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1047:. Heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been determined for a temperature of 25 °C and atmospheric pressure, and are normally given in units of kilojoules per gram-molecule. A positive value indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements; such a reaction is called an endothermic reaction. In explosive technology only materials that are
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181:. Explosions may also be generated by a slower expansion that would normally not be forceful, but is not allowed to expand, so that when whatever is containing the expansion is broken by the pressure that builds as the matter inside tries to expand, the matter expands forcefully. An example of this is a
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The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes an explosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction. Unless the reaction occurs very rapidly, the thermally expanding gases will be moderately dissipated in the medium, with no large differential in pressure and no explosion. As a wood fire burns
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are one type of mechanical explosion that can occur when a vessel containing a pressurized liquid is ruptured, causing a rapid increase in volume as the liquid evaporates. Note that the contents of the container may cause a subsequent chemical explosion, the effects of which can be dramatically more
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as the magma rises causes the gas to bubble out of solution, resulting in a rapid increase in volume, however the size of the magma chamber remains the same. This results in pressure buildup that eventually leads to an explosive eruption. Explosions can also occur outside of Earth in the universe in
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tank in the midst of a fire. In such a case, to the effects of the mechanical explosion when the tank fails are added the effects from the explosion resulting from the released (initially liquid and then almost instantaneously gaseous) propane in the presence of an ignition source. For this reason,
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are an example of common, much less energetic, explosions on the Sun, and presumably on most other stars as well. The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of magnetic field lines resulting from the rotation of the Sun's conductive plasma. Another type of large astronomical
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in a fireplace, for example, there certainly is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to build up a sudden substantial pressure differential and then cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a
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Strictly a physical process, as opposed to chemical or nuclear, e.g., the bursting of a sealed or partially sealed container under internal pressure is often referred to as an explosion. Examples include an overheated boiler or a simple tin can of beans tossed into a fire.
1051:—that have a net liberation of heat and have a negative heat of formation—are of interest. Reaction heat is measured under conditions either of constant pressure or constant volume. It is this heat of reaction that may be properly expressed as the "heat of explosion."
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A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many substances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things.
983:. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The liberation of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example, although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of
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or from a combination of fission and fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives available, with a single weapon capable of completely destroying an entire city.
1067:(in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.
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322:, such as a planet. This occurs because the two objects are moving at very high speed relative to each other (a minimum of 11.2 kilometres per second (7.0 mi/s) for an Earth impacting body). For example, the
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in 1866. Chemical explosions (both intentional and accidental) are often initiated by an electric spark or flame in the presence of oxygen. Accidental explosions may occur in fuel tanks, rocket engines, etc.
344:. This is capable of transmitting ordinary energy and destructive forces to nearby objects, but in the vastness of space, nearby objects are rare. The gravitational wave observed on 21 May 2019, known as
1794:
Dubnikova, Faina; Kosloff, Ronnie; Almog, Joseph; Zeiri, Yehuda; Boese, Roland; Itzhaky, Harel; Alt, Aaron; Keinan, Ehud (2005-02-01). "Decomposition of
Triacetone Triperoxide Is an Entropic Explosion".
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Explosive force is released in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If a grenade is in mid air during the explosion, the direction of the blast will be 360°. In contrast, in a
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reaction that produces large amounts of hot gas. Gunpowder was the first explosive to be invented and put to use. Other notable early developments in chemical explosive technology were
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When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, heat may either be absorbed or released. The quantity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the
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Fragmentation is the accumulation and projection of particles as the result of a high explosives detonation. Fragments could originate from: parts of a structure (such as
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For an explosion to occur, there must be a rapid, forceful expansion of matter. There are numerous ways this can happen, both naturally and artificially, such as
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the explosive forces are focused to produce a greater local explosion; shaped charges are often used by military to breach doors or walls.
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Van Der Sluys, M. V.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2003). "The dynamics of the nebula M1-67 around the run-away Wolf-Rayet star WR 124".
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The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called
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The most common artificial explosives are chemical explosives, usually involving a rapid and violent
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means "to hiss a bad actor off the stage", "to drive an actor off the stage by making noise", from
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explosion occurs when a meteoroid or an asteroid impacts the surface of another object, or
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Standards for electrical equipment in potentially explosive environments
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538:"electrical and magnetic explosions" arc flash, magnetic explosion
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is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from
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A breaching charge exploding against a test door during training
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rises from below, it has dissolved gas in it. The reduction of
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and/or various surface-level geologic features (such as loose
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emergency workers often differentiate between the two events.
