580:
996:
926:
564:
604:
984:
592:
447:
156:
688:
149:
340:
308:
1012:
40:
728:
702:
898:
714:
976:
Today, one can still see the implantation remains of the fort on location, and in aerial photographs the sharp eastwards-pointing corner of the former defensive wall of the fort is still visible on the ground as a faint outline in the vegetation and soil near the cliff edge along the contemporary
777:, Cape Espichel may have been used as a division between the realms of the living and the dead. Dating from the 6th/5th millennium, some traces of funerary practices were found. Several symbolic funerary artefacts have been found in the caves facing the sea, located on the south slope.
437:
of dramatic maritime cliffs formed. The folding mechanism produced the steep northwards dip observable in the strata at the
Espichel location, and the dip progressively levels towards horizontality northwards from the cape end and away from the Arrábida Fault's plane trace.
995:
579:
482:, which were deposited in different types of coastal environments. In excellent geologic succession, progressing upwards in time from the cape end northwards, the dipping strata are displayed along the western cliff faces as a natural
983:
643:
or exposed slopes, the areas most exposed to the prevailing winds and with incipient soils (high surface stoniness, low effective thickness, poverty of nutrients and low water retention capacity), a low bush forest of
973:
began at the edge of the cliff. In 1796, it was reported that half of the fort fell down to the sea due to the collapse of the cliff's edge, and in 1802 it seems the remainder of the fort structure was demolished.
563:
603:
765:
period. The discovery of stone tools and other artifacts in various archaeological sites in the area provides evidence of human occupation dating back further than ten thousand years.
591:
1373:
400:
motion, the local tectonic setting switched from extensional to compressional. As a result, the Arrábida Fault eventually inverted motion direction, becoming a
917:(Our Lady), who, according to legend, ascended from the sea up the cliff walls on a mule, leaving a trackway in the solid rock below, and appeared before two
620:
1368:
396:
someplace else (due to the lack of further free surface area on the globe to allow for indefinite motion), and having occurred sufficient extensional
1251:
806:, the Roman presence on the cape was limited, perhaps due to how the Romans considered capes to be sacred locations, where the gods met at night. In
80:
556:, atop the north side cliffs of the bay, of Early Cretaceous age, displays the first known Early Cretaceous dinosaur trackways found in Portugal.
925:
1023:
was built about six hundred meters south of the sanctuary. It consists of a hexagonal tower in three levels, built with thick masonry walls.
633:
mostly favor sheltered areas, normally at the bottom of the ephemeral creek valleys that furrow the plateau, where they benefit from greater
1310:
Oliveira, J.; Paiva Silva, C.; Pimental, N. (2010), "Atlas of
Mesozoic units, from the Espichel to the Carvoeiro Capes (Western Portugal)",
1331:
1203:
324:
663:
dominates the landscape, but with a ground cover inferior to that found in the bush areas in the sheltered valleys described earlier.
913:
sits alone on the cliff edge, marking a mythical location: superstition linked the dinosaur trackways below to an appearance of the
538:, on the south side cliffs of the bay, in strata of Late Jurassic age. Among other types of behavior, it portrays the passage of a
785:
remains attest to this spiritual universe, and at Cape
Espichel there are several locations with such materials from this period.
148:
840:
extended over the territory of
Espichel, there has never been found any archeological evidence of Muslim settlements. The local
347:
As the incipient North
Atlantic Ocean began to spread, Portugal was then located on the eastern margin of the seawater-flooded
1353:
687:
1058:
551:
73:
1358:
374:
is nowadays underwater, just south of the cape, tracing approximately from west to the east, including south of the
533:
446:
1363:
1072:
1020:
286:
1259:
483:
665:
On the coastal cliffs or steep slopes, influenced by saltwater spray and wind, with soils impoverished by
914:
520:
393:
352:
181:
727:
241:, and it consists of a promontory plateau, over 130 meters above sea level, defined by dramatic, sheer
230:
701:
1282:
1148:
1131:
1086:
666:
234:
211:
1001:
Aerial photograph showing the outline of the former defensive wall of the fort by the cliff's edge..
625:
202:
128:
1318:(3), e-Terra Online/GEOTIC – Sociedade Geológica de Portugal VIII Congresso Nacional de Geologia,
761:
evidence indicates that the
Espichel area was inhabited by hunter-gatherer groups as early as the
713:
389:
820:, a name possibly associated with the peoples that lived in the vicinity. Later, the geographer
450:
A portion of the
Jurassic strata cross-section, as seen from near the lighthouse, looking North.
260:
1319:
837:
803:
630:
546:
dinosaurs, the first evidence site discovered in Europe for such behavior among those animals.
