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we will always miss the majority; the site of our fishing, the methods undertaken, the weather and even luck play a vital role in what we will catch. Additionally, the composition of history is inevitably made up by the compilation of many different biases of fact finding – all compounded over time. He concludes that for a historian to attempt a more objective method, one must accept that history can only aspire to a conversation of the present with the past – and that one's methods of fact gathering should be openly examined. The set of highlighted historical facts, and their interpretations, therefore changes over time, and reflect present consensuses.
753:. The requisite level of precision and particularity of these allegations varies, depending on the rules of civil procedure and jurisdiction. Parties who face uncertainties regarding facts and circumstances attendant to their side in a dispute may sometimes invoke alternative pleading. In this situation, a party may plead separate sets of facts that when considered together may be contradictory or mutually exclusive. This seemingly logically-inconsistent presentation of facts may be necessary as a safeguard against contingencies such as
345:. Facts "possess internal structure, being complexes of objects and properties or relations". For example, the fact described by the true statement "Paris is the capital city of France" implies that there is such a place as Paris, there is such a place as France, there are such things as capital cities, as well as that France has a government, that the government of France has the power to define its capital city, and that the French government has chosen Paris to be the capital, that there is such a thing as a
2307:
40:
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280:, which makes a true sentence true: "A fact is, traditionally, the worldly correlate of a true proposition, a state of affairs whose obtaining makes that proposition true." Facts may also be understood as those things to which a true sentence refers. The statement "Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system" is
657:
and impossible. Facts are, "like fish in the Ocean", of which we may only happen to catch a few, only an indication of what is below the surface. Even a dragnet cannot tell us for certain what it would be like to live below the Ocean's surface. Even if we do not discard any facts (or fish) presented,
615:
Apart from the fundamental inquiry into the nature of scientific fact, there remain the practical and social considerations of how fact is investigated, established, and substantiated through the proper application of the scientific method. Scientific facts are generally believed independent of the
557:
Scholars and clinical researchers in both the social and natural sciences have written about numerous questions and theories that arise in the attempt to clarify the fundamental nature of scientific fact. Pertinent issues raised by this inquiry include:
616:
observer: no matter who performs a scientific experiment, all observers agree on the outcome. In addition to these considerations, there are the social and institutional measures, such as peer review and accreditation, that are intended to promote
676:
This section of the article emphasizes common law jurisprudence as primarily represented in Anglo-American–based legal tradition. Nevertheless, the principles described herein have analogous treatment in other legal systems such as
146:. It was first used in English with the same meaning: "a thing done or performed" – a meaning now obsolete. The common usage of "something that has really occurred or is the case" dates from the mid-16th century.
214:, including review of testimony, direct observation, or otherwise; as distinguishable from matters of inference or speculation. This use is reflected in the terms "fact-find" and "fact-finder" (e.g., "set up a
865:
Facts, philosophers like to say, are opposed to theories and to values (cf. Rundle 1993) and are to be distinguished from things, in particular from complex objects, complexes and wholes, and from relations.
437:
the case if events had been other than they were. For example, "If
Alexander had lived, his empire would have been greater than Rome." This contrasts with an indicative conditional, which indicates what
160:
described in his book "The
Fixation of Belief" four methods which people use to decide what they should believe: tenacity, method of authority, a priori and scientific method.
400:, such that it is fallacious to attempt to derive values (e.g., "it is good to give food to hungry people") from facts (e.g., "people will die if they can't eat"), include
225:
wrote "If in other sciences we should arrive at certainty without doubt and truth without error, it behooves us to place the foundations of knowledge in mathematics."
317:. If this argument holds, and facts are taken to be what true statements stand for, then one arrives at the counter-intuitive conclusion that there is only one fact:
2646:
1468:
2651:
2343:
194:, (e.g., "the author's facts are not trustworthy"). This alternate usage, although contested by some, has a long history in standard English according to the
353:, and so on. The verifiable accuracy of all of these assertions, if facts themselves, may coincide to create the fact, that Paris is the capital of France.
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that would otherwise preclude presenting a claim or defense that depends on a particular interpretation of the underlying facts and ruling of the court.
