225:
82:
337:, who became the commander-in-chief of the army, enjoyed strong relations with the Turkish commanders, and he may have preferred the Turks to the exclusion of the Faraghina and other non-Turkish units. After this point, individual Farghanans continued to serve in the army, but the regiment itself largely disappears in the sources.
317:
After the end of the war, from which al-Mu'tazz emerged victorious, the
Faraghina returned to Samarra. As the government continued to suffer from a worsening fiscal crisis, the caliph attempted to favor the Faraghina and Maghariba and use them against the Turks; in spite of this, however, all three
194:
soldiers, and that both the Turks and
Faraghina were segregated from the general population. The residences of the Faraghina were principally located along the avenues called Shari' al-Barghamish al-Turki and Shari' al-Askar, although some of the regiment officers had allotments along the Shari'
148:, but a firm Muslim presence was not established and the local rulers maintained their hold over the country. Over the course of the eighth century the Muslims repeatedly conducted raids into the valley, but its conquest remained incomplete. It was only during the governorship of
179:, writing in the late ninth century, recorded that al-Ma'mun sent envoys to recruit men from the people of Transoxiana; after his death, his successor al-Mu'tasim continued this policy to such an extent that Transoxianans soon achieved a dominant role in the caliph's army.
822:
291:. Like the other regiments in Samarra, their main concern during this period was to ensure that they received their pay, as the government was often incapable of providing their salaries in a timely manner.
827:
812:
274:(861–870). In the chaotic years following al-Mutawakkil's death, they frequently participated in the riots that broke out in the capital, and they were said to have been involved in the deaths of the
206:. Of the non-Turkish units, they appear to have been among the largest, and are mentioned relatively frequently in the sources. Al-Ya'qubi referred to at least some of the Faraghina as '
326:
revolted against the caliph in June 870, the
Faraghina defended al-Muhtadi and comprised the bulk of his cavalry; in the resulting battle, they were defeated and suffered heavy losses.
259:
was a leading officer in the caliph's army. While the campaign was underway, however, several
Faraghina officers became involved in a plot to kill al-Mu'tasim and replace him with
310:, and over the course of the war additional Farghanan soldiers were sent to join the fight. Some of the Faraghina did initially fight for al-Musta'in, such as those under
152:
in c. 820-1 that
Farghana was more fully incorporated into the Islamic state, and it may have been around this same time that the Faraghina regiment began to be formed.
248:; during the attack against Babak's fortress of al-Badhdh in 837, they distinguished themselves in battle and played a major part in the capture of the stronghold.
306:
in 865, the
Faraghina largely supported the latter. Five thousand Turks and Faraghina were part of the initial force sent from Samarra to besiege al-Musta'in in
236:
as having participated in some of the military campaigns undertaken during al-Mu'tasim's caliphate. They served, for example, under the prominent general
69:, the Faraghina participated in several military campaigns and played a significant role in the politics of the central government, especially during the
817:
786:
776:
765:
740:
722:
691:
672:
216:
speaking or uncivilized. In any case, it seems that they were considered as outsiders by the mainstream elements of Muslim society.
295:
96:
322:, likewise promised to bestow favors upon the Faraghina and the other non-Turkish regiments of the army. When the Turks under
127:
171:(r. 833–842); it seems likely, however, that the process of recruiting soldiers from Farghana was begun during the reign of
233:
198:
The
Faraghina were only one of several new regiments in al-Mu'tasim's army, serving alongside others such as the Turks,
642:
203:
260:
161:
750:
263:; when the plan was discovered by the caliph, the conspirators, including 'Amr, were rounded up and executed.
625:
323:
682:
The
Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.)
182:
The
Faraghina were firmly established by the time that al-Mu'tasim decided to construct the new capital of
329:
It is likely that the
Faraghina's importance declined after the death of al-Muhtadi and the accession of
733:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750.
61:
which was active during the ninth century A.D. Consisting of troops who originated from the region of
256:
311:
271:
145:
70:
735:
Eds. B.A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1996.
782:
761:
736:
718:
687:
668:
652:
104:
100:
58:
781:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
241:
190:, the Faraghina were granted allotments adjacent to, but separate from, the quarters of the
130:, control of Farghana is described variously in the sources as having been exercised by an
771:
708:
288:
252:
213:
212:, a term which has been variously interpreted to mean that may have been non-Muslims, non-
183:
131:
90:
24:
186:, and they were given land grants in the city after its completion in 836. According to
680:
637:
633:
330:
299:
284:
270:
in December 861, the Faraghina played an important role during the period known as the
224:
191:
168:
141:
81:
62:
806:
629:
303:
267:
187:
164:
41:
199:
176:
149:
54:
172:
712:
334:
314:, but they later joined Muzahim when he decided to defect to al-Mu'tazz's side.