256:
1180:
463:
316:
252:
207:
989:
The outline of the foundations' remains of a corner of the wall fortifications of the fort.
339:
307:
423:
407:
385:
1168:
585:
One of the several rock strata in the Pedra da Mua
Natural Monument containing trackways.
1312:
E-Terra: Revista Electrónica de Ciências da Terra = e Terra: Geosciences On-Line
Journal
1011:
415:
367:
238:
39:
1114:
1347:
1044:
969:
In 1672, to the west of the original religious shrine, the construction of the small
669:, a low vegetation assemblage with weak ground cover dominates, consisting mainly of
459:
431:
401:
897:
877:, various legends attracted people to the site but it was a crucible of Portuguese
808:
799:
645:
637:
thickness, greater water retention capacity and greater richness in soil nutrients.
513:
506:
455:
356:
889:
in
Portuguese) achieved the nation's first naval victory against the caliphate.
878:
874:
762:
659:
434:
411:
375:
371:
364:
348:
937:
774:
758:
755:
640:
1323:
677:, and occupying small depressions among and within fissures in the limestone
95:
82:
782:
517:
479:
467:
410:
was regionally compressed from the north and south directions, the northern
397:
1339:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Cubes de Arquelogia/Museu de Arqueologia
392:
at one location on a spherical globe must eventually force convergence and
237:. It is characterized by a very acute protrusion of the coastline into the
1204:"Guião Educativo da Exposição "Um olhar sobre a Pré-história do Espichel""
841:
813:
674:
670:
543:
510:
499:
381:
328:
227:
223:
219:
185:
1333:
Guião Educativo da exposição "Um olhar sobre a Pré-História do Espichel"
17:
1185:
945:
918:
778:
678:
655:
502:
427:
419:
320:
248:
845:
821:
63:
1237:
1010:
896:
495:
445:
338:
306:
264:
242:
388:
displacement, the geometry of tectonic plates moving away from a
634:
539:
475:
471:
1169:"Finisterra: Nota sobre a flora e a vegetação do Cabo Espichel"
1287:
SIPA:Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitetónico
1149:"www.monumentos.gov.pt: Monumento Natural dos Lagosteiros"
1132:"www.monumentos.gov.pt: Monumento Natural da Pedra da Mua"
245:
all around the delimitation of the cape against the ocean.
940:
to the remote site, resulting in the edification of the
881:, when on 29 July 1180, on the waters of Cape Espichel,
259:
to the north, and to the southeast the beaches south of
1198:
1196:
852:, the nearest village to the cape, which derived from
609:
The main trackway at the Lagosteiros Natural Monument.
597:
The main trackway at the Lagosteiros Natural Monument.
44:
Cape Espichel as seen from the air, looking eastwards.
1330:
Antas, Mário Nuno; Ferreira, Sofia (1 October 2011),
619:
The landscape at Cape Espichel is typical Portuguese
909:Atop the Pedra da Mua Natural Monument, the modest
494:Though the area is rich in various types of marine
177:
136:
116:
111:
72:
62:
54:
49:
32:
921:who had traveled from afar after dreaming of her.
527:, exposed in some of the now dipping rock strata:
247:The location offers elevated sweeping views, from
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
458:relevance. The cliff faces cut through strata of
168:Location of Cape Espichel in continental Portugal
1162:
1160:
1158:
569:The Pedra da Mua Natural Monument, as seen from
486:, especially impressive when seen from the sea.
335:Tectonics, structural geology, and geomorphology
120:
1226:Mário Nuno Antas and Sofia Ferreira (2011), p.9
1087:"monumentos.gov.pt: Serra da Arrábida-Espichel"
1126:
1124:
422:upwards in the process, and forming a partial
1143:
1141:
311:The regional setting of the Lusitanian Basin.
279:Arrábida / Espichel Special Conservation Zone
8:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1045:"icnf.pt: ZPE - Zonas de Proteção Especial"
523:of the cape, on the cliff walls that limit
454:The geology at Cape Espichel is of utmost
29:
1184:
233:, at the very southwestern corner of the
924:
201:
1374:Tourist attractions in Setúbal District
1036:
979:
683:
559:
942:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Cape Espichel
931:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Cape Espichel
1073:"icnf.pt: Parque Natural da Arrábida"
944:, often incorrectly referred to as a
844:, however, includes a few names with
370:steeply towards the north, and whose
210:situated on the western coast of the
155:
7:
1236:Rodrigues, Henrique (January 2012).
343:The approximate Arrábida Fault trace
315:Cape Espichel is located within the
359:during this process, including the
1059:"icnf.pt: ZEC Arrábida / Espichel"
25:
869:The Naval Battle of Cape Espichel
1238:"Forte de Nossa Senhora do Cabo"
994:
982:
726:
712:
700:
686:
602:
590:
578:
562:
271:Espichel Special Protection Zone
154:
147:
38:
327:, a process which began in the
1099:J. Oliveira et al. (2010), p.2
950:Church of Our Lady of the Cape
1:
1369:Geography of Setúbal District
802:settlements persisted in the
534:Pedra da Mua Natural Monument
325:opening of the North Atlantic
269:Cape Espichel is part of the
27:Headland in Setúbal, Portugal
1015:The Cape Espichel Lighhouse.
971:Fort of Our Lady of the Cape
965:Fort of Our Lady of the Cape
952:and pilgrim accommodations (
936:The legend led to an annual
552:Lagosteiros Natural Monument
509:, there are two outstanding
1167:Neto, Carlos Silva (1993).
384:, due to how, given enough
331:and continues still today.
1390:
323:feature formed during the
893:The Lady of the Cape tale
426:, whose top continuously
414:rode up the fault plane,
141:
37:
1283:"Farol do Cabo Espichel"
1252:"Farol do Cabo Espichel"
1021:Cape Espichel Lighthouse
1007:Cape Espichel Lighthouse
960:Other significant events
623:. Some species, such as
68:134 m (440 ft)
826:Promontorium Barbaricum
621:Mediterranean shrubland
283:ZEC Arrábida / Espichel
1016:
933:
906:
798:During the times when
451:
344:
312:
121:
96:38.414111°N 9.222444°W
1354:Headlands of Portugal
1014:
948:, which includes the
928:
900:
816:named Cape Espichel,
505:, as well as diverse
449:
355:setting formed large
342:
310:
287:Arrábida Natural Park
905:, by the cliff edge.
516:locations about one
353:extensional tectonic
203:[(i)ʃpiˈʃɛl]
101:38.414111; -9.222444
694:Juniperus turbinata
626:Juniperus turbinata
466:age, consisting of
231:district of Setúbal
92: /
1359:Cliffs of Portugal
1256:Farois de Portugal
1186:10.18055/Finis1869
1017:
934:
907:
452:
390:divergent boundary
345:
313:
50:Highest point
1314:(in Portuguese),
1281:Matias, Cecilia.
1262:on 11 August 2017
929:The 15th century
887:Dom Fuas Roupinho
883:Sir Fuas Roupinho
838:Umayyad Caliphate
832:Umayyad Caliphate
824:called this area
804:Iberian peninsula
571:Lagosteiros Beach
430:. As a result, a
235:Setubal Peninsula
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
1381:
1364:Fossil trackways
1340:
1338:
1326:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1258:. Archived from
1248:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1041:
998:
986:
911:Shrine of Memory
903:Shrive of Memory
730:
716:
704:
690:
606:
594:
582:
566:
464:Early Cretaceous
432:geomorphological
317:Lusitanian Basin
303:Regional setting
253:Sintra Mountains
205:
200:
158:
157:
151:
132:
124:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
42:
30:
21:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:"Cabo Espichel"
1113:
1112:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1009:
1002:
999:
990:
987:
975:
967:
962:
954:Casa dos Círios
922:
895:
871:
866:
848:roots, such as
834:
796:
791:
771:
753:
748:
743:
736:
731:
722:
717:
708:
705:
696:
691:
664:
638:
617:
610:
607:
598:
595:
586:
583:
574:
567:
542:of seven small
525:Lagosteiros Bay
514:fossil trackway
492:
444:
424:fault-bend fold
405:
379:
337:
305:
300:
295:
293:Natural history
268:
246:
198:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
159:
126:
100:
98:
94:
91:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1273:
1243:
1228:
1212:
1192:
1154:
1137:
1120:
1101:
1092:
1078:
1064:
1050:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
993:
991:
988:
981:
977:tourist path.
