409:
803:
167:
2347:
425:
1881:
27:
988:
and celebrated a similar festival, and elements of the same traditions persisted in the
Eastern Orthodox feast day for Vatatzes (St. John the Merciful) in parts of Greece through least the 19th Century. A version of the holiday called "JohnnysGiving" was also known to be celebrated by Greek
939:
adopted during
Augustus' reign. The concept, which constituted the foundation of the imperial Roman propaganda, legitimized power or a claimant's right to rule through victory in the absence of traditional institutions. It held that earthly authority depended on heavenly accord and that the
309:"if the crops had filled up the storehouses if the vintage had been abundant if the olive oil had flowed deliberately from the groves", regardless of whatever else might have occurred. The efficacy of a ritual might be thus expressed as its
789:
During the
Republic, only divine personifications known to have had a temple or public altar were featured on coins, among them Felicitas. On the only extant Republican coin type, Felicitas appears as a bust and wearing a
1421:
Austin
Nuttall, A Classifical and Archaeological Dictionary of the Manners, Customs, Laws, Institutions, Arts, Etc. of the Celebrated Nations of Antiquity, and of the Middle Ages. Whittaker, 1894
222:", with an originally non-sexual meaning of "to suck". The continued magical association of sexual potency, increase, and general good fortune in productivity is indicated by the inscription
630:
resulted from civil war and unprecedented military violence within the city of Rome itself, but he legitimated his authority by claiming that the mere fact of his victory was proof he was
2747:
646:, and Sulla thus established an important theological element for the later authority of the emperor. Although he established no new temple for Felicitas, he venerated her with a
323:
was simultaneously a divine gift, a quality that resided within an individual, and a contagious capacity for generating productive conditions outside oneself: it was a form of "
1845:
Fortuna. Recherches sur le culte de la
Fortune Ă Rome et dans le monde romain des origines Ă la mort de CĂ©sar. II Les Transformations de Fortuna sous le RĂ©publique
2752:
909:
When the Empire came under
Christian rule, the personified virtues that had been cultivated as deities could be treated as abstract concepts, though the later
2805:
1187:(Turin, 1976, 4th ed.), pp. 26–27, as cited by Reay, "Agriculture, Writing, and Cato," p. 333, note 2. This definition is said explicitly to reflect beliefs
634:
and enjoyed the divine favor of the gods. Republican precedent was to regard a victory as belonging to the Roman people as a whole, as represented by the
734:, which had been restored by Sulla, destroyed by fire in 52 BC, and demolished by Caesar in 44 BC. This temple seems not to have existed by the time of
2496:
1908:
529:
1457:
Lazar Odzak, “Demetrios is now Jimmy,” Greek
Immigration in the Southern United States, 1895-1965, (North Carolina: Monograph Publishers, 2006)
1827:
1806:
1785:
726:
A fourth cult site for
Felicitas in Rome had been planned by Caesar, and possibly begun before his death. Work on the temple was finished by
2764:
906:, prevalent in the years 200 to 202. Some Imperial coins use these phrases with images of women and children in the emperor's family.
727:
692:
521:
468:
276:
269:
246:
89:
1867:
1852:
639:
375:
1448:
Nicole
Kappatos, Greek Immigration to Richmond, Virginia, and the Southern Variant Theory. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014
1754:
Lars
Brownworth, Lost to the West: the Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization. Broadway Books, 2010, p 254
2558:
1593:
1502:
1116:
1430:
Lars Brownworth, Lost to the West: the Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization. Broadway Books, 2010
1901:
1060:
458:
196:
136:
401:
are often attached to divine qualities, including Felicitas: "The people's Felicitas is powerful when she is merciful"
913:
adopted many Hellenic traditions including a version of the prosperity feast day Felicitanalia allegedly described by
579:
for those who enjoyed viewing art but lacked the means to amass private collections. The temple was located in the
540:
in 151–150 BC. Predecessor to a noted connoisseur of art, Lucullus obtained and dedicated several statues looted by
2800:
2429:
2403:
20:
568:. This Temple of Felicitas was among several that had a secondary function as art museums, and was recommended by
2563:
2398:
1724:"eternal harmony"): Susann S. Lusnia, "Urban Planning and Sculptural Display in Severan Rome: Reconstructing the
1439:
Lorenzo M. Ciolfi, From Byzantium to the Web: the Endurance of John III Doukas Vatazes’ Legacy. EHESS paris, 2017
936:
379:
219:
170:
436:, reverse side with 'FELICITAS AVGG' - Felicitas Augusti means: "To the good fortune (or happiness) of emperors"
408:
2795:
2678:
2657:
2647:
2054:
1917:
977:
964:
The Historian A. Nuttall reports that during Sulla’s lavish feast day citizens would wear ornate dinner robes (
764:, the names of deities and divine personifications being often recorded for this purpose in the late Republic.
