Philistines - Knowledge (XXG)

3632:: "There is a peculiarity in the designation of the Philistines in Hebrew which has often been noticed, and which must have a certain significance. In referring to a tribe or nation, the Hebrew writers as a rule either (a) personified an imaginary founder, making his name stand for the tribe supposed to derive from him—e. g. 'Israel' for the Israelites; or (b) used the tribal name in the singular, with the definite article—a usage sometimes transferred to the Authorized Version, as in such familiar phrases as 'the Canaanite was then in the land' (Gen. xii. 6); but more commonly assimilated to the English idiom which requires a plural, as in 'the iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full' (Gen. xv. 16). But in referring to the Philistines, the plural of the ethnic name is always used, and as a rule, the definite article is omitted. A good example is afforded by the name of the Philistine territory above mentioned, 'ereṣ Pelištīm, literally 'the land of Philistines': contrast such an expression as 'ereṣ hak-Kena'anī, literally 'the land of the Canaanite'. A few other names, such as that of the Rephaim, are similarly constructed: and so far as the scanty monuments of Classical Hebrew permit us to judge, it may be said generally that the same usage seems to be followed when there is question of a people not conforming to the model of Semitic (or perhaps we should rather say Aramaean) tribal organization. The Canaanites, Amorites, Jebusites, and the rest, are so closely bound together by the theory of blood-kinship which even yet prevails in the Arabian deserts, that each may logically be spoken of as an individual human unit. No such polity was recognized among the pre-Semitic Rephaim, or the intruding Philistines so that they had to be referred to as an aggregate of human units. This rule, it must be admitted, does not seem to be rigidly maintained; for instance, the name of the pre-Semitic Horites might have been expected to follow the exceptional construction. But a hard-and-fast adhesion to so subtle a distinction, by all the writers who have contributed to the canon of the Hebrew scriptures and by all the scribes who have transmitted their works, is not to be expected. Even in the case of the Philistines, the rule that the definite article should be omitted is broken in eleven places. " 5377:, p. 10: "The difficulty of associating pots with peoples or ethnic groups has often been commented on. Nonetheless, the association of the Philistines with the Iron Age I bichrome pottery bearing their name is most often taken for granted. Although scholars have backed off from postulating that every site with bichrome pottery was under Philistine control, the ethnic association remains... A cautionary note has, however, been sounded in particular by Brug, Bunimovitz, H. Weippert, and Noort, among others. In essence, their theories rest on the fact that even among sites in the Philistine heartland, the supposed Philistine pottery does not represent the major portion of the finds... While not denying Cypriote and/or Aegean/ Mycenean influence in the material cultural traditions of coastal Canaan in the early Iron Age, in addition to that of Egyptian and local Canaanite traditions, the above named "minimalist" scholars emphasize the continuities between the ages and not the differences. As H. Weippert has stated, "Könige kommen, Könige gehen, aber die Kochtöpfe bleiben." In regard to the bichrome pottery, she follows Galling and speculates that it was produced by a family or families of Cypriote potters who followed their markets and immigrated into Canaan once the preexisting trade connections had been severed. The find at Tell Qasile of both bichrome and Canaanite types originating in the same pottery workshop would appear to indicate that the ethnic identification of the potters is at best an open question. At any rate, it cannot be facilely assumed that all bichrome ware was produced by "ethnic" Philistines. Thus Bunimovitz's suggestion to refer to "Philistia pottery" rather than to "Philistine" must be given serious consideration... What holds true for the pottery of Philistia also holds true for other aspects of the regional material culture. Whereas Aegean cultural influence cannot be denied, the continuity with the Late Bronze traditions in Philistia has increasingly come to attention. A number of Iron Age I features which were thought to be imported by the Philistines have been shown to have Late Bronze Age antecedents. It would hence appear that the Philistines of foreign (or "Philistine") origin were the minority in Philistia." 4523:, pp. 22–23, write of the initial identification: "It was not, however, until the spring of 1829, almost a year after they had arrived in Egypt, that Champollion and his entourage were finally ready to tackle the antiquities of Thebes… The chaotic tangle of ships and sailors, which Denon assumed was a panicked flight into the Indus, was actually a detailed portrayal of a battle at the mouth of the Nile. Because the events of the reign of Ramesses III were unknown from other, the context of this particular war remained a mystery. On his return to Paris, Champollion puzzled over the identity of the various enemies shown in the scene. Since each of them had been carefully labeled with a hieroglyphic inscription, he hoped to match the names with those of ancient tribes and peoples mentioned in Greek and Hebrew texts. Unfortunately, Champollion died in 1832 before he could complete the work, but he did have success with one of the names. proved to be none other than the biblical Philistines." Dothan and Dothan's description was incorrect in stating that the naval battle scene (Champollion, Monuments, 1254: 3123:, in: Bietak, M., (Ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B. C. III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euro- Conference, Vienna, 28th of May–1st of June 2003, Denkschriften der Ge- samtakademie 37, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 9, Vienna 2007, pages 517–524. Quote: "SUMMARY Was there a Sea Peoples migration to the coast of the Levant? Yes. Was it a maritime migration? Possibly. Was there a massive maritime Sea Peoples invasion? Probably not. Did the Philistines settle en-masse in Philistia in the days of Ramesses III? No. Were the Iron I Philistine cities fortified? No. Were the Iron I Philistines organized in a peer-polity system? Probably not. Was there a Philistine Pentapolis system in the Iron I? No. Are the Iron I Philistines the Philistines described in the Bible? No." 3147:

the Philistines directly from Crete, a five-day sail away, Maspero's myth credited them with an itinerary that, while reflecting badly on their intelligence, testified to prodigious physical stamina: the Philistines sail from Crete to Caria, where they abandon their ships and their maritime tradition; the nation then travels in ox carts through seven hundred miles of rough and hostile terrain until it reaches southern Canaan; at that point, far from being debilitated by their trek, the Philistines not only conquer the land and give it their name but come within a hair's breadth of defeating the Egyptian pharaoh himself. Not surprisingly, for the migration from Caria to Canaan imagined by Maspero there is no evidence at all, whether literary, archaeological, or documentary.

5737:, p. 342: "The number of Aegean migrants that reached Philistia in the twelfth century cannot be established, yet something can be said about the scale of migration (Chapter 8). According to calculations of the inhabited area, the population of Philistia after the arrival of the migrants numbered about twenty five thousand in the twelfth century (reaching a peak of thirty thousand in the eleventh century). The continuation of local Canaanite material culture and toponyms indicates that a good part of the population was local. The number of migrants amounted, at most, to half of the population, and perhaps much less. Even the migrant population probably accumulated over at least two generations, the minimum estimated time for the continuous process of migration." 1833: 702:, show nearly no signs of an intervening event marked by destruction. The same can be said for Aphek where an Egyptian garrison was destroyed, likely in an act of warfare at the end of the 13th century, which was followed by a local Canaanite phase, which was then followed by the peaceful introduction of Philistine pottery. The lack of destruction by the Sea Peoples in the southern Levant should not be surprising as Canaan was never mentioned in any text describing the Sea Peoples as a target of destruction or attack by the Sea Peoples. Other sites such as Tell Keisan, Acco, Tell Abu Hawam, Tel Dor, Tel Mevorak, Tel Zeror, Tel Michal, Tel Gerisa, and Tel Batash, have no evidence of a destruction ca. 1200 BC. 3165:, p. 207: "Reconstruction of the Philistine migration and settlement on the basis of the above model is hard to accept. First, it is not supported by any factual evidence. Second, it assumes that the Philistines had at their disposal a large and strong naval force of a kind unknown in this period. Third, in the period immediately following their settlement in Philistia there is hardly any archaeological evidence connecting the Philistine culture and settlement with sea and navigation. Had the Philistines really possessed such a strong naval force and tradition, as suggested by Stager, we would expect to observe these associations in their material culture in later times." 5118:, p. 48: "The thesis that a great "migration of the Sea Peoples" occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, "eins ist aber sicher: Nach den agyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer 'Volkerwanderung' zu tun." Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation." 5785:

language before they came. Their names are usually Semitic (e.g., Ahimelek, Mitinti, Hanun, and the god Dagon). But two Philistine names may have come from the Asianic area: Achish has been compared with Anchises, and Goliath with Alyattes. A few Hebrew words may be Philistine loanwords. The word for helmet (koba H3916 or qoba H7746) is a foreign word often attributed to the Philistines. The term for "lords," already mentioned (seren), can possibly be connected with tyrannos ("tyrant"), a pre-Greek or Asianic word. Some have connected three seals discovered in the excavations at Ashdod with the Philistines. The signs resemble the

2207:-related admixture. This confirms previous historic and archaeological records of a Southern-European migration event. The DNA suggests an influx of people of European heritage into Ashkelon in the 12th century BC. The individuals' DNA shows similarities to that of ancient Cretans, but it is impossible to specify the exact place in Europe from where Philistines had migrated to Levant, due to limited number of ancient genomes available for study, "with 20 to 60 per cent similarity to DNA from ancient skeletons from Crete and Iberia and that from modern people living in 3656:, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as ἀλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible." 2102:, and a larger settlement at Tel Qasile). Most scholars, therefore, believe that the settlement of the Philistines took place in two stages. In the first, dated to the reign of Ramesses III, they were limited to the coastal plain, the region of the Five Cities; in the second, dated to the collapse of Egyptian hegemony in southern Canaan, their influence spread inland beyond the coast. During the 10th to 7th centuries BC, the distinctiveness of the material culture appears to have been absorbed with that of surrounding peoples. 2000: 5459:, p. 234: "During the Iron II (tenth-seventh centuries B.C.E. ), the Philistines completed the process of acculturation with the surrounding indigenous culture (Stone 1995). By the end of the Iron II, the Philistines had lost much of their distinctiveness as expressed in their material culture (see Gitin 1998; 2003; 2004 and bibliography there). My suggested chronological framework for Philistine acculturation spans the tenth to seventh centuries B.C.E. (Tel Miqne-Ekron Strata IV-I; Ashdod Strata X-VI).". 1446: 83: 1962:, records how the defeated foe were brought in captivity to Egypt and settled in fortresses. The Harris papyrus can be interpreted in two ways: either the captives were settled in Egypt and the rest of the Philistines/Sea Peoples carved out a territory for themselves in Canaan, or else it was Ramesses himself who settled the Sea Peoples (mainly Philistines) in Canaan as mercenaries. Egyptian strongholds in Canaan are also mentioned, including a temple dedicated to 1065: 2008: 1689: 1433:. This view is based largely upon the fact that archaeologists, when digging up strata dated to the Philistine time-period in the coastal plains and in adjacent areas, have found similarities in material culture (figurines, pottery, fire-stands, etc.) between Aegean-Greek culture and that of Philistine culture, suggesting common origins. A minority, dissenting, claims that the similarities in material culture are only the result of 1340: 3321:, p. 68: In 712, after an uprising by the Philistine city of Ashdod, supported militarily by Egypt, the Assyrian King Sargon II (reigned 722–705 BCE) invaded Pilishte to oust Iamani and annexed the whole region; Philistia was brought under direct Assyrian control, in effect becoming an Assyrian province (Thompson 2016: 165), although the King of Ashdod was allowed to remain on the throne (Galllagher 1995: 1159. 2073:, and emphasize the continuities with the local world in the material remains of the coastal area identified with "Philistines", rather than the differences emerging from the presence of Cypriote and/or Aegean/ Mycenaean influences. The view is summed up in the idea that 'kings come and go, but cooking pots remain', suggesting that the foreign Aegean elements in the Philistine population may have been a minority. 706: 2040:. Also of particular interest is a large, well-constructed building covering 240 square metres (2,600 sq ft), discovered at Ekron. Its walls are broad, designed to support a second story, and its wide, elaborate entrance leads to a large hall, partly covered with a roof supported on a row of columns. In the floor of the hall is a circular hearth paved with pebbles, as is typical in Mycenaean 560: 1780:. The quantity of Philistine pottery within these sites is still quite small, showing that even if the Philistines did settle the valley, they were a minority that blended within the Canaanite population during the 12th century BC. The Philistines seem to have been present in the southern valley during the 11th century, which may relate to the biblical account of their victory at the 2403:

being unattested in the already limited corpus of known Philistine names. A further assessment of the Iron Age I finds worship of Dagon in any immediate Canaanite context, let alone one which is indisputably Philistine, as seemingly non-existent. Still, Dagon-worship probably wasn't completely unheard of amongst the Philistines, as multiple mentions of a city known as

3066:, p. 56: The 3200-year-old documents from Ramesses III, including an inscription dated c. 1150 BC, at the Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III at the Medinat Habu Temple in Luxor – one of the best-preserved temples of Egypt – refers to the Peleset among those who fought against Ramesses III (Breasted 2001: 24; also Bruyère 1929‒1930), who reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC. 2227:

Laura Mazow, an archaeologist at East Carolina University in Greenville, N.C., said the research paper supported the idea that there was some migration from the west. She added that the findings "support the picture that we see in the archaeological record of a complex, multicultural process that has been resistant to reconstruction by any single historical model."

