664:
602:
617:
582:
564:
109:
542:
2885:
139:
642:
2872:
680:
1819:
2879:
1807:
940:
969:. The earliest members of the family, are known from the Late Miocene, around 9–10 million years ago. The modern genera of elephants and mammoths had diverged from each other by the end of the Miocene, around 5 million years ago. Elephantids began to migrate out of Africa during the Pliocene, with mammoths and
502:
had a long lower jaw with lower tusks and retained permanent premolars similar to many gomphotheres, while modern elephantids lack permanent premolars, with the lower jaw being shortened (brevirostrine) and lower tusks being absent. Elephantids are typically
496:) increasing over time. Elephantids chew using a proal jaw movement involving a forward stroke of the lower jaws, different from the oblique movement using side to side motion of the jaws in more primitive proboscideans. The most primitive elephantid
1599:
Scientific Annals, School of
Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece VIth International Conference on Mammoths and Their Relatives, vol. 102, Grevena -Siatista, special volume (2014), p. 175
1473:
Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (2018-03-13).
507:, with substantially larger males, with an accelerated growth rate over a longer period of time than females. Elephantidae contains some of the largest known proboscideans, with some species of
973:
arriving in
Eurasia around 3–3.8 million years ago. Around 1.5 million years ago, mammoths migrated into North America. At the end of the Early Pleistocene, around 0.8 million years ago,
466:
in 1821, and later assigned to taxonomic ranks within the order
Proboscidea. Elephantidae has been revised by various authors to include or exclude other extinct proboscidean genera.
581:
1611:"What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology"
616:
1110:
Shoshani, J.; Ferretti, M.P.; Lister, A.M.; Agenbroad, L.D.; Saegusa, H.; Mol, D.; Takahashi, K. (2007). "Relationships within the
Elephantinae using hyoid characters".
663:
1983:
2035:
527:, has been suggested to have been possibly the largest land mammal of all time, though this remains speculative due to the fragmentary nature of known remains.
601:
2124:
1075:
Kalb, J. E.; & Froehlich, D. J. (1995). "Interrelationships of Late
Neogene Elephantoids: New evidence from the Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia".
2943:
563:
541:
488:
by their teeth, which have parallel lophs, formed from the merger of the cusps found in the teeth of more primitive proboscideans, which are bound by
1957:
2958:
1996:
1724:
1353:
492:. In later elephantids, these lophs became narrow lamellae, with the number of lophs/lamellae per tooth, as well as the tooth crown height (
696:
Some authors have suggested to classify the family into two subfamilies, Stegotetrabelodontinae, which is monotypic, only containing
2117:
242:
2014:
1823:
2001:
1745:
Arppe, Laura; Karhu, Juha A.; Vartanyan, Sergey; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Etu-Sihvola, Heli; Bocherens, Hervé (October 2019).
2022:
2884:
138:
2110:
2009:
1905:
1660:
Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (November 13, 2015). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the
Northern Hemisphere".
1596:
668:
517:
greatly exceeding modern elephants in size, making them among the largest terrestrial mammals ever. One species of
963:, with some authors proposing the most likely ancestors to be African species of the "tetralophodont gomphothere"
2040:
2948:
2871:
2089:
1811:
1036:
764:
733:
523:
2953:
1835:
685:
125:
1334:"The Fossil Record of Continental Elephants and Mammoths (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Elephantidae) in Greece"
2938:
2061:
756:
588:
1910:
2897:
2878:
1931:
1882:
1758:
1669:
1595:
H. Saegusa, H. Nakaya, Y. Kunimatsu, M. Nakatsukasa, H. Tsujikawa, Y. Sawada, M. Saneyoshi, T. Sakai
1554:
1542:
1487:
1395:
1275:
1212:
1115:
1084:
1264:"Fluctuating climate and dietary innovation drove ratcheted evolution of proboscidean dental traits"
2494:
2485:
790:
2524:
1430:
2963:
2239:
1784:
1746:
1693:
1578:
1455:
1411:
1383:
1359:
1244:
1158:
700:, and Elephantinae, containing all other elephantids. Recent genetic research has indicated that
504:
409:
369:
133:
2066:
1873:
2847:
2716:
2048:
1918:
1720:
1685:
1642:
1570:
1523:
1505:
1349:
1309:
1291:
1236:
1228:
837:
806:
571:
498:
356:
1988:
2573:
2076:
2053:
1774:
1766:
1747:"Thriving or surviving? The isotopic record of the Wrangel Island woolly mammoth population"
1677:
1632:
1622:
1562:
1513:
1495:
1445:
1403:
1341:
1299:
1283:
1220:
1150:
1123:
1092:
988:
895:
463:
393:
301:
215:
108:
2907:
2902:
2515:
2363:
2347:
979:
migrated out of Africa, becoming widespread across
Eurasia, from Western Europe to Japan.
814:
798:
1333:
1762:
1673:
1558:
1491:
1399:
1304:
1279:
1263:
1216:
1177:
1119:
1088:
641:
2837:
2669:
2545:
2501:
2410:
2380:
2324:
2270:
1518:
1475:
996:
913:
782:
679:
345:
117:
1096:
2932:
2917:
2827:
2807:
2760:
2744:
2730:
2723:
2683:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2627:
2601:
2538:
2333:
2294:
2260:
2209:
1887:
1788:
1712:
1697:
1582:
1415:
1363:
975:
965:
922:
886:
720:
651:
549:
513:
323:
290:
238:
200:
66:
1770:
1407:
1201:"The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans"
2676:
2594:
2566:
2471:
2400:
2340:
2310:
2250:
2219:
1459:
1384:"Stegodontidae and Anancus: Keys to understanding dental evolution in Elephantidae"
1029:
1016:
1010:
869:
845:
485:
456:
397:
334:
2102:
1566:
1248:
1923:
1345:
1127:
1061:
nov. gen. nov. sp.: un nouveau
Proboscidea (Mammalia) dans le Pliocène tchadien.
2912:
2817:
2699:
2634:
2617:
2580:
2559:
2552:
2450:
2303:
2188:
2173:
2134:
2027:
1970:
1867:
960:
852:
646:
554:
312:
190:
41:
1858:
1818:
1287:
2587:
2531:
2464:
2434:
2229:
2164:
1022:
440:
224:
86:
51:
1646:
1574:
1509:
1295:
1232:
655:
and mammoths, showing the hybridisation between
African forest elephants and
2797:
2787:
2641:
2443:
1944:
1681:
1500:
904:
877:
746:
714:
708:
636:
493:
445:
268:
150:
91:
19:
This article is about the family of proboscideans. For the common name, see
1689:
1527:
1450:
1313:
1240:
1806:
2753:
2390:
2280:
2152:
1897:
1852:
1637:
1597:
Earliest elephantid remains from the late
Miocene locality, Nakali, Kenya
1200:
992:
489:
479:
475:
420:
401:
170:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
20:
1779:
1627:
1610:
1224:
2780:
2709:
2420:
2084:
1162:
1141:
Maglio, Vincent J. (1973). "Origin and Evolution of the Elephantidae".
860:
772:
702:
508:
451:
436:
405:
279:
258:
232:
96:
71:
939:
2457:
2158:
2146:
1975:
1543:"The first Tetralophodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) cranium from Africa"
944:
484:
Elephantids are distinguished from more primitive proboscideans like
412:
180:
160:
1962:
1829:
1154:
1949:
938:
678:
662:
640:
432:
424:
416:
1476:"A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"
690:
428:
2106:
1833:
1713:"Ecological Interactions of Elephantids in Pleistocene Eurasia"
1541:
Geraads, Denis; Zouhri, Samir; Markov, Georgi N. (2019-05-04).
732:
also appears to have received extensive hybridisation with the
1936:
1340:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 345–391,
1332:
Athanassiou, Athanassios (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
1431:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
995:, with the last population of mammoths persisting on
2843:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2741:
2694:
2612:
2512:
2482:
2431:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2321:
2291:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
1609:
Iannucci, Alessio; Sardella, Raffaele (March 2023).
2770:
2740:
2693:
2611:
2511:
2481:
2430:
2361:
2320:
2290:
2186:
1842:
1178:"On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals"
1143:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1262:Saarinen, Juha; Lister, Adrian M. (2023-08-14).
673:A comparative view of the human and animal frame
1480:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
712:are more closely related to each other than to
1057:H. T. Mackaye, M. Brunet, and P. Tassy. 2005.
2118:
959:Elephantids are thought to have evolved from
8:
1717:Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor
2369:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2125:
2111:
2103:
1830:
107:
27:
1778:
1636:
1626:
1517:
1499:
1449:
1303:
943:Evolution of elephants from the ancient
736:, and to a lesser extent with mammoths.