124:
101:
1544:
699:(1st century AD) prescribe a cow as the sacrifice for Felicitas. Pompey established a shrine for Felicitas at
84:
could encompass both a woman's fertility and a general's luck or good fortune. The divine personification of
2662:
1894:
1662:
1529:
96:
may be translated as "good luck," and the goddess Felicitas shares some characteristics and attributes with
802:
605:
in 46 BC is supposed to have broken in front of it. The temple was destroyed by a fire during the reign of
2490:
972:
and used in early satirical compositions, and usually written to give entertainment at the Felicitanalia.
273:, ritual error. In the following three years Rome had been plagued by a number of ill omens and prodigies
26:
2709:
2606:
2262:
2181:
1929:
926:
453:
57:
281:, such as severe storms, pestilence, and "showers of blood," which had required a series of expiations
76:, "fruitful, blessed, happy, lucky") is a condition of divinely inspired productivity, blessedness, or
1497:
2704:
2588:
2542:
2332:
2176:
1949:
1547:, with Dio's conjectures about the motivations and rivalries involved (on which see also Richardson,
739:
708:
671:
573:
19:
This article is about the divine personification of a Roman concept. For other uses of the name, see
108:("Bad Luck") acknowledges. Felicitas, however, always had a positive significance. She appears with
2742:
2548:
2434:
2408:
2267:
2116:
2106:
2069:
1763:
Fears, "The Theology of Victory," p. 751; "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," same
2621:
2247:
2211:
2171:
2146:
2049:
2029:
1969:
973:
676:
480:
383:
50:
703:, which used the steps to the Temple of Venus Victrix as seating. Felicitas was cultivated with
166:
16:
Condition of divinely inspired productivity, blessedness, or happiness, in ancient Roman culture
104:. Fortuna was unpredictable and her effects could be negative, as the existence of an altar to
2759:
2719:
2373:
2327:
2201:
2191:
2141:
2014:
1994:
1989:
1974:
1863:
1848:
1823:
1802:
1781:
875:
761:
723:. Pompey's collocation of deities may have been intended to parallel the Capitoline grouping.
700:
565:
545:
493:, the "public" Felicitas; that is, the aspect of the divine force that was concerned with the
2652:
2383:
2302:
2242:
2101:
2079:
2064:
1587:
910:
814:
367:
336:
128:
2774:
2769:
2688:
2683:
2536:
2504:
2388:
1921:
1302:
855:
766:
662:
643:
398:
344:
120:
202:
meaning "happy, fruitful, productive, full of nourishment." Related Latin words include
2626:
2515:
2378:
2096:
1886:
1026:
871:
731:
720:
647:
627:
590:
424:
260:
140:
116:
2346:
654:
writes of a lavish prosperity feast day for Felicitas which he celebrated thereafter.