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Explosion of unserviceable ammunition and other military items
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30:"Exploded" and "Exploding" redirect here. For other uses, see
1525:("to clap; to applaud"). The modern meaning developed later:
403:"chemical explosive" gunpowder, nitrocellulose, dynamite
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which rapidly vaporizes metal and insulation material. This
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Around 1882: first use as "bursting with destructive force"
1746:"115 Years Ago: The Tunguska Asteroid Impact Event - NASA"
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Around 1660: "drive out with violence and sudden noise"
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Among the largest known explosions in the universe are
1732:"Compiled by Christian Koeberl and Virgil L. Sharpton"
1630:, a cause of death typically associated with explosion
309:, which occur after the end of life of some types of
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
987:, the coal cannot be used as an explosive (except
621:hazard is a danger to people working on energized
1310:1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
963:flash, which releases its energy all at once.
1040:for a more thorough treatment of this topic.
474:'s development of nitrocellulose in 1865 and
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1247:2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire
326:of 1908 is believed to have resulted from a
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1025:less internal energy converted into heat);
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679:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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233:. Explosive volcanic eruptions occur when
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1114:Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
874:Learn how and when to remove this message
760:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions
743:Learn how and when to remove this message
589:Learn how and when to remove this message
454:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1797:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1730:Koeberl, Christian; Sharpton, Virgil L.
1656:"Fire power equalled 1500 atomic bombs"
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1543:Around 1790: "go off with a loud noise"
1363:2022 Hunga-Tonga Hunga-Ha'apai eruption
975:and include organic peroxides such as
173:, usually with the generation of high
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297:, which is currently observed as six
262:. Explosions frequently occur during
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1230:Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion
1036:are equivalent forms of energy. See
808:adding citations to reliable sources
677:adding citations to reliable sources
523:adding citations to reliable sources
388:adding citations to reliable sources
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1766:Siegel, Ethan (15 February 2020).
1497:2007 New York City steam explosion
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1263:West Fertilizer Company explosion
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1353:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
1348:1980 Mount St. Helens eruption
27:Sudden release of heat and gas
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1654:Kissane, Karen (2009-05-22).
1333:Eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD
1257:2009 Cataño oil refinery fire
892:Effects of nuclear explosions
177:and release of high-pressure
1358:1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption
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1709:10.1051/0004-6361:20021634
1679:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1608:Internal combustion engine
1465:2023 Ohio train derailment
1460:Lac-MĂ©gantic rail disaster
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1322:Volcanic Explosivity Index
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336:mergers, likely involving
320:explodes in its atmosphere
205:explosions are created by
32:Explosion (disambiguation)
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1480:Tenerife airport disaster
1433:2013 Chelyabinsk airburst
1343:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
1127:Siege of Belgrade (1717)
989:in the form of coal dust
165:is a rapid expansion in
1701:2003A&A...398..181V
1411:Airbursts/Impact events
1278:2023 Starship explosion
1268:2015 Tianjin explosions
1121:Wanggongchang Explosion
896:In addition to stellar
629:within an ultra-strong
487:Electrical and magnetic
472:Frederick Augustus Abel
1830:wikt:explode#Etymology
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1055:Initiation of reaction
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1628:Total body disruption
1338:1257 Samalas eruption
1273:2020 Beirut explosion
1209:Iri station explosion
1167:Port Chicago disaster
1156:1944 Bombay explosion
1034:work (thermodynamics)
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151:The explosion of the
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1634:Underwater explosion
1583:Explosion protection
1455:September 11 attacks
1224:1988 Poole explosion
1203:Flixborough disaster
804:improve this section
673:improve this section
641:Mechanical and vapor
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384:improve this section
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1593:Fuel tank explosion
1405:Solar storm of 1859
1378:Yellowstone Caldera
1197:N1 rocket explosion
1191:Nedelin catastrophe
1185:Texas City disaster
1173:RAF Fauld explosion
1081:structural material
973:entropic explosives
823:"nuclear explosion"
763:serious, such as a
197:and travel through
1492:Chernobyl disaster
1449:Transport/Aviation
1400:Kepler's Supernova
1373:Toba supereruption
1242:Ryongchon disaster
1161:West Loch disaster
1145:Battle of Messines
1038:Heat of Combustion
1012:chemical potential
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635:magnetic explosion
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342:gravitational wave
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1809:10.1021/ja0464903
1470:Pan Am Flight 103
1428:Chichxulub impact
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789:This section
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50:This article
48:
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19:
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1796:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1748:. 2023-07-05
1740:
1725:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1659:
1649:
1604:of explosion
1563:Deflagration
1533:In English:
1532:
1506:
1438:Theia impact
1417:Impact event
1300:Castle Bravo
1290:Trinity test
1195:1969 Soviet
1074:
1062:
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1008:
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837:
830:
818:
802:Please help
790:
758:
754:
739:
730:
720:
713:
706:
699:
687:
671:Please help
659:
634:
633:can cause a
625:. Excessive
612:
585:
576:
566:
559:
552:
545:
533:
517:Please help
505:
476:Alfred Nobel
465:
450:
441:
431:
424:
417:
410:
398:
382:Please help
370:
332:
315:Solar flares
304:
274:Astronomical
231:impact event
224:
215:deflagration
175:temperatures
162:
160:
154:Castle Bravo
152:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1779:7 September
1685:: 181–194.