22: 4595:'s wholesale revision of the entire episode. In his 1873 review of Chabas's book, Maspero agreed that the Peleset of Medinet Habu were accoutred more like Europeans than Semites and also agreed that they were Aegean Pelasgians. But he proposed that it must have been at this very time — in the reign of Ramesses III — that these Pelasgians became Philistines." 1824:

bound in my name. Numerous were their classes, hundreds of thousands strong. I taxed them all, in clothing and grain from the storehouses and granaries each year." Some scholars suggest it is likely that these "strongholds" were fortified towns in southern Canaan, which would eventually become the five cities (the pentapolis) of the Philistines.

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that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to 'non-Judaeans of the Promised Land' when used in a context of the 3rd century BCE, and to 'non-Israelites of the Promised Land' when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun

3752: 2299:, on the basis of some Philistine-related words found in the Bible not appearing to be related to other Semitic languages. Such theories suggest that the Semitic elements in the language were borrowed from their neighbours in the region. For example, the Philistine word for captain, "seren", may be related to the Greek word 864:, took over and destroyed Askhelon, Gaza, Aphek, and Ekron, which is proven by archaeological evidence and contemporary sources. Some Philistine kings requested help from the Egyptians but they were ultimately ignored. Following the destruction of the Philistine cities, their inhabitants were either killed or were exiled to 841:, instead forcing it to pay tribute. As punishment, the rebel nations paid tribute to Assyria, and Sennacherib's annals report that he exacted such tribute from the kings of Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gaza, and Ekron, but Gath is never mentioned, which may indicate that the city was actually destroyed by Sargon II. 3644:, p. 49: "Our names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome's Vulgate. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew 4571:, p. 49: "As the Egyptian province in Asia collapsed after the death of Merneptah, and as the area that identified itself as 'Canaan' shrank to the coastal cities beneath the Lebanon range, the names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' (or, more plainly, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians') came to the fore" 2226:

in Israel. "While I fully agree that there was a significant component of non-Levantine origins among the Philistines in the early Iron Age," he said, "these foreign components were not of one origin, and, no less important, they mixed with local Levantine populations from the early Iron Age onward."

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culture and Philistine culture was further documented by finds at the excavation of Ashdod, Ekron, Ashkelon, and more recently Gath, four of the five Philistine cities in Canaan. The fifth city is Gaza. Especially notable is the early Philistine pottery, a locally made version of the Aegean Mycenaean

1828:

has suggested that there may be a period of 25–50 years after the sacking of these cities and their reoccupation by the Philistines. It is possible that at first, the Philistines were housed in Egypt; only subsequently late in the troubled end of the reign of Ramesses III would they have been allowed

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The Land of Israel: Cross-roads of Civilizations: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Brussels from the 3rd to the 5th of December 1984 to Mark the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology Queen Elisabeth of Belgium at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem: in Memory of Prof. Y. Yadin

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Although the Bible cites Dagon as the main Philistine god, there is a stark lack of any evidence indicating the Philistines had any particular proclivity to his worship. In fact, no evidence of Dagon worship whatsoever is discernible at Philistine sites, with even theophoric names invoking the deity

1882:

The inscriptions at Medinet Habu consist of images depicting a coalition of Sea Peoples, among them the Peleset, who are said in the accompanying text to have been defeated by Ramesses III during his Year 8 campaign. In about 1175 BC, Egypt was threatened with a massive land and sea invasion by

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Since none of Maspero's national migrations is demonstrable in the Egyptian inscriptions, or in the archaeological or linguistic record, the argument that these migrations did indeed occur has traditionally relied on place-names. These place-names are presented as the source from which were derived

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Modern archaeologists agree that the Philistines were different from their neighbors: their arrival on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean in the early 12th century B.C. is marked by pottery with close parallels to the ancient Greek world, the use of an Aegean —instead of a Semitic— script, and

1823:

details the achievements of the reign (1186–1155 BC) of Ramesses III. In the brief description of the outcome of the battles in Year 8 is the description of the fate of some of the conjectured Sea Peoples. Ramesses claims that, having brought the prisoners to Egypt, he "settled them in strongholds,

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invaded Philistia, which effectively became annexed by Assyria, although the kings of the five cities, including Iamani, were allowed to remain on their thrones as vassals. In his annals concerning the campaign, Sargon II singled out his capture of Gath, in 711 BC. Ten years later, Egypt once again

5784:

Little is known of the Philistine language or script. There is never any indication in the Bible of a language problem between the Israelites and Philistines. The Philistines must have adopted the indigenous Semitic language soon after arriving in Canaan, or they might have already known a Semitic

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published the first translation of all the texts relating to the wars of Merneptah and Ramesses III. Chabas found it strange that the Peleset shown in the reliefs were armed and garbed in the same manner as "European" peoples such as the Sicilians and Sardinians, and he therefore argued that these

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reliefs, with their ox carts, depict the Philistine nation on the eve of its settlement in Canaan, Maspero imagined a great overland migration. The Philistines moved first from Crete to Caria, he proposed, and then from Caria to Canaan in the time of Ramesses III. Whereas Amos and Jeremiah derived

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goddess. Excavations in Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath reveal dog and pig bones which show signs of having been butchered, implying that these animals were part of the residents' diet. Among other findings there are wineries where fermented wine was produced, as well as loom weights resembling those of

1915:

chief is of a bearded man without headdress. This has led to the interpretation that Ramesses III defeated the Sea Peoples, including Philistines, and settled their captives in fortresses in southern Canaan; another related theory suggests that Philistines invaded and settled the coastal plain for

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is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like 'people of other stock'. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude

2165:

Archaeological evidence, provided by architecture, burial arrangements, ceramics, and pottery fragments inscribed with non-Semitic writing, indicates that the Philistines were not native to Canaan. Most of the 150 dead were buried in oval-shaped graves, some were interred in ashlar chamber tombs,

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Cities excavated in the area attributed to Philistines give evidence of careful town planning, including industrial zones. The olive industry of Ekron alone includes about 200 olive oil installations. Engineers estimate that the city's production may have been more than 1,000 tons, 30 percent of

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and Tel Zariq. Scholars have attributed the presence of Philistine pottery in northern Israel to their role as mercenaries for the Egyptians during the Egyptian military administration of the land in the 12th century BC. This presence may also indicate further expansion of the Philistines to the

5944:

It is not as probable that b'l-zbl, which can mean "lord of the (heavenly) dwelling" in Ugaritic, was changed to b'l zbb to make the divine name an opprobrius epithet. The reading Beelzebul in Mt. 10:25 would then reflect the right form of the name, a wordplay on "master of the house" (Gk

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A study carried out on skeletons at Ashkelon in 2019 by an interdisciplinary team of scholars from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the Leon Levy Expedition found that human remains at Ashkelon, associated with Philistines during the Iron Age, derived most of their

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hall buildings; other unusual architectural features are paved benches and podiums. Among the finds are three small bronze wheels with eight spokes. Such wheels are known to have been used for portable cultic stands in the Aegean region during this period, and it is therefore assumed that this

1969:

The only mention in an Egyptian source of the Peleset in conjunction with any of the five cities that are said in the Bible to have made up the Philistine pentapolis comes in the Onomasticon of Amenope. The sequence in question has been translated as: "Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gaza, Assyria, Shubaru

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from a European-related gene pool" during the Bronze to Iron Age transition, which supports the theory that a migration event occurred. Philistine DNA shows similarities to that of ancient Cretans, but it is impossible to specify the exact place in Europe from where Philistines had migrated to

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Babylonian ration lists dating back to the early 6th century BC, which mention the offspring of Aga, the ultimate ruler of Ashkelon, provide clues to the eventual fate of the Philistines. This evidence is further illuminated by documents from the latter half of the 5th century BC found in the

683:; however, because the quantity of said pottery finds are light, it is assumed that the Philistines' presence in these areas were not as strong as in their core territory, and that they probably were a minority which had assimilated into the native Canaanite population by the 10th century BC. 2129:

said that "it was, without doubt, a conscious decision made by the city's rulers who wished to associate with Mediterranean culture and not adopt Syrian and Mesopotamian styles of art like other cities in Canaan did; the Canaanites were living in the Levant and wanted to feel European."

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Following DNA sequencing using the modern method, DNA testing has concluded sufficient evidence that there was indeed a notable surge of immigration from Aegean, supporting the Biblical/Aegean connection and theory that the Philistine people were initially a migrant group from Europe.

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Material culture evidence, primarily pottery styles, indicates that the Philistines originally settled in a few sites in the south, such as Ashkelon, Ashdod and Ekron. It was not until several decades later, about 1150 BC, that they expanded into surrounding areas such as the

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Ben-Shlomo, David. 2011. "Early Iron Age Domestic Material Culture in Philistia and an Eastern Mediterranean Koinי." Pages 183–206 in Household Archaeology in Ancient Israel and Beyond. Assaf Yasur-Landau, Jennie R. Ebeling, and Laura B. Mazow. CHANE 50. Leiden: Brill. DOI:

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After two centuries since their arrival, the Southern-European genetic markers were dwarfed by the local Levantine gene pool, suggesting intensive intermarriage, but the Philistine culture and peoplehood remained distinct from other local communities for six centuries.

5435:, Yuval Gadot, "Continuity and Change in the Late Bronze to Iron Age Transition in Israel's Coastal Plain: A Long-Term Perspective", pp. 63–64: "Based on material culture studies, we know that the Philistines initially immigrated only to the southern Coastal Plain". 2015:

Many scholars have interpreted the ceramic and technological evidence attested to by archaeology as being associated with the Philistine advent in the area as strongly suggestive that they formed part of a large scale immigration to southern Canaan, probably from

1585:

suggests that King David halted the Arameans' expansion into the Land of Israel on account of his alliance with the southern Philistine kings, as well as with Toi, king of Ḥamath, who is identified with Tai(ta) II, king of Palistin (the northern Sea Peoples).

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The Leon Levy Expedition, which has been going on since 1985, helped break down some of the previous assumptions that the Philistines were uncultured people by having evidence of perfume near the bodies in order for the deceased to smell it in the afterlife.

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tells the people they will conquer, though the land in which they resided is included in the boundaries based on the locations of rivers described. In fact, the Philistines, through their Capthorite ancestors, were allowed to conquer the land from the

5106:. Quote: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term "Sea Peoples" encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). " 1610:

state, including the names of the kings of Palistin. Singer proposes (based on archaeological finds) that a branch of the Philistines settled in Tell Tayinat and were replaced or assimilated by a new Luwian population who took the Palistin name.

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Typically "Philistine" artifacts begin appearing in Canaan by the 12th century BC. Pottery of Philistine origin has been found far outside of what would later become the core of Philistia, including at the majority of Iron Age I sites in the

197:. Subsequently, the Philistines were compelled into exile in Babylonia, where over time, they lost their unique ethnic identity. By the late fifth century BC, they vanished from both historical and archaeological records as a distinct group. 2062:

Mycenaean sites in Greece. Further evidence of the Aegean origin of the initial Philistine settlers was provided by studying their burial practices in the so far only discovered Philistine cemetery, excavated at Ashkelon (see below).