2789:
2553:
2477:
2393:
2322:
2292:
2272:
2121:
2044:
2034:
1935:
866:
ideology, was among the innovative virtues that began to appear during the reigns of
696:
680:
635:
598:
594:
472:
255:
1799:
Rabbinic Tales of Destruction: Gender, Sex, and Disability in the Ruins of Jerusalem
2616:
2611:
2573:
2470:
2019:
1959:
1211:
Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph
918:
771:
585:
525:
387:
264:
144:
2024:
1142:
Brendon Reay, "Agriculture, Writing, and Cato's Aristocratic Self-Fashioning," in
184:
means "blessed, under the protection or favour of the gods; happy." That which is
115:
Felicitas had a temple in Rome as early as the mid-2nd century BC, and during the
1015:
Quis deum? L'expression plastique des idéologies politiques et religieuses à Rome
301:", and survives only as a possible quotation by a later source. Cato says that a
2368:
1725:
1541:
1181:
Si horrea messis implesset, si vindemia redundasset, if oliveta large fluxissent
830:
was celebrated on April 16 for the Felicitas of the Empire, in honor of the day
826:
743:
537:
362:, which was not thought to attach to those who were unworthy. Cicero attributed
284:
2578:
2485:
2252:
2237:
2227:
2156:
2136:
887:
863:
549:
350:
227:
190:
152:
77:
38:
335:
as one of the four virtues of the exemplary general, along with knowledge of
2724:
2312:
2206:
1335:
850:
836:
757:
433:
70:
1401:
Ceremony And Power: Reforming Politics in Rome Between Republic and Empire
2631:
2568:
2509:
2413:
2232:
2186:
2161:
2091:
1999:
1984:
1979:
1954:
969:
901:
883:
879:
841:
831:
810:
775:
686:
606:
580:
561:
533:
429:
417:
413:
324:
231:
195:
a state of harmony or peace with the divine world. The word derives from
148:
34:
2287:
2277:
2196:
2166:
2151:
2111:
2009:
1778:
Resisting Empire: Rethinking the Purpose of the Letter to "the Hebrews"
779:
735:
618:
602:
541:
445:
298:
235:
97:
42:
374:
even from the divine good luck enjoyed by successful generals such as
2714:
2456:
2450:
2363:
2297:
2282:
2257:
2039:
1964:
1412:
Laurel Fulkerson, Ovid: A Poet on the Margins. Bloomsbury, 2016, p.71
1294:
1282:
981:
867:
791:
783:
750:
wall uncovered at the site are the only known remains of the temple.
569:
328:
173:
46:
925:("Perpetual Blessedness of the Age") appears on a coin issued under
683:. These observances probably took place at an altar or small shrine
1820:
Christian Origins and the Establishment of the Early Jesus Movement
1707:
Fears, "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," p. 913ff.
2583:
2307:
2131:
2086:
2074:
2059:
2004:
821:
801:
704:
650:
to close the Sullan Victory games on the Kalends of November, and
609:, though the Muses were rescued. It was not rebuilt at this site.
557:
423:
407:
267:
in 184 BC was challenged as having been unproductive, perhaps for
165:
67:
25:
1577:
pp. 232–232, summarizing the view of Tortorici (1991), pp. 56–61.
524:
of Felicitas is first recorded in the mid-2nd century BC, when a
2464:
2317:
1244:, p. 245; Fears, "The Theology of Victory at Rome," pp. 798–799.
1155:
968:) and recite Felicitan verses, a kind of iambics popularized by
914:
747:
651:
1890:
844:
only during the Imperial period. The earliest known example is
638:
at which the honored general submitted public offerings at the
2126:
989:
immigrants to the southern United States as late as the 1940s.
1029:, "The Theology of Victory at Rome: Approaches and Problem,"
2345:
1013:(Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 228, quoting G. Sauron,
507:, the Felicitas "of the times", a title which emphasize the
1078:
Recherches sur l'expression du sacre' dans la langue latine
886:, used coinage to express his efforts toward restoring the
707:
and Virtue, and she may have shared her shrine there with
289:. The speech Cato gave to justify himself is known as the
206:, "woman" (a person who provides nourishment or suckles);
948:
indicating divine sanction of sovereignty and authority.
1260:; Fears, "The Theology of Victory at Rome," pp. 797–798.
657:
On July 1 and October 9, Felicitas received a sacrifice
612:
Sulla identified himself so closely with the quality of
1880:
Gallery of Roman Imperial coins featuring Felicitas at
1011:
Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome
878:, whose reign followed the exceedingly brief tenure of
1528:
During the riots that broke out during the funeral of
1377:
Fears, "The Theology of Victory at Rome," pp. 794–796.
457:, the goddess in her association with the emperor and
1716:
Along with an emphasis on continuity and permanence (
1231:
Fears, "The Theology of Victory at Rome," p. 747–748.
1858:
Hammond, N.G.L. & Scullard, H.H. (Eds.) (1970).
1106:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), pp. 130–131.
840:. In extant Roman coinage, Felicitas appears with a
2735:
2697:
2671:
2640:
2599:
2527:
2443:
2422:
2356:
2220:
1928:
1847:(pp. 216–236). Rome: Ecole Française de Rome.
1067:(Cambridge University Press, 1974), vol. 2, p. 738.
319:became proof of one's excellence and divine favor.