245:
66:
319:
656:
237:
112:
714:
The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
119:
in the north; by the Islamic period, however, it had moved to the city of
34:
116:
111:, it was surrounded to the north, east and south by mountains, with the
307:
280:
136:
120:
108:
275:
620:
Trans. Francis Clark Murgotten. New York: Columbia University, 1924.
318:
groups united to overthrow al-Mu'tazz in July 869. The next caliph,
228:
The Faraghina served under al-Mu'tasim and several of his successors
115:
running through it. The capital of the region was for some time at
223:
80:
667:
Ed. Ehsan Yarshater. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press, 1999.
208:
388:
Al-Mas'udi, v. 7: p. 118. See also Ibn al-Athir, v. 6: p. 452
823:
Military units and formations established in the 9th century
760:
London: The British School of Archeology in Iraq, 2005.
686:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
595:
Al-Mas'udi, v. 8: pp. 8-9; al-Tabari, v. 36: pp. 91 ff.
107:
caliphates. Occupying the entire valley to the east of
828:
9th-century disestablishments in the Abbasid Caliphate
813:
Military units and formations of the Abbasid Caliphate
406:
Kennedy, p. 119; Gordon, p. 59; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 258-59
799:
Ed. M.J. de Goeje. 2nd ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1892.
53:, "inhabitant of Farghanah") were a regiment in the
679:
514:Al-Mas'udi, v. 7: p. 396; al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 146
753:. 9 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1861-1917.
604:Kennedy, p. 150; al-Tabari, v. 37: pp. 17, 71, 81
144:in the region. Farghana was occupied in 712-3 by
95:Farghana was a frontier province bordering the
749:Ed. and Trans. Charles Barbier de Meynard and
731:Marshak, B.I., and N.N. Negmatov. "Sogdiana."
8:
251:In the following year, during al-Mu'tasim's
45:
643:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
618:The Origins of the Islamic State, Part II.
266:Following the assassination of the caliph
85:Map of Farghana in the early Muslim period
415:Northedge, p. 170; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 262-63
167:, the Faraghina regiment was created by
91:Ferghana valley § Islamic influence
532:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 146; v. 36: p. 107
345:
134:dynasty whose rulers used the title of
624:Barthold, W. & Spuler, B. (1965).
370:Bosworth, p. 253; Barthold, pp. 790-91
758:The Historical Topography of Samarra.
16:Regiment in the Abbasid caliphal army
7:
333:(r. 870-892). Al-Mu'tamid's brother
298:broke out between the rival caliphs
46:
28:
795:Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub.
717:. London and New York: Routledge.
487:Al-Tabari, v. 33: pp. 96, 109, 112
14:
665:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume IX.
361:Marshak, p. 274; Barthold, p. 790
704:6th ed. Beirut: Dar Sader, 1995.
663:Bosworth, C. Edmund. "Fargana."
745:Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn al-Husain.
616:Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Jabir.
478:Al-Tabari, v. 33: pp. 68-69, 71
232:The Faraghina are mentioned by
496:Al-Tabari, v. 33: pp. 130, 133
424:Gordon, p. 37; Kennedy, p. 127
128:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
123:on the bank of the Syr Darya.
1:
240:in the war against the rebel
818:Cavalry units and formations
541:Al-Mas'udi, v. 7: pp. 364-65
700:Ibn al-Athir, 'Izz al-Din.
678:Gordon, Matthew S. (2001).
568:Al-Tabari, v. 35: pp. 89-90
505:Al-Tabari, v. 35: pp. 12-13
283:and the Turkish commanders
35:
844:
255:, the Farghanan commander
253:expedition against Amorium
88:
777:The History of al-Ṭabarī
751:Abel Pavet de Courteille
586:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 164
651:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
577:Al-Mas'udi, v. 7: p 397
559:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 48
550:Al-Tabari, v. 35: p. 43
523:Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 70
324:Musa ibn Bugha al-Kabir
261:al-'Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun
702:Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh.
229:
86:
756:Northedge, Alastair.
335:Abu Ahmad al-Muwaffaq
227:
84:
460:Gordon, p. 195 n. 71
397:Al-Baladhuri, p. 205
352:Barthold, pp. 790-91
774:, ed. (1985–2007).
442:Kennedy, pp. 124-25
747:Les Prairies D'Or.
433:Al-Ya'qubi, p. 258
312:Muzahim ibn Khaqan
272:Anarchy at Samarra
230:
195:al-Hayr al-Jadid.