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Avner Raban, "The Philistines in the Western Jezreel Valley", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 17–27, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental

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suggests that Casluhim and Caphtorim were brother tribes who lived in the same territory. However, the Capthorim enslaved the Cashluhim and their Philistine descendants, forcing the latter to flee to Canaan, according to Amos 9:7.

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Hincks, Edward (1846). "An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic, or Ancient Egyptian Alphabet; Grounded on the Establishment of a New Principle in the Use of Phonetic Characters".

928:, whence the Philistines came forth." There is debate among interpreters as to whether Genesis 10:13-14 was intended to signify that the Philistines were the offspring of the Caphtorim or Casluhim. Some interpreters, such as 4878:

See Before and After the Storm, Crisis Years in Anatolia and Syria between the Fall of the Hittite Empire and the Beginning of a New Era (c. 1220 – 1000 BCE), A Symposium in Memory of Itamar Singer, University of Pavia

4849: 4511:, il transcrivit le même nom Polosté ou Pholosté, mais contrairement à ce qu'affirmait Brugsch en 1858 et tous les auteurs postérieurs, Champollion n'a nulle part écrit que ces Pholosté étaient les Philistins de la Bible. " 594:

civilizations. While their exact origins are a mystery, and probably diverse, it is generally agreed that the Sea Peoples had origins in the greater Southern European and West Asian area, including western Asia Minor, the

2239:

The population of the area associated with Philistines is estimated to have been around 25,000 in the 12th century BC, rising to a peak of 30,000 in the 11th century BC. The Canaanite nature of the material culture and

5789:. Three inscribed clay tablets from Deir Alla (SUCCOTH) also have been attributed to the Philistines. These signs resemble the Cypro-Mycenaean script. Both the seals and clay tablets are still imperfectly understood. 2258:

Virtually nothing is known for certain about the language of the Philistines. Pottery fragments from the period of circa 1500–1000 BC have been found bearing inscriptions in non-Semitic languages, including one in a

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era, which increased by the Early Bronze Age. In the Middle Bronze Age, coastal plains in the southern Levant economically prospered due to long-distance exchange with the Aegean, Cypriot and Egyptian civilizations.

1966:, which some scholars place in Gaza; however, the lack of detail indicating the precise location of these strongholds means that it is unknown what impact these had, if any, on Philistine settlement along the coast. 1407:

population was genetically distinct due to a European-related admixture; this genetic signal is no longer detectable in the later Iron Age population. According to the authors, the admixture was likely due to a

1183:

A few biblical texts, such as the Ark Narrative and stories reflecting the importance of Gath, seem to portray Late Iron I and Early Iron II memories. They are mentioned more than 250 times, the majority in the

5571: 4527:) "carefully labeled with a hieroglyphic inscription" each of the combatants, and Champollion's posthumously published manuscript notes contained only one short paragraph on the naval scene with only the " 4104: 4081:

According to biblical tradition (Deuteronomy 2:23; Jeremiah 47:4), the Philistines came from Caphtor (possibly Crete, although there is no archaeological evidence of a Philistine occupation of the island.)

3514:

on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew

3138:, p. 69: "For the modern myth that has replaced it, however, there is . Instead of questioning the story of the Philistines Cretan origins, in an attempt to locate a core of historical probability, 6063:

Emanuel, J. P. (2011). Digging for Dagon: A Reassessment of the Archaeological Evidence for a Cult of Philistine Dagon in Iron I Ashdod. In Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting. San Francisco,

1241:

speak of the destruction of the Philistines. Jeremiah 47:4 describes the Philistines as the remnant of the Caphtorim because the latter were mysteriously destroyed, either by divine or man-made means.

2391:, a supposed hypostasis of Baal, is described in the Hebrew Bible as the patron deity of Ekron, though no explicit attestation of such a god or his worship has thus far been discovered, and the name 895:, although evidence for continuity from earlier, Iron Age traditions in the region is scarce. The citizens of Ashdod were reported to keep their language but it might have been an Aramaic dialect. 3819:

These particular Amos verses are earliest-witnessed in the Minor-Prophets scroll found in Wadi Murabbaat, "MurXII"; but both are decayed such that whatever stands in for "PLSTYM" is conjectural.

1253: 2891: 3838: 800:), and occupying the remaining kingdoms in the area (including Philistia). Decades later, Egypt began agitating its neighbours to rebel against Assyrian rule. A revolt in Israel was crushed by 2036:

pottery, which is decorated in shades of brown and black. This later developed into the distinctive Philistine pottery of the Iron Age I, with black and red decorations on white slip known as

2158:, conducted a 30-year investigation of the burial practices of the Philistines, by excavating a Philistine cemetery containing more than 150 burials dating from the 11th to 8th century BC 1911:

depicting two major battle scenes. A separate relief on one of the bases of the Osiris pillars with an accompanying hieroglyphic text clearly identifying the person depicted as a captive

1195:

The Aramean, Assyrian and Babylonian threat eventually took over, with the Philistines themselves falling victim to these groups. They were conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the

5591:: "Cemetery in ancient Ashkelon, dating back 2700-3000 years, proves the Philistines came from the Aegean, and that in contrast to the conventional wisdom, they were a peaceful folk. 4857: 686:

There is little evidence that the Sea Peoples forcefully injected themselves into the southern Levant; and the cities which would become the core of Philistine territory, such as

2263:. The Bible does not mention any language problems between the Israelites and the Philistines, as it does with other groups up to the Assyrian and Babylonian occupations. Later, 4547:. Champollion did not make a connection to the Philistines in his published work, and Greene did not refer to such a connection in his 1855 work which commented on Champollion ( 4146:

Feldman, Michal; Master, Daniel M.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Burri, Marta; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mittnik, Alissa; Aja, Adam J.; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (3 July 2019).

3212:"Stratigraphic Overview." Pages 215–326 in Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview. Edited by Lawrence E. Stager, David Schloen, and Daniel M. Master. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns 5602: 4501:, pp. 39–41: "Quand Champollion visita Médinet Habou en juin 1829, il vit ces scénes, lut le nom des Pourosato, sans y reconnaître les Philistins; plus tard, dans son 2069:, and Edward Noort, among others, have noted the "difficulty of associating pots with people", proposing alternative suggestions such as potters following their markets or 947:. Deuteronomist sources describe the "Five Lords of the Philistines" as based in five city-states of the southwestern Levant: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath, from 7096: 1413:

Levant, due to limited number of ancient genomes available for study, "with 20 to 60 per cent similarity to DNA from ancient skeletons from Crete and Iberia and that from

4610:, p. 180: "It seems, then, that the etymological evidence for the origin of the Philistines and other Sea Peoples can be defined as unfocused and ambiguous at best." 4933:"The philistine emergence and its possible bearing on the appearance and activities of Aegean invaders in the east Mediterranean area at the end of the Mycenaean period" 1188:, and are depicted as among the arch-enemies of the Israelites, a serious and recurring threat before being subdued by David. Not all relations were negative, with the 5708: 943:

According to rabbinic sources, the name Philistines designated two separate groups; those said to descend from the Casluhim were different from those described in the

2287:); although by then this language might have been an Aramaic dialect. There is some limited evidence in favour of the assumption that the Philistines were originally 1730:

were located on the northern frontier of Philistine territory, and Tell Qasile in particular may have been inhabited by both Philistine and non-Philistine people.

2399:, is PTYH, unique to the Philistine sphere and possibly representing a goddess in their pantheon, though an exact identity has been subject to scholarly debate. 880:. These records, which link individuals to cities like Gaza and Ashkelon, highlight a continued sense of ethnic identity among the Philistines who were exiled in 2683: 868:. Those exiled continued identifying themselves as the "men of Gaza" or Ashkelon for roughly 150 years, until they finally lost their distinct ethnic identity. 6005:

In contemporary Semitic speech it may have been understood as 'the master of the house'; if so, this phrase could be used in a double sense in Mt. 10:25b.

4880: 525:(1937), whose view was that the Philistines were Indo-European intruders coming from the Aegean and the Balkans via Crete, connected their name to that of the 7018: 3713: 1871:, are dated to the time of the reign of Ramesses III (1186–1155 BC). Another was composed in the period immediately following the death of Ramesses III ( 1014:

states that only five cities, Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath and Ekron, were controlled by Philistine lords. Three of these cities were later overtaken by the

2244:

suggest that much of this population was indigenous, such that the migrant element would likely constitute less than half the total, and perhaps much less.

7083: 2417:, a Philistine city, one of the "mighty lands of Dagon", though this does little in the way of clarifying the god's importance to the Philistine pantheon. 498:

religious literature, evidence for the name and the origins of the Philistines is less abundant and less consistent. In the remainder of the Hebrew Bible,

1776:

valley during the 11th century BC, or their trade with the Israelites. There are biblical references to Philistines in the valley during the times of the

6499:"All the Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites': A Current Assessment of the Evidence for the Minoan Connection with the Philistines" 6426: 4201: 5257: 2583: 997:

does not record the Philistines as one of the nations to be displaced from Canaan. In Genesis 15:18-21, the Philistines are absent from the ten nations

2409:

in Assyrian, Phoenician, and Egyptian sources may imply the god was venerated in at least some parts of Philistia. Furthermore, the inscription of the

6615: 3822: 1832: 667:. Though archaeological investigation has been unable to correlate any such settlement existing during this time period, this, coupled with the name 2218:

The finding fits with an understanding of the Philistines as an "entangled" or "transcultural" group consisting of peoples of various origins, said

1819:. Though they were eventually repulsed by Ramesses III, he finally resettled them, according to the theory, to rebuild the coastal towns in Canaan. 5045:

The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire

3010:"The "Hunger Years" and the "Sea Peoples": Preliminary Observations on the Recently Published Letters from the "House of Urtenu" Archive at Ugarit" 2455:, as complex wares of gold, bronze, and iron, have been found at Philistine sites as early as the 12th century BC, as well as artisanal weaponry. 2166:

while there were 4 who were cremated. These burial arrangements were very common to the Aegean cultures, but not to the one indigenous to Canaan.

5816:

Harrison, Timothy P. (December 2009). "NEO-HITTITES IN THE "LAND OF PALISTIN": Renewed Investigations at Tell Taʿyinat on the Plain of Antioch".

1467: 1288:

regime. 1 Samuel 13:19-21 states that no Israelite blacksmiths were permitted and they had to go to the Philistines to sharpen their weapons and

7091: 5669: 1550:

proposed by the Hittitologists Elisabeth Rieken and Ilya Yakubovich were conducive to the conclusion that the country ruled by Taita was called

6727:. CCEM. Vol. 35 (1 ed.). Vienna: Österreichische Academie der Wissenschaften / Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 113–140. 5620: 5416: 5322: 5243: 4478:: "To my knowledge, the earliest scholars who explicitly proposed the identification of Pourousta with the Philistines are William Osburn Jr., 4123: 2558: 5516:

Marcus, Ezra S.; Porath, Yosef; Paley, Samuel M. (2008). "THE EARLY MIDDLE BRONZE AGE IIa PHASES AT TEL IFSHAR AND THEIR EXTERNAL RELATIONS".

1395:

origin. In 2016, a large Philistine cemetery was discovered near Ashkelon, containing more than 150 dead buried in oval-shaped graves. A 2019

777:'s dissolution, after which there are only sparse references to them. The accuracy of these narratives is a subject of debate among scholars. 6962: 6920: 6896: 6784: 6763: 6732: 6688: 6667: 6646: 6466: 6414: 6083: 5998: 5966: 5937: 5777: 5500: 5400: 5100: 5053: 5026: 4977: 4915: 4832: 4805: 4752: 4554: 4346: 4287: 4259: 4231: 3723: 3503: 3048: 3021: 2769: 2742: 2703: 769:, forbidding the Israelites from making iron implements of war. According to their chronicles, the Philistines were eventually subjugated by 1954:

The Harris Papyrus, which was found in a tomb at Medinet Habu, also recalls Ramesses III's battles with the Sea Peoples, declaring that the

7023: 6979: 6309: 600: 7038: 6108: 4238:

First, there is widespread understanding that the Philistines, Israel's near neighbours, were of Greek, or more generally, Aegean origin.

6402:

Bene Israel: Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and the Levant During the Bronze and Iron Ages Offered in Honour of Israel Finkelstein

956: 1712:

13:3 and 1 Samuel 6:17, the land of the Philistines, called Philistia, was a pentapolis in the southwestern Levant comprising the five

1284:

Some Philistine military success must have taken place subsequently, allowing the Philistines to subject the Israelites to a localised

6721:"Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples.'" 2396: 2345:

in Palistin substantiate a connection between the language of the kingdom of Palistin and the Philistines of the southwestern Levant.

2197: 1396: 3510:

Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (

7133: 7104: 7050: 6841: 6805: 6709: 6596: 6575: 6525: 6487: 6389: 6364: 6283: 6258: 6235: 5349: 1647:. Stephanos Vogazianos (1993) states that Jones "only answers problems by analogy and he mainly speculates" but notes that the root 548: 1164::1 tells that the Philistines dominated the Israelites in the times of Samson, who fought and killed over a thousand. According to 4466:À ma connaissance, les plus anciens savants qui ont proposé explicitement l' identification des Pourousta avec les Philistins sont 1986:" Scholars have advanced the possibility that the other Sea Peoples mentioned were connected to these cities in some way as well. 884:. These instances represent the last known mentions of the Philistines, marking the end of their presence in historical accounts. 603:

of the East Mediterranean. Egypt, in particular, repelled numerous attempted invasions from the Sea Peoples, most famously at the

6567:

Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E.

2341:, appear to be of non-Semitic origin, and Indo-European etymologies have been suggested. Recent finds of inscriptions written in 5176: 1494:." Archaeological research to date has been unable to corroborate a mass settlement of Philistines during the Ramesses III era. 6756:

The Mediterranean Sea and the Southern Levant: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives from the Bronze Age to Medieval Times

6183: 4781:

Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday

4641:

Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday

1169: 808:

ascended to the throne of Ashdod, and organized another failed uprising against Assyria with Egyptian aid. The Assyrian King

5718: 3076: 2279:

and Philistine cities, half the offspring of Judean marriages with women from Ashdod could speak only their mother tongue,

1437:, during their entire 575 years of existence among Canaanite (Phoenician), Israelite, and perhaps other seafaring peoples. 3946: 3886: 3856: 6725:"Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date: New Research on the Transformations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 13th–11th centuries BCE 4591:

Peleset were not from Philistia after all, but were Aegean Pelasgians. It was this unfortunate suggestion that triggered

4484:

An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Alphabet Egyptian Hieroglyphic gold Ancient

3014:

Ve-'Ed Ya'aleh (Gen 2:6), Volume 1: Essays in Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Edward L. Greenstein

1261:

The following is a list of battles described in the Bible as having occurred between the Israelites and the Philistines:

2473: 2464: 2410: 67: 6868: 2420:

The most common material religious artefact finds from Philistine sites are goddess figurines/chairs, sometimes called

5713: 4474:

An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic or Ancient Egyptian Alphabet

3916: 3359: 2833: 1816: 4365:

Stone, Bryan Jack (1995). "The Philistines and Acculturation: Culture Change and Ethnic Continuity in the Iron Age".

1527:("f"?) inadequately described in the script, or both. Falistina was a kingdom somewhere on the Amuq plain, where the 3458:

De goden der Filistijnen en hun dienst, in Geschiedenis van den godsdienst in de oudheid tot op Alexander den Groote

1751:, 23 of the 26 Iron Age I sites (12th to 10th centuries BC) yielded typical Philistine pottery. These sites include 1744:, which according to the Bible marked the border between the Philistine and Israelite territory, remains uncertain. 4294:

Most scholars conclude that the Philistines came from the area of Greece and the islands between Greece and Turkey.

2151: 1384: 1189: 4020: 1951:

in this inscription is seen as providing some information on the possible origin and identity of the Philistines.

7143: 4524: 1425:

Most scholars agree that the Philistines were of Greek origin, and that they came from Crete and the rest of the

4544: 3380:

Peter Machinist (2013). "Biblical Traditions: The Philistines and Israelite History". In Eliezer D. Oren (ed.).

7138: 6606: 2037: 579: 171: 2571: 1796:

and William Osburn Jr. in 1846, biblical scholars have connected the biblical Philistines with the Egyptian "

4507: 3771: 1999: 1697: 1185: 1119: 749:, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron and Gath. Whether or not historians are inclined to accept the historicity of the 119: 3820: 3120: 5690: 4443: 3441: 2923: 2635: 2483: 2260: 1876: 1289: 466: 175: 104: 5588:

Philippe Bohstrom, 'Archaeologists find first-ever Philistine cemetery in Israel,' Haaretz 10 July 2016.

5311:, Chapter 20: Lawrence E. Stager, "The Impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan (1185–1050 BCE)", p. 344. 2828: 1083:

Rabbinic sources state that the Philistines of Genesis were different people from the Philistines of the

7067: 3585: 3143: 2875: 2170:

of Harvard University believes that Philistines came to Canaan by ships before the Battle of the Delta (

1904: 1860: 1848: 1815:

Philistines formed part of the conjectured "Sea Peoples" who repeatedly attacked Egypt during the later

1598:

notes that there is nothing (besides the name) in the recently discovered archaeology that indicates an

1547: 1450: 1445: 1023: 861: 780:

The Philistines seemed to have generally retained their autonomy, up until the mid-8th century BC, when

718: 687: 660: 591: 474: 194: 7003: 2395:

itself may be the result of an intentional distortion by the Israelites. Another name, attested on the

1907:. Scholars have been unable to conclusively determine which images match what peoples described in the 1363:

mentions in two places that they originate from a geographical region known as Caphtor (possibly Crete/

1064: 825:. Sennacherib crushed the revolt, defeated the Egyptians, and destroyed much of the cities in southern 7013: 3012:. In Machinist, Peter; Harris, Robert A.; Berman, Joshua A.; Samet, Nili; Ayali-Darshan, Noga (eds.). 7128: 6856:""Sea Peoples" and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the eastern Mediterranean" 5921: 5470: 4944: 4159: 3786: 3142:

took the story at face value and proceeded to inflate it to fantastic dimensions. Believing that the

2871: 2467:, a museum displaying the major archaeological artifacts from the five ancient Philistine city-states 2288: 1856: 1210:

in 1:8 sets the Philistines / ἀλλοφύλοι at Ashdod and Ekron. In 9:7 God is quoted asserting that, as

424: 7028: 6889:

Israel in Transition: From late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c.1250-850 B.C.E.). Volume I. The Archaeology

5326: 4539:). Dothan and Dothan's following paragraph "Dr. Greene's Unexpected Discovery" incorrectly confused 2879: 36: 6993: 6424:

Finkelstein, Israel (December 2002). "The Philistines in the Bible: A Late-Monarchic Perspective".

5786: 5674: 4540: 4337:. In Ebeling, Jennie R.; Wright, J. Edward; Elliott, Mark Adam; Flesher, Paul V. McCracken (eds.). 4109: 2342: 2306: 2253: 2223: 2126: 2114: 2070: 1607: 1578: 1299: 1279: 1137: 1011: 917: 785: 781: 753:

of the Hebrew nation, their writers describe a series of conflicts between the Philistines and the

604: 186: 163: 2444:. Finds include breweries, wineries, and retail shops marketing beer and wine. Beer mugs and wine 1577:

John David Hawkins (who translated the Aleppo inscriptions) hypothesizes a connection between the

1019: 82: 6738: 6552: 6443: 6338: 6208: 6200: 5833: 5651: 5554: 5533: 4706: 4671: 4421: 4390: 4382: 4315: 3425: 3116: 2810: 2640: 2376: 2354: 2143: 2033: 1825: 1654: 1295: 929: 766: 399: 394: 4587: 3396: 6154: 6131: 5767: 1391:. These traditions, among other things, have led to the modern theory of Philistines having an 6958: 6916: 6892: 6885:"The Date of the Philistine Settlement in the Coastal Plain: The View from Megiddo and Latish" 6837: 6801: 6780: 6774: 6759: 6728: 6705: 6684: 6663: 6642: 6634: 6624:

Maeir, A. M. (2005). "Philister-Keramik". In Frantz-Szabo, Gabriella; Hellwag, Ursula (eds.).

6592: 6571: 6521: 6483: 6462: 6410: 6385: 6360: 6305: 6279: 6254: 6231: 6089: 6079: 6043: 5994: 5962: 5933: 5852: 5773: 5496: 5396: 5388: 5096: 5049: 5022: 5016: 4973: 4948: 4911: 4828: 4822: 4801: 4795: 4748: 4742: 4639:

Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). "The new values of Luwian signs L 319 and L 172".

4342: 4283: 4255: 4227: 4187: 3762: 3719: 3499: 3491: 3457: 3044: 3017: 2983: 2847: 2802: 2765: 2738: 2699: 2617: 2050: 1594:

However, the relation between Palistin and the Philistines is much debated. Israeli professor

1543: 1400: 1399:

found that, while all three Ashkelon populations derive most of their ancestry from the local

1238: 1196: 888: 857: 384: 375: 263: 190: 6907: 6678: 6297: 4536: 3038: 3009: 2759: 2726: 1535: 6939: 6544: 6435: 6350: 6330: 6192: 6033: 5867: 5825: 5643: 5525: 5088: 4853: 4698: 4663: 4374: 4177: 4167: 3511: 3428:, Die Rasse der Philistäer, in Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie, xxxiv. 103, 1891 2794: 2691: 2609: 2375:, and Dagon, whose names or variations thereof had already appeared in the earlier attested 2121:

The Cretans also influenced the architecture of Middle Bronze Age Canaanite palaces such as

2099: 2058: 2028: 1959: 1928:

drawn by two horses. They carried small shields and fought with straight swords and spears.

1872: 1820: 1781: 1727: 1658: 1226: 1177: 1053: 814: 664: 534: 505: 481: 470: 461: 457: 291: 40: 7077: 6513:

A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature

5973:

An alternative suggested by many is to connect zĕbûl with a noun meaning "(exalted) abode".

5069: 2007: 891:

period, the region of Philistia saw resettlement, with its inhabitants being identified as

7108: 7054: 6880: 5891:

Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente 13, 2015

5550: 4266:

Many scholars have identified the Philistines and other Sea Peoples as Mycenaean Greeks...

3826: 2441: 2425: 2314: 2310: 2292: 2204: 2181: 2167: 2155: 2046: 1868: 1539: 1512: 1272: 1230: 1147: 1115: 1045:

deals with the Philistine king similarly, by concluding a treaty with them in chapter 26.

909: 834: 774: 758: 634: 420: 336: 308: 95: 7101: 7043: 5353: 3542: 2960: 1542:

was discovered during excavations conducted by German archaeologist Kay Kohlmeyer in the

6610: 5903:

Gitin, Seymour, and Mordechai Cogan. "A New Type of Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron."

5572:"Ancient philistine cemetery in Israel could solve one of the Bible's biggest mysteries" 4163: 2928:

The Samuel Scroll from Qumran: 4QSama Restored and Compared to the Septuagint and 4QSamc

1688: 1486:(Canaan), come to an end; and since 1873 comparisons were drawn between them and to the 1339: 6851: 6830: 5993:(3rd (108) ed.). Leicester, England; Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. 5986: 5886: 4932: 4592: 4182: 4147: 3766: 3453: 3437: 3139: 2147: 2066: 1777: 1748: 1717: 1709: 1701: 1528: 1426: 1306: 1207: 1143: 1092: 1088: 970: 937: 933: 920:: "Mizraim begot the Ludim, the Anamim, the Lehabim, the Naphtuhim, the Pathrusim, the 873: 830: 804:

in 722 BC, resulting in the kingdom's total destruction. In 712 BC, a Philistine named

680: 428: 412: 136: 7061: 4620:

Rieken, Elisabeth. A. Süel (ed.). "Das Zeichen <sà> im Hieroglyphen-luwischen".

2600:

Aaron J. Brody; Roy J. King (2013). "Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel".

