764:
775:'s "Asteropus" in 620 BCE (increase in the power of the ephorate), the ephors became the ambassadors of Sparta. They handled all matters associated with foreign relations, including the creation of treaties with foreign powers and meeting with emissaries to discuss foreign politics. They held power within Sparta by also acting as the Presidents of the assembly and the justices of the supreme civil court as well as controlling army composition. The ephors needed a majority vote to make decisions binding and minority or dissenting decisions were not accepted by the assembly.
966:
833:
1152:, depicts ephors as priestly class that exercise power by interpreting the words of the Oracle. In the film they are dramatized as elderly lepers with pale skin and lesions. At the beginning of the movie, Leonidas is shown visiting the ephors and proposing a war strategy to them. The ephors then consult the Oracle and refuse Leonidas' plan, showing that they have been bribed by
615:, a complete reversal of the policy of Lysander. According to Aristotle, the ephors frequently came from poverty because any Spartan citizen could hold the position, and it was not exclusive to the upper-class. Aristotle stated that because of this they were often liable to corruption. There were times when the legal power of an ephor was taken advantage of, such as with
1177:. The ephors decide to delay the battle but under the guise of having private bodyguards, King Leonidas marches into battle with 300 Spartans. The ephors are mentioned later in the film when Leonidas receives a letter from his wife informing him that the ephors have the remainder of the Spartan army will not be joining him. Xenathon is a named ephor in the film.
1212:
hospitality. Eurytos is killed by a helot revolt and the only surviving soldier returns to Sparta to inform the remaining four ephors. The ephors send soldiers to kill the helots who killed
Eurytos stating, "The only thing more unthinkable than a helot killing an ephor is that helot escaping punishment."
801:. Unless the oracle from Delphi or Olympia stated otherwise, the ephors had the ability to depose the offending king or kings. Plutarch also stated that the ephors tried cases involving contracts among citizens. He further reported that each ephor specialized in a different type of disputed contract.
796:
population so that any
Spartan citizen could kill a helot without fear of blood guilt. This was done to keep the large helot population in check. Plutarch also stated that every eight years the ephors would watch the skies on a moonless night. If shooting stars occurred, it was up to the ephors to
1211:
and writes "Once a year, the masters declare war on the helots." The ephors were in charge of the
Krypteia and declaring war on the helots in order to keep them terrified and controlled. The next scene depicts the ephor, Eurytos, being guided by his soldiers to a helot community where they demand
739:
in Athens. He was probably designated during the elections as the candidate with the loudest shouts overall. The eponymous ephor did not have any additional power compared to his colleagues; it was only a prestigious position. In 413/2, the ordinary ephor Endios is thus described by
Thucydides as
681:
The
Spartan constitution is principally known through the work of Aristotle, who describes in detail the elections of the gerontes (the members of the Gerousia), but not the ephors. It is still assumed that the election procedure was similar. Candidates passed one by one before the assembled
755:. The list went at least as far as 556 (the year of Chilon's ephorate) and possibly up to 754 (during the reign of Theopompos as ancient authors believed). However, Diogenes lived in the 3rd century AD, and even his sources dated from the Hellenistic era, long after the events.
637:. Cleomenes's coup resulted in the death of four of the five ephors, along with ten other citizens. His abolition of the ephorship allowed him to cement his role as king and prevent anyone from stopping his political reforms. However, the ephorate was restored by the
804:
According to
Pausanias, the ephors served with the Gerousia on the Supreme criminal court of Sparta. This included presiding over treason, homicide, and other offenses that carried serious punishments. These punishments included exile, death, and disfranchisement.
568:), but does not mention the ephors. It has therefore been suggested that Pausanias was hostile to the ephors, to whom he possibly attributed his banishment, and published the Rhetra to discredit their office. Although the contents of this
702:
had no reported conflict with the ephors support the view that they could decide who would be the ephors. Some ephors were elected thanks to a famous deed that made them known among voters. For example, Leon, ephor in 419/8, had won the
813:
regular meetings became mandated. By the late sixth century BCE, the ephors had acquired this authority to oversee the assembly and could use this power against the kings of Sparta. For example, they used this authority to force King
460:, "to see", i.e., "one who oversees" or "overseer". The ephors were a council of five Spartan men elected annually who swore an oath monthly on the behalf of the state. The Spartan kings, however, would swear on behalf of themselves.
603:
while the kings were little more than generals. Up to two ephors would accompany a king on extended military campaigns as a sign of control, and they held the authority to declare war during some periods in
Spartan history.
463:
The ephors did not have to kneel before the Kings of Sparta, and were held in high esteem by the citizens because of the importance of their powers and because of the holy role that they earned throughout their functions.
682:
citizens, who shouted according to their preference, while several assessors who were confined into a windowless building declared winners the five candidates with the loudest shouts. As with the gerontes, this system of
689:
The kings played a prominent role during election campaigns by favouring their candidates, even though only one instance of such practice is known, when in 243/2 Lysander was elected ephor with the help of the king
903:
Ephors could also intervene in cases of "disturbing the peace." This included punishing underage
Spartans indirectly for their offenses against Sparta. This form of retribution would include penalizing the boys'
939:, they would examine the naked bodies of the boys every ten days to ensure they were of proper complexion and fitness and not being overfed, as well as examining the boys' clothes daily to ensure that they fit.
808:
Ephors had the authority to summon and preside over the assembly's regular meetings in the fifth century BCE. Initially this power was only assigned to kings in early years. However, with the passing of the
996:: Known for causing physical division in the voting process by making voters stand in separate spaces to represent yes or no votes. This eliminated the secrecy of the voting process. (served in 432 BCE).
591:(populace) of men between the ages of 30–60, so eligible Spartans highly sought after the position. They were forbidden to be re-elected and provided a balance for the two kings, who rarely co-operated.
847:, held the majority of the power within the Spartan government, as the two kings had to consult either with the ephors or the Gerousia in almost any official matter. The ephors also held power over the
1111:
The concept of an ephorate continues to be used by some contemporary organizations which require a monarchical element within a democratic framework. One such organization is the
Ephorate of the
2708:
1191:
novel that recounts the Battle of
Thermopylae. In Chapter 15, the ephors appear when a delegation of mothers and wives goes to the council, requesting they be allowed to join the battle.
818:
to change his conjugal arrangements to their advantage. King Anaxandridas' wife was barren but he refused to divorce her so the ephors forced him to marry a second wife to provide heirs.
821:
Two ephors were always sent on military expeditions to ensure the king acted in line, and if not, could put the king on trial. Many kings were put on trial by the ephors, including
1017:
on multiple campaigns but suffered a dispute with King Agesilaus over the locals' loyalty to him. Lysander returned home upon the end of term as ephor (served in 243 BCE).
607:
Since political and economic decisions were made by majority vote, Sparta's policy could change quickly, when the vote of one ephor changed. For example, in 403 BCE,
671:, because the term of the ephors matched the Spartan year, which started with the first full Moon after the equinox, therefore the end of September or October.
935:
The ephors paid close attention to the education of young Spartans, and played a significant role in ensuring the education was up to standard. According to
743:
As the eponymous ephors were used as dates, a list compiling their names existed in Sparta, and is mentioned by Polybius. This list was perhaps published by
1085:(Peloponnese): Messene took its independence from Sparta in 370/69, but retained some of its institutions, such as the ephors, who are mentioned c.295.
1092:, Italy): The ephorate is attested in the 3rd century, but considering that its colony Herakleia also had ephors, Taras probably had ephors since the
385:
797:
decide whether one or both of the kings had transgressed in his dealings with the gods. A transgression could include any behavior that dishonored
674:
There was probably an age requirement of at least 30 years old to be elected ephor, the age from which a Spartan citizen was no longer considered
2050:
2026:
579:
According to Plutarch, the ephorate was born out of the necessity for leaders while the kings of Sparta were absent for long periods during the
2693:
2476:
648:
in 222 BCE. Although Sparta fell under Roman rule in 146 BCE, the position existed into the 2nd century CE, when it was likely abolished by
406:. They had an extensive range of judicial, religious, legislative, and military powers, and could shape Sparta's home and foreign affairs.
1899:
Millender, Ellen G. (2018). "Kingship: The History, Power, and Prerogatives of the Spartans' 'Divine' Dyarchy". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
2612:
1285:
1618:
Millender, Ellen (2018). "Kingship: The History, Power, and Prerogatives of the Spartans' 'Divine' Dyarchy". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
1501:
Les éphores. Études sur l'histoire et sur l'image de Sparte (VIIIe-IIIe siècle avant Jésus-Christ). Histoire ancienne et médiévale 50
1425:, p. 115; though he writes p. 117 that the absence of the ephors in the Rhetra could be the result of their unimportance at the time.
572:
and Pausanias' motivations remain disputed, most modern scholars think the ephors were created at the time of Theopompos, during the
2679:
2655:
2638:
1513:
1271:
1112:
1121:
contains several regional ephorates that carry out the administration of archaeological investigations in their respective regions
1474:
1594:
1063:, Libya): The city was a colony of Cyrene and adopted its institutions as a result. It therefore counted ephors and a gerousia.
1073:, Italy): The eponymous magistrate of the city was an ephor, because it reproduced the institutions of its mother-city, Taras.
686:
was considered "childish" by Aristotle, because influential men could easily manipulate the results by pressuring the jury.
2718:
2713:
2507:
1505:
378:
984:
Leon: Became an ephor at an older age and was the founder of a Spartan colony and Olympic victor (served in 419/8 BCE).
763:
1249:
289:
267:
1026:: Introduced legislation that destroyed the equal distribution of land that Lukourgos made in the fourth century BCE.
488:
Two different accounts of the origins of the ephorate exist in ancient sources. The earliest account is found in the
1435:
541:
1002:: Known for abandoning the invasion of Athens and returning to Peloponnese in 446 BCE. He went voluntarily into
1412:, pp. 38, 39, "It is most unlikely that the Ephorate was introduced before the twenties of the eighth century."
905:
2723:
557:
371:
236:
107:
1079:(Libya): Cyrene had a gerousia and a board of five ephors from an early date. It was a foundation of Thera.
2643:
1129:
430:
419:
1166:
1125:
1035:
744:
708:
587:, and all citizens were eligible. The position of ephor was the only political office open to the whole
490:
117:
965:
1042:
and was charged with implementing a new bill which included debt-cancellation and land-redistribution.
771:
The ephors held numerous duties in legislative, judicial, financial, and executive matters. Following
2660:
2534:
1133:
876:
837:
553:
525:
516:
297:
52:
1056:
954:
Only 67 ephors are known by name before the end of the third century BCE, out of potentially 3000.
641:
608:
499:
31:
2415:
2501:
1798:
1576:
1188:
772:
724:
645:
536:. Modern scholars have identified the source of the second version in a lost work written by the
825:, who was found to have accepted a bribe from the Thessalians during his military expedition to
1559:
Gribble, David (2012). "Alcibiades at the Olympics: Performance, Politics and Civic Ideology".
2689:
2675:
2651:
2634:
2472:
1633:
Kennell, Nigel (2018). "Spartan Cultural Memory in the Roman Period". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
1509:
1267:
1007:
936:
752:
716:
668:
656:
623:, who persuaded the Spartans to allow Alcibiades to take control of Sparta's peace mission to
565:
134:
2110:
Richer, Nicolas (2018). "Spartan Education in the Classical Period". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
2728:
2574:
2125:
2074:
1978:
1823:
1790:
1568:
1300:
1229:
1161:
1066:
1029:
900:. The ephors also were responsible for penalizing disobedience in the military using fines.
798:
736:
638:
139:
74:
2283:
van Wees, Hans (2018). "Luxury, Austerity and Equality in Sparta". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
1914:
Van Wees, Hans (2018). "Luxury, Austerity and Equality in Sparta". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
452:
815:
740:
wielding a lot of influence within the college, even though the eponymous was Onomantios.
262:
1020:
Nausikleidas: Accompanied and supported King Pausanias on expedition (served in 403 BCE).
633:
abolished the position of ephor in 227 BCE, and replaced them with a position called the
1532:
Ruze, Francoise (2018). "The Empire of the Spartans (404-371)". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
990:: Known for being the negotiator of peace treaty, named after him (served in 387/6 BCE).
2626:
2586:
2161:
1203:
1156:. King Leonidas thus leads his 300 'bodyguards' to Thermoplyae without their approval.
1118:
1093:
580:
573:
359:
354:
1998:
Lupi, Marcello (2018). "Sparta and the Persian Wars 499-478". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
2702:
2546:
2403:
1802:
1580:
1459:
Figueira, Thomas (2018). "Helotage and the Spartan Economy". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
1199:
1195:
1182:
1076:
649:
630:
537:
472:
414:
112:
89:
1173:
over the decision to delay the battle until after the religious harvest festival of
441:
1781:
Sahlins, Marshall (2011). "Twin-born with greatness: the dual kingship of Sparta".
1259:
1102:(Santorini Island): A board of three ephors were eponymous magistrates in the city.
1014:
993:
810:
699:
549:
349:
221:
61:
2311:
Stewart, Daniel (2018). "From Leuktra to Nabis, 371-192". In Powell, Anton (ed.).
886:(Commanders of the Guard) every year from men over the age of thirty. The chosen
467:
Several other Greek city-states with a Spartan ancestry also had ephors, such as
1499:
1170:
1143:
999:
832:
822:
695:
323:
2552:
1983:
1966:
1572:
1361:
1148:
987:
919:
748:
712:
683:
616:
328:
257:
195:
170:
2444:. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
1827:
735:
One of the ephors was eponymous, i.e. he gave his name to the year, like the
2559:
2529:
1840:
1099:
1023:
788:
600:
521:
511:
495:
302:
252:
231:
190:
175:
155:
79:
544:
after he had been forced to abdicate and go into exile in 394 BCE. In this
2607:
2581:
2440:
1241:
1208:
1153:
1060:
978:
970:
943:
910:(adult lovers). When men between the ages of twenty and thirty (known as
864:
856:
852:
844:
826:
783:
779:
720:
704:
675:
561:
533:
503:
333:
284:
279:
226:
216:
185:
160:
124:
69:
1794:
17:
2600:
1174:
1089:
1082:
1070:
1039:
896:
691:
652:
468:
318:
274:
84:
1967:"Divided Power and Eynomia: Deliberative Procedures in Ancient Sparta"
2541:
1352:
958:
860:
848:
624:
620:
612:
596:
584:
529:
528:. This version is then more prevalent in subsequent authors, such as
403:
180:
165:
45:
2051:"Xenophon, Constitution of the Lacedaimonians, chapter 4, section 6"
2027:"Xenophon, Constitution of the Lacedaimonians, chapter 4, section 3"
961:: Scion of wealthy family, son of Alcibiades (served in 413/2 BCE).
2569:
1003:
964:
924:
831:
793:
762:
592:
507:
211:
1228:"ephor, n.". OED Online. March 2021. Oxford University Press.
524:, who tells that the ephorate was created by the Spartan king
928:. Through this system the ephors could directly penalize the
450:
439:
428:
417:
723:
was elected in 431 just after his victory against Athens at
2496:. 2001 Center St, Sixth FI, Berkeley, CA: Image Comics Inc.
922:
charged with supervising the education of the youth in the
719:
in 387 before becoming ephor in 370/69. The famous general
548:, Pausanias likely published Lycurgus' laws, including the
2633:, London, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1979).
1637:. Vol. 1. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 643–662.
498:, who traces its origins to the mythical Spartan lawgiver
30:
For the use of the title in modern Greek archaeology, see
1903:. Vol. 1. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. p. 463.
1463:. Vol. 1. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. p. 579.
1230:
https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/63224?redirectedFrom=ephor
1146:'s 2007 film adaptation of the Battle of Thermoplyae,
2002:. Vol. 1. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 282.
1918:. Vol. 1. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 212.
1622:. Vol. 1. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 455.
1536:. Vol. 1. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 323.
981:: Came from higher class family (served in 431/0 BC).
655:
and superseded by imperial governance as part of the
2164:, "Spartan justice? or the 'state of the ephors'?",
1119:
The Hellenic Republic Ministry of Culture and Sports
2631:Sparta and Lakonia, A Regional History 1300–362 BC
1815:Millender, E. (2001). Spartan Literacy Revisited.
1207:, ephors are referenced when Gillen describes the
914:) committed offenses they were brought before the
882:The ephors also had the authority to choose three
520:, written in the middle of the 4th century BCE by
2709:2nd-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1180:Ephors have appeared in Steven Pressfield's 1998
611:convinced three of the ephors to send an army to
1006:, with the Spartans condemning him to death in
667:The ephorate elections took place close to the
1096:. The office was eponymous in the 3rd century.
2315:. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 390–391.
1132:, envisaged what would now be described as a
552:, which details the different element of the
379:
8:
2665:An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
2114:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. p. 532.
1013:Lysander: Was sent as an ambassador to King
890:would then choose three hundred of the best
402:were a board of five magistrates in ancient
1595:"Plutarch, Cleomenes, chapter 8, section 1"
1140:, but the republic lasted only six months.
514:. A diverging version first appears in the
1115:, an American fraternal research society.
694:. The fact that influential kings such as
386:
372:
36:
2392:Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
2379:Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
2366:Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
2353:Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
2340:Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
2327:Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
1982:
2287:. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 205.
1165:also depicts the ephorate's role in the
1960:
1958:
1956:
1527:
1525:
1221:
1169:. They are shown conflicting with King
946:, the common meal of Spartan citizens.
341:
310:
244:
203:
147:
99:
51:
44:
2499:
2099:Constitution of the Lacedaimonians 4.6
1776:
1774:
1038:: Named eponymous ephor by his nephew
863:, and they were even able to sentence
859:, the secret police who repressed the
2404:Constitution of the RR&R Ephorate
2126:"Aelian: Various Histories. Book XIV"
2075:"Aelian: Various Histories. Book III"
1264:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War
7:
2648:The Origins of the Peloponnesian War
1128:'s constitution of 1799, written by
2674:, London, Faber & Faber, 1962.
2613:Constitution of the Lacedaemonians
1436:"Plutarch • Life of Cleomenes; 10"
1286:Constitution of the Lacedaemonians
25:
1266:. page 29. Ithaca/New York 1969,
1113:Rascals, Rogues, and Rapscallions
583:. The ephors were elected by the
2667:, Oxford University Press, 2004.
2014:Origins of the Peloponnesian War
879:was always chaired by an ephor.
751:, whose lost works were used by
1475:"Plato, Laws, Book 4, page 712"
438:) comes from the Ancient Greek
1783:Journal of Ethnographic Theory
1:
2390:Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
2377:Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
2364:Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
2351:Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
2338:Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
2325:Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
27:Magistrates in ancient Sparta
2663:& Thomas Heine Nielsen,
2438:Snyder, Zack. "300 (2007)".
1506:Pantheon-Sorbonne University
932:by giving them large fines.
767:1862 imagining of the ephors
715:had concluded a treaty with
2650:, London, Duckworth, 1972.
2467:Pressfield, Steven (1998).
843:The ephors, along with the
2745:
1232:(accessed April 04, 2021).
867:to death without a trial.
451:
440:
429:
418:
29:
1984:10.1017/S0009838817000544
1886:2.6.14–16; A.H.M. Jones,
1573:10.1017/S0009838811000486
1159:Rudolph Maté's 1962 film
942:The ephors had their own
2688:, Hoboken, Wiley, 2018.
2506:: CS1 maint: location (
2471:. Australia: Doubleday.
1828:10.1525/ca.2001.20.1.121
1107:Ephors in modern culture
2684:Anton Powell (editor),
2492:Gillen, Kieron (2014).
2457:1962, 20th Century Fox.
1971:The Classical Quarterly
1561:The Classical Quarterly
1498:Nicolas Richer (1998).
502:—a version followed by
108:List of Kings of Sparta
2644:G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
2299:Description of Greece.
1930:Description of Greece.
1868:Constitution of Sparta
1246:Constitution of Sparta
1130:Francesco Mario Pagano
1032:: Served in 556/5 BCE.
974:
855:. They controlled the
840:
782:, every autumn at the
768:
711:in 440, while his son
449:, "on" or "over", and
2686:A Companion to Sparta
2416:"Ministry- Structure"
2313:A Companion to Sparta
2285:A Companion to Sparta
2130:penelope.uchicago.edu
2112:A Companion to Sparta
2079:penelope.uchicago.edu
2055:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2031:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2000:A Companion to Sparta
1965:Esu, Alberto (2017).
1916:A Companion to Sparta
1901:A Companion to Sparta
1635:A Companion to Sparta
1620:A Companion to Sparta
1599:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1534:A Companion to Sparta
1479:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1461:A Companion to Sparta
1440:penelope.uchicago.edu
1399:, pp. 34, 35, 42, 43.
1167:Battle of Thermopylae
968:
835:
766:
2719:Government of Sparta
2714:Ancient Greek titles
2661:Mogens Herman Hansen
1874:2.3.9–10; Plutarch,
1817:Classical Antiquity,
1703:, pp. 277, 278, 300.
1651:, pp. 252, 253, 291.
1134:constitutional court
877:Peloponnesian League
875:The congress of the
838:Spartan Constitution
599:, who ran Sparta as
554:Spartan constitution
53:Spartan Constitution
2168:, n°3, 2000, p. 14.
2150:Companion to Sparta
1878:12.1, 16.2; Plato,
1795:10.14318/hau1.1.003
1716:, pp. 275–277, 300.
1126:Neapolitan Republic
792:declare war on the
786:, the ephors would
642:Antigonus III Doson
40:Part of a series on
32:Ephor (archaeology)
2420:www.culture.gov.gr
2152:, p. 53 (note 45).
1882:3.692; Aristotle,
1583:– via JSTOR.
1423:Sparta and Lakonia
1189:historical fiction
975:
841:
799:the Greek pantheon
769:
657:province of Achaea
646:Battle of Sellasia
595:called the ephors
2694:978-1-4051-8869-2
2478:978-0-385-49251-5
2455:The 300 Spartans,
1365:, iii. 7, 15, 16.
836:A diagram of the
753:Diogenes Laertius
532:, and especially
427:, plural form of
396:
395:
16:(Redirected from
2736:
2512:
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2274:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1962:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1870:15.6; Xenophon,
1864:
1858:
1855:Life of Lycurgus
1852:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1778:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1257:
1251:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1162:The 300 Spartans
737:eponymous archon
585:popular assembly
456:
455:
445:
444:
434:
433:
423:
422:
388:
381:
374:
37:
21:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2699:
2698:
2623:
2526:
2524:Ancient sources
2521:
2516:
2515:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2453:Maté, Rudolph.
2452:
2448:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2381:, pp. 300, 301.
2376:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2342:, pp. 259, 260.
2337:
2333:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1837:
1833:
1814:
1810:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1690:, pp. 298, 299.
1685:
1681:
1677:, pp. 296, 297.
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1508:. p. 636.
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1373:
1369:
1351:
1347:
1343:, v. 11, 1313a.
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1278:
1258:
1254:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1109:
1053:
952:
873:
816:Anaxandridas II
761:
733:
731:Eponymous ephor
665:
639:Macedonian King
486:
481:
392:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2724:Autumn equinox
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2682:
2670:G. L. Huxley,
2668:
2658:
2641:
2627:Paul Cartledge
2622:
2621:Modern sources
2619:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2587:Parallel Lives
2579:
2567:
2557:
2539:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2484:
2477:
2459:
2446:
2431:
2407:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2303:
2290:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2227:
2225:Thuc. 1.87.1-2
2218:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2170:
2162:Paul Cartledge
2154:
2148:Powell (ed.),
2141:
2117:
2102:
2090:
2066:
2042:
2018:
2005:
1990:
1977:(2): 353–373.
1952:
1943:
1934:
1921:
1906:
1891:
1859:
1847:
1831:
1822:(1), 121-164.
1808:
1770:
1757:
1744:
1742:, pp. 313–320.
1731:
1729:, pp. 320–322.
1718:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1640:
1625:
1610:
1586:
1551:
1539:
1521:
1514:
1490:
1466:
1451:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1367:
1359:, ii. 33, 58;
1345:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1291:
1276:
1252:
1234:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1011:
997:
991:
985:
982:
963:
962:
951:
950:Notable ephors
948:
872:
869:
760:
757:
732:
729:
669:Autumn equinox
664:
661:
581:Messenian Wars
574:Messenian Wars
485:
482:
480:
477:
394:
393:
391:
390:
383:
376:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
360:Spartan mirage
357:
352:
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
294:
293:
287:
282:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
121:
120:
115:
102:
101:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
64:
56:
55:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2741:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:0-389-02040-0
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:0-7156-0640-9
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:0-415-26276-3
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:Panathenaicus
2561:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:De re publica
2543:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2469:Gates of Fire
2463:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2234:Thuc. 1.114.3
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:(1): 63–101.
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:, pp. 72, 73.
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:2-85944-347-9
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:De re publica
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:Panathenaicus
1310:
1307:
1304:, viii. 354b.
1303:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:0-8014-9556-3
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:graphic novel
1197:
1196:Kieron Gillen
1192:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:Gates of Fire
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
973:during combat
972:
967:
960:
957:
956:
955:
949:
947:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
927:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
901:
899:
898:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
870:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
834:
830:
828:
824:
819:
817:
812:
806:
802:
800:
795:
791:
790:
785:
781:
778:According to
776:
774:
765:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
738:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:Olympic Games
706:
701:
697:
693:
687:
685:
679:
677:
672:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
651:
650:Roman Emperor
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
631:Cleomenes III
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
483:
478:
476:
474:
470:
465:
461:
459:
454:
448:
443:
437:
432:
426:
421:
416:
415:Ancient Greek
412:
407:
405:
401:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
148:Social groups
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:Cleomenes III
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2685:
2672:Early Sparta
2671:
2664:
2647:
2630:
2611:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2573:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2533:
2519:Bibliography
2493:
2487:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:
2410:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2013:
2012:Ste. Croix,
2008:
1999:
1993:
1974:
1970:
1946:
1941:Thuc. 1.67.3
1937:
1929:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1884:The Politics
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1839:
1834:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1786:
1782:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:
1589:
1567:(1): 45–71.
1564:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1500:
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1410:Early Sparta
1409:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1330:, pp. 21–24.
1327:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1279:
1263:
1260:Donald Kagan
1255:
1245:
1237:
1224:
1202:
1193:
1181:
1179:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1048:
1047:Other Greek
1015:Agesilaus II
994:Sthenelaidas
953:
941:
934:
929:
923:
915:
911:
906:
902:
895:
891:
887:
883:
881:
874:
871:Other duties
842:
820:
811:Great Rhetra
807:
803:
787:
777:
770:
742:
734:
707:race at the
700:Agesilaus II
688:
684:voice voting
680:
673:
666:
634:
629:
627:in 420 BCE.
606:
588:
578:
569:
545:
515:
489:
487:
466:
462:
457:
446:
435:
424:
410:
408:
399:
397:
350:Laconophilia
222:Spartan army
129:
66:Legislators
62:Great Rhetra
2297:Pausanias.
2177:Thuc. 8.6.3
1950:Hdt. 5.40.1
1928:Pausanias.
1766:Les éphores
1753:Les éphores
1740:Les éphores
1727:Les éphores
1714:Les éphores
1701:Les éphores
1688:Les éphores
1675:Les éphores
1662:Les éphores
1649:Les éphores
1421:Cartledge,
1397:Les éphores
1339:Aristotle,
1328:Les éphores
1317:, 153, 154.
1313:Isocrates,
1171:Leotychidas
1144:Zack Snyder
1094:Archaic Era
1057:Euesperides
1051:with ephors
1000:Cleandridas
888:hippagretes
884:hippagretai
823:Leotychidas
759:Legal power
745:Apollodoros
696:Cleomenes I
324:Gymnopaedia
118:Eurypontids
2703:Categories
2553:De Legibus
2425:2021-12-08
2355:, p. 1245.
2329:, p. 1243.
2269:Plutarch.
2256:Xenophon,
2243:Plutarch.
2212:Plutarch.
2199:Xenophon.
2188:Hellenica.
2186:Xenophon,
2135:2021-12-07
2097:Xenophon,
2084:2021-12-07
2060:2021-12-08
2036:2021-12-08
1866:Xenophon,
1857:, 28, 3–7.
1838:Xenophon,
1604:2021-11-14
1484:2021-11-14
1445:2021-12-08
1374:Plutarch,
1362:De Legibus
1283:Xenophon,
1216:References
988:Antalcidas
920:magistrate
916:paidonomos
894:to form a
749:Sosicrates
713:Antalkidas
644:after the
635:patronomos
619:'s use of
617:Alcibiades
526:Theopompos
409:The word "
329:Hyacinthia
258:Ambologera
196:Partheniae
171:Neodamodes
156:Spartiates
100:Government
2592:Cleomenes
2560:Isocrates
2530:Aristotle
2502:cite book
2394:, p. 783.
2368:, p. 563.
2258:Hellenica
2201:Hellenica
2016:, p. 111.
1872:Hellenica
1841:Hellenica
1803:170346238
1755:, p. 317.
1664:, p. 296.
1581:145098635
1547:Pol. 1270
1382:, 7, 29;
1376:Cleomenes
1067:Herakleia
1036:Agesilaos
1024:Epitadeus
789:pro forma
609:Pausanias
542:Pausanias
522:Aristotle
512:Isocrates
496:Herodotus
491:Histories
311:Festivals
303:Menelaion
253:Aphrodite
232:Xenelasia
191:Epeunacti
176:Trophimoi
80:Epitadeus
2608:Xenophon
2596:Lycurgus
2582:Plutarch
2575:Epistles
2535:Politics
2441:AllMovie
2260:. 3.4.10
2203:. 2.3.10
1764:Richer,
1751:Richer,
1738:Richer,
1725:Richer,
1712:Richer,
1699:Richer,
1686:Richer,
1673:Richer,
1660:Richer,
1647:Richer,
1408:Huxley,
1395:Richer,
1380:Lycurgus
1341:Politics
1326:Richer,
1301:Epistles
1289:, 8, 11.
1242:Xenophon
1209:Krypteia
1154:Xerxes I
1061:Benghazi
1008:absentia
979:Brasidas
971:Brasidas
944:syssitia
930:hebontes
912:hebontes
892:hebontes
865:Perioeci
857:Crypteia
853:Perioeci
851:and the
845:Gerousia
827:Thessaly
784:crypteia
780:Plutarch
773:Lycurgus
721:Brasidas
705:quadriga
676:eromenos
663:Election
566:ekklesia
562:gerousia
534:Plutarch
517:Politics
504:Xenophon
500:Lycurgus
484:Creation
355:Laconism
334:Xanthika
298:Hyacinth
280:Caryatis
227:Syssitia
217:Crypteia
186:Sciritae
161:Perioeci
140:Navarchy
135:Ekklesia
130:Ephorate
125:Gerousia
70:Lycurgus
18:Ephorate
2729:Hadrian
2601:Moralia
2273:. 5.3-5
1386:, 779E.
1384:Moralia
1298:Plato,
1248:. 15.7.
1175:Carneia
1138:eforato
1090:Taranto
1088:Taras (
1083:Messene
1071:Lucania
1040:Agis IV
907:erastes
897:hippeis
725:Methone
692:Agis IV
653:Hadrian
601:despots
597:tyrants
479:History
436:éphoros
425:éphoroi
319:Carneia
275:Artemis
204:Society
85:Agis IV
2692:
2678:
2654:
2637:
2542:Cicero
2475:
2301:3.16.4
2190:2.3.10
1888:Sparta
1845:2.3.34
1801:
1579:
1549:b 7-10
1512:
1378:, 10;
1353:Cicero
1270:
1136:, the
1077:Cyrene
1049:poleis
1030:Chilon
969:Ephor
959:Endius
937:Aelian
861:Helots
849:Helots
717:Persia
625:Athens
621:Endius
613:Attica
550:Rhetra
530:Cicero
473:Cyrene
431:ἔφορος
420:ἔφοροι
411:ephors
404:Sparta
400:ephors
342:Legacy
290:Orthia
268:Temple
181:Mothax
166:Helots
113:Agiads
75:Chilon
46:Sparta
2570:Plato
2494:Three
2214:Ages.
1932:3.5.2
1799:S2CID
1577:S2CID
1204:Three
1100:Thera
1004:exile
925:agoge
794:helot
593:Plato
589:damos
570:logos
558:kings
546:logos
540:king
538:Agiad
510:, or
508:Plato
469:Taras
458:horaō
285:Isora
263:Areia
245:Cults
237:Women
212:Agoge
2690:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2652:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2508:link
2473:ISBN
2271:Agis
2245:Per.
2216:32.1
2166:Dike
1880:Laws
1876:Agis
1510:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1124:The
918:, a
747:and
453:ὁράω
398:The
2598:),
1979:doi
1824:doi
1791:doi
1569:doi
1198:'s
1194:In
1187:an
1149:300
698:or
494:of
471:or
447:epi
442:ἐπί
413:" (
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