3655:
338:
705:
119:
3662:
5075:
2899:
4636:
4641:
1005:
784:
137:
3648:
922:
2893:
823:
615:
878:
2887:
5135:
755:
583:
5081:
1134:
396:
501:; the other remains might pertain to the holotype. A very large left femur, measuring 105 cm (1,050 mm) long, was labelled with the same specimen number too, however, it was not associated with the holotype due to its large size (larger than the pelvis itself). Nevertheless, it seems to approach the size of the closer
473:. Although it is commonly known from the pelvis, several remains not mentioned in the original description of the holotype were labelled under the same specimen number (IGM 100/84). These elements are in poor condition compared to the pelvis, and they were not measured and illustrated: proximal end of a
610:
that were not pointed out/analyzed before: prominent cranial and caudal processes on the dorsoventrally somewhat flattened pubic boot; the pubic feet are fused, being medially elongated, a medial expansion forms a V-shaped structure; the medial fusion of the obturator process and pubic body, forms a
644:
are present in the ilium; the ischial peduncles are more reduced though. The distal end of the pubis is elongated, recurved and stocky. The ischium, is slightly shorter than the pubis and parallel to it, with a narrow shaft. The obturator process on the front edge of the ischium is horizontally
1838:
Lee, Y. M.; Lee, H. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Carabajal, A. P.; Barsbold, R.; Fiorillo, A. R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2019). "Unusual locomotion behaviour preserved within a crocodyliform trackway from the Upper
Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia and its palaeobiological implications".
1673:
Kurumada, Y.; Aoki, S.; Aoki, K.; Kato, D.; Saneyoshi, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Windley, B. F.; Ishigaki, S. (2020). "Calcite U–Pb age of the
Cretaceous vertebrate‐bearing Bayn Shire Formation in the Eastern Gobi Desert of Mongolia: usefulness of caliche for age determination".
593:
was a relatively large-bodied therizinosaur, with an estimated length of 5 m (16 ft) and a weight between 454 to 907 kg (1,001 to 2,000 lb). As noted by
Barsbold in the original description of
598:, it can recognised by the following characteristics: the pubis and ischium are short; elongated margin in the anterior presymphyseal region of the distal pubis. However, in the revised diagnosis by Zanno et al.
665:
on the ilium. These specific traits may indicate the advanced age of the individual, if true, the fusion of the obturator process and pubic body could be discarded as an authentic autapomorphy for the species.
377:
on a pelvic comparison with other theropod dinosaurs. At the time, little was known about therizinosaurs. In 1980, it was mentioned again, this time in the new infraorder created by the
Mongolian
3654:
1803:
Macaluso, L.; Tschopp, E.; Mannion, P. (2018). "Evolutionary changes in pubic orientation in dinosaurs are more strongly correlated with the ventilation system than with herbivory".
1302:
Currie, P. J.; Eberth, D. A. (1993). "Palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoecology of the Iren Dabasu
Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China".
574:, and there is a huge size difference. In addition, both genera are known from different strata (lower and upper), and they are considered to be distinct animals by most authors.
1454:
Clark, J. M.; Perle, A.; Norell, M. (1994). "The skull of
Erlicosaurus andrewsi, a Late Cretaceous "Segnosaur" (Theropoda, Therizinosauridae) from Mongolia".
415:
by
Barsbold. The preserved elements consist of a partial skeleton, lacking the skull, that includes a well preserved pelvic girdle with other postcrania. The
5254:
5200:
5274:
5269:
5259:
2045:
1413:
1882:
Kubota, K.; Barsbold, R. (2007). "New dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria
Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia".
1147:
640:. The ilium is widely positioned and turned externally; it preserves a large cubic process in the posterodorsal area. Elongated pubic
2898:
1973:
1956:
Khand, Y.; Badamgarav, D.; Ariunchimeg, Y.; Barsbold, R. (2000). "Cretaceous system in
Mongolia and its depositional environments".
1438:
1388:
5074:
497:. The femur however, was not found in association with the holotype individual, therefore it should be assigned to Therizinosauria
337:
1990:
4635:
3661:
1482:"A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous Baynshire Formation of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)"
3647:
1162:
1157:
136:
4640:
1273:
2892:
2838:
2038:
1754:"Specializations of the mandibular anatomy and dentition of Segnosaurus galbinensis (Theropoda: Therizinosauria)"
3191:
2136:
2886:
2005:
704:
1603:"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight"
392:. Nicknamed as the "Dinosaur from Khara Khutul", it was shortly described and included into the Segnosauria.
5264:
4760:
3595:
1658:
657:. For instance, its pelvis is very particular compared to other therizinosaur relatives, featuring areas of
454:
1092:
5155:
5138:
4737:
4681:
1118:
1032:
362:
318:
118:
1098:
5226:
4997:
3217:
2782:
717:
466:
4968:
1709:
Paul, G. S. (1984). "The segnosaurian dinosaurs: relics of the prosauropod-ornithischian transition?".
5187:
5080:
2031:
1848:
1683:
1552:
1493:
1191:
721:
599:
412:
374:
1541:"The Endocranial Anatomy of Therizinosauria and Its Implications for Sensory and Cognitive Function"
3969:
3494:
3360:
2995:
624:
The holotype pelvis is in relatively good preservation, compromising the sacral vertebrae, partial
5025:
4097:
4046:
3723:
3463:
2686:
2163:
2009:
1938:
1864:
1820:
1734:
1357:
1207:
796:
698:
641:
533:
236:
131:
3874:
3814:
5231:
4925:
4309:
1231:
1004:
783:
5213:
4877:
4221:
4076:
3349:
3134:
2738:
2105:
1969:
1785:
1726:
1661:
1634:
1601:
Hartman, S.; Mortimer, M.; Wahl, W. R.; Lomax, D. R.; Lippincott, J.; Lovelace, D. M. (2019).