2087:
1524:
1753:
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607:, which asserts that all observations are not only influenced, but necessarily defined, by the means and assumptions used to measure them.
692:, and is supported by several well-established standards. Matters of fact have various formal definitions under common law jurisdictions.
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points out that knowing what facts to measure, and how to measure them, requires the use of other theories. For example, the age of
504:. A scientific fact is the result of a repeatable careful observation or measurement by experimentation or other means, also called
546:
have offered significant refinements to this basic formulation. Philosophers and scientists are careful to distinguish between: 1)
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whether and to what extent "fact" and "theoretic explanation" can be considered truly independent and separable from one another;
269:
and truth are closely associated with questions of fact. A fact can be defined as something that is the case, in other words, a
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of fact that may be considered relevant in scientific analysis. The term is used in both senses in the philosophy of science.
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Difficulties arise, however, in attempting to identify the constituent parts of negative, modal, disjunctive, or moral facts.
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to what extent factual conclusions are influenced by history and consensus, rather than a strictly systematic methodology.
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was the 16th
President of the United States" and "Abraham Lincoln was assassinated" both accurately describe
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deemed to be true or correct, such as to emphasize a point or prove a disputed issue; (e.g., "... the
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749:) to a civil suit generally must clearly state the relevant allegations of fact that form the basis of a
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argues that the inherent biases from the gathering of facts makes the objective truth of any historical
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446:(in fact) true—for example, "If you drink this, it will make you well." Such sentences are important to
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how the concept of a fact evolved, starting within the
English legal tradition of the 16th century.
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Facts may be checked by reason, experiment, personal experience, or may be argued from authority.
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any of various matters subject to investigation by official authority to establish whether a
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jurisdictions, the general concept and analysis of fact reflects fundamental principles of
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638:". This phrase suggests but does not examine the use of facts in the writing of history.
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512:. Various forms of observation and measurement lead to fundamental questions about the
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1026:"A fact, it might be said, is a state of affairs that is the case or obtains." –
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the process by which "established fact" becomes recognized and accepted as such;
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Hume pointed out there is no obvious way for a series of statements about what
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Proposition 2: What is the case—a fact—is the existence of states of affairs.
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American
Jurisprudence: A Comprehensive Text Statement of American Case Law
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is considered in the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge, called
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1939:
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Charles
Sanders Peirce. The Fixation of Belief Paperback – July 26, 2017
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to what extent "facts" are influenced by the mere act of observation; and
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to a fact. This theory presupposes the existence of an objective world.
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425:—what has occurred—can also be contrasted with counterfactuality: what
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facts are verified by repeatable careful observation or measurement by
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claims to show that all true statements stand for the same thing, the
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855:(Winter 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
375:
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For example, "This sentence contains words." accurately describes a
591:, which is justified by reasoning that radioactive decay follows a
43:
Non-fiction books at a Danish library, shelves displaying the word
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58:
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a potential ground of reversible error forwarded on appeal in an
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to be the case to be derived from a series of statements of what
284:
the fact that
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
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1312:
Law
Language and Ethics: An Introduction to Law and Legal Method
61:
2325:
1450:
1375:. E. Thompson. Original from Harvard University Digitized 2007.
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is an objective and verifiable observation, in contrast with a
1410:
Roy W. McDonald, "Alternative
Pleading in the United States".
1193:
1124:
The argument is presented in many places, but see for example
803:
965:(See also "Matter" (2,6). Compact_Oxford English Dictionary)
1326:. Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 2006.
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is a conditional (or "if–then") statement indicating what
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Let emprours and kinges know this godly kynges fact. 1545
699:
an element required in legal pleadings to demonstrate a
500:
is different from the definition of fact, as it implies
879:"Fact" (1a). Oxford English Dictionary_2d_Ed_1989 Joye
429:
occurred, but did not. A counterfactual conditional or
333:
is necessarily an abstraction composed of a complex of
603:
is credited with the methodological position known as
470:) that can be proven by logical argument from certain
87:
fact, and "The sun is a star" accurately describes an
64:
about one or more aspects of a circumstance. Standard
2599:
196:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
984:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
396:. Those who insist there is a logical gulf between
299:
explains that what makes a sentence true is that it
99:
facts. Generally speaking, facts are independent of
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2125:
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2018:
1948:
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has been perpetrated, and to establish culpability.
539:, which is intended to explain or interpret facts.
1309:
1251:The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine
995:"Fact" (6a). Oxford English Dictionary_2d_Ed_1989
956:"Fact" (6c). Oxford English Dictionary_2d_Ed_1989
1004:"Fact" (8). Oxford English Dictionary_2d_Ed_1989
974:"Fact" (5). Oxford English Dictionary_2d_Ed_1989
2337:
1462:
210:may also indicate findings derived through a
8:
1372:The American and English Encyclopedia of Law
1357:Clarke v. Edinburgh and District Tramways Co
1227:Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
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1077:Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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908:A culture of fact : England, 1550-1720
620:among other interests in scientific study.
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1272:. Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company.
875:
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847:Mulligan, Kevin; Correia, Fabrice (2021),
2088:Relationship between religion and science
1414:, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Apr. 1952), pp. 443–478
288:Correspondence and the slingshot argument
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1165:, Ted Honderich, editor. (Oxford, 1995)
1013:Roger Bacon, translated by Robert Burke
38:
27:Datum or structured component of reality
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853:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
814:
2647:Concepts in the philosophy of language
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1054:
1028:Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.
450:, especially since the development of
190:of something that may or may not be a
2652:Concepts in the philosophy of science
823:"Definition of fact | Dictionary.com"
442:(in fact) the case if its antecedent
404:, who called attempting to do so the
329:Any non-trivial true statement about
149:Barbara J. Shapiro wrote in her book
7:
911:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
634:A common rhetorical cliché states, "
378:are objective, and thus factual. In
1441:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1163:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
412:Factual–counterfactual distinction
25:
2108:Sociology of scientific knowledge
2103:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2056:History and philosophy of science
1316:. Foundation Press. p. 277.
887:(but note the conventional uses:
636:History is written by the winners
249:, which studies concepts such as
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2305:
2293:
516:, and the scope and validity of
508:. These are central to building
1268:Estrich, Willis Albert (1952).
1225:Ravetz, Jerome Raymond (1996).
1104:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP.
716:produced in a trial or hearing;
1497:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1369:Merrill, John Houston (1895).
1359:, 1919 S.C.(H.L.) 35, at p 36.
1339:The Yale Law Journal: Volume 7
1060:Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1044:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
392:the case. This is called the
297:correspondence theory of truth
1:
851:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
550:in the external world and 2)
1342:. Yale Law Journal Co. 1898.
905:Shapiro, Barbara J. (2000).
575:Consistent with the idea of
1830:Hypothetico-deductive model
1805:Deductive-nomological model
1790:Constructivist epistemology
1308:Bishin, William R. (1972).
1138:. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
523:In the most basic sense, a
276:Facts may be understood as
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1386:Bennett, Wayne W. (2003).
1355:Lord Shaw of Dunfermline,
1287:. BNA Books. p. 305.
1229:. Transaction Publishers.
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708:the determinations of the
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627:
485:
418:Counterfactual conditional
415:
381:A Treatise of Human Nature
363:
29:
2471:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
2284:
1891:Semantic view of theories
1810:Epistemological anarchism
1747:dependent and independent
1134:Davidson, Donald (1984).
466:is a statement (called a
370:Moral philosophers since
200:Oxford English Dictionary
114:Facts are different from
2632:Concepts in epistemology
1633:Intertheoretic reduction
1622:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
1599:Functional contextualism
1258:. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
1136:Truth and Interpretation
175:of the matter is ...").
2642:Concepts in metaphysics
2118:Philosophers of science
1896:Scientific essentialism
1845:Model-dependent realism
1780:Constructive empiricism
1673:Evidence-based practice
1283:Elkouri, Frank (2003).
1255:Oxford University Press
601:Percy Williams Bridgman
431:subjunctive conditional
202:dates this use to 1729.
169:matter under discussion
142:derives from the Latin
2201:Alfred North Whitehead
2191:Charles Sanders Peirce
1388:Criminal Investigation
1100:Engel, Pascal (2002).
1075:Craig, Edward (2005).
784:Counterfactual history
366:Fact–value distinction
360:Fact–value distinction
158:Charles Sanders Peirce
50:
45:
2526:Theories of deduction
2300:Philosophy portal
2051:Hard and soft science
2046:Faith and rationality
1915:Scientific skepticism
1695:Scientific Revolution
1478:Philosophy of science
1390:. Thomson Wadsworth.
1285:How Arbitration Works
1191:Gower, Barry (1997).
1079:. Routledge, Oxford.
774:Common misconceptions
666:Further information:
628:Further information:
611:The scientific method
492:Philosophy of science
486:Further information:
374:have debated whether
212:process of evaluation
182:may also indicate an
42:
32:Fact (disambiguation)
2026:Criticism of science
1901:Scientific formalism
1785:Constructive realism
1690:Scientific pluralism
1663:Problem of induction
1017:, Book I, Chapter 2.
518:scientific reasoning
496:The definition of a
406:naturalistic fallacy
394:is–ought distinction
49:, Danish for "Facts"
30:For other uses, see
2353:Philosophical logic
2093:Rhetoric of science
2031:Descriptive science
1775:Confirmation holism
1668:Scientific evidence
1628:Inductive reasoning
1557:Demarcation problem
1412:Columbia Law Review
714:admissible evidence
644:in his 1961 volume
577:confirmation holism
510:scientific theories
134:Etymology and usage
2417:Unity of opposites
2312:Science portal
2241:Carl Gustav Hempel
2196:Wilhelm Windelband
2083:Questionable cause
1906:Scientific realism
1727:Underdetermination
1562:Empirical evidence
1552:Creative synthesis
827:www.dictionary.com
589:radiometric dating
506:empirical evidence
462:In mathematics, a
308:Slingshot argument
68:are often used to
51:
2637:Concepts in logic
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2449:List of fallacies
2434:Explanatory power
2361:Critical thinking
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2073:Normative science
1930:Uniformitarianism
1685:Scientific method
1579:Explanatory power
1249:Cassell, Eric J.
1130:Truth and Meaning
1030:States of Affairs
779:Consensus reality
712:after evaluating
681:systems as well.
597:Bernoulli process
548:states of affairs
514:scientific method
488:Scientific method
167:also indicates a
151:A Culture of Fact
16:(Redirected from
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271:state of affairs
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80:or other means.
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2098:Science studies
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1800:Conventionalism
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595:rather than a
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1423:McDonald 1952
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1397:0-534-61524-4
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1202:0-415-12282-1
1198:
1195:. Routledge.
1194:
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1171:0-19-866132-0
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1145:0-19-824617-X
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1111:0-7735-2462-2
1107:
1103:
1096:
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1086:0-415-32495-5
1082:
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1072:
1069:Alex Oliver,
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672:Trier of fact
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229:In philosophy
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63:
60:
56:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2559:Intuitionism
2544:Fictionalism
2438:
2276:Larry Laudan
2256:Imre Lakatos
2211:Otto Neurath
2186:Karl Pearson
2176:Pierre Duhem
2148:Isaac Newton
2078:Protoscience
2036:Epistemology
1910:Anti-realism
1908: /
1889: /
1880: /
1866: /
1864:Reductionism
1862: /
1835:Inductionism
1815:Evolutionism
1620:
1583:
1507:a posteriori
1506:
1502:
1439:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1311:
1303:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1253:
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1226:
1192:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1101:
1095:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1000:
991:
983:
979:
970:
961:
952:
935:
907:
900:
892:
888:
884:
880:
864:
857:, retrieved
852:
842:
830:. Retrieved
826:
817:
756:res judicata
754:
744:
694:
683:
675:
645:
640:
633:
617:
614:
587:is based on
574:
556:
551:
547:
541:
534:
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522:
497:
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463:
461:
443:
439:
434:
426:
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389:
385:
379:
369:
355:
350:
346:
328:
318:
314:
305:
300:
291:
281:
275:
243:epistemology
238:
232:
220:
216:fact-finding
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
179:
177:
172:
168:
164:
162:
155:
150:
148:
143:
139:
137:
113:
89:astronomical
82:
54:
52:
36:
2657:Information
2539:Dialetheism
2429:Explanation
2399:Credibility
2266:Ian Hacking
2251:Thomas Kuhn
2236:Karl Popper
2216:C. D. Broad
2133:Roger Bacon
2061:Non-science
2003:Linguistics
1983:Archaeology
1878:Rationalism
1868:Determinism
1855:Physicalism
1820:Fallibilism
1770:Coherentism
1700:Testability
1653:Observation
1648:Objectivity
1609:alternative
1540:Correlation
1530:Consilience
859:18 November
652:perspective
581:Thomas Kuhn
476:definitions
454:semantics.