966:
963:
961:
958:
894:
891:
870:
867:
865:
862:
833:
830:
795:
792:
790:
787:
770:
767:
759:archaeological
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
732:
725:
723:
718:
711:
709:
706:
699:
697:
692:
685:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
601:
599:
596:
589:
587:
584:
577:
575:
568:
561:
558:
557:
547:
491:
488:
443:
440:
386:tectonic plate
361:Arrábida Fault
336:
333:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
263:and beyond to
257:Caparica coast
239:Atlantic Ocean
190:
189:
179:
175:
174:
167:
161:
160:
153:
152:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
76:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1386:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1006:
997:
992:
985:
980:
978:
972:
964:
959:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
927:
923:
920:
916:
912:
904:
899:
892:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:Cabo Cêmpsico
815:
811:
810:
805:
801:
793:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
768:
766:
764:
760:
757:
756:Prehistorical
750:
745:
741:Human history
740:
735:
729:
724:
721:
715:
710:
703:
698:
695:
689:
684:
682:
680:
676:
675:rock samphire
672:
668:
662:
661:
657:
653:
652:
648:
642:
636:
632:
628:
627:
622:
614:
605:
600:
593:
588:
581:
576:
572:
565:
560:
555:
554:
553:
548:
545:
541:
537:
536:
535:
530:
529:
528:
526:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
484:cross-section
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Late Jurassic
457:
456:stratigraphic
448:
441:
439:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
402:reverse fault
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
357:normal faults
354:
350:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
319:, a regional
318:
309:
302:
297:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
196:
195:Cape Espichel
187:
183:
180:
176:
162:Cape Espichel
150:
140:
135:
130:
123:
122:Cabo Espichel
119:
115:
110:
105:
77:
75:
71:
67:
65:
61:
58:Cape Espichel
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
33:Cape Espichel
31:
19:
1332:
1315:
1311:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:the original
1255:
1246:
1231:
1176:
1172:
1095:
1081:
1067:
1053:
1039:
1019:In 1790 the
1018:
970:
968:
953:
949:
941:
935:
930:
910:
908:
902:
886:
882:
872:
857:
853:
849:
835:
825:
817:
809:Ora maritima
807:
797:
794:Roman Empire
783:osteological
772:
754:
733:
720:Thymus zygis
719:
693:
673:species and
658:
650:
647:Thymus zygis
646:
624:
618:
570:
550:
549:
532:
531:
524:
507:ichnofossils
493:
490:Paleontology
453:
442:Stratigraphy
360:
346:
314:
282:
278:
275:ZPE Espichel
274:
270:
220:municipality
215:
212:civil parish
194:
193:
84:38°24′50.8″N
1292:28 December
1266:27 December
915:Holy Virgin
879:nationalism
875:Middle Ages
873:During the
864:Middle Ages
836:Though the
773:Due to its
763:Paleolithic
751:Paleolithic
734:Ulex densus
660:Ulex densus
641:interfluves
474:limestone,
412:fault block
394:compression
380:During the
365:fault plane
349:rift valley
285:), and the
117:Native name
99: /
87:9°13′20.8″W
74:Coordinates
1348:Categories
1173:Finisterra
1027:References
938:pilgrimage
775:topography
746:Prehistory
707:Kermes oak
651:sylvestris
631:kermes oak
255:, and the
228:Portuguese
199:pronounced
188:, Portugal
129:Portuguese
1324:1645-0388
1179:(55/56).
858:hermitage
856:(meaning
854:Al Zawiya
769:Neolithic
615:Ecosystem
518:kilometer
480:sandstone
468:limestone
418:the rock
226:, in the
137:Geography
64:Elevation
919:pilgrims
842:toponymy
814:Avienius
679:outcrops
671:Limonium
667:leaching
544:sauropod
511:dinosaur
398:tectonic
382:Cenozoic
376:Arrábida
363:, whose
329:Triassic
321:geologic
251:and the
224:Sesimbra
186:Sesimbra
178:Location
18:Espichel
1304:Sources
946:convent
789:History
779:Ceramic
656:endemic
503:fossils
500:mollusk
416:folding
406:As the
298:Geology
277:), the
249:Cascais
216:Castelo
206:) is a
182:Castelo
1322:
846:Arabic
822:Strabo
478:, and
472:clayey
428:eroded
420:strata
378:chain.
351:. The
243:cliffs
125:
112:Naming
1337:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
1032:Notes
850:Azóia
800:Roman
649:ssp.
496:coral
435:scarp
408:crust
372:trace
265:Sines
261:Tróia
1320:ISSN
1294:2018
1268:2018
901:The
781:and
654:and
635:soil
629:and
540:herd
498:and
476:marl
462:and
368:dips
208:cape
55:Peak
1181:doi
956:).
860:).
639:In
521:NNE
222:of
214:of
1350::
1316:21
1285:.
1254:.
1215:^
1195:^
1177:28
1175:.
1171:.
1157:^
1140:^
1123:^
1104:^
828:.
812:,
681:.
470:,
289:.
218:,
184:,
1296:.
1270:.
1240:.
1209:.
1189:.
1183::
1151:.
1134:.
1117:.
1089:.
1075:.
1061:.
1047:.
885:(
573:.
404:.
281:(
273:(
267:.
197:(
131:)
127:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