2065:

However, for many years scholars such as Gloria London, John Brug, Shlomo Bunimovitz,

1367:), although the Hebrew chronicles also state that the Philistines were descended from 651:. Following the Sea Peoples' defeat, Ramesses III allegedly relocated a number of the 7122: 6556: 6517: 6447: 6342: 6247: 6212: 5871: 5837: 5747: 5655: 5589: 5271: 5180: 4710: 4675: 4394: 4076: 3756: 3487: 1931:

The Rhetorical Stela are less discussed, but are noteworthy in that they mention the

1793: 1720:

in the south to the Yarqon River in the north, but with no fixed border to the east.

1595: 1582: 1574: 1434: 1155: 1084: 981: 944: 793: 587: 522: 6503:

Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Cretan Studies, 21–27 October 2011

6461:. Vol. I. The Archaeology. New York and London: T & T Clark International. 5555:"Remains Of Minoan-Style Painting Discovered During Excavations of Canaanite Palace" 2613: 1581:

Palistin and the Philistines, as do archaeologists Benjamin Sass and Kay Kohlmeyer.

705: 563:

Invasions, destruction and possible population movements during the collapse of the

6318: 6293: 3709: 2452: 2087: 1844: 1734: 1603: 1454: 1360: 1321: 1234: 1151: 1076: 952: 750: 618: 416: 221: 217: 209: 74: 63: 7102:

Neal Bierling. Giving Goliath His Due. New Archaeological Light on the Philistines

6998: 6943: 5603:"Long Buried By Bad Reputation, Philistines Get New Life With Archaeological Find" 4972:. Ben Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East. p. 336. 4622:

Acts of the VIIth International Congress of Hittitology, Çorum, August 25–31, 2008

2162:. In July 2016, the expedition finally announced the results of their excavation. 7097:

Biblical Archaeology Review - Yavneh Yields Over a Hundred Philistine Cult Stands

6952: 6800:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. 6797:

The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment (University Museum Monograph 108)

6795: 6699: 6657: 6586: 6565: 6535:

Jones, A. (1972). "The Philistines and the Hearth: Their Journey to the Levant".

6511: 6477: 6456: 6400: 6375: 6269: 6221: 5670:"Know thine enemy: DNA study solves ancient riddle of origins of the Philistines" 5043: 4967: 4905: 2682:

Maeir, Aren M. (2018), Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Cline, Eric H.; Rowan, Yorke (eds.),

1903:), recording his victories in a series of inscriptions in his mortuary temple at 671:

and the peoples' supposed Aegean origins, have led many scholars to identify the

6752:"Just What did They Destroy? The Sea Peoples and the End of the Late Bronze Age" 6406: 6356: 6227: 4969:

From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel

4053: 4042: 4031: 3080: 2268: 1917: 1768: 1756: 1752: 1723: 1662: 1638: 1555: 1460:

Since 1846, scholars have connected the biblical Philistines with the Egyptian "

1285: 955:

in the north. This description portrays them at one period of time as among the

865: 822: 761:, and, allegedly, the Philistines exercised lordship over Israel in the days of 738: 730: 695: 583: 326: 7092:

The Center for Online Judaic Studies: Ramesses III and the Philistines, 1175 BC

6867:

Silberman, Neil A. (1998), Seymour Gitin; Amichai Mazar; Ephraim Stern (eds.),

6439: 6334: 6302:

The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C.

5647: 5272:"Philistine | Definition, People, Homeland, & Facts | Britannica" 5003: 4353:... a distinctive Aegean-style material culture associated with the Philistines 4092: 3987: 3954: 3924: 3894: 3864: 3284: 6268:

Dothan, Trude Krakauer; Gitin, Seymour; Mazar, Amihai; Stern, Ephraim (1998).

6155:"Excavating Ekron: Major Philistine City Survived by Absorbing Other Cultures" 5853:"After the Hittites: the kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in northern Syria" 4702: 4667: 4148:"Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines" 4064: 4009: 3998: 3618: 3607: 3596: 3574: 3559: 3295: 2966: 2787:

Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period

2695: 2516: 2478: 2405: 2318: 2219: 2095: 1900: 1879:, is dated to some time between the end of the 12th or early 11th century BC. 1805: 1801: 1772: 1713: 1599: 1491: 1487: 1414: 1392: 1376: 1310: 1219: 1211: 1173: 1165: 1111: 1030: 1001:'s descendants will displace as well as being absent from the list of nations 960: 813:

incited its neighbors to rebel against Assyria, resulting in Ashkelon, Ekron,

754: 742: 710: 626: 596: 564: 526: 509: 495: 432: 317: 299: 205: 152: 115: 6047: 4992: 4952: 4850:"The History of King David in Light of New Epigraphic and Archeological Data" 3808: 3797: 3570: 2806: 2798: 2621: 1808:". The evidence for these connections is etymological and has been disputed. 1771:, Be'er Tiveon, Hurvat Hazin, Tel Risim, Tel Re'ala, Hurvat Tzror, Tel Sham, 1192:, who were of Philistine origin, serving as David's bodyguards and soldiers. 7113: 6742: 6720: 2388: 2364: 2139: 2122: 2111: 1693: 1683: 1520: 1409: 1380: 1266: 1161: 1038: 1010:. However, their de-facto control over Canaan appears to have been limited. 948: 925: 892: 881: 838: 809: 801: 797: 746: 714: 559: 492: 453: 156: 59: 6271:

Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BC

4689:

Ilya Yakubovich (2015). "Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia".

4191: 4172: 1899:" (the eastern Mediterranean coast) and at "the mouths of the rivers" (the 6458:

Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)

6093: 5471:"CHAPTER 1: The Dawn of the Bronze Age – The Aegean in the 3rd Millennium" 4728:

Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions 1. Inscriptions of the Iron Age

4306:

Shai, Itzhaq (2011). "Philistia and the Philistines in the Iron Age IIA".

2572:

https://greekreporter.com/2023/10/08/ancient-philistines-greek-origin-dna/

2203:

ancestry from the local Levantine gene pool, but with a certain amount of

1895:. They were comprehensively defeated by Ramesses III, who fought them in " 7039:

Penn State University - The Sea Peoples and the Philistines (link broken)

6381: 5929: 5887:"King Taita and his 'Palistin': philistine state or neo-hittite kingdom?" 5529: 2684:"Iron Age I Philistines: Entangled Identities in a Transformative Period" 2424:. This seems to imply a dominant female figure, which is consistent with 2296: 2264: 2241: 2208: 2159: 2110:

There is evidence that Cretans traded with Levantine merchants since the

2017: 1944: 1812: 1760: 1551: 1404: 1368: 1344: 1327: 1199:, and disappeared as a distinct ethnic group by the late 5th century BC. 977:), which means simply "other nations", is used instead of "Philistines". 921: 849: 530: 512::17. In the Septuagint, however, 269 references alternately use the term 477: 148: 6038: 6021: 5829: 5537: 4425: 4319: 3755: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2814: 2785:

Perkins, Larry (2010). "What's in a Name—Proper Names in Greek Exodus".

208:. Though the primary source of information about the Philistines is the 162:

The Philistines may have originated as a Greek immigrant group from the

6626:

Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Band 14

5908: 5750: 4744:

A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari

4532: 4386: 2522: 2372: 2368: 2322: 2041: 1925: 1908: 1888: 1840: 1836: 1797: 1567: 1563: 1524: 1372: 1352: 1348: 1324:, killing King Saul and his three sons Jonathan, Abinadab and Malkishua 1314: 1215: 1154:

states that the term "Philistines" means simply "non-Israelites of the

1107: 1103: 1034: 1007: 998: 913: 722: 691: 643: 622: 227: 31: 6954:

The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age

6204: 1257:

Illustration depicting a Philistine victory over the Israelites (1896)

1029:

God also directed the Israelites away from the Philistines upon their

204:

conflict with the Canaanite peoples of the region, in particular, the

6275: 5352:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Archived from 4528: 2520: 2445: 2380: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2301: 2054: 2021: 1916:

themselves. The soldiers were quite tall and clean-shaven. They wore

1884: 1883:

the "Sea Peoples," a coalition of foreign enemies which included the

1741: 1643: 1634: 1559: 1430: 1359:

Several theories are given about the origins of the Philistines. The

1099: 1072: 1068: 1015: 964: 877: 826: 805: 789: 656: 630: 544: 538: 513: 330: 320: 213: 182: 167: 144: 6873:

Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Essays in Honor of Trude Dothan

6860:

Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Essays in Honor of Trude Dothan

6751: 4378: 4334: 2688:

The Social Archaeology of the Levant: From Prehistory to the Present

1602:

origin to Palistin; most of the discoveries at the Palistin capital

7046:

Giving Goliath his Due: New Archaeological Light on the Philistines

6884: 6855: 6548: 6498: 6196: 6022:"Philistine Cult and Religion According to Archaeological Evidence" 5907:, vol. 49, no. 3/4, Israel Exploration Society, 1999, pp. 193–202, 4654:

Hawkins, J. David (2011). "The inscriptions of the Aleppo Temple".

1733:

The location of Gath is not entirely certain, although the site of

1661:(1994) note the hearth constructions which have been discovered at 637:. Egyptian sources name one of these implicated Sea Peoples as the 174:. Over time, they gradually assimilated elements of the indigenous 7076: 7060: 4776: 2414: 2330: 2305:(thought by linguists to have been borrowed by the Greeks from an 2276: 2091: 2006: 1998: 1896: 1864: 1855:

The "Peleset" appear in four different texts from the time of the

1831: 1811:

Based on the Peleset inscriptions, it has been suggested that the

1800:" inscriptions; and since 1873, both have been connected with the 1764: 1687: 1666: 1649: 1628: 1449:

Peleset, captives of the Egyptians, from a graphic wall relief at

1444: 1388: 1364: 1338: 1252: 1063: 1049: 1042: 1002: 994: 818: 770: 726: 704: 699: 558: 446: 201: 81: 6701:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East: Volume 4

5621:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece" 5417:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece" 5244:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece" 5089:"The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology" 4747:. Tell Ahmar, Volume 2. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 130. 4202:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece" 4124:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece" 3344:

Egypt and the Kingdom of Judah under Josiah and Jehoiakim, p. 218

2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2559:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece" 1142:'other nations') instead of "Philistines" throughout the 6591:. New York, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. 5928:. Vol. 1 (Revised (381) ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: 3715:

The David Story: A Translation with Commentary of 1 and 2 Samuel

2384: 2360: 2272: 1963: 1921: 762: 58:

This article is about the ancient people. For their polity, see

6776:

Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction

5748:'Archaeologists find first-ever Philistine cemetery in Israel,' 5093:

Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies

4824:

The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology

4280:

Ancient Israel's History: An Introduction to Issues and Sources

2003:

Philistine pottery, Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture

1554:. This country extended in the 11th-10th centuries BC from the 741:, the Philistines had formed an ethnic state centered around a 302: 5495:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–229. 4775:

Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). Singer, I. (ed.).

3761:

Hirsch, Emil G.; Muller, W. Max; Ginzberg, Louis (1901–1906).

1461: 621:

defeated a massive invasion force which had already plundered

387: 225: 15: 6891:. New York: T & T Clark International. pp. 203–216. 6352:

The Philistines in Transition: A History from ca. 1000-730 BC

5634:"Ancient DNA reveals the roots of the Biblical Philistines". 3675: 3651: 2764:. Translated by Thomas H. Trapp. Fortress Press. p. 95. 2528: 1218:. In the Greek this is, instead, bringing the ἀλλόφυλοι from 440: 7033: 6854:(1998), Seymour Gitin; Amichai Mazar; Ephraim Stern (eds.), 1052:, the Philistines are almost always referred to without the 1033:

from Egypt, according to Exodus 13:17. In Genesis 21:22-17,

659:, as recorded in an inscription from his funerary temple in 185:, after having already been subjugated for centuries by the 6078:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 662. 4314:(2). Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 124–125. 4105:

Discovery of Philistine Cemetery May Solve Biblical Mystery

3158: 3156: 1110:. This differentiation was also held by the authors of the 844:

The Philistines were later occupied by the Egyptians in 609

6930:

Vandersleyen, Claude (2003). "Keftiu: A Cautionary Note".

5202: 5200: 5198: 3523:, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative 1379:

connects the Philistines to other biblical groups such as

1150:. Based on the LXX's regular translation as "foreigners", 1041:, the Philistine king, and his descendants. Abraham's son 1018:, making them a target for Israelite conquests as seen in 6957:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 5691:"DNA Begins to Unlock Secrets of the Ancient Philistines" 5258:"Who Were the Philistines, and Where Did They Come From?" 3040:

The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World

2584:"Who Were the Philistines, and Where Did They Come From?" 1887:, the Shekelesh, the Deyen, the Weshesh, the Teresh, the 1330:

defeats the Philistines as far as Gaza and its territory.

1130: 282:). They also left behind a distinctive material culture. 143:) were an ancient people who lived on the south coast of 130: 6076:

Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament

5961:. Vol. 1 (639 ed.). New York City: Doubleday. 4907:

Bronze Age Civilization: The Philistines and the Danites

4482:..., London, 1846. pp. 99, 107, 137, and Edward Hincks, 1990:

Material culture: Aegean origin and historical evolution

1573:

Due to the similarity between Palistin and Philistines,

837:, though he was unable to capture the Judahite capital, 7024:

List of Biblical References to Philistines or Philistia

6628:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 528–536. 2906:

The Social Location of the Visions of Amram (4Q543-547)

2636:

DNA Begins to Unlock Secrets of the Ancient Philistines

2440:

There is considerable evidence for a large industry in

2317:). Although most Philistine names are Semitic (such as 1653:

may not at all be out of place. Regarding this theory,

5799: 5797: 5171: 5169: 4480:

Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible

4472:..., Londres 1846. p. 99. 107. 137. et Edward Hincks, 4470:

Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible

4445:

Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible

4252:

A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines

3131: 3129: 2690:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 320, 2053:

to PYGN or PYTN, which some have suggested refers to "

1737:, not far from Ekron, is currently the most favoured. 1158:" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David. 1106:

60b, the Philistines of Genesis intermingled with the

582:, an apparent confederation of seafarers known as the 378: 257: 251: 245: 233: 178:

societies, while preserving their own unique culture.

6836:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 6374:

Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2005).

5985:

Millard, Alan R.; Marshall, I. Howard; Packer, J.I.;

5432: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 4586:, p. 55: "A slight shift occurred in 1872, when 4367:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3519:. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration 3150:

the ethnica in Merneptahs and Ramesses inscriptions."

2271:

records that when Judean men intermarried women from

1622:

Allen Jones (1972 & 1975) suggests that the name

55:

Ancient people who lived on the south coast of Canaan

6111:. Charlotte, North Carolina: Church of the Great God 5095:, vol. 15, Society of Biblical Lit, p. 2, 3746: 3744: 3742: 3360:"The History Leading Up to the Destruction of Judah" 2504: 792:

that was not already under Assyrian rule (including

499: 406: 239: 109: 6704:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 3384:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 53–83. 773:, before regaining independence in the wake of the 6829: 6758:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 59–98. 6570:Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. 6399:Fantalkin, Alexander; Yasur-Landau, Assaf (2008). 6246: 6181:Bonfante, G. (1946). "Who were the Philistines?". 5709:"Ancient DNA may reveal origin of the Philistines" 4200: 1247:Battles between the Israelites and the Philistines 788:, marched into the region, conquering much of the 6611:"The Philistines: Their History and Civilization" 6249:People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines 4335:"The Philistines during the Period of the Judges" 2946: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2333:) some of the Philistine names, such as Goliath, 1716:of Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath, from 1478:900 BC just as archaeological references to 1355:, and other peoples mentioned in the Hebrew Bible 912:, 10:13-14 states, with regard to descendants of 7029:Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project Website 6815:Rabin, Chaim (1963). "Hittite Words in Hebrew". 6637:. In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). 6377:The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4: P–Sh 5493:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age 5325:. Biblical Archaeological Review. Archived from 5323:"When Canaanites and Philistines Ruled Ashkelon" 4777:"The New Values of Luwian Signs L 319 and L 172" 4079:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11 August 2023. 3839:"Read the Bible text :: academic-bible.com" 3668:, p. 51: "The LXX's regular translation of 3043:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 76. 2515:) in Hebrew. The equivalent in the Greek of the 1843:prisoner being led by an Egyptian soldier under 1453:, in about 1185-52 BC, during the reign of 1429:or, more generally, from the area of modern-day 5957:Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1996). "Beelzebul". 4643:. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology: 199–219 . 4603: 4601: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 3382:The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment 398:has the same derivation. The native Philistine 86:Confederacy of Philistia in the 9th century BCE 6875:, Israel Exploration Society, pp. 268–275 6862:, Israel Exploration Society, pp. 292–313 6723:. In Fischer, Peter M.; Bürge, Teresa (eds.). 6482:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Greenhill Books. 6304:, Princeton University Press, pp. 48–72, 6245:Dothan, Trude Krakauer; Dothan, Moshe (1992). 5860:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 4373:(298). The University of Chicago Press: 7–32. 4254:. British Archaeological Reports. p. 41. 3687:normally appeared without a definite article." 2451:The Philistines also seemed to be experienced 2180:BC). DNA was extracted from the skeletons for 2142:Expedition, consisting of archaeologists from 821:revolting against Sargon's son and successor, 277: 271: 7034:Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project Blog 5926:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 5761: 5759: 5551:"Remains of Minoan fresco found at Tel Kabri" 2848:"Origin and meaning of the name Palestine by" 1498:"Walistina/Falistina" and "Palistin" in Syria 1343:A 1854 map showing possible locations of the 1176:, the return of the Ark to the Israelites of 8: 5734: 4966:Finkelstein, Israel; Na'aman, Nadav (1994). 4797:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History 4607: 4553:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGreene1855 ( 4520: 4498: 4461: 4339:The Old Testament in Archaeology and History 3975: 3718:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. xvii. 3682: 3669: 3645: 2728:Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age Mediterranean 2510: 2094:, where there were Philistine farmsteads at 1939:, who sailed "in the midst of the sea". The 1071:slays a thousand men with the jawbone of an 369: 363: 357: 351: 345: 339: 189:(911–605 BC), was finally destroyed by King 7014:Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture 6754:. In Kamlah, J.; Lichtenberger, A. (eds.). 6588:The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land 6059: 6057: 6015: 6013: 4579: 4577: 4414:The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 4308:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 3696: 2725:Raffaele D'Amato; Andrea Salimbeti (2015). 2379:. The Philistines may also have worshipped 311: 6832:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times 6683:. B&H Publishing Group. pp. 41–. 6427:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 6323:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 6253:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 6223:The Philistines and Their Material Culture 5518:Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 4278:Arnold, Bill T.; Hess, Richard S. (2014). 3629: 3413: 940:have argued for a third, Semitic origin. 6869:"The Sea Peoples, the Victorians, and Us" 6641:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 549–64. 6616:Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology 6476:Herzog, Chaim; Gichon, Mordechai (2006). 6153:Gitin, Seymour (November–December 2005). 6037: 5456: 5428: 5426: 5284: 5206: 5148: 4437: 4435: 4406: 4404: 4181: 4171: 3174: 3162: 3101: 2737:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 30–32. 2448:are among the most common pottery finds. 1403:-speaking Levantine gene pool, the early 1371:, one of the 7 sons of Ham's second son, 6107:Ritenbaugh, Richard T. (November 2006). 5989:, eds. (1996). "Baal-Zebub, Beelzebul". 4827:. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 662. 4341:. Baylor University Press. p. 332. 3482: 3480: 3478: 3200:10.1163/ej.9789004206250.i-452.64. p 202 3121:Is The Philistine Paradigm Still Viable? 3112: 3110: 3079:. Specialtyinterests.net. Archived from 2978: 2976: 2359:The deities worshipped in the area were 2090:region to the north (the area of modern 1943:are thought to have originated from the 1441:The "Peleset" from Egyptian inscriptions 6659:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History 5769:The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible 5374: 5230: 5218: 5160: 5127: 4494: 4492: 4457: 4455: 4448:. Samuel Bagster and sons. p. 107. 4226:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 287. 3543:"Genesis 10 Matthew Poole's Commentary" 3469: 3330: 3318: 3185: 3183: 3063: 2550: 2496: 1214:, he also brought the Philistines from 1048:Unlike most other ethnic groups in the 6915:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 39–54. 6635:"Philistines and Israelites/Judahites" 6321:(1998), "Canaanites and Philistines", 6157:. Biblical Archaeology Society Library 6134:. Biblical Archaeology Society Library 5730: 5728: 5444: 4548: 4535:" identified (Champollion, Monuments, 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 2761:Isaiah 13-27: A Continental Commentary 2660: 2413:, dating to the 6th century BC, calls 1924:, and their superior weapons included 1387:, which have been identified with the 1037:agrees to a covenant of kindness with 5803: 5296: 5177:"Philistines | Follow The Rabbi" 5115: 4910:. Public Affairs Press. pp. VI. 4891: 4783:. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology. 4583: 4568: 3665: 3641: 3537: 3535: 3375: 3373: 3353: 3351: 3306: 3135: 1947:coast and their association with the 1626:represents a corruption of the Greek 1320:The Philistines defeat Israelites on 641:, generally transliterated as either 543:(term for the laboring population of 7: 6908:"Le dossier egyptien des Philistins" 6132:"What We Know About the Philistines" 5909:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27926893 5308: 5179:. followtherabbi.com. Archived from 4730:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 2.366. 4222:Young, Ian; Rezetko, Robert (2016). 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2595: 2593: 1859:. Two of these, the inscriptions at 465:(4Q543-7), which is dated "prior to 200:The Philistines are known for their 4224:Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts 3683: 3670: 3646: 2511: 1172:and held it for several months; in 1114:(LXX), who translated (rather than 856:BC, following a Philistine revolt, 370: 358: 346: 238:), accepted as cognate with Hebrew 99: 6130:Dothan, Trude (July–August 1982). 5689:St Fleur, Nicholas (3 July 2019). 5393:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader 5042:Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009). 4821:Ann E. Killebrew (21 April 2013). 3037:Paine, Lincoln (27 October 2015). 2908:. Peter Lang. pp. 17, 89, 99. 2397:Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription 2198:Genetic history of the Middle East 1935:together with a people called the 1534:In 2003, a statue of a king named 959:'s most dangerous enemies. In the 14: 5433:Fantalkin & Yasur-Landau 2008 4848:Salner, Omri (17 December 2014). 2437:Israel's present-day production. 2057:", the title given to an ancient 1118:) its base text as "foreigners" ( 5959:The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary 5872:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00055.x 5491:Shelmerdine, Cynthia W. (2010). 5389:"Ethnicity and Material Culture" 5350:"Recent Discoveries at Ashkelon" 5018:The History of Ancient Palestine 3775:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 3750: 2962:Ancient Languages of the Balkans 2926:), in Fincke, Andrew, ed. 2001. 2125:. Dr. Assaf Yasur-Landau of the 2027:The proposed connection between 1515:texts already variantly spelled 1415:modern people living in Sardinia 1170:captured the Ark of the Covenant 445:) occurs 12 times, again in the 244:; the parallel Assyrian term is 212:, they are first attested to in 20: 6656:Masalha, Nur (15 August 2018). 6537:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6220:Dothan, Trude Krakauer (1982). 6184:American Journal of Archaeology 5348:Schloen, David (30 July 2007). 5021:. Fortress Press. p. 311. 4282:. Baker Academic. p. 152. 2614:10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0925 1075:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by 533:(a class of unfree laborers in 224:, in which they are called the 62:. For the derogatory term, see 6887:. In Grabbe, Lester L. (ed.). 6828:Redford, Donald Bruce (1992). 6779:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 145–. 6384:: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 6278:: Israel Exploration Society. 5851:Weeden, Mark (December 2013). 5478:Unisa International Repository 5015:Gösta Werner Ahlström (1993). 4931:Vogazianos, Stephanos (1994). 4628:. Ankara: Anıt Matbaa: 651–60. 456:" is further mentioned in the 1: 6944:10.1111/1468-0092.t01-1-00005 6932:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 6906:Vandersleyen, Claude (1985). 5924:, ed. (2002) . "Baal-Zebub". 5717:. 3 July 2019. Archived from 5601:Dwyer, Colin (10 July 2016). 4794:Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014). 4250:Brug, John Frederick (1978). 2947:Fahlbusch & Bromiley 2005 2729: 2171: 1958:were "reduced to ashes." The 1475: 1471: 1275:, Philistines capture the Ark 608: 568: 431:version of the Bible, called 7004:Resources in other libraries 6951:Yasur-Landau, Assaf (2010). 6910:. In Edward Lipiński (ed.). 5885:Emanuel, Jeffrey P. (2015). 5395:. Eisenbrauns. p. 146. 5391:. In Suzanne Richard (ed.). 4724:Inscription TELL TAYINAT 1: 4199:Clare Wilson (3 July 2019). 3442:Geschichte des Volkes Israel 3077:"Text of the Papyrus Harris" 2521: 2503:"Lords" is a translation of 2465:Museum of Philistine Culture 2411:sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II 2049:. Further evidence concerns 1740:The identity of the city of 1462: 1278:Philistines defeated at the 1212:he brought Israel from Egypt 1131: 965: 829:, Phoenicia, Philistia, and 539: 514: 388: 379: 331: 321: 258: 252: 246: 226: 131: 68:Philistines (disambiguation) 7019:National Geographic article 6639:The Ancient Israelite World 6109:"Who Were the Philistines?" 5714:National Geographic Society 5233:, p. 8 (Footnote #42). 4800:. OUP Oxford. p. 111. 2852:Online Etymology Dictionary 2834:Online Etymology Dictionary 2634:St. Fleur, Nicholas. 2019." 2505: 2295:speakers from the coast of 2267:13:23-24 writing under the 2011:Philistine pottery patterns 1747:In the western part of the 1271:Israelites defeated at the 833:, and entered the northern 500: 473:," possibly to the time of 419:(of which 152 times are in 407: 364: 352: 340: 240: 110: 29:It has been suggested that 7160: 6564:Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). 6520:: Hendrickson Publishers. 6497:Hitchcock, Louise (2011), 6455:Grabbe, Lester L. (2008). 6440:10.1177/030908920202700201 6335:10.1177/030908929802308104 6020:Ben-Shlomo, David (2019). 5905:Israel Exploration Journal 5772:, vol. 4, Zondervan, 5648:10.1038/d41586-019-02081-x 5642:(7764): 149. 4 July 2019. 5087:Killebrew, Ann E. (2013), 5070:"Butler, Trent C, editor. 5048:. Routledge. p. 249. 4726:Hawkins, J. David (2000). 4545:John Baker Stafford Greene 4333:Killebrew, Ann E. (2017). 3676: 3652: 3494:, in Mark G. Brett (ed.), 3490:; Rose, Catherine (1996), 2959:Katičić, Radoslav (1976). 2529: 2352: 2251: 2195: 2024:, in the 12th century BC. 1851:, around 1185–1152 BC 1681: 1385:Cherethites and Pelethites 1190:Cherethites and Pelethites 1123: 1087:(the series of books from 586:are recorded as attacking 484:46:1-47:1 might have used 452:In secondary literature, " 441: 423:). It also appears in the 278: 272: 267: 234: 181:In 604 BC, the Philistine 123: 72: 57: 6999:Resources in your library 6794:Oren, Eliezer D. (2000). 6619:, Oxford University Press 6607:Macalister, R. A. Stewart 6510:Jastrow, Marcus (2005) . 6349:Ehrlich, Carl S. (1996). 6230:: Yale University Press. 6074:Pritchard, James (1969). 4703:10.1017/s0066154615000010 4668:10.1017/s0066154600008772 4464:, pp. 40–41 n.9: : " 4113:. Retrieved 31 July 2017. 3492:"Reading as a Philistine" 3210:Stager, Lawrence (2008). 3016:. SBL Press. p. 58. 2758:Hans Wildberger (1979) . 2696:10.1017/9781316661468.018 2231:the consumption of pork. 1692:Land of the Philistines, 1531:had held sway before it. 974: 757:during the period of the 374:). There are cognates in 170:circa 1175 BC during the 155:generally referred to as 46:Proposed since July 2024. 7134:Ancient Israel and Judah 6698:Meyers, Eric M. (1997). 6585:Levy, Thomas E. (1998). 5818:Near Eastern Archaeology 5766:Tenney, Merrill (2010), 4904:Jones, Allen H. (1975). 4521:Dothan & Dothan 1992 4442:Osburn, William (1846). 3976:Herzog & Gichon 2006 2949:, "Philistines", p. 185. 2930:. Leiden: Brill. p. 144. 2799:10.1163/157006310X503630 2291:, either from Greece or 2038:Philistine Bichrome ware 1538:bearing inscriptions in 1298:, Philistines routed by 580:Late Bronze Age collapse 411:occurs 286 times in the 172:Late Bronze Age collapse 73:Not to be confused with 7084:Encyclopædia Britannica 6773:Naʼaman, Nadav (2005). 6677:Mathews, K. A. (2005). 6633:Maeir, Aren M. (2022). 5072:Holman Bible Dictionary 4103:Romey, Kristin. 2016. " 3772:The Jewish Encyclopedia 3496:Ethnicity and the Bible 2988:Encyclopædia Britannica 2904:Robert R. Duke (2010). 2426:Ancient Aegean religion 2051:an inscription in Ekron 1698:twelve tribes of Israel 1673:Archaeological evidence 1290:agricultural implements 1186:Deuteronomistic history 1085:Deuteronomistic history 1060:Deuteronomistic history 945:Deuteronomistic history 303: 7087:(11th ed.). 1911. 6913:and Prof. Ch. Perelman 6750:Millek, Jesse (2021). 6719:Millek, Jesse (2017). 6662:. Zed Books, Limited. 5387:Gloria London (2003). 4486:, Dublin, 1847, p. 47" 4476:, Dublin, 1847, p. 47" 4173:10.1126/sciadv.aax0061 3843:www.academic-bible.com 3769:; et al. (eds.). 3498:, Brill, p. 404, 3342:Bernd Schipper, 2010, 2733: 1400 BC-1000 BC 2484:Ashkelon National Park 2470:Archaeological sites: 2289:Indo-European-speakers 2222:, an archaeologist at 2012: 2004: 1877:Onomasticon of Amenope 1852: 1705: 1696:(lower left), and the 1546:. The new readings of 1457: 1356: 1258: 1080: 734: 675:with the Philistines. 575: 518:('of another tribe'). 435:, the equivalent term 362:), meaning 'people of 312: 151:in a confederation of 140: 87: 66:. For other uses, see 7068:Catholic Encyclopedia 5922:Bromiley, Geoffrey W. 4741:Bunnens, Guy (2006). 4503:Dictionnaire égyptien 3825:12 March 2016 at the 3358:Kahn, Dan'el (2023). 3008:Cohen, Yoram (2021). 2283:, not Judean Hebrew ( 2184:population analysis. 2010: 2002: 1835: 1829:to settle Philistia. 1788:Egyptian inscriptions 1704:, around 1200–1050 BC 1691: 1548:Anatolian hieroglyphs 1448: 1342: 1256: 1067: 713:cities shown in red: 708: 592:Eastern Mediterranean 562: 475:High Priest of Israel 195:Neo-Babylonian Empire 85: 7107:5 April 2018 at the 7053:5 April 2018 at the 6479:Battles of the Bible 5991:New Bible dictionary 5530:10.1553/AEundL18s221 4945:University of Cyprus 4508:Grammaire égyptienne 4468:William Osburn Jr., 3787:Encyclopedia Biblica 2081:Geographic evolution 1726:(a "port city") and 1562:in the east down to 951:in the south to the 665:Great Harris Papyrus 521:The Serbian scholar 425:Samaritan Pentateuch 39:into this article. ( 7078:"Philistines" 7062:"Philistines" 6680:Genesis 11:27-50:26 6039:10.3390/rel10020074 5830:10.1086/NEA25754026 5806:, pp. 113–139. 