1050:
622:Cross section through elephantid molars
537:
480:Elephant § Behaviour and ecology
376:
255:
7:
2090:4A5EB4E9-688C-4A76-9F19-CBC6F8D975A0
1327:
1325:
1323:
328:Mackaye, Brunet & Tassy, 2005
1338:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1
667:"Man, and the elephant" plate from
1547:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
462:The family was first described by
14:
2944:Extant Pliocene first appearances
2883:
2877:
2870:
1817:
1805:
1199:Lister, Adrian M. (2013-06-26).
691:French Museum of Natural History
615:
600:
580:
562:
540:
137:
1771:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105884
1719:, Oxbow Books, pp. 53–60,
1408:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106176
659:, after Palkopoulou et al. 2018
649:elephantid species, including
2959:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1268:Nature Ecology & Evolution
999:until around 4,000 years ago.
1:
1567:10.1080/02724634.2019.1632321
1438:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1382:Saegusa, Haruo (March 2020).
1097:10.1016/s0016-6995(95)80068-9
1346:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_13
1128:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.003
400:mammals collectively called
2980:
1751:Quaternary Science Reviews
1711:Lister, Adrian M. (2004),
1388:Quaternary Science Reviews
1288:10.1038/s41559-023-02151-4
1176:Gray, John Edward (1821).
987:became extinct during the
634:
473:
18:
2892:
2867:
2372:
2201:
2197:
2182:
2141:
1182:London Medical Repository
375:
368:
254:
249:
230:
223:
134:Scientific classification
132:
115:
106:
30:
1112:Quaternary International
1059:Selenetherium kolleensis
645:Phylogeny of recent and
575:, a primitive elephantid
449:(African elephants) and
1682:10.1126/science.aac5660
1501:10.1073/pnas.1720554115
1429:Larramendi, A. (2016).
1037:Palaeoloxodon namadicus
765:African forest elephant
734:African forest elephant
524:Palaeoloxodon namadicus
476:Elephant § Anatomy
455:(Asian elephants), are
1451:10.4202/app.00136.2014
956:
693:
686:Mammuthus meridionalis
676:
660:
396:of large, herbivorous
126:Bandipur National Park
2062:Paleobiology Database
1023:Eritherium azzouzorum
951:) to the modern day (
942:
757:African bush elephant
682:
666:
644:
589:African bush elephant
474:Further information:
37:Late Miocene–Holocene
2898:Plesielephantiformes
2133:Genera of the order
1814:at Wikimedia Commons
1114:. 169–170: 174–185.
935:Evolutionary history
553:, a "tetralophodont
2486:Choerolophodontidae
1763:2019QSRv..22205884A
1674:2015Sci...350..805L
1628:10.3390/quat6010016
1559:2019JVPal..39E2321G
1492:2018PNAS..115E2566P
1486:(11): E2566–E2574.
1400:2020QSRv..23106176S
1280:2023NatEE...7.1490S
1225:10.1038/nature12275
1217:2013Natur.500..331L
1120:2007QuInt.169..174S
1089:1995Geobi..28..727K
791:Sri Lankan elephant
724:closely related to
532:Comparison of teeth
443:. Only two genera,
957:
694:
677:
661:
593:Loxodonta africana
587:Molar of a modern
505:sexually dimorphic
439:in the family are
408:. These are large
361:Petrocchi, 1941
295:Matsumoto, 1925
273:Anonymous, 1827
2926:
2925:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2848:Stegotetrabelodon
2717:Paratetralophodon
2357:
2356:
2100:
2099:
2049:Open Tree of Life
1836:Taxon identifiers
1810:Media related to
1726:978-1-78570-965-4
1668:(6262): 805–809.
1355:978-3-030-68397-9
1211:(7462): 331–334.
838:Stegotetrabelodon
807:Sumatran elephant
698:Stegotetrabelodon
572:Stegotetrabelodon
499:Stegotetrabelodon
387:
386:
381:
362:
357:Stegotetrabelodon
351:
340:
329:
318:
307:
296:
285:
274:
264:
263:Linnaeus, 1758
219:
124:) in the wild at
16:Family of mammals
2971:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2845:
2835:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2743:
2696:
2614:
2574:Progomphotherium
2514:
2484:
2433:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2370:
2323:
2293:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2028:NHMSYS0000376614
2018:
2017:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1831:
1822:Data related to
1821:
1809:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1503:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1274:(9): 1490–1502.
1259:
1253:
1252:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1072:
1066:
1055:
989:Late Pleistocene
896:Phanagoroloxodon
812:E. m. borneensis
804:E. m. sumatranus
647:Late Pleistocene
619:
604:
584:
566:
544:
464:John Edward Gray
419:modified into a
379:
360:
350:Coppens, 1972
349:
339:Kretzoi, 1950
338:
327:
316:
305:
302:Phanagoroloxodon
294:
284:Brookes, 1828
283:
272:
262:
214:
142:
141:
111:
101:
38:
34:Temporal range:
28:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2949:Mammal families
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2908:Elephantimorpha
2903:Numidotheriidae
2888:
2869:
2853:
2766:
2736:
2698:
2697:"Tetralophodont
2689:
2616:
2607:
2516:Amebelodontidae
2507:
2477:
2426:
2366:
2364:Elephantiformes
2353:
2348:Prodeinotherium
2316:
2286:
2191:
2178:
2137:
2131:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1838:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1553:(3): e1632321.
1540:
1539:
1535:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1155:10.2307/1006229
1140:
1139:
1135:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1005:
937:
827:
815:Borneo elephant
799:Indian elephant
742:
639:
633:
628:
627:
626:
623:
620:
611:
605:
596:
585:
576:
567:
558:
545:
534:
533:
482:
472:
317:Maglio, 1970
306:Garutt, 1957
245:
236:
213:
136:
122:Elephas maximus
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2838:Stegodibelodon
2831:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2703:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2670:Rhynchotherium
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2546:Archaeobelodon
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2502:Choerolophodon
2498:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2411:Palaeomastodon
2404:
2394:
2384:
2381:Dagbatitherium
2373:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2325:Deinotheriidae
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2271:Phosphatherium
2264:
2254:
2244:
2233:
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2808:Palaeoloxodon
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2800:
2799:
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2745:Stegodontidae
2739:
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2724:Pediolophodon
2721:
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2663:Notiomastodon
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2649:Gnathabelodon
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2628:Blancotherium
2625:
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2602:Torynobelodon
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978:
977:
976:Palaeoloxodon
972:
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962:
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919:
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890:(14+ species)
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794:
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766:
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730:Palaeoloxodon
727:
723:
722:
721:Palaeoloxodon
717:
716:
711:
710:
705:
704:
699:
692:
688:
687:
681:
674:
670:
665:
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657:Palaeoloxodon
654:
653:
652:Palaeoloxodon
648:
643:
638:
630:
618:
613:
610:
609:Mammuthus sp.
603:
598:
594:
590:
583:
578:
574:
573:
565:
560:
556:
552:
551:
550:Tetralophodon
543:
538:
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520:
519:Palaeoloxodon
516:
515:
514:Palaeoloxodon
510:
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359:
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353:
348:
347:
342:
337:
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331:
326:
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324:Selenetherium
320:
315:
314:
309:
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303:
298:
293:
292:
291:Palaeoloxodon
287:
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240:
235:
234:
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226:
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217:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:Elephantoidea
199:
197:Superfamily:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
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93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
26:
22:
2939:Elephantidae
2876:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2779:
2772:Elephantidae
2771:
2759:
2752:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:gomphotheres
2682:
2677:Sinomastodon
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2618:gomphotheres
2600:
2595:Stenobelodon
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2567:Platybelodon
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2525:Afromastodon
2523:
2500:
2493:
2472:Zygolophodon
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2419:
2409:
2401:Hemimastodon
2399:
2389:
2379:
2346:
2341:Deinotherium
2339:
2332:
2311:Omanitherium
2309:
2302:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2251:Moeritherium
2249:
2238:
2228:
2220:Daouitherium
2218:
2208:
2169:
2163:Superorder:
1888:Elephantidae
1874:Elephantidae
1844:Elephantidae
1843:
1824:Elephantidae
1812:Elephantidae
1780:10138/309133
1754:
1750:
1740:
1730:, retrieved
1716:
1706:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1591:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1483:
1479:
1468:
1441:
1437:
1424:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1367:, retrieved
1337:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1111:
1105:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1035:
1030:Zygolophodon
1028:
1021:
1017:Embrithopoda
1011:Deinotherium
1009:
984:
980:
974:
970:
964:
961:gomphotheres
958:
952:
948:
921:
912:
908:(10 species)
903:
894:
885:
876:
870:Stegoloxodon
868:
864:(7+ species)
859:
851:
846:Elephantinae
836:
831:Elephantidae
830:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
761:
753:
745:
729:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
697:
695:
684:
683:Skeleton of
672:
656:
650:
608:
592:
570:
548:
522:
518:
512:
497:
486:gomphotheres
483:
461:
450:
444:
398:proboscidean
390:Elephantidae
389:
388:
380:Lesson, 1842
378:Elephasidae
355:
344:
335:Stegoloxodon
333:
322:
311:
300:
289:
278:
267:
257:
231:
211:Elephantidae
210:
121:
31:Elephantidae
25:
2913:Elephantida
2818:Primelephas
2635:Cuvieronius
2581:Protanancus
2560:Konobelodon
2553:Eurybelodon
2451:Losodokodon
2304:Barytherium
2240:Khamsaconus
2189:Proboscidea
2174:Tethytheria
2135:Proboscidea
1971:iNaturalist
1868:Wikispecies
926:(1 species)
917:(1 species)
899:(1 species)
881:(6 species)
873:(2 species)
856:(2 species)
853:Primelephas
841:(4 species)
762:L. cyclotis
754:L. africana
555:gomphothere
470:Description
410:terrestrial
313:Primelephas
191:Proboscidea
2933:Categories
2896:See also:
2588:Serbelodon
2532:Amebelodon
2465:Sinomammut
2435:Mammutidae
2230:Eritherium
2165:Afrotheria
1757:: 105884.
