
1090:
1028:Johan Kristensson (September 5, 2023),
957:Kenneth Natanaelsson (March 17, 2023),
790:Kenneth Natanaelsson (March 26, 2021),
709:
683:
1503:Jakob Rogstadius (November 23, 2022),
1487:Jakob Rogstadius (November 24, 2022),
1462:Jakob Rogstadius (December 11, 2021),
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
2009:Hasan Huseyin Coban (March 6, 2022),
1814:Anna Jutehammar (December 10, 2021),
1796:Patrik Widegren (December 13, 2021),
380:(and powerpending furtherdevelopment)
125:through in-road or on-road rail, and
7:
2169:Björn Hasselgren (October 9, 2019),
1951:"Test av elvÀg vid Dannero travbana"
1426:Ministry of Infrastructure of Sweden
1214:from the original on 3 February 2021
699:Transport in France § Electric roads
285:"Electreon" redirects here. For the
205:Transport in France § Electric roads
168:Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE)
2395:Jonas Grönvik (September 1, 2021),
2044:Krister Palo (September 15, 2020),
2178:, Swedish Transport Administration
1718:Per Mattsson (December 27, 2021),
1698:Per Mattsson (December 19, 2021),
1639:Mikael Hellgren; Nicholas Honeth,
1573:Martin Gustavsson (May 12, 2020),
1369:, February 2, 2022, archived from
1115:from the original on 3 August 2020
847:Choosing ERS technology for Europe
25:
2361:Henrik Wallström (June 5, 2020),
2311:Per Mattsson (January 15, 2022),
2098:"The economics of electric roads"
1988:Johann Bernövall (May 21, 2024),
1970:Anna Wilkens (February 8, 2023),
1528:Lina Nordin; et al. (2023),
1337:Laurent Miguet (April 28, 2022),
980:Per Mattsson (January 18, 2023),
904:The British Standards Institution
793:Elektrifiering av transportsystem
302:Trafikverket assessed a wireless
37:Trafikverkets Program för ElvÀgar
2424:Sveriges första permanenta elvÀg
1741:Israeler bygger elvÀg pÄ Gotland
1658:Daniel Boffey (April 12, 2018),
1208:Swedish Transport Administration
932:Matts Andersson (July 4, 2022),
853:, WSP Sverige AB, archived from
321:The German Ministry of Economy,
61:Swedish Transport Administration
2275:Geidne, Jonny (November 2022),
2257:Peter Höök (November 9, 2022),
1886:Elaine Meskhi (December 2021),
1248:from the original on 2021-12-22
1051:Lesley Brown (28 August 2024),
161:The Swedish government charged
1832:Fogden, Tom (April 11, 2022),
1755:Aileen Cho (August 31, 2022),
1424:, Infrastrukturdepartementet (
717:Trafikverket (June 24, 2020),
682:has proposed in late 2022 the
233:supply power at 750 volts DC.
1:
2467:Rail infrastructure in Sweden
2189:ABB Norge (August 11, 2011),
642:First permanent electric road
635:first permanent electric road
191:, not necessarily led by the
75:, not necessarily led by the
55:national infrastructure for
420:
337:Trafikverket began testing
127:wireless inductive charging
2488:
1909:(in Swedish), June 5, 2020
1738:Eva Janzon (May 2, 2019),
1151:10.1007/s40864-019-00118-y
588:Construction and operation
295:
284:
202:
150:French Ministry of Ecology
2115:10.1016/j.trc.2021.102990
2053:, Trafikverket, p. 5
615:ground-level power supply
536:annualized societal costs
417:Ground-level power supply
406:650 kW(1000 kW)
257:ground-level power supply
81:ground-level power supply
2472:Road transport in Sweden
680:Swedish Transport Agency
631:Stockholm congestion tax
627:Swedish Transport Agency
530:Annualized societal cost
451:150 kW(500 kW)
430:200 kW(800 kW)
388:per km road(two lane-km)
359:electric roads in France
2263:transportochlogistik.se
462:Wireless power transfer
907:, 2022, archived from
607:electrical substations
573:fast charging stations
475:25 kW(40 kW)
264:
48:
36:
2434:(February 17, 2021),
1515:(English translation)
1238:(February 17, 2021),
419:through in-road rail(
254:
223:Assessed technologies
59:by Trafikverket, the
2085:on November 21, 2019
1612:on September 2, 2021
1513:on December 23, 2022
1210:, February 2, 2021,
1063:on September 4, 2024
779:on November 24, 2020
603:vehicle manufacturer
310:using technology by
189:French ERS decisions
119:overhead power lines
73:French ERS decisions
2377:on January 11, 2022
1802:Sveriges Television
1408:, September 9, 2023
1367:European Commission
1326:on October 21, 2021
1289:European Commission
397:Overhead powerlines
375:Type(and developer)
371:
327:Coventry University
306:system (WERS) with
287:elementary particle
146:European Commission
2421:(March 10, 2022),
2283:Transportstyrelsen
2031:10.3390/en15051925
1866:, October 19, 2022
1392:, October 25, 2023
1138:Urban Rail Transit
911:on January 2, 2023
884:, January 30, 2024
727:on August 14, 2021
621:Proposed framework
369:
265:
123:ground level power
2210:(July 13, 2021),
1959:, October 5, 2022
1687:on April 17, 2021
1428:), March 31, 2022
1291:(July 14, 2021),
1012:, August 28, 2023
860:on March 10, 2024
684:billing framework
484:
483:
378:Power perreceiver
16:(Redirected from
2479:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2406:
2405:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2350:on March 9, 2022
2349:
2342:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2066:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:Innovation SkÄne
1967:
1961:
1960:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1683:, archived from
1675:
1669:
1668:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1604:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1509:, archived from
1500:
1495:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1319:, archived from
1318:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1198:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1153:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1103:
1092:
1065:
1064:
1059:, archived from
1048:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1014:
1013:
1002:
991:
990:
977:
966:
965:
954:
943:
942:
940:
929:
920:
919:
918:
916:
895:
886:
885:
879:
871:
862:
861:
859:
852:
841:
832:
831:
821:
812:
811:
810:on March 2, 2022
809:
803:, archived from
798:
787:
781:
780:
778:
772:, archived from
771:
760:
747:
746:
745:, March 24, 2023
743:Region GĂ€vleborg
735:
729:
728:
723:, archived from
714:
381:
372:
172:Stockholm County
170:recommends that
115:dynamic charging
21:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2457:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1556:
1555:
1546:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:on July 9, 2022
1373:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1199:
1176:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1068:
1057:Futura Mobility
1050:
1049:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1004:
1003:
994:
987:Dagens industri
979:
978:
969:
956:
955:
946:
938:
931:
930:
923:
914:
912:
897:
896:
889:
877:
873:
872:
865:
857:
850:
843:
842:
835:
823:
822:
815:
807:
796:
789:
788:
784:
776:
769:
762:
761:
750:
737:
736:
732:
716:
715:
711:
707:
695:
672:
644:
623:
595:
590:
581:
532:
523:
508:
466:inductive coils
464:through in-road
379:
367:
345:. The project,
335:
308:inductive coils
300:
294:
283:
261:Arlanda airport
247:
230:
225:
207:
201:
135:
133:Standardization
108:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2413:
2412:External links
2410:
2408:
2407:
2387:
2353:
2323:
2303:
2287:
2267:
2246:
2223:
2199:
2181:
2161:
2144:
2128:
2088:
2056:
2036:
1998:
1980:
1962:
1956:Sveriges Radio
1942:
1919:
1894:
1878:
1869:
1849:
1824:
1820:Sveriges Radio
1806:
1788:
1765:
1747:
1744:, VĂ€rlden idag
1730:
1710:
1690:
1680:Elways - About
1670:
1650:
1631:
1615:
1584:
1565:
1544:
1517:
1476:
1451:
1431:
1411:
1395:
1379:
1349:
1329:
1299:
1280:
1251:
1224:
1174:
1144:(4): 289â309,
1125:
1066:
1038:
1015:
992:
967:
963:MÀlardalsrÄdet
944:
921:
887:
863:
833:
813:
782:
748:
730:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
694:
691:
670:
643:
640:
622:
619:
594:
591:
589:
586:
580:
577:
531:
528:
522:
519:
507:
506:Infrastructure
504:
482:
481:
479:
476:
473:
458:
457:
455:
452:
449:
437:
436:
434:
431:
428:
413:
412:
410:
407:
404:
393:
392:
389:
382:
376:
366:
363:
334:
331:
282:
279:
246:
243:
229:
226:
224:
221:
200:
197:
193:European Union
134:
131:
107:
104:
77:European Union
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2484:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2354:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:impactloop.se
1991:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1933:
1932:www.hydro.com
1929:
1923:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
988:
983:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
945:
937:
936:
928:
926:
922:
910:
906:
905:
900:
894:
892:
888:
883:
876:
870:
868:
864:
856:
849:
848:
840:
838:
834:
829:
828:
820:
818:
814:
806:
802:
795:
794:
786:
783:
775:
768:
767:
759:
757:
755:
753:
749:
744:
740:
734:
731:
726:
722:
721:
713:
710:
704:
700:
697:
696:
692:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
668:
664:
659:
657:
651:
649:
641:
639:
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:company, the
600:
593:Legal aspects
592:
587:
585:
578:
576:
574:
570:
569:regional haul
566:
560:
557:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
529:
527:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:Swedish krona
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
480:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
422:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
383:
377:
374:
373:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:EVolutionRoad
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
304:electric road
299:
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
271:
262:
258:
253:
249:
244:
242:
240:
239:trolley poles
236:
235:Trolleytrucks
227:
222:
220:
217:
213:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
184:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
159:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
132:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
53:electric road
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2445:
2436:
2423:
2419:Trafikverket
2400:
2390:
2379:, retrieved
2372:the original
2363:
2356:
2345:the original
2336:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2290:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2238:, retrieved
2233:
2226:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2191:
2184:
2171:
2164:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2080:the original
2071:
2046:
2039:
2021:
2017:
1993:
1983:
1975:
1965:
1954:
1945:
1935:, retrieved
1931:
1922:
1911:, retrieved
1906:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1861:
1852:
1843:November 10,
1841:, retrieved
1838:Auto Futures
1837:
1827:
1819:
1809:
1801:
1791:
1781:, retrieved
1777:
1768:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1685:the original
1679:
1673:
1665:The Guardian
1663:
1653:
1641:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1607:the original
1598:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1541:, p. 48
1530:
1511:the original
1505:
1489:
1471:RISE Rapport
1470:
1441:
1434:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1371:the original
1358:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1321:the original
1312:
1293:
1283:
1274:February 11,
1272:, retrieved
1267:
1254:
1240:
1216:, retrieved
1202:
1161:11572/246245
1141:
1137:
1117:, retrieved
1097:
1061:the original
1056:
1033:
1010:Trafikverket
1009:
985:
962:
934:
913:, retrieved
909:the original
902:
881:
855:the original
846:
830:, p. 20
826:
805:the original
801:Trafikverket
792:
785:
774:the original
765:
742:
733:
725:the original
719:
712:
688:
660:
652:
645:
624:
617:technology.
596:
582:
561:
552:
548:
533:
524:
516:
509:
485:
354:
350:
346:
336:
320:
316:
301:
270:eRoadArlanda
269:
266:
248:
245:Elways-Evias
231:
208:
185:
163:Trafikverket
160:
136:
109:
85:
69:
65:
40:
28:
26:
2381:January 11,
2024:(5): 1925,
1344:Le Moniteur
1270:, p. 6
1218:10 February
1119:10 February
540:net savings
521:Maintenance
448:consortium)
427:consortium)
391:References
2461:Categories
2108:: 102990,
1937:2020-06-17
1907:Mynewsdesk
1783:2022-11-10
915:January 2,
882:Regeringen
705:References
599:power grid
296:See also:
275:Budpartner
203:See also:
199:Assessment
106:Technology
2402:Ny Teknik
2240:March 24,
2196:, Twitter
2124:214702482
1778:InsideEVs
1473:, 2022:01
1447:Riksdagen
1170:208953068
663:Hallsberg
648:E20 route
565:Long-haul
492:Hallsberg
488:E20 route
478:19.5-20.8
470:Electreon
454:11.5-15.3
312:Electreon
281:Electreon
216:Electreon
92:Hallsberg
88:E20 route
18:Electreon
2018:Energies
1913:June 17,
1246:archived
1212:archived
1110:archived
1034:NyTeknik
693:See also
579:Planning
490:between
442:Elonroad
433:9.4-10.5
384:Million
333:Elonroad
291:electron
90:between
1268:CollERS
401:Siemens
355:in-road
351:on-road
263:, 2019.
259:, near
228:Siemens
155:CENELEC
45:Swedish
33:Swedish
2122:
1168:
667:Ărebro
496:Ărebro
421:Elways
289:, see
144:. The
138:Alstom
96:Ărebro
57:Sweden
2432:PIARC
2375:(PDF)
2368:(PDF)
2348:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
2318:di.se
2220:]
2216:[
2176:(PDF)
2120:S2CID
2083:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
2051:(PDF)
2014:(PDF)
1725:di.se
1705:di.se
1646:(PDF)
1610:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1580:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1494:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1374:(PDF)
1363:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1236:PIARC
1166:S2CID
1113:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
878:(PDF)
858:(PDF)
851:(PDF)
808:(PDF)
797:(PDF)
777:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
556:euros
181:grade
39:) or
2383:2022
2242:2022
1915:2020
1845:2022
1498:RISE
1276:2022
1220:2021
1121:2021
917:2023
665:and
625:The
567:and
544:RISE
494:and
444:and
423:and
409:12.4
365:Cost
343:Lund
323:BMWK
212:OLEV
94:and
27:The
2208:ABB
2110:doi
2106:125
2026:doi
1863:SVT
1761:ENR
1539:VTI
1156:hdl
1146:doi
1106:TRL
676:VTI
656:SEK
611:ABB
500:SEK
446:ABB
425:NCC
386:SEK
111:TRL
100:SEK
2463::
2449:,
2399:,
2326:^
2315:,
2281:,
2261:,
2249:^
2193:up
2118:,
2104:,
2100:,
2059:^
2022:15
2020:,
2016:,
2001:^
1992:,
1974:,
1953:,
1930:,
1905:,
1860:,
1836:,
1818:,
1800:,
1776:,
1759:,
1722:,
1702:,
1662:,
1587:^
1547:^
1537:,
1520:^
1496:,
1479:^
1469:,
1454:^
1445:,
1365:,
1341:,
1302:^
1266:,
1227:^
1206:,
1177:^
1164:,
1154:,
1140:,
1128:^
1108:,
1104:,
1069:^
1055:,
1041:^
1032:,
1018:^
1008:,
995:^
984:,
970:^
961:,
947:^
924:^
901:,
890:^
880:,
866:^
836:^
816:^
799:,
751:^
741:,
361:.
121:,
63:.
47::
35::
2112::
2028::
1158::
1148::
1142:5
671:2
472:)
468:(
403:)
399:(
293:.
43:(
31:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.