5787:Cypro-Minoan script 5746:Philippe Bohstrom, 5675:The Times of Israel 5299:, pp. 528–536. 5209:, pp. 204–205. 4937:Archaeologia Cypria 4894:, pp. 343–350. 4541:John Beasley Greene 4164:2019SciA....5...61F 4110:National Geographic 4077:"Philistine people" 3957:on 23 November 2021 3699:, pp. 131–167. 2474:Archaeology in Gaza 2343:Hieroglyphic Luwian 2261:Cypro-Minoan script 2254:Philistine language 2224:Bar-Ilan University 2127:University of Haifa 2071:technology transfer 1875:). The fourth, the 1849:Medinet Habu temple 1421:Scholarly consensus 1280:Battle of Eben-Ezer 1225:The Bible books of 786:Neo-Assyrian Empire 782:Tiglath-Pileser III 751:old canonical books 617:BC), where pharaoh 605:Battle of the Delta 335:), ultimately from 187:Neo-Assyrian Empire 6298:"Four: Migrations" 5695:The New York Times 5321:Stager, Lawrence. 5074:, "Ziklag" (1991)" 3988:2 Chronicles 28:18 3785:Cheyne and Black, 3426:Friedrich Schwally 3397:"Genesis 10:13-14" 3251:, pp. 120–122 3227:, pp. 125–126 3117:Israel Finkelstein 3083:on 1 February 2013 2641:The New York Times 2377:Canaanite pantheon 2355:Canaanite religion 2307:Anatolian language 2144:Harvard University 2034:Late Helladic IIIC 2013: 2005: 1853: 1826:Israel Finkelstein 1817:Nineteenth Dynasty 1706: 1655:Israel Finkelstein 1458: 1357: 1296:Battle of Michmash 1259: 1081: 989:Torah (Pentateuch) 930:Friedrich Schwally 784:, the king of the 767:Samuel the prophet 735: 576: 235:𓊪𓏲𓂋𓏤𓏤𓐠𓍘𓇋𓍑 88: 6980:Library resources 6964:978-0-521-19162-3 6922:978-90-6831-031-3 6898:978-0-567-02726-9 6786:978-1-57506-108-5 6765:978-3-447-11742-5 6734:978-3-7001-7963-4 6690:978-0-8054-0141-7 6669:978-1-78699-273-4 6648:978-1-000-77324-8 6468:978-0-567-02726-9 6416:978-90-04-15282-3 6085:978-0-691-03503-1 6000:978-0-8308-1439-8 5968:978-0-300-14081-1 5939:978-0-8028-3785-1 5779:978-0-310-87699-1 5735:Yasur-Landau 2010 5502:978-1-139-00189-2 5402:978-1-57506-083-5 5274:. 27 August 2024. 5102:978-1-58983-721-8 5055:978-1-134-15907-9 5028:978-0-8006-2770-6 4979:978-1-880317-20-4 4917:978-0-685-57333-4 4860:on 1 October 2018 4834:978-1-58983-721-8 4807:978-0-19-100292-2 4754:978-90-429-1817-7 4691:Anatolian Studies 4656:Anatolian Studies 4608:Yasur-Landau 2010 4499:Vandersleyen 1985 4462:Vandersleyen 1985 4348:978-1-4813-0743-7 4289:978-1-4412-4634-9 4261:978-0-86054-337-4 4233:978-1-134-93578-9 4093:1 Chronicles 1:12 4021:1 Samuel 13:19–21 3867:on 2 October 2021 3725:978-0-393-07025-5 3505:978-0-391-04126-4 3296:1 Chronicles 18:1 3285:1 Samuel 13:19–22 3050:978-1-101-97035-5 3023:978-0-88414-484-7 2969:. pp. 69–70. 2771:978-1-4514-0934-5 2744:978-1-4728-0683-3 2705:978-1-107-15668-5 2205:Southern-European 2106:Early connections 1995:Aegean connection 1544:Citadel of Aleppo 1468:All five of these 1197:Achaemenid Empire 1141: 1129: 1098:According to the 957:Kingdom of Israel 899:Biblical accounts 858:Nebuchadnezzar II 216:at the Temple of 191:Nebuchadnezzar II 129: 108: 53: 52: 48: 7151: 7144:Book of Jubilees 7088: 7080: 7072: 7064: 6968: 6947: 6926: 6902: 6881:Ussishkin, David 6876: 6863: 6847: 6835: 6824: 6811: 6790: 6769: 6746: 6715: 6694: 6673: 6652: 6629: 6620: 6602: 6581: 6560: 6531: 6506: 6493: 6472: 6451: 6420: 6395: 6380:. Grand Rapids, 6370: 6345: 6314: 6311:978-0-69102591-9 6289: 6264: 6252: 6241: 6216: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6071: 6065: 6061: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6017: 6008: 6007: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5918: 5912: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5857: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5763: 5754: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5568: 5562: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5260:. 16 April 2023. 5254: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5173: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5012: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4856:. Archived from 4854:Haifa University 4845: 4839: 4838: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4596: 4581: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4518: 4512: 4496: 4487: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4195: 4185: 4175: 4152:Science Advances 4143: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4101: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3953:. Archived from 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3923:. Archived from 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3893:. Archived from 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3863:. Archived from 3853: 3847: 3846: 3835: 3829: 3817: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3706: 3700: 3697:Finkelstein 2002 3694: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3619:Genesis 26:28–29 3616: 3610: 3608:Genesis 21:22–27 3605: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3586:Deuteronomy 2:23 3583: 3577: 3568: 3562: 3560:Genesis 15:18–21 3557: 3551: 3550: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3512:Midrash Tehillim 3484: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3451: 3445: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3355: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3275:, pp. 67–70 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3133: 3124: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2931: 2924:2 Samuel 4:9–6:3 2916: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2844: 2838: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2734: 2731: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2679: 2664: 2658: 2645: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2586:. 16 April 2023. 2580: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2192:Genetic evidence 2179: 2176: 2173: 2134:Burial practices 2047:cultic functions 2045:building served 1960:Papyrus Harris I 1873:Papyrus Harris I 1865:Rhetorical Stela 1821:Papyrus Harris I 1782:Battle of Gilboa 1511:is mentioned in 1477: 1474:1150 BC to 1473: 1466:" inscriptions. 1465: 1317:in single combat 1249: 1248: 1136: 1134: 1128:romanized: 1127: 1125: 1054:definite article 976: 968: 918:Table of Nations 855: 847: 616: 613: 610: 573: 570: 547:), the Illyrian 542: 517: 503: 471:Hasmonean revolt 462:Visions of Amram 444: 443: 410: 405:The Hebrew term 391: 382: 373: 372: 367: 361: 360: 355: 349: 348: 343: 334: 324: 315: 306: 281: 280: 275: 274: 269: 261: 255: 249: 243: 237: 236: 231: 166:that settled in 134: 128:romanized: 127: 125: 113: 103: 101: 44: 24: 23: 16: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7139:Ancient peoples 7119: 7118: 7109:Wayback Machine 7075: 7059: 7055:Wayback Machine 7044:Neal Bierling, 7010: 7009: 7008: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6950: 6929: 6923: 6905: 6899: 6879: 6866: 6852:Sherratt, Susan 6850: 6844: 6827: 6814: 6808: 6793: 6787: 6772: 6766: 6749: 6735: 6718: 6712: 6697: 6691: 6676: 6670: 6655: 6649: 6632: 6623: 6605: 6599: 6584: 6578: 6563: 6534: 6528: 6509: 6496: 6490: 6475: 6469: 6454: 6423: 6417: 6398: 6392: 6373: 6367: 6348: 6317: 6312: 6292: 6286: 6267: 6261: 6244: 6238: 6219: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6086: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6055: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6001: 5987:Wiseman, Donald 5984: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5940: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5902: 5898: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5795: 5780: 5765: 5764: 5757: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5726: 5721:on 3 July 2019. 5707: 5706: 5702: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5561:7 December 2009 5549: 5545: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5356:on 2 April 2009 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5221:, pp. 7–8. 5217: 5213: 5205: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5183:on 14 July 2014 5175: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4873: 4863: 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Machine 3818: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3767:Singer, Isidore 3760: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3664: 3660: 3640: 3636: 3630:Macalister 1911 3628: 3624: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3580: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3554: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3506: 3486: 3485: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3452: 3448: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3414:Macalister 1911 3412: 3408: 3401:www.sefaria.org 3395: 3394: 3390: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3134: 3127: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2934: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2826: 2822: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2757: 2756: 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This implies 1505: 1500: 1443: 1423: 1389:island of Crete 1337: 1273:Battle of Aphek 1251: 1246: 1245: 1205: 1144:Books of Judges 1062: 991: 910:Book of Genesis 906: 901: 853: 845: 775:United Monarchy 669:Peleset/Pulasti 635:Southern Levant 614: 611: 571: 557: 504:is attested at 491:Outside of pre- 309:Classical Latin 288: 78: 71: 56: 49: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 7157: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7073: 7057: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974:External links 6972: 6970: 6969: 6963: 6948: 6938:(2): 209–212. 6927: 6921: 6903: 6897: 6877: 6864: 6848: 6842: 6825: 6812: 6806: 6791: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6747: 6733: 6716: 6710: 6695: 6689: 6674: 6668: 6653: 6647: 6630: 6621: 6603: 6597: 6582: 6576: 6561: 6549:10.1086/372205 6543:(4): 343–350. 6532: 6526: 6507: 6494: 6488: 6473: 6467: 6452: 6421: 6415: 6396: 6390: 6371: 6365: 6359:: E.J. Brill. 6346: 6315: 6310: 6290: 6284: 6265: 6259: 6242: 6236: 6217: 6197:10.2307/499052 6177: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6145: 6122: 6099: 6084: 6066: 6053: 6009: 5999: 5977: 5967: 5949: 5945:oikodespótēs). 5938: 5913: 5896: 5877: 5843: 5824:(4): 174–189. 5808: 5793: 5778: 5755: 5739: 5724: 5700: 5681: 5661: 5626: 5612: 5593: 5581: 5563: 5543: 5508: 5501: 5483: 5461: 5457:Killebrew 2005 5449: 5447:, p. 213. 5437: 5422: 5408: 5401: 5379: 5367: 5340: 5329:on 19 May 2011 5313: 5301: 5289: 5287:, p. 230. 5285:Killebrew 2005 5277: 5263: 5249: 5235: 5223: 5211: 5207:Killebrew 2005 5194: 5165: 5153: 5151:, p. 202. 5149:Killebrew 2005 5132: 5130:, p. 289. 5120: 5108: 5101: 5079: 5061: 5054: 5034: 5027: 5007: 4996: 4985: 4978: 4958: 4923: 4916: 4896: 4884: 4871: 4840: 4833: 4813: 4806: 4786: 4767: 4753: 4733: 4717: 4681: 4646: 4631: 4612: 4597: 4573: 4561: 4513: 4488: 4451: 4431: 4400: 4357: 4347: 4325: 4298: 4288: 4270: 4260: 4242: 4232: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4129: 4115: 4096: 4085: 4068: 4065:2 Kings 18:5–8 4057: 4046: 4035: 4024: 4013: 4002: 3991: 3980: 3968: 3938: 3908: 3878: 3848: 3830: 3812: 3801: 3790: 3778: 3738: 3724: 3701: 3689: 3658: 3634: 3622: 3611: 3600: 3589: 3578: 3563: 3552: 3531: 3504: 3488:Jobling, David 3474: 3462: 3454:Cornelis Tiele 3446: 3438:Bernhard Stade 3430: 3418: 3406: 3388: 3369: 3347: 3335: 3333:, p. 145. 3323: 3311: 3309:, p. 557. 3299: 3288: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3214:. p. 257. 3202: 3192: 3179: 3177:, p. 202. 3175:Killebrew 2005 3167: 3163:Ussishkin 2008 3152: 3125: 3106: 3104:, p. 204. 3102:Killebrew 2005 3094: 3068: 3056: 3049: 3029: 3022: 3000: 2972: 2951: 2932: 2911: 2896: 2884: 2864: 2839: 2820: 2793:(4): 447–471. 2777: 2770: 2750: 2743: 2717: 2704: 2665: 2663:, p. 313. 2646: 2627: 2589: 2575: 2564: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2468: 2460: 2457: 2433: 2430: 2353:Main article: 2350: 2347: 2252:Main article: 2249: 2246: 2236: 2233: 2193: 2190: 2182:archaeogenetic 2148:Boston College 2135: 2132: 2107: 2104: 2082: 2079: 2067:Helga Weippert 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1789: 1786: 1749:Jezreel Valley 1702:Book of Joshua 1682:Main article: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1619: 1613: 1591: 1588: 1570:in the south. 1529:Amurru kingdom 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1442: 1439: 1427:Aegean Islands 1422: 1419: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1318: 1307:Valley of Elah 1303: 1293: 1282: 1276: 1269: 1265:The Battle of 1250: 1243: 1204: 1201: 1180:is described. 1116:transliterated 1061: 1058: 1056:in the Torah. 1024:2 Samuel 21:20 990: 987: 938:Cornelis Tiele 934:Bernhard Stade 905: 902: 900: 897: 874:Murasu Archive 860:, the king of 745:consisting of 681:Jezreel Valley 556: 553: 551:, and others. 413:Masoretic Text 287: 284: 54: 51: 50: 28: 26: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7156: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6973: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6843:0-691-03606-3 6839: 6834: 6833: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6807:0-924171-80-4 6803: 6799: 6798: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6711:0-19-506512-3 6707: 6703: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6598:0-8264-6996-5 6594: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6577:1-58983-097-0 6573: 6569: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6527:1-56563-860-3 6523: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6489:1-85367-681-0 6485: 6481: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6434:(2): 131–67. 6433: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6391:0-8028-2416-1 6387: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6372: 6368: 6366:90-04-10426-7 6362: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6329:(81): 39–61, 6328: 6324: 6320: 6319:Drews, Robert 6316: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6294:Drews, Robert 6291: 6287: 6285:965-221-036-6 6281: 6277: 6274:. Jerusalem, 6273: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6260:0-02-532261-3 6256: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6237:0-300-02258-1 6233: 6229: 6226:. New Haven, 6225: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6191:(2): 251–62. 6190: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6156: 6149: 6146: 6133: 6126: 6123: 6110: 6103: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6067: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5788: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5753:10 July 2016. 5752: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5559:ScienceDaily, 5556: 5552: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 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3427: 3422: 3419: 3416:, p. 14. 3415: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3364:The Torah.com 3361: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3239:, p. 125 3238: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3196: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2892:Genesis 10:13 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872:Genesis 10:13 2868: 2865: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2773: 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2080: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:Edward Hincks 1787: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708:According to 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Nadav Na'aman 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1637:'), with the 1636: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:Itamar Singer 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583:Gershon Galil 1580: 1576: 1575:Hittitologist 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1523:variation, a 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1469: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1435:acculturation 1432: 1428: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:genetic study 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1156:Promised Land 1153: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 986: 983: 982:Matthew Poole 978: 972: 967: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 903: 898: 896: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 869: 867: 863: 859: 851: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Aram-Damascus 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 606: 602: 598: 593: 589: 588:ancient Egypt 585: 581: 566: 561: 554: 552: 550: 546: 541: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:Milan Budimir 519: 516: 511: 507: 502: 497: 494: 489: 488:as a source. 487: 483: 479: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 403: 401: 397: 396: 390: 386: 381: 377: 366: 359:פְּלִשְׁתִּים 354: 342: 338: 333: 328: 323: 319: 314: 310: 305: 301: 297: 293: 285: 283: 265: 260: 254: 248: 242: 230: 229: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 121: 117: 112: 106: 100:פְּלִשְׁתִּים 97: 93: 84: 80: 76: 69: 65: 61: 47: 42: 38: 34: 33: 27: 18: 17: 7114:Ashkelon dig 7082: 7066: 7045: 6994:Online books 6984: 6953: 6935: 6931: 6911: 6888: 6872: 6859: 6831: 6820: 6816: 6796: 6775: 6755: 6743:j.ctt1v2xvsn 6724: 6700: 6679: 6658: 6638: 6625: 6614: 6587: 6566: 6540: 6536: 6512: 6505:, p. 20 6502: 6478: 6457: 6431: 6425: 6401: 6376: 6351: 6326: 6322: 6301: 6270: 6248: 6222: 6188: 6182: 6159:. 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