1732:2020-04-14
1615:Quaternary
1394:: 106176.
1369:2023-11-21
1188:: 297–310.
1045:References
844:Subfamily
780:E. maximus
776:(Asiatic)
750:(African)
635:See also:
494:hypsodonty
225:Type genus
2964:Elephants
2798:Mammuthus
2788:Loxodonta
2642:Eubelodon
2444:Eozygodon
2145:Kingdom:
1789:203103403
1698:206639522
1647:2571-550X
1621:(1): 16.
1583:202024016
1575:0272-4634
1510:0027-8424
1416:214094348
1364:245067102
1296:2397-334X
1233:0028-0836
1149:(3): 16.
985:Mammuthus
905:Mammuthus
878:Loxodonta
747:Loxodonta
726:Loxodonta
715:Loxodonta
709:Mammuthus
637:Elephants
607:Tooth of
547:Molar of
446:Loxodonta
402:elephants
280:Mammuthus
269:Loxodonta
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
128:in India
2754:Stegodon
2391:Eritreum
2281:Saloumia
2159:Mammalia
2153:Chordata
2151:Phylum:
2147:Animalia
2015:11500002
1895:BioLib:
1859:Q2372824
1853:Wikidata
1690:26564853
1528:29483247
1314:37580434
1305:10482678
1241:23803767
1003:See also
993:Holocene
509:mammoths
490:cementum
406:mammoths
370:Synonyms
239:Linnaeus
207:Family:
181:Mammalia
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
21:Elephant
2781:Elephas
2710:Anancus
2421:Phiomia
2157:Class:
2085:ZooBank
1759:Bibcode
1670:Bibcode
1662:Science
1555:Bibcode
1519:5856550
1488:Bibcode
1460:2092950
1396:Bibcode
1276:Bibcode
1213:Bibcode
1163:1006229
1116:Bibcode
1085:Bibcode
1077:Geobios
1063:Geobios
971:Elephas
861:Elephas
773:Elephas
718:, with
703:Elephas
689:at the
669:Hawkins
452:Elephas
441:extinct
437:species
431:. Most
415:with a
413:mammals
259:Elephas
250:Genera
233:Elephas
187:Order:
177:Class:
116:A male
2458:Mammut
2077:109169
2074:uBio:
2054:541924
2002:584935
1989:105769
1950:1ELEPF
1787:
1723:
1696:
1688:
1645:
1581:
1573:
1526:
1516:
1508:
1458:
1414:
1362:
1352:
1312:
1302:
1294:
1249:883007
1247:
1239:
1231:
1205:Nature
1161:
949:bottom
945:Eocene
675:, 1860
478:, and
457:living
433:genera
394:family
218:, 1821
2170:Clade
2067:43263
1984:IRMNG
1976:43692
1898:32486
1785:S2CID
1694:S2CID
1579:S2CID
1456:S2CID
1434:(PDF)
1412:S2CID
1360:S2CID
1245:S2CID
1159:JSTOR
429:tusks
425:teeth
421:trunk
417:snout
392:is a
2041:9780
2036:NCBI
1997:ITIS
1963:9427
1958:GBIF
1945:EPPO
1937:1644
1911:1054
1906:BOLD
1721:ISBN
1686:PMID
1643:ISSN
1571:ISSN
1524:PMID
1506:ISSN
1350:ISBN
1310:PMID
1292:ISSN
1237:PMID
1229:ISSN
983:and
706:and
511:and
435:and
423:and
404:and
243:1758
216:Gray
42:PreꞒ
2023:NBN
2010:MSW
1932:EoL
1924:9M4
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