135:. Felicitas continued to play an important role in
1669:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 2, p. 70.
778:that was refounded under Caesar and known also as
1185:Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta Liberae Rei Publicae
245:was a quality expressing the close bonds between
1862:(p. 434). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
929:, the first emperor to convert to Christianity.
143:as a symbol of the wealth and prosperity of the
1368:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 150.
1200:Reay, "Agriculture, Writing, and Cato," p. 332.
1091:Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
1046:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 156.
1399:Velleius Paterculus 2.27.6; Geoffrey S. Sumi,
1366:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
1044:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
1902:
1818:Porter, Stanley E.; Pitts, Andrew W. (2018).
1801:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 152.
738:. Its site probably lies under the church of
536:, using booty from his military campaigns in
8:
1403:(University of Michigan Press, 2005), p. 27.
176:with the inscription "Felicitas dwells here"
1745:(Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 64–68.
511:being experienced in current circumstances.
155:. The English word "felicity" derives from
112:that focus on aspects of her divine power.
41:, two symbols of health and wealth, on the
1942:
1909:
1895:
1887:
1031:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
862:("Prosperity of the Times"), reflecting a
809:represented by a pair of cornucopiae on a
497:or commonwealth, or with the Roman People
1780:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 167.
1222:Fears, "The Theology of Victory," p. 746.
483:" of the Roman People, also known as the
467:("Favored, Fortunate"), a state divinity
420:, reverse side with 'FELICITAS TEMPORVM'.
403:(potens misericors publica est Felicitas)
214:, "son" (a person suckled); and probably
1017:(École française de Rome, 1994), p. 287.
1728:and Its Role in Dynastic Politics," in
1002:
957:
770:("Julian Felicitas") was the name of a
760:used by Julius Caesar's troops at the
210:, "to suckle" in regard to an infant;
1743:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy
7:
1158:39.46.3–5; 40.2.1, 19.1, 36.14–37.3.
882:and unsatisfactory conditions under
711:, as she did in the Imperial era as
368:Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great")
2806:Personifications in Roman mythology
1213:(Brill, 1970), pp. 343, 348, 361ff.
1093:New York 1963 sv felicity, feminine
701:his new theater and temple complex
139:, and was frequently portrayed on
14:
640:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
471:on October 9 in conjunction with
348:(both "valor" and "virtue"), and
305:should be found to have produced
147:. Her primary attributes are the
1665:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price,
917:in the missing 11th book of the
742:. It has been suggested that an
593:, along a route associated with
226:("Felicitas dwells here") on an
127:, on July 1 in conjunction with
100:, the two were distinguished in
1860:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
1730:American Journal of Archaeology
1667:Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook
1562:A New Topographical Dictionary,
1549:A New Topographical Dictionary,
1468:A New Topographical Dictionary,
291:Oratio de lustri sui felicitate
1843:Champeaux, Jacqueline (1987).
940:successful conquest projected
1:
1033:II.17.2 (1981), pp. 747, 798.
109:
1797:Belser, Julia Watts (2018).
1169:Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta
532:, grandfather of the famous
358:was a regular complement to
1882:Classical Numismatics Group
1776:Whitlark, Jason A. (2014).
1732:108.4 (2004), pp. 534, 540.
1104:The Latin Sexual Vocabulary
2822:
2404:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2343:
1254:Divinitus adiuncta fortuna
935:was also the basis of the
923:Felicitas Perpetua Saeculi
813:(193-194 AD) issued under
697:Acts of the Arval Brothers
241:In archaic Roman culture,
21:Felicitas (disambiguation)
18:
2399:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
1945:
1822:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 303.
1189:in illa vetere re publica
937:Roman theology of victory
370:, and distinguished this
49:issued under the emperor
2658:Rape of the Sabine Women
1599:Roman Republican Coinage
1191:, in the "old" republic.
1065:Roman Republican Coinage
978:John III Doukas Vatatzes
898:"Prosperity of the Age"
669:in conjunction with the
665:, on the latter date as
530:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
528:was dedicated to her by
340:(scientia rei militaris)
247:religion and agriculture
180:In its religious sense,
2663:Battle of Lacus Curtius
1530:Publius Clodius Pulcher
315:The ability to promote
259:sacrifice conducted by
92:as a goddess. Although
2350:
1918:Ancient Roman religion
1694:i 205, no. 55; Clark,
1496:, pp. 225–226, citing
1171:(Paris, 1837), p. 145.