299:light years
282:The nebula
199:shock waves
195:detonations
76:"Explosion"
1848:Explosions
1752:2023-11-07
1641:References
1568:Detonation
1558:Combustion
1519:("out") +
1305:Tsar Bomba
1079:, bits of
1049:exothermic
1019:detonation
1005:combustion
997:combustion
913:Properties
834:newspapers
703:newspapers
623:switchgear
549:newspapers
414:newspapers
334:Black hole
307:supernovae
268:eucalyptus
258:, as in a
248:explosives
244:supernovae
211:combustion
187:Supersonic
87:newspapers
1623:Plofkraak
1503:Etymology
981:pressures
957:capacitor
864:July 2024
791:does not
733:July 2024
660:does not
619:arc flash
607:capacitor
579:July 2024
506:does not
468:oxidation
444:July 2024
371:does not
264:bushfires
163:explosion
18:Exploding
1842:Category
1817:15669854
1664:Archived
1602:opposite
1551:See also
1316:Volcanic
1295:Ivy Mike
1108:Chemical
1065:catalyst
946:Velocity
480:dynamite
352:Chemical
346:GW190521
239:pressure
203:Subsonic
1717:6142859
1697:Bibcode
1660:The Age
1510:explĹŤdĹŤ
1395:SN 1572
1390:SN 1006
1384:Stellar
1284:Nuclear
953:battery
848:scholar
812:removed
797:sources
772:Nuclear
765:propane
717:scholar
681:removed
666:sources
563:scholar
527:removed
512:sources
428:scholar
392:removed
377:sources
286:around
101:scholar
1815:
1773:Forbes
1715:
1522:plaudĹŤ
1085:strata
961:camera
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301:across
291:WR 124
256:fusion
221:Causes
171:energy
167:volume
103:
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1713:S2CID
1687:arXiv
1486:Other
1261:2013
1240:2004
1234:2001
1228:1994
1213:1988
1207:1977
1201:1974
1189:1960
1183:1947
1177:1947
1171:1944
1165:1944
1149:1921
1143:1917
1137:1917
1131:1887
1125:1717
1119:1626
1095:, or
1089:rocks
1077:glass
1003:fast
995:slow
918:Force
855:JSTOR
841:books
724:JSTOR
710:books
570:JSTOR
556:books
435:JSTOR
421:books
311:stars
284:M1-67
235:magma
179:gases
108:JSTOR
94:books
1813:PMID
1781:2020
1097:sand
1093:soil
1032:and
1030:heat
1027:c.f.
1023:i.e.
1016:i.e.
1009:i.e.
1001:i.e.
993:i.e.
900:, a
890:and
827:news
795:any
793:cite
696:news
664:any
662:cite
542:news
510:any
508:cite
407:news
375:any
373:cite
80:news
1805:doi
1801:127
1705:doi
1683:398
1516:ex-
806:by
675:by
521:by
386:by
266:in
254:or
161:An
63:by
1844::
1811:.
1799:.
1770:.
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1703:.
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1600::
1217:,
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605:A
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1707::
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871:(
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862:(
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