448:modal logic
402:G. E. Moore
312:truth value
301:corresponds
278:information
267:objectivity
223:Roger Bacon
188:stipulation
78:experiments
70:check facts
2672:Statements
2626:Categories
2616:Philosophy
2584:Pragmatism
2574:Nominalism
2481:Propaganda
2456:Hypothesis
2409:Antithesis
2153:David Hume
2126:Precursors
2008:Psychology
1988:Economics‎
1882:Empiricism
1873:Pragmatism
1860:Positivism
1850:Naturalism
1720:scientific
1604:Hypothesis
1567:Experiment
1015:Opus Majus
945:1973922991
810:References
769:Brute fact
686:common law
655:idealistic
642:E. H. Carr
624:In history
552:assertions
530:hypothesis
482:In science
427:might have
423:Factuality
372:David Hume
351:government
339:properties
235:philosophy
184:allegation
116:inferences
97:historical
85:linguistic
74:Scientific
2662:Knowledge
2554:Formalism
2516:Vagueness
2496:Relevance
2491:Reasoning
2404:Dialectic
2379:Ambiguity
1993:Geography
1961:Chemistry
1920:Scientism
1715:ladenness
1535:Construct
1513:Causality
881:Exp. Dan.
747:plaintiff
679:civil law
502:knowledge
343:relations
319:the truth
251:existence
192:true fact
163:The term
156:In 1870,
138:The word
105:knowledge
2569:Logicism
2549:Finitism
2501:Rhetoric
2486:Prudence
2424:Evidence
2384:Argument
2374:Analysis
2288:Category
1940:Vitalism
1763:Theories
1737:Variable
1658:Paradigm
1545:function
1503:A priori
1492:Analysis
1485:Concepts
1126:Davidson
986:_4th_Ed.
927:41606276
789:De facto
763:See also
741:Pleading
684:In most
544:scholars
542:Various
435:would be
259:becoming
247:ontology
120:theories
2589:Realism
2476:Premise
2466:Opinion
2461:Inquiry
2444:Fallacy
1998:History
1966:Physics
1956:Biology
1754:more...
1742:control
1638:Inquiry
1436:"Facts"
947:, 38 pp
849:"Facts"
799:Fiction
794:Factoid
585:fossils
468:theorem
335:objects
331:reality
263:reality
128:objects
109:opinion
103:and of
18:Factual
2602:Portal
2511:Theory
2389:Belief
1710:choice
1705:Theory
1643:Nature
1572:design
1394:
1320:
1291:
1233:
1199:
1169:
1142:
1108:
1083:
943:
925:
915:
832:17 May
662:In law
536:theory
472:axioms
376:values
261:, and
144:factum
126:, and
124:values
101:belief
2506:Rigor
1161:, in
1132:, in
1102:Truth
1073:, in
751:claim
728:crime
723:; and
386:ought
349:or a
347:place
282:about
255:being
62:datum
57:is a
46:Fakta
2439:Fact
2394:Bias
1614:null
1584:Fact
1505:and
1392:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1159:Fact
1140:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1071:Fact
941:ISBN
923:OCLC
913:ISBN
891:and
861:2022
834:2023
670:and
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