146:Qutayba ibn Muslim
140:, or by the local
87:
71:Anarchy at Samarra
788:978-0-7914-7249-1
242:Babak al-Khurrami
160:According to the
59:Abbasid Caliphate
835:
797:Kitab al-Buldan.
792:
772:Yarshater, Ehsan
728:
697:
685:
660:
605:
602:
596:
593:
587:
584:
578:
575:
569:
566:
560:
557:
551:
548:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
494:
488:
485:
479:
476:
470:
467:
461:
458:
452:
451:Northedge, p. 99
449:
443:
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431:
425:
422:
416:
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404:
398:
395:
389:
386:
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371:
368:
362:
359:
353:
350:
49:
48:
38:
32:
843:
842:
838:
837:
836:
834:
833:
832:
803:
802:
789:
770:
725:
707:
694:
677:
623:
613:
608:
603:
599:
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585:
581:
576:
572:
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563:
558:
554:
549:
545:
540:
536:
531:
527:
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518:
513:
509:
504:
500:
495:
491:
486:
482:
477:
473:
468:
464:
459:
455:
450:
446:
441:
437:
432:
428:
423:
419:
414:
410:
405:
401:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:Kennedy, p. 125
378:
374:
369:
365:
360:
356:
351:
347:
343:
289:Salih ibn Wasif
257:Amr al-Farghani
222:
158:
93:
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
841:
839:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
805:
804:
801:
800:
793:
787:
768:
754:
743:
729:
723:
705:
698:
692:
675:
661:
621:
612:
609:
607:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
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471:
462:
453:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
372:
363:
354:
344:
342:
339:
285:Wasif al-Turki
221:
218:
175:(r. 813-833).
157:
154:
97:lands of Islam
89:Main article:
78:
75:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
840:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
808:
798:
794:
790:
784:
780:
778:
773:
769:
767:
766:0-903472-17-1
763:
759:
755:
752:
748:
744:
742:
741:92-3-103211-9
738:
734:
730:
726:
724:0-415-25093-5
720:
716:
715:
710:
709:Kennedy, Hugh
706:
703:
699:
695:
693:0-7914-4795-2
689:
684:
683:
676:
674:
673:0-933273-35-5
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
619:
615:
614:
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592:
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583:
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574:
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553:
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535:
529:
526:
520:
517:
511:
508:
502:
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493:
490:
484:
481:
475:
472:
469:Gordon, p. 60
466:
463:
457:
454:
448:
445:
439:
436:
430:
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412:
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349:
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340:
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332:
327:
325:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:al-Mutawakkil
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
219:
217:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
196:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
126:Prior to the
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
83:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43:
39:
37:
36:al-Farāghinah
31:
26:
22:
796:
775:
757:
746:
732:
713:
701:
681:
664:
648:
641:
617:
600:
591:
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
465:
456:
447:
438:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
328:
316:
293:
276:
265:
250:
231:
207:
200:Ushrusaniyya
197:
181:
177:Al-Baladhuri
159:
150:Nuh ibn Asad
135:
125:
94:
55:regular army
50:
33:
29:
20:
18:
638:Schacht, J.
634:Pellat, Ch.
331:al-Mu'tamid
300:al-Musta'in
246:Adharbayjan
169:al-Mu'tasim
99:during the
67:Transoxiana
40:, definite
807:Categories
647:Volume II:
626:"Farghana"
611:References
320:al-Muhtadi
304:al-Mu'tazz
188:al-Ya'qubi
165:al-Mas'udi
156:Foundation
103:and early
77:Background
779:(40 vols)
657:495469475
630:Lewis, B.
296:civil war
238:al-Afshin
234:al-Tabari
204:Maghariba
173:al-Ma'mun
162:historian
121:Akhsikath
113:Syr Darya
21:Faraghina
711:(2001).
640:(eds.).
63:Farghana
51:Farghānī
30:الفراغنة
308:Baghdad
281:Utamish
220:History
192:Turkish
184:Samarra
137:ikhshid
132:Iranian
109:Khujand
105:Abbasid
101:Umayyad
57:of the
785:
764:
739:
721:
690:
671:
655:
636:&
214:Arabic
47:فرغاني
42:plural
25:Arabic
628:. In
341:Notes
294:When
277:wazir
142:Turks
117:Kasan
783:ISBN
762:ISBN
737:ISBN
719:ISBN
688:ISBN
669:ISBN
653:OCLC
302:and
287:and
209:ajam
202:and
19:The
649:C–G
244:in
65:in
44:of
809::
645:.
632:;
73:.
27::
791:.
727:.
696:.
659:.
23:(
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