890:, with themes such as
817:
556:a statue group of the
448:of Felicitas include:
437:
421:
253:was at issue when the
177:
53:
2349:
1720:"perpetual victory";
1364:Lawrence Richardson,
1042:Lawrence Richardson,
976:records that Emperor
805:
548:, including works by
427:
411:
224:Hic habitat Felicitas
169:
58:ancient Roman culture
29:
2543:Interpretatio graeca
1146:24.2 (2005), p. 332.
984:owned a copy of the
834:was first acclaimed
740:Santi Luca e Martina
636:triumphal procession
616:that he adopted the
576:Fortuna Huiusce Diei
477:Genius Populi Romani
162:As virtue or quality
125:Roman state religion
2743:Classical mythology
2564:Theology of victory
2409:Kings of Alba Longa
1144:Classical Antiquity
1061:Michael H. Crawford
730:on the site of the
119:was honored at two
2351:
1722:concordia aeterna,
974:William of Rubruck
896:Felicitas Saeculi,
892:Felicitas Temporum
860:Felicitas Temporum
818:
807:Felicitas Temporum
713:Felicitas Caesaris
626:His domination as
438:
422:
384:Scipio the Younger
178:
121:official festivals
54:
2801:Fortune goddesses
2783:
2782:
2760:Etruscan religion
2374:Romulus and Remus
2357:Legendary figures
2341:
2340:
1990:Castor and Pollux
1828:978-90-04-37274-0
1807:978-0-19-060047-1
1786:978-0-567-00826-8
1718:victoria aeterna,
1696:Divine Qualities,
1680:Divine Qualities,
1651:Divine Qualities,
1638:Divine Qualities,
1575:Divine Qualities,
1517:Divine Qualities,
1506:6631–2 on Ameria.
1481:Divine Qualities,
1388:Divine Qualities,
1324:Divine Qualities,
1131:Divine Qualities,
1057:Divine Qualities,
876:Septimius Severus
846:Felicitas Publica
762:Battle of Thapsus
691:, not a separate
499:(Populus Romanus)
293:, "Speech on the
188:has achieved the
131:and October 9 as
31:Felicitas Augusta
2813:
2653:Founding of Rome
2423:Legendary beings
2384:Tullus Hostilius
2221:Abstract deities
2080:Lares Familiares
1943:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1625:Divine Qualities
1621:
1615:
1612:Divine Qualities
1608:
1602:
1597:6631; Crawford,
1588:Bellum Africanum
1584:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1498:Stefan Weinstock
1494:Divine Qualities
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1271:Divine Qualities
1267:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1242:Divine Qualities
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1183:: H. Malcovati,
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1007:
990:
962:
911:Empire of Nicaea
820:A calendar from
815:Pescennius Niger
667:Fausta Felicitas
366:particularly to
337:military science
133:Fausta Felicitas
110:several epithets
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2796:Roman goddesses
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2775:Myth and ritual
2770:Greek mythology
2731:
2693:
2689:Pignora imperii
2684:Parabiago Plate
2667:
2636:
2595:
2529:
2523:
2505:Sibylline Books
2439:
2418:
2389:Servius Tullius
2352:
2337:
2216:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1877:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1817:
1813:
1796:
1792:
1775:
1771:
1767:volume, p. 908.
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1601:vol. 2, p. 735.
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1491:
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1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
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1443:
1438:
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1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1353:Natural History
1350:
1346:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1307:Natural History
1303:Pliny the Elder
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1258:De lege Manilia
1252:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1179:
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1137:
1128:
1124:
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1050:
1041:
1037:
1025:
1021:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
963:
959:
954:
824:records that a
800:
767:Felicitas Iulia
693:temple precinct
672:Genius Publicus
663:Capitoline Hill
572:along with the
518:
485:Genius Publicus
443:
399:Publilius Syrus
354:, "authority."
234:at a bakery in
164:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
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2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:Pythagoreanism
2624:
2622:Peripateticism
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:The Golden Ass
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2435:Barnacle goose
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Numa Pompilius
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
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2315:
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2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
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2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1875:External links
1873:
1872:
1871:
1856:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1811:
1790:
1769:
1756:
1747:
1741:Beryl Rawson,
1734:
1709:
1700:
1684:
1671:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1579:
1566:
1553:
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1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1370:
1357:
1344:
1328:
1322:4.126; Clark,
1311:
1287:
1275:
1262:
1256:, in his work
1246:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1209:H.S. Versnel,
1202:
1193:
1173:
1160:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1059:pp. 142, 146;
1048:
1035:
1027:J. Rufus Fears
1019:
1001:
1000:
998:
995:
992:
991:
956:
955:
953:
950:
944:and excessive
872:Antoninus Pius
799:
796:
782:, present-day
732:Curia Hostilia
648:Ludi circenses
597:: the axle of
591:Campus Martius
517:
514:
513:
512:
502:
488:
462:
442:
439:
376:Fabius Maximus
285:supplicationes
261:Cato the Elder
218:, "to perform
216:fello, fellare
163:
160:
117:Republican era
102:Roman religion
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2818:
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2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Imperial cult
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:and practices
2526:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
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2478:Metamorphoses
2475:
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2415:
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2397:
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2394:Ancus Marcius
2392:
2390:
2387:
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2377:
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2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Tranquillitas
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
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2264:
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2259:
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2203:
2200:
2198:
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2178:
2175:
2173:
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2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
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2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
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1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:Dii Consentes
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1868:0-19-869117-3
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:2-7283-0041-0
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
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1800:
1794:
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1626:
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1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1551:pp. 102–103).
1550:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1470:pp. 148, 150.
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
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1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1309:34.69, 36.39.
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1259:
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1234:
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1212:
1206:
1203:
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1123:
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916:
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907:
905:
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881:
877:
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869:
865:
861:
857:
854:issued under
853:
852:
847:
843:
839:
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823:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
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793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
745:
744:Ionic capital
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
688:
682:
681:Venus Victrix
678:
674:
673:
668:
664:
660:
659:in Capitolio,
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
610:
608:
604:
601:'s triumphal
600:
599:Julius Caesar
596:
592:
588:
587:
582:
578:
577:
571:
567:
563:
560:brought from
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
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535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Venus Victrix
470:
466:
463:
460:
459:Imperial cult
456:
455:
451:
450:
449:
447:
440:
435:
431:
426:
419:
415:
410:
406:
404:
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365:
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352:
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341:
338:
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313:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
286:
280:
278:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
257:
256:suovetaurilia
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
197:Indo-European
194:
192:
187:
183:
175:
172:
168:
161:
159:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:Imperial cult
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
64:
59:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
2679:Gubernaculum
2648:Golden Bough
2617:Neoplatonism
2612:Epicureanism
2541:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2469:
2455:
1960:Anna Perenna
1934:
1859:
1844:
1819:
1814:
1798:
1793:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1560:Richardson,
1556:
1548:
1537:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1466:Richardson,
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1340:Divus Iulius
1339:
1331:
1326:pp. 177–178.
1323:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1102:J.N. Adams,
1098:
1090:
1089:W. W. Skeat
1085:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1009:Anna Clark,
1005:
985:
965:
960:
945:
941:
932:
931:
922:
919:Fasti (poem)
908:
899:
895:
891:
859:
849:
845:
835:
825:
819:
806:
788:
786:, Portugal.
765:
753:
752:
725:
716:
712:
684:
670:
666:
658:
656:
631:
623:
617:
613:
611:
586:Vicus Tuscus
584:
575:
553:
519:
508:
504:
498:
494:
490:
484:
476:
464:
452:
444:
402:
395:(sententiae)
394:
393:The sayings
392:
371:
363:
359:
355:
349:
343:
339:
332:
327:authority".
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
290:
282:
274:
268:
254:
250:
242:
240:
230:relief of a
223:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
189:
185:
181:
179:
156:
145:Roman Empire
132:
114:
106:Mala Fortuna
105:
93:
85:
81:
73:
62:
61:
55:
30:
2753:Persecution
2705:Gallo-Roman
2497:Res divinae
2369:Rhea Silvia
1726:Septizodium
1542:Cassius Dio
1080:Paris, 1963
927:Constantine
827:supplicatio
622:(nickname)
554:Thespiades,
495:res publica
325:charismatic
2790:Categories
2698:Variations
2600:Philosophy
2579:Capitolium
2486:Propertius
2253:Averruncus
2238:Aeternitas
2228:Abundantia
2157:Proserