246:
42:
493:
1717:
607:, who identified the site in 1871 and later carried out excavations there, Gezer marked the extreme western point of the territory of Ephraim, and was "situated at the actual intersection of the boundaries of Ephraim, Dan and Judah." This view, however, does not seem to be supported by the Scriptures themselves which place the extent of Ephraim's border at the sea.
1232:"Recent decades, for example, have seen a remarkable reevaluation of evidence concerning the conquest of the land of Canaan by Joshua. As more sites have been excavated, there has been a growing consensus that the main story of Joshua, that of a speedy and complete conquest (e.g. Josh. 11.23: 'Thus Joshua conquered the whole country, just as the L
1172:"Besides the rejection of the Albrightian ‘conquest' model, the general consensus among OT scholars is that the Book of Joshua has no value in the historical reconstruction. They see the book as an ideological retrojection from a later period — either as early as the reign of Josiah or as late as the Hasmonean period."
1202:"It behooves us to ask, in spite of the fact that the overwhelming consensus of modern scholarship is that Joshua is a pious fiction composed by the deuteronomistic school, how does and how has the Jewish community dealt with these foundational narratives, saturated as they are with acts of violence against others?"
781:
Though from the point of view of an increasing majority of archaeologists, there were always two distinct cultures in Canaan, a strong and prosperous northern kingdom and a weaker and poorer southern one, in the
Biblical account the Israelite tribes were initially united in a single kingdom, and only
777:
this is portrayed as a rebellion of
Ephraim against God, resulting in the slaying of all but 10, and the bleached bones of the slaughtered being strewn across the roads, so much so that the circuitous route of the Exodus was simply an attempt by God to prevent the Israelites from having to suffer the
735:
Professor David
Frankel believes that ancient traditions regarding pre-conquest Ephraimite settlement in Canaan were unintentionally preserved in biblical passages such as 1 Chronicles 7:20-24. In 1 Chronicles 7:20-24, Ephraim's descendants, Ezer and Elead, were Canaanite residents who were killed by
764:
vision of Joshua, that Jacob gave
Ephraim precedence over Manasseh, the elder of the two; in these sources, Jacob is regarded as sufficiently just that God upholds the blessing in his honour, and makes Ephraim the leading tribe. Nevertheless, other classical rabbinical texts mock the tribe for the
797:
It was not until the close of the first period of Jewish history that God 'refused the tabernacle of Joseph (Hebrew Bible), and chose not the tribe of
Ephraim, but chose the tribe of Judah, the Mount Zion which he loved'. When the Ark was removed from Shiloh to Zion the power of Ephraim was
326:, a descendant of Ephraim himself. However, many archeologists have abandoned the idea that Joshua carried out a conquest of Canaan similar to that described in the Book of Joshua, seeing Jews instead as indigenous Canaanites who developed a monotheistic religion over time.
461:
allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Kenneth
Kitchen, a well-known conservative biblical scholar, dates this event to slightly after 1200 BC. However, the consensus of modern scholars is that the conquest of Joshua as described in the Book of Joshua never occurred.
736:
the
Philistines, which was mourned by Ephraim and his brethren. This Ephraim was believed to be different from the more famous Ephraim and his brethren were believed to be the heads of other Israelite tribes. Professor Nili Wazana connects this with Prime Minister
368:, there is doubt about whether the biblical ordering for the reigns of the early monarchs is reliable, and that the sequence preserved in the Bible, in which David follows Saul as king of Israel, may not be historically accurate.
519:
Joshua 16:1-4 outlines the borders of the lands allocated to the "children of Joseph", i.e. Ephraim and
Manasseh combined, and Joshua 16:5-8 defines the borders of the land allocated to the tribe of Ephraim in more detail.
348:
as the first king. The widely accepted date for Saul's reign is approximately 1025–1005 BCE. Some scholars dispute this date range and place Saul later, perhaps as late as "the second half of the tenth century B.C.E."
245:
672:
Though the biblical descriptions of the geographic boundary of the House of Joseph are fairly consistent, the descriptions of the boundaries between
Manasseh and Ephraim are not, and each is portrayed as having
744:. Ben-Gurion argued that Abraham's migration to Canaan was a "renuion with indigenous Hebrews who shared his theological belief" and that not all Hebrews joined Jacob's family when they migrated to Egypt.
311:
According to the Bible, the Tribe of
Ephraim is descended from a man named Ephraim, who is recorded as the son of Joseph, the son of Jacob, and Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera. The descendants of
344:
With the growth of the threat from Philistine incursions, the Israelite tribes decided to form a strong centralised monarchy to meet the challenge. The Tribe of Ephraim joined the new kingdom with
786:, Ephraim's act of splintering from Judah is denounced as forsaking God, and Ephraim is portrayed as becoming highly irreligious, particularly in their resistance to the reforms enacted by
732:
to obtain a wife began as a metaphor for the second migration, with Jacob's new family, possessions, and livestock, obtained from Laban, being representations of the new wave of migrants;
603:) and the Mediterranean Sea. Gezer was said to have been inhabited by Canaanites long after Joshua had either killed or expelled the other Canaanites. According to French archaeologist,
1600:
333:, the Tribe of Ephraim was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes. No central government existed, and in times of crisis the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as
1533:
848:
teaches that a significant portion of its members are descended from or adopted into the tribe of Ephraim, believing that they are charged with restoring the lost tribes in the
760:, the biblical founder of the tribe is described as being modest and not selfish. These rabbinical sources allege that it was on account of modesty and selflessness, and a
1730:
689:
appearing in their place. From this it is regarded as probable that originally Ephraim and Manasseh were considered one tribe — that of Joseph. According to several
845:
782:
later fractured into the northern and southern kingdoms; this fracture is blamed by the Bible on the jealousy of Ephraim over the growing power of Judah. In the
587:
The border of Ephraim extended from the Jordan River in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and incorporated within it the cities of Bethel (now
408:
was considered sufficient evidence to single out individuals from Ephraim, so that they could be subjected to immediate death by the Israelites of Gilead.
232:
720:, while the main Israelite tribes simply emerged as a subculture from the Canaanites and had remained in Canaan throughout; in the narrative in the
1771:
697:, but the biblical account of this became lost; Benjamin being differentiated by being that part of Ephraim (House of Joseph) which joined the
41:
1253:
1217:
1187:
1140:
1094:
1061:
1020:
991:
940:
913:
1750:
1608:
880:: "Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well; whose branches run over the wall", interpreting the "wall" as the ocean).
653:
of the connectedness of the tribe to others in the Israelite confederation. In the Biblical account, Joseph is one of the two children of
712:(including Benjamin) represent a second migration of Israelites to Israel, later than the main tribes, specifically that it was only the
741:
509:
330:
1577:
1541:
1155:
Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)(
489:) consisted mostly of Ephraim's territory. The area was mountainous, giving it protection, and also highly fertile, giving prosperity,
1555:
1501:
614:
wrote that the southernmost bounds of the territory of Ephraim extended in a south-westerly direction as far as the town of Ibelin or
1160:
352:
After the death of Saul, the Bible records all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul. After the death of
1766:
757:
183:
1665:
356:, Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the Tribe of Ephraim joined the other northern Israelite tribes in making
225:
1735:
1381:
807:
702:
666:
427:
415:
in c. 723 BCE and the population deported. From that time, the Tribe of Ephraim has been counted as one of the
390:
The accents of the tribes were distinctive enough even at the time of the confederacy so that when the Israelites of
765:
character it has in the deuteronomic history, claiming that Ephraim, being headstrong, left Egypt 30 years prior to
1681:
1110:
818:, which lay just south of the territory of Ephraim. In any case, the manner of their exile and/or dispersal led to
547:
380:
822:. However, several modern day groups claim descent, with varying levels of academic and rabbinical support. The
669:; although Manasseh was the eldest, Jacob foresaw that Ephraim's descendants would be greater than his brother's.
1786:
559:
218:
1392:
1359:
1370:
774:
604:
530:, Bethel is described as being in the land of the Tribe of Ephraim. Some twenty years after the breakup of the
361:
1348:
1337:
580:, divided Ephraim's territory to the south, and Manasseh's territory to the north. The modern Israeli town of
1776:
33:
505:
1210:
Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Volume 1: Biblical, Rabbinical, and Medieval Studies
315:
formed two of the tribes of Israel, whereas the other sons of Jacob were the founders of one tribe each.
1726:
635:
312:
753:
724:, which concerns the arrival in (and conquest of) Canaan by the Israelites from Egypt, the leader is
1418:, Jerusalem 1983, p. 99. Beitin, identified as Bethel, is now an Arab village 4 km. NE of Ramallah.
1236:
had promised Moses') is contradicted by the archaeological record, though there are indications of
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861:
1621:
1127:
1123:
1081:
1077:
1048:
1044:
783:
690:
639:
611:
365:
728:, who was a member of the Ephraim tribe. According to this view, the story of Jacob's visit to
860:, members of the tribe of Ephraim are believed to be playing an important leadership roles for
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1243:
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1205:
1183:
1175:
1156:
1136:
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1008:
987:
936:
909:
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811:
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to a similar or earlier time period, Ephraim and Manasseh are treated as a single tribe, with
682:
678:
526:
was allocated by Joshua to the Tribe of Benjamin. However, even by the time of the prophetess
474:
423:
286:
128:
116:
100:
84:
930:
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469:, the territory allocated to the Tribe of Ephraim was at the center of Canaan, west of the
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531:
416:
334:
300:
295:
262:
193:
110:
63:
58:
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1013:
International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament: Congress Volume Oslo 1998
492:
1461:, vol. II, London 1896, p. 275 (Translated from the original French by John MacFarlane)
865:
857:
721:
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466:
435:
338:
94:
73:
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1721:
1404:
Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land
729:
508:. These factors contributed to making Ephraim the most dominant of the tribes in the
68:
898:
Robert D. Miller (2000). David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Allen C. Beck (eds.).
827:
376:
254:
89:
79:
1753:, Fuller, 1650. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel.
756:, Ephraim is portrayed as domineering, haughty, discontented, and jealous, but in
740:'s argument for why the Jews were indigenous to Canaan, which was affirmed in the
981:
849:
831:
770:
411:
Ephraim was a member of the Northern Kingdom until the kingdom was conquered by
353:
496:
Map of the twelve tribes of Israel; Ephraim in the west is shaded a pale yellow
1654:
876:) were parts of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, as part fulfilment of the
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717:
596:
400:
204:
188:
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The territory of Ephraim contained the early centers of Israelite religion -
873:
839:
823:
814:, and the tribe was mostly exiled; some in the tribe managed to flee to the
650:
455:
163:
826:
claim that some of their adherents are descended from this tribe, and many
17:
375:, David's grandson, in c. 930 BCE the northern tribes split from the
1601:"Israel's Declaration of Independence and the Biblical Right to the Land"
869:
787:
769:, and on arrival in Canaan was subjected to a disastrous battle with the
761:
662:
646:
592:
555:
543:
395:
384:
372:
1473:, (ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), Oxford University Press, London 1907, p. 27
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is built near this gulch, which runs in an easterly-westerly direction.
864:
Israel in the last days. They also believe that the main groups of the
674:
631:
527:
501:
486:
478:
431:
412:
290:
153:
1180:
The Face of Old Testament Studies: A Survey of Contemporary Approaches
842:, whom the modern state of Israel regards as descendants of Manasseh.
1534:"The Book of Chronicles and the Ephraimites that Never Went to Egypt"
1423:
1129:
The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel
1083:
The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel
1050:
The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel
853:
791:
725:
654:
643:
615:
588:
563:
551:
535:
523:
470:
458:
451:
450:
In the biblical account, following the completion of the conquest of
391:
323:
319:
1422:, the ruins of its ancient settlement, lay within the boundaries of
1720: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1268:
830:
claim to be descendants of Ephraim. Further afield, in India the
658:
627:
570:
482:
357:
274:
244:
148:
1459:
Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873-1874
562:, with their surrounding villages. Ephron is believed to be the
345:
318:
The Bible records that the Tribe of Ephraim entered the land of
199:
1009:"Writing Israel's History at the End of the Twentieth Century"
929:
Alan David Crown; Reinhard Plummer; Abraham Tal, eds. (1993).
1712:
McConkie, Bruce R, The Millennial Messiah, 1982, Chapter 16.
566:
that was also allocated to the Tribe of Benjamin by Joshua.
383:. The first king of the northern kingdom was an Ephraimite,
595:
the Nether (now Bayt ʻUr), extending as far as Gezer (now
360:, who was then the king of Judah, the king of a reunited
1015:. Supplements to Vetus testamentum. BRILL. p. 210.
1135:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 64.
1089:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 51.
1056:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 51.
677:
within the territory of the other. Furthermore, in the
473:, south of the territory of Manasseh, and north of the
398:, fought the Tribe of Ephraim, their pronunciation of
1751:
Map of the Tribal Territory of the Tribe of Ephraim
1242:Adele Berlin; Marc Zvi Brettler (17 October 2014).
1556:"1 Chronicles 7 Keil and Delitzsch OT Commentary"
1240:destruction and conquest at the appropriate time.
665:, and father to both Ephraim, and his first son,
834:claim descent from Ephraim, and call themselves
810:, the territory of Ephraim was conquered by the
1739:(New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
846:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
708:A number of biblical scholars suspect that the
1666:‘Lost tribe of Israel’ found in southern India
980:McConville, Gordon; Williams, Stephen (2010).
838:, relating similar traditions to those of the
1176:"Early Israel in Recent Biblical Scholarship"
226:
8:
1178:. In David W. Baker; Bill T. Arnold (eds.).
1645:2 Chronicles 30:1, 30:10, 30:18, 34:6, 34:9
693:, Benjamin was also originally part of the
638:, from whom it took its name; however some
516:becoming a synonym for the entire kingdom.
434:resided in the tribe's territory (just as
329:From Joshua to the formation of the first
307:Ephraim as portrayed in biblical narrative
233:
219:
29:
303:. The etymology of the name is disputed.
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1248:. Oxford University Press. p. 951.
1174:K. Lawson Younger Jr. (1 October 2004).
630:, the tribe consisted of descendants of
491:
889:
32:
1245:The Jewish Study Bible: Second Edition
249:Map of Ephraim, 17th century Dutch map
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
856:. Along with members of the tribe of
7:
27:One of the two Half-Tribes of Joseph
1471:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
1007:Lester L. Grabbe (1 January 2000).
742:Israeli Declaration of Independence
387:, who likely ruled in 931–909 BCE.
266:
1578:"1 Chronicles 7 Gill's Exposition"
905:" Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
642:view this also as postdiction, an
25:
1715:
1532:Frankel, David (April 8, 2015).
1416:Carta's Official Guide to Israel
932:A Companion to Samaritan Studies
820:their further history being lost
442:and provided its royal family).
40:
1599:Wazana, Nili (April 15, 2018).
1502:Peake's commentary on the Bible
1182:. Baker Academic. p. 200.
758:classical rabbinical literature
438:is the tribe that embodies the
1206:"Joshua, Judaism and Genocide"
1121:On the date of Jeroboam I, see
1109:For the biblical account, see
908:. W.B. Eerdmans. p. 416.
1:
1772:Samaritan culture and history
1406:(3rd edition 1993), Jerusalem
955:Genesis 41:50-52, Genesis 30.
371:However, on the accession of
364:. According to archaeologist
935:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 85.
681:, and elsewhere ascribed by
550:and took back the towns of
1803:
1457:Charles Clermont-Ganneau,
394:, under the leadership of
381:northern Kingdom of Israel
1736:Easton's Bible Dictionary
610:Spanish-Jewish traveller
477:. The region later named
422:Ephraim is often seen as
1204:Carl S. Ehrlich (1999).
605:Charles Clermont-Ganneau
1767:Twelve Tribes of Israel
896:For the etymology, see
481:(as distinguished from
424:the tribe that embodies
322:during its conquest by
1727:Easton, Matthew George
1697:The Millennial Messiah
1584:. 2024. Archived from
1562:. 2024. Archived from
1212:. BRILL. p. 117.
778:sight of the remains.
752:In the account of the
497:
250:
1731:Ephraim, The tribe of
1382:2 Chronicles 13:17–19
1042:On both datings, see
538:, the second king of
495:
248:
1670:Canadian Jewish News
1636:2 Chronicles 15:8-11
1611:on February 7, 2024.
1588:on February 8, 2024.
1566:on February 8, 2024.
1544:on February 7, 2024.
1522:e.g. Joshua 17:14-18
1289:Deuteronomy 33:13-16
969:1 Chronicles 7:20–27
754:deuteronomic history
716:which went to Egypt
599:, formerly known as
52:The Tribes of Israel
1699:, 1982, Chapter 16.
1626:The Bible Unearthed
1327:Jewish Encyclopedia
1124:Finkelstein, Israel
1078:Finkelstein, Israel
1045:Finkelstein, Israel
852:, as prophesied by
465:As recorded in the
299:. It is one of the
1693:McConkie, Bruce R.
1622:Israel Finkelstein
784:Book of Chronicles
612:Benjamin of Tudela
498:
366:Israel Finkelstein
253:According to the
251:
1255:978-0-19-939387-9
1219:978-90-04-11554-5
1189:978-0-8010-2871-7
1142:978-1-58983-911-3
1096:978-1-58983-911-3
1063:978-1-58983-911-3
1022:978-90-04-11598-9
993:978-0-8028-2702-9
942:978-3-16-145666-4
915:978-0-8028-2400-4
878:blessing of Jacob
808:Kingdom of Israel
691:biblical scholars
679:Blessing of Jacob
640:critical scholars
626:According to the
579:
510:Kingdom of Israel
475:Tribe of Benjamin
362:Kingdom of Israel
331:Kingdom of Israel
287:Tribe of Manasseh
281:) was one of the
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16:(Redirected from
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695:House of Joseph
661:, a brother to
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532:United Monarchy
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432:the royal house
417:Ten Lost Tribes
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866:Book of Mormon
803:
800:
749:
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722:Book of Joshua
703:that of Israel
623:
620:
582:Karnei Shomron
467:Book of Joshua
447:
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377:House of David
339:Book of Judges
308:
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289:together with
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1682:Genesis 49:22
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601:Tell el Jezer
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569:The riverine
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1609:the original
1605:TheTorah.com
1604:
1594:
1586:the original
1582:Biblehub.com
1581:
1572:
1564:the original
1560:Biblehub.com
1559:
1550:
1542:the original
1538:TheTorah.com
1537:
1527:
1518:
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1500:
1478:
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1448:Joshua 16:10
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1435:Joshua 16:1
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1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
986:. Eerdmans.
982:
975:
965:Numbers 13:8
960:
951:
931:
924:
904:
900:
892:
844:
836:Bene Ephraim
835:
828:Persian Jews
805:
796:
780:
751:
734:
718:and returned
713:
709:
707:
701:rather than
694:
686:
671:
625:
609:
600:
591:), ʻAtarot,
586:
574:
568:
522:
518:
513:
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389:
379:to form the
370:
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343:
328:
317:
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294:
278:
270:
258:
255:Hebrew Bible
252:
142:Other tribes
121:
1655:Ps 78:67,68
1420:Burj Beitin
1298:Isaiah 28:1
850:latter days
832:Telugu Jews
771:Philistines
597:Abu Shûsheh
575:naḥal Ḳanah
542:, defeated
426:the entire
419:of Israel.
293:formed the
277:אֶפְרָיִם,
18:Ephraimites
1761:Categories
1707:References
1482:Genesis 30
1371:Judges 4:5
1028:15 January
824:Samaritans
767:the Exodus
593:Beth-Ḥoron
401:shibboleth
354:Ishbosheth
271:ʾEp̄rayīm,
205:Samaritans
189:Israelites
1729:(1897). "
874:Lamanites
840:Mizo Jews
812:Assyrians
773:; in the
762:prophetic
748:Character
651:aetiology
644:eponymous
634:a son of
456:Israelite
406:sibboleth
337:(see the
279:ʾEp̄rāyīm
267:אֶפְרַיִם
164:Jerahmeel
1426:village.
1126:(2013).
1080:(2013).
1047:(2013).
903:Ephraim,
870:Nephites
862:covenant
788:Hezekiah
675:exclaves
667:Manasseh
663:Benjamin
647:metaphor
556:Jeshanah
544:Jeroboam
396:Jephthah
385:Jeroboam
373:Rehoboam
129:Benjamin
117:Manasseh
101:Issachar
85:Naphtali
1724::
802:Destiny
632:Ephraim
528:Deborah
514:Ephraim
502:Shechem
487:Galilee
479:Samaria
454:by the
413:Assyria
291:Ephraim
184:Leaders
122:Ephraim
106:Zebulun
1782:Gilead
1437:et seq
1424:Beitin
1252:
1216:
1186:
1159:
1139:
1093:
1060:
1019:
990:
983:Joshua
939:
912:
854:Isaiah
792:Josiah
726:Joshua
687:Joseph
655:Rachel
636:Joseph
622:Origin
616:Jabney
589:Beitin
564:Ophrah
560:Ephron
552:Bethel
548:Israel
536:Abijah
524:Bethel
506:Shiloh
471:Jordan
459:Joshua
452:Canaan
392:Gilead
335:Judges
324:Joshua
320:Canaan
313:Joseph
285:. The
275:pausa:
263:Hebrew
257:, the
159:Rechab
111:Joseph
64:Simeon
59:Reuben
1269:Hosea
1133:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
884:Notes
858:Judah
730:Laban
659:Jacob
628:Torah
571:gulch
483:Judea
436:Judah
358:David
149:Caleb
95:Asher
74:Judah
1271:9:13
1250:ISBN
1238:some
1214:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1030:2017
1017:ISBN
988:ISBN
967:and
937:ISBN
910:ISBN
872:and
790:and
657:and
558:and
504:and
430:and
346:Saul
200:Jews
154:Keni
69:Levi
1733:".
1234:ORD
546:of
485:or
404:as
341:).
273:in
90:Gad
80:Dan
1763::
1695:,
1668:,
1624:,
1603:.
1580:.
1558:.
1536:.
1487:^
1303:^
1208:.
1011:.
794:.
705:.
618:.
573:,
554:,
534:,
269:,
265::
1439:.
1258:.
1222:.
1192:.
1163:)
1145:.
1099:.
1066:.
1032:.
996:.
945:.
918:.
901:"
868:(
261:(
234:e
227:t
220:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