1580:
1521:
1434:
1409:
1384:
1376:
921:
917:
690:
307:
5218:
5108:
5033:
4975:
4568:
4459:
4213:
4106:
3804:
3538:
3517:
2827:
2761:
2668:
2305:
2001:
1961:
1930:
1922:
1891:
1856:
1812:
1775:
1765:
1718:
1691:
1624:
1614:
1570:
1560:
1511:
1501:
1459:
1349:
1311:
1269:
1199:
1152:
1139:
1072:
778:
385:
381:
296:
822:
5055:
5048:
5011:
4932:
4916:
4496:
4468:
4055:
3713:
3572:
3503:
3375:
3338:
3180:
3165:
3084:
3040:
3019:
2796:
2675:
2632:
2457:
2388:
2121:
1028:
877:
854:
735:
662:
658:
646:
614:
548:
is unknown and distinguishing traits between them were absent; if proven, this would make
519:
378:
370:
304:
223:
30:
1338:"A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)"
1852:
1687:
1556:
1497:
1195:
5098:
5040:
5004:
4901:
4833:
4808:
4781:
4749:
4393:
4363:
4168:
4007:
3925:
3824:
3584:
3510:
3473:
2971:
2768:
2527:
2423:
2362:
2341:
1780:
1753:
1629:
1602:
1575:
1540:
1516:
1481:
682:
553:
1965:
754:
453:, meaning lizard), in reference to the aberratic and unusual shape of its pelvis. The
5248:
5118:
5113:
4982:
4842:
4726:
4670:
4349:
4268:
4235:
4199:
4152:
4122:
4069:
4062:
3948:
3939:
3753:
3733:
3276:
3265:
3151:
3120:
3077:
3026:
3012:
2706:
2438:
2416:
2401:
2319:
1868:
1824:
1654:
Dinosaurs: The Most
Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages
817:
694:
686:
667:
490:
76:
2013:
1942:
1361:
1055:
across the formation was characterized by therizinosaurs, as seen on the remains of
5128:
4990:
4717:
4591:
4584:
4523:
4441:
4228:
4114:
3993:
3905:
3834:
3793:
3743:
3561:
3414:
3399:
3384:
3318:
3206:
3158:
3070:
2960:
2815:
2775:
2754:
2747:
2727:
2720:
2660:
2645:
2581:
2538:
2499:
2369:
2348:
2279:
2257:
1895:
1722:
1211:
1052:
1035:, Khara Khutul locality, about 95.9 ± 6.0 million to 89.6 ± 4.0 million years ago,
637:
629:
625:
603:
582:
528:
404:
262:
1991:"Erketu ellisoni, a long-necked sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)"
1910:
365:(sometimes called Baynshire Formation or the Baynshirenskaya Svita), southeastern
1860:
1565:
1506:
1353:
4953:
4863:
4798:
4539:
4489:
4420:
4372:
4137:
4083:
4031:
3978:
3864:
3844:
3783:
3547:
3297:
3287:
2950:
2789:
2554:
2513:
2484:
2477:
2445:
2355:
2289:
2229:
2216:
2175:
2054:
1960:. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. Vol. 17. pp. 49–79.
685:(now obsolete) due to its aberrant pelvis, but later considered a member of the
566:
503:
389:
51:
5018:
4886:
4693:
4577:
4547:
4514:
4482:
4448:
4434:
4427:
4251:
4161:
3955:
3915:
3854:
3763:
3692:
3679:
3607:
3554:
3430:
3407:
3392:
3328:
3255:
3143:
3113:
3106:
3049:
3005:
2699:
2588:
2572:
2561:
2520:
2506:
2470:
2431:
2409:
1539:
Stephan, L.; Emily, J. R.; Perle, A.; Lindsay, E. Z.; Lawrence, M. W. (2012).
1290:
1129:
1110:
1036:
1012:
894:
194:
96:
61:
34:
5178:
1730:
5123:
5103:
4939:
4894:
4856:
4849:
4406:
4339:
4319:
4299:
4289:
4279:
4189:
4023:
4016:
3985:
3480:
3307:
3099:
2981:
2653:
2595:
2547:
2491:
2377:
2246:
2148:
2096:
1087:
1044:
1040:
749:
322:
314:
207:
148:
101:
45:
1789:
1638:
1584:
1525:
1315:
395:
5172:
4946:
4818:
4475:
4413:
4175:
4129:
3773:
3524:
3448:
3092:
3056:
2602:
2334:
2087:
2078:
1182:
Barsbold, R. (1979). "Opisthopubic pelvis in the carnivorous dinosaurs".
1067:. The holotype location, Khara Khutul, has also yielded the contemporary
1048:
654:
618:
366:
354:
181:
168:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
38:
645:
elongated and low. Open edges are appreciable on the large trochanteric
5205:
4960:
4706:
4554:
4379:
3894:
3234:
3063:
2929:
2916:
2850:
1816:
1770:
1738:
1619:
633:
486:
461:, refers to the country of its discovery, Mongolia. Some therizinosaur
329:, known from a well preserved pelvis and other tentative body remains.
311:
106:
81:
1695:
4531:
4329:
4206:
3884:
2268:
2072:
1934:
1480:
Tsogtbaatar, K.; Weishampel, D. B.; Evans, D. C.; Watabe, M. (2019).
1463:
1282:
Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition
1203:
1113:
1103:
650:
541:
462:
158:
5149:
1752:
Zanno, L. E.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Chinzorig, T.; Gates, T. A. (2016).
2326:
1926:
1337:
1116:
on the formation. The unearthed fruits bear some resemblance with
1106:
1076:
703:
613:
581:
478:
474:
416:
394:
336:
292:
5192:
1086:
At the locality, diverse paleoflora has been discovered, such as
4658:
4603:
1276:[Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia]
494:
482:
300:
5153:
4656:
3677:
2914:
2214:
2065:
2027:
2023:
1911:"A Review of Dromaeosaurid Systematics and Paravian Phylogeny"
1122:, however, definitive taxonomic affinities are quite unclear.
670:
noted that more analyses are required to settle this enigma.
448:
441:
434:
426:
2006:
10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3508[1:EEALSF]2.0.CO;2
321:, although it is known from the lower part. The genus is
1079:
from this formation is known from Upper strata, whereas
1909:
Turner, A. H.; Makovicky, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2012).
1109:
findings at the locality reflect the large presence of
1027:
were found in sediments that were deposited during the
317:
that represents the third therizinosaur taxon from the
1232:"Segnosauria, a new suborder of carnivorous dinosaurs"
1051:, as suggested by most authors all over the time. The
586:
Diagram of the sacrum, in A ventral and B dorsal views
361:, was discovered at the Khara Khutul locality in the
291:(meaning "Enigma lizard" or "Enigmatic lizard") is a
4913:
4874:
4830:
4814:
4804:
4794:
4565:
4511:
4390:
4360:
4345:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4305:
4295:
4285:
4275:
4264:
4186:
4149:
4094:
4043:
4004:
3966:
3936:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3810:
3800:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3749:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3581:
3535:
3491:
3460:
3443:
3372:
3356:
3345:
3334:
3324:
3314:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3272:
3261:
3251:
3203:
3177:
3131:
3037:
2992:
2977:
2967:
2956:
2946:
2824:
2629:
2302:
2285:
2275:
2264:
2253:
2242:
269:
5162:
4912:
4873:
4829:
4779:
4748:
4725:
4716:
4692:
4669:
4602:
4564:
4510:
4458:
4389:
4359:
4249:
4185:
4148:
4093:
4042:
4003:
3965:
3935:
3690:
3606:
3580:
3571:
3534:
3490:
3459:
3428:
3371:
3232:
3202:
3176:
3130:
3036:
2991:
2927:
2849:
2823:
2814:
2737:
2685:
2628:
2571:
2537:
2456:
2387:
2300:
2227:
2174:
2147:
2120:
1915:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1475:
1473:
1375:Clark, J. M.; Maryańska, T.; Barsbold, R. (2004).
1043:ages. Being a therizinosaur, it was likely a slow
1841:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1433:. Publications International, LTD. p. 142.
716:Below are the results of the recently performed
1383:. University of California Press. p. 159.
697:in 2010 recovered a position more basal in the
1596:
1594:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1225:
1223:
1221:
636:. The pelvis is somewhat large as a whole and
2039:
681:was by the describers assigned to a separate
570:as would be expected for the connection with
8:
728:is recovered as a derived therizinosauroid.
1408:. Princeton University Press. p. 159.
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
341:Fossil localities in Mongolia. Locality of
5150:
4787:
4722:
4698:
4666:
4653:
4398:
4257:
3702:
3698:
3687:
3674:
3577:
3436:
3244:
3240:
2939:
2935:
2924:
2911:
2820:
2691:
2637:
2625:
2462:
2393:
2311:
2235:
2224:
2211:
2153:
2126:
2117:
2062:
2046:
2032:
2024:
708:Hip variation among therizinosaur genera (
540:is known from pelvic remains, whereas the
310:. It was a medium-sized, ground-dwelling,
117:
20:
1779:
1769:
1628:
1618:
1574:
1564:
1515:
1505:
720:of the Therizinosauria by Hartman et al.
1003:
653:preserves six vertebrae, with elongated
1174:
1406:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
469:were first thought to be referable to
423:, was stated to be derived from Greek
399:Schematic reconstruction of the pelvis
1989:Ksepka, D. T.; Norell, M. A. (2006).
7:
532:, since both were found in the same
1429:Dodson, P. (1993). "Erlikosaurus".
1342:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
910:
845:
838:
809:
802:
770:
741:
731:
1884:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1711:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1148:Timeline of therizinosaur research
1102:as fine representatives. Numerous
477:; large femoral shaft, might be a
325:, including only the type species
14:
5255:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
1652:Holtz, T. R.; Rey, L. V. (2007).
1015:from the Bayan Shireh Formation (
126:Skeletal diagram of the holotype
5134:
5133:
5079:
5073:
4639:
4634:
3660:
3653:
3646:
2897:
2891:
2885:
1274:"Хищные динозавры мела Монголии"
1230:Barsbold, R.; Perle, A. (1980).
1132:
920:
876:
821:
782:
753:
564:pelvis doesn't resemble that of
135:
1958:Cretaceous Environments of Asia
5275:Taxa named by Altangerel Perle
5270:Taxa named by Rinchen Barsbold
1896:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458
1723:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012026
526:was likely the same animal as
373:period, and first reported in
1:
5260:Fossil taxa described in 1983
1966:10.1016/s0920-5446(00)80024-2
1239:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
411:, was named and described in
1861:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109239
1566:10.1371/journal.pone.0052289
1507:10.1371/journal.pone.0208480
1354:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045
1163:Anatomical terms of location
1158:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
1083:is known from Lower strata.
449:
435:
1019:in yellow, first from left)
689:which are today called the
493:and the proximal end of an
5291:
442:
427:
5093:
5071:
4790:
4701:
4665:
4652:
4632:
4401:
4260:
3705:
3701:
3686:
3673:
3644:
3439:
3247:
3243:
2942:
2938:
2923:
2910:
2883:
2694:
2640:
2624:
2465:
2396:
2314:
2238:
2223:
2210:
2156:
2129:
2116:
2061:
1998:American Museum Novitates
1659:Genus List for Holtz 2012
1456:American Museum Novitates
915:
908:
891:
869:
850:
843:
836:
814:
807:
800:
775:
768:
746:
739:
409:Enigmosaurus mongoliensis
274:Enigmosaurus mongoliensis
268:
261:
132:Scientific classification
130:
125:
116:
23:
16:Extinct genus of reptiles
1075:. Most of the remaining
511:Possible synonymy with
403:Three years later, the
1316:10.1006/cres.1993.1011
1119:Abelmoschus esculentus
1033:Bayan Shireh Formation
1020:
713:
621:
611:tetraradiate process.
602:, there are even more
587:
439:, meaning enigma) and
400:
363:Bayan Shireh Formation
350:
319:Bayan Shireh Formation
5227:Paleobiology Database
2783:Paralitherizinosaurus
1890:(suppl. to 3): 102A.
1336:Zanno, L. E. (2010).
1093:Bothrocaryum gobience
1007:
718:phylogenetic analysis
707:
617:
585:
467:Iren Dabasu Formation
398:
340:
1431:The Age of Dinosaurs
1404:Paul, G. S. (2010).
1377:"Therizinosauroidea"
655:transverse processes
333:Discovery and naming
3970:Patagopterygiformes
3495:Confuciusornithidae
3361:Scansoriopterygidae
2996:Scansoriopterygidae
1853:2019PPP...533j9239L
1688:2020TeNov..32..246K
1557:2012PLoSO...752289L
1498:2019PLoSO..1408480T
1304:Cretaceous Research
1196:1979Natur.279..792B
1099:Nyssoidea mongolica
4098:Songlingornithidae
4047:Hongshanornithidae
3464:Omnivoropterygidae
3376:Jeholornithiformes
2687:Therizinosauroidea
1817:10.1111/pala.12362
1771:10.7717/peerj.1885
1662:Weight Information
1620:10.7717/peerj.7247
1021:
797:Therizinosauroidea
714:
699:Therizinosauroidea
649:. Apparently, the
622:
588:
534:geologic formation
485:; distal end of a
401:
369:, dating from the
351:
237:Therizinosauroidea
5242:
5241:
5214:Open Tree of Life
5156:Taxon identifiers
5147:
5146:
5089:
5088:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
4969:Lutetodontopteris
4878:Gastornithiformes
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4659:Aves / Neornithes
4648:
4647:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4604:Aves / Neornithes
4506:
4505:
4245:
4244:
4077:Parahongshanornis
3669:
3668:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3424:
3423:
3350:Archaeopterygidae
3228:
3227:
3135:Archaeopterygidae
2906:
2905:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2739:Therizinosauridae
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2106:Maniraptoriformes
1696:10.1111/ter.12456
1415:978-0-6911-3720-9
1190:(5716): 792–793.
996:
995:
987:
986:
978:
977:
969:
968:
960:
959:
951:
950:
942:
941:
933:
932:
918:Therizinosauridae
691:Therizinosauridae
628:, right and left
284:
283:
257:
5282:
5235:
5234:
5222:
5221:
5209:
5208:
5196:
5195:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5151:
5137:
5136:
5109:Deinonychosauria
5084:
5083:
5077:
5034:Protodontopteryx
4976:Macrodontopteryx
4915:
4876:
4832:
4816:
4806:
4796:
4788:
4723:
4699:
4667:
4654:
4643:
4638:
4569:Cimolopterygidae
4567:
4513:
4460:Hesperornithidae
4399:
4392:
4362:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4317:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4277:
4266:
4258:
4188:
4151:
4096:
4045:
4006:
3968:
3938:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3791:
3781:
3771:
3761:
3751:
3741:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3688:
3675:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3583:
3578:
3539:Jinguofortisidae
3537:
3518:Eoconfuciusornis
3493:
3462:
3445:
3437:
3374:
3358:
3347:
3336:
3326:
3316:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3274:
3263:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3205:
3179:
3133:
3039:
2994:
2979:
2969:
2958:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2925:
2912:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2839:Oviraptorosauria
2828:Oviraptorosauria
2826:
2821:
2762:Nanshiungosaurus
2692:
2669:Jianchangosaurus
2638:
2631:
2626:
2463:
2394:
2312:
2306:Alvarezsauroidea
2304:
2287:
2277:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2236:
2225:
2212:
2154:
2127:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2063:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2017:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1299:
1293:
1291:Translated paper
1289:
1279:
1266:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1216:
1215:
1204:10.1038/279792a0
1179:
1153:Rinchen Barsbold
1142:
1140:Dinosaurs portal
1137:
1136:
1135:
924:
911:
880:
846:
839:
825:
810:
803:
786:
779:Jianchangosaurus
771:
757:
742:
732:
619:Life restoration
465:findings at the
452:
445:
444:
438:
430:
429:
386:Altangerel Perle
382:Rinchen Barsbold
297:therizinosauroid
271:
255:
248:
235:
222:
140:
139:
121:
111:
48:
29:Temporal range:
21:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5158:
5148:
5143:
5085:
5078:
5061:
5056:Tympanonesiotes
5049:Pseudodontornis
5012:Palaeochenoides
4933:Caspiodontornis
4917:Pelagornithidae
4908:
4869:
4825:
4767:
4744:
4712:
4688:
4661:
4644:
4618:
4598:
4560:
4502:
4497:Parahesperornis
4469:Asiahesperornis
4454:
4385:
4355:
4254:
4241:
4181:
4144:
4089:
4056:Archaeornithura
4038:
3999:
3961:
3931:
3714:Archaeorhynchus
3695:
3682:
3665:
3652:
3622:
3602:
3573:Ornithothoraces
3567:
3530:
3504:Changchengornis
3486:
3455:
3433:
3420:
3367:
3339:Anchiornithidae
3237:
3224:
3198:
3192:Dromaeosauridae
3181:Dromaeosauridae
3172:
3166:Anchiornithidae
3126:
3085:Liaoningvenator
3041:Anchiornithidae
3032:
3020:Scansoriopteryx
2987:
2932:
2919:
2902:
2865:
2845:
2802:
2797:Therizinosaurus
2733:
2681:
2676:Lingyuanosaurus
2633:Therizinosauria
2608:
2567:
2533:
2458:Parvicursorinae
2452:
2389:Alvarezsauridae
2383:
2308:
2296:
2232:
2219:
2190:
2170:
2143:
2137:Avemetatarsalia
2122:Avemetatarsalia
2112:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2022:
2021:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1656:. Random House.
1651:
1650:
1646:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1492:(4): e0208480.
1479:
1478:
1471:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1250:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1073:velociraptorine
1071:and an unnamed
1029:Late Cretaceous
1023:The remains of
1002:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
857:" zheziangensis
855:Chilantaisaurus
736:Therizinosauria
676:
663:bone remodeling
659:bone resorption
604:specific traits
580:
560:. However, the
520:paleontologists
516:
379:paleontologists
371:Late Cretaceous
335:
327:E. mongoliensis
305:Late Cretaceous
280:
277:
254:
246:
233:
224:Therizinosauria
220:
134:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
42:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5288:
5286:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Therizinosaurs
5262:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5223:
5210:
5197:
5184:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5099:Archaeornithes
5094:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5041:Protopelicanus
5037:
5030:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5005:Osteodontornis
5001:
4994:
4987:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:Dromornithidae
4898:
4891:
4882:
4880:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4836:
4834:Dromornithidae
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4812:
4809:Perplexicervix
4802:
4791:
4785:
4782:Incertae sedis
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4761:Pangalliformes
4754:
4752:
4750:Pangalliformes
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4731:
4729:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4519:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4396:
4394:Hesperornithes
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4366:
4364:Ichthyornithes
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4333:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4261:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4193:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4169:Similiyanornis
4165:
4157:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4010:
4008:Ambiortiformes
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3926:Zhongjianornis
3919:
3909:
3899:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3858:
3848:
3838:
3828:
3825:Jianchangornis
3818:
3808:
3798:
3787:
3777:
3767:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3727:
3717:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3596:Enantiornithes
3589:
3587:
3585:Enantiornithes
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3511:Confuciusornis
3507:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3474:Omnivoropteryx
3469:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3440:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3343:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3270:
3259:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2972:Pneumatoraptor
2965:
2954:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2769:Neimongosaurus
2765:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2528:Trierarchuncus
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2424:Bonapartenykus
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2363:Shishugounykus
2359:
2352:
2345:
2342:Bonapartenykus
2338:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2273:
2262:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2000:(3508): 1–16.
1981:
1974:
1948:
1921:(371): 1–206.
1901:
1874:
1830:
1811:(5): 703–719.
1795:
1744:
1717:(4): 507–515.
1701:
1682:(4): 246–252.
1665:
1644:
1590:
1551:(12): e52289.
1531:
1469:
1458:(3115): 1–39.
1446:
1439:
1421:
1414:
1396:
1389:
1381:The Dinosauria
1367:
1348:(4): 503–543.
1321:
1294:
1284:(in Russian).
1248:
1217:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1127:
1124:
1090:reported with
1031:period on the
1011:and the known
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
989:
985:
984:
981:
980:
976:
975:
972:
971:
967:
966:
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
953:
949:
948:
945:
944:
940:
939:
936:
935:
931:
930:
927:
926:
914:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
793:
792:
789:
788:
774:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
745:
740:
738:
730:
683:Enigmosauridae
675:
674:Classification
672:
579:
576:
554:junior synonym
522:proposed that
515:
509:
499:incertae sedis
489:; a tentative
334:
331:
299:that lived in
282:
281:
279:Barsbold, 1983
278:
266:
265:
259:
258:
256:Barsbold, 1983
244:
240:
239:
231:
227:
226:
218:
211:
210:
205:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5287:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5140:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Odontornithes
5117:
5115:
5114:Odontognathae
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5082:
5076:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4843:Barawertornis
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4738:Anserimorphae
4735:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4727:Anserimorphae
4724:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4682:Palaeognathae
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4671:Palaeognathae
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4642:
4637:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4350:Tingmiatornis
4344:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:Antarcticavis
4263:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4238:
4237:
4236:Shuilingornis
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4200:Changzuiornis
4197:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4153:Yanornithidae
4147:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:Songlingornis
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:Longicrusavis
4067:
4065:
4064:
4063:Hongshanornis
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3949:Mengciusornis
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3940:Schizoouridae
3934:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3754:Changzuiornis
3748:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:Brevidentavis
3728:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3649:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:Cretaaviculus
3271:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:Archaeopteryx
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3121:Yixianosaurus
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:Fujianvenator
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:Epidexipteryx
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:Beipiaosaurus
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:Heptasteornis
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:Alvarezsaurus
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:Achillesaurus
2399:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:Achillesaurus
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1975:9780444502766
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:10.1206/748.1
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:(109353): 2.
1846:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Palaeontology
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1440:0-7853-0443-6
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1390:9780520242098
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:(2): 190–192.
1244:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
992:
991:
983:
982:
974:
973:
965:
964:
956:
955:
947:
946:
938:
937:
929:
928:
925:
923:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
896:
889:
888:
885:
884:
881:
879:
875:
874:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
856:
848:
847:
841:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
824:
820:
819:
818:Beipiaosaurus
812:
811:
805:
804:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
785:
781:
780:
773:
772:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
756:
752:
751:
744:
743:
737:
734:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
711:
706:
702:
700:
696:
695:Lindsay Zanno
692:
688:
687:Segnosauridae
684:
680:
673:
671:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
632:and the left
631:
627:
620:
616:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
521:
514:
510:
508:
506:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:specific name
451:
446:
437:
432:
431:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
344:
339:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
276:
275:
267:
264:
260:
253:
252:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
230:Superfamily:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
5164:Enigmosaurus
5163:
5129:Unenlagiidae
5054:
5047:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4991:Odontopteryx
4989:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4817:
4807:
4797:
4780:
4718:Galloanserae
4705:
4592:Lamarqueavis
4590:
4585:Cimolopteryx
4583:
4576:
4553:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4524:Australornis
4522:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4447:
4442:Pasquiaornis
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4378:
4371:
4348:
4338:
4328:
4318:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4267:
4234:
4229:Khinganornis
4227:
4220:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4136:
4128:
4121:
4115:Piscivoravis
4113:
4105:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4030:
4022:
4015:
3994:Patagopteryx
3992:
3984:
3977:
3954:
3947:
3924:
3914:
3906:Xinghaiornis
3904:
3893:
3883:
3873:
3863:
3853:
3843:
3835:Jiuquanornis
3833:
3823:
3813:
3803:
3794:Gargantuavis
3792:
3782:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3744:Changmaornis
3742:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3651:
3562:Jinguofortis
3560:
3553:
3546:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3479:
3472:
3446:
3415:Neimengornis
3413:
3406:
3400:Jixiangornis
3398:
3391:
3385:Dalianraptor
3383:
3359:
3348:
3337:
3327:
3319:Yandangornis
3317:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3275:
3264:
3254:
3218:Troodontidae
3207:Troodontidae
3164:
3159:Wellnhoferia
3157:
3150:
3142:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3076:
3071:Eosinopteryx
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2980:
2970:
2961:Palaeopteryx
2959:
2949:
2890:
2816:Pennaraptora
2795:
2788:
2781:
2776:Nothronychus
2774:
2767:
2760:
2755:Erlikosaurus
2753:
2748:Erliansaurus
2746:
2728:Suzhousaurus
2726:
2721:Martharaptor
2719:
2714:Enigmosaurus
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2674:
2667:
2661:Fukuivenator
2659:
2652:
2646:Eshanosaurus
2644:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2582:Albertonykus
2580:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:Ceratonykini
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2500:Nemegtonykus
2498:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2376:
2370:Tugulusaurus
2368:
2361:
2354:
2349:Haplocheirus
2347:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2288:
2280:Migmanychion
2278:
2267:
2258:Fukuivenator
2256:
2245:
2101:
2092:
2083:
1997:
1984:
1957:
1951:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1610:
1606:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1489:
1485:
1455:
1449:
1430:
1424:
1405:
1399:
1380:
1370:
1345:
1341:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1270:Barsbold, R.
1242:
1238:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1117:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1081:Enigmosaurus
1080:
1068:
1064:
1061:Erlikosaurus
1060:
1057:Enigmosaurus
1056:
1053:biodiversity
1025:Enigmosaurus
1024:
1022:
1017:Enigmosaurus
1016:
1009:Enigmosaurus
1008:
1000:Paleoecology
916:
893:
892:
873:Enigmosaurus
872:
871:
870:
852:
851:
816:
815:
777:
776:
748:
747:
726:Enigmosaurus
725:
715:
710:Enigmosaurus
709:
679:Enigmosaurus
678:
677:
638:opisthopubic
623:
608:Enigmosaurus
607:
596:Enigmosaurus
595:
591:Enigmosaurus
590:
589:
572:Erlikosaurus
571:
565:
562:Enigmosaurus
561:
558:Erlikosaurus
557:
550:Enigmosaurus
549:
546:Erlikosaurus
545:
538:Enigmosaurus
537:
529:Erlikosaurus
527:
524:Enigmosaurus
523:
517:
513:Erlikosaurus
512:
502:
498:
481:shaft; some
471:Enigmosaurus
470:
459:mongoliensis
458:
440:
425:
424:
421:Enigmosaurus
420:
417:generic name
408:
405:type species
402:
358:
352:
347:Khara Khutul
346:
343:Enigmosaurus
342:
326:
288:Enigmosaurus
287:
286:
285:
273:
272:
263:Type species
251:Enigmosaurus
250:
249:
214:
201:
188:
175:
25:Enigmosaurus
24:
18:
5026:Proceriavis
4998:Odontoptila
4954:Gigantornis
4864:Ilbandornis
4799:Asteriornis
4540:Neogaeornis
4490:Hesperornis
4421:Chupkaornis
4373:Ichthyornis
4138:Yixianornis
4084:Tianyuornis
4032:Palintropus
3979:Alamitornis
3865:Meemannavis
3845:Juehuaornis
3784:Eogranivora
3724:Bellulornis
3548:Chongmingia
3298:Overoraptor
3288:Fukuipteryx
2951:Imperobator
2790:Segnosaurus
2555:Ceratonykus
2514:Parvicursor
2485:Khulsanurus
2478:Jaculinykus
2446:Patagonykus
2356:Patagonykus
2290:Yaverlandia
2230:Maniraptora
2217:Maniraptora
2176:Maniraptora
2055:Maniraptora
1069:Segnosaurus
1065:Segnosaurus
724:, in which
578:Description
567:Segnosaurus
504:Segnosaurus
390:Segnosauria
349:, at Area D
303:during the
44:96–89
5249:Categories
5097:See also:
5019:Pelagornis
4887:Brontornis
4694:Neognathae
4613:see below↓
4578:Ceramornis
4548:Polarornis
4515:Vegaviidae
4483:Fumicollis
4449:Potamornis
4435:Judinornis
4428:Enaliornis
4252:Ornithurae
4162:Abitusavis
3956:Schizooura
3916:Yumenornis
3875:Platanavis
3855:Kaririavis
3815:Horezmavis
3764:Chaoyangia
3693:Euornithes
3680:Euornithes
3617:see below↓
3608:Euornithes
3555:Cratonavis
3431:Pygostylia
3408:Kompsornis
3393:Jeholornis
3329:Zhongornis
3256:Alcmonavis
3144:Alcmonavis
3114:Xiaotingia
3107:Serikornis
3050:Anchiornis
3006:Ambopteryx
2860:see below↓
2700:Alxasaurus
2589:Linhenykus
2573:Mononykini
2562:Xixianykus
2521:Qiupanykus
2507:Ondogurvel
2471:Dzharaonyx
2432:Bradycneme
2410:Alnashetri
2185:see below↓
2088:Dinosauria
1676:Terra Nova
1310:(2): 138.
1169:References
1111:angiosperm
1077:paleofauna
1037:Cenomanian
1013:Dinosauria
895:Alxasaurus
712:in center)
359:IGM 100/84
195:Saurischia
182:Dinosauria
35:Cenomanian
5124:Sauriurae
5104:Carinatae
4940:Cyphornis
4926:Aequornis
4895:Gastornis
4857:Genyornis
4850:Dromornis
4407:Baptornis
4340:Limenavis
4320:Iaceornis
4310:Guildavis
4300:Gallornis
4290:Cerebavis
4280:Apatornis
4190:Gansuidae
4024:Apsaravis
4017:Ambiortus
3986:Kuszholia
3481:Sapeornis
3308:Rahonavis
3100:Pedopenna
2982:Rahonavis
2654:Falcarius
2596:Mononykus
2548:Albinykus
2378:Xiyunykus
2247:Elopteryx
2164:Theropoda
2149:Theropoda
2097:Theropoda
2071:Kingdom:
1935:2246/6352
1869:197584839
1825:133643430
1764:: e1885.
1731:0272-4634
1613:: e7247.
1464:2246/3712
1088:Cornaceae
1045:herbivore
1041:Santonian
750:Falcarius
642:peduncles
323:monotypic
315:herbivore
208:Theropoda
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
5193:10519123
5173:Wikidata
5139:Category
4947:Dasornis
4819:Qinornis
4476:Canadaga
4414:Brodavis
4222:Iteravis
4214:Hollanda
4176:Yanornis
4130:Yanornis
4107:Hollanda
3805:Hollanda
3774:Dingavis
3525:Yangavis
3449:Proornis
3093:Ostromia
3057:Aurornis
2603:Shuvuuia
2335:Bannykus
2079:Chordata
2077:Phylum:
2073:Animalia
2014:86032547
1943:83572446
1790:27069815
1639:31333906
1585:23284972
1545:PLOS ONE
1526:30995236
1486:PLOS ONE
1362:53405097
1272:(1983).
1126:See also
1049:omnivore
367:Mongolia
355:holotype
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
39:Turonian
5219:4129492
5206:4821740
5179:Q134611
4961:Laornis
4707:Neoaves
4555:Vegavis
4380:Janavis
3895:Wyleyia
3235:Avialae
3064:Caihong
2930:Paraves
2917:Paraves
2851:Paraves
1849:Bibcode
1781:4824891
1739:4523011
1684:Bibcode
1630:6626525
1576:3526574
1553:Bibcode
1517:6469754
1494:Bibcode
1212:4348297
1192:Bibcode
1047:and/or
634:ischium
487:humerus
436:aínigma
428:αίνιγμα
312:bipedal
243:Genus:
4532:Maaqwi
4330:Kookne
4207:Gansus
3885:Vorona
3266:Balaur
2269:Kakuru
2012:
1972:
1941:
1867:
1823:
1788:
1778:
1737:
1729:
1637:
1627:
1583:
1573:
1524:
1514:
1437:
1412:
1387:
1360:
1210:
1184:Nature
1114:plants
1104:fossil
651:sacrum
542:pelvis
491:radius
479:tibial
463:fossil
450:sauros
443:σαῦρος
308:period
5232:68384
2327:Aorun
2102:Clade
2093:Clade
2084:Clade
2010:S2CID
1994:(PDF)
1939:S2CID
1865:S2CID
1821:S2CID
1758:PeerJ
1735:JSTOR
1607:PeerJ
1358:S2CID
1288:: 89.
1278:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1208:S2CID
1107:fruit
668:Zanno
647:fossa
630:pubis
626:ilium
518:Some
475:femur
293:genus
215:Clade
202:Clade
189:Clade
176:Clade
5201:GBIF
4983:Manu
4759:see
4736:see
4680:see
3594:see
3216:see
3190:see
2837:see
2162:see
2135:see
1970:ISBN
1786:PMID
1727:ISSN
1635:PMID
1581:PMID
1522:PMID
1435:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1096:and
1063:and
722:2019
661:and
606:for
600:2010
495:ulna
483:ribs
413:1983
384:and
375:1979
353:The
301:Asia
52:PreꞒ
5188:EoL
2492:Kol
2002:doi
1962:doi
1931:hdl
1923:doi
1919:371
1892:doi
1857:doi
1845:533
1813:doi
1776:PMC
1766:doi
1719:doi
1692:doi
1625:PMC
1615:doi
1571:PMC
1561:doi
1512:PMC
1502:doi
1460:hdl
1350:doi
1312:doi
1200:doi
1188:279
556:of
544:of
345:in
295:of
5251::
5229::
5216::
5203::
5190::
5175::
3027:Yi
2104::
2095::
2086::
2008:.
1996:.
1968:.
1937:.
1929:.
1917:.
1913:.
1888:27
1886:.
1863:.
1855:.
1843:.
1819:.
1809:61
1807:.
1784:.
1774:.
1760:.
1756:.
1733:.
1725:.
1713:.
1690:.
1680:32
1678:.
1633:.
1623:.
1609:.
1605:.
1593:^
1579:.
1569:.
1559:.
1547:.
1543:.
1520:.
1510:.
1500:.
1490:14
1488:.
1484:.
1472:^
1379:.
1356:.
1344:.
1340:.
1324:^
1308:14
1306:.
1286:19
1280:.
1251:^
1243:25
1241:.
1237:.
1220:^
1206:.
1198:.
1186:.
1059:,
701:.
693:.
552:a
536:,
507:.
457:,
419:,
407:,
388::
357:,
217::
204::
191::
178::
102:Pg
46:Ma
41:)
37:–
5044:?
5029:?
4986:?
4964:?
4914:†
4905:?
4890:?
4875:†
4831:†
4822:?
4815:†
4805:†
4795:†
4595:?
4566:†
4543:?
4535:?
4527:?
4512:†
4391:†
4361:†
4346:†
4336:†
4326:†
4316:†
4306:†
4296:†
4286:†
4276:†
4272:?
4265:†
4217:?
4192:?
4187:†
4150:†
4141:?
4133:?
4118:?
4110:?
4095:†
4044:†
4035:?
4027:?
4005:†
3989:?
3967:†
3937:†
3922:†
3912:†
3902:†
3898:?
3891:†
3881:†
3871:†
3861:†
3851:†
3841:†
3831:†
3821:†
3811:†
3801:†
3797:?
3790:†
3780:†
3770:†
3760:†
3750:†
3740:†
3730:†
3720:†
3710:†
3582:†
3536:†
3492:†
3466:?
3461:†
3451:"
3447:"
3444:†
3403:?
3388:?
3373:†
3364:?
3357:†
3353:?
3346:†
3342:?
3335:†
3325:†
3315:†
3311:?
3304:†
3294:†
3284:†
3280:?
3273:†
3269:?
3262:†
3252:†
3204:†
3178:†
3169:?
3147:?
3132:†
3088:?
3038:†
2998:?
2993:†
2978:†
2968:†
2964:?
2957:†
2947:†
2825:†
2664:?
2649:?
2630:†
2495:?
2449:?
2427:?
2405:?
2373:?
2330:?
2303:†
2293:?
2286:†
2276:†
2272:?
2265:†
2261:?
2254:†
2250:?
2243:†
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
2016:.
2004::
1978:.
1964::
1945:.
1933::
1925::
1898:.
1894::
1871:.
1859::
1851::
1827:.
1815::
1792:.
1768::
1762:4
1741:.
1721::
1715:4
1698:.
1694::
1686::
1641:.
1617::
1611:7
1587:.
1563::
1555::
1549:7
1528:.
1504::
1496::
1466:.
1462::
1443:.
1418:.
1393:.
1364:.
1352::
1346:8
1318:.
1314::
1214:.
1202::
1194::
1039:-
853:"
447:(
433:(
270:†
247:†
234:†
221:†
107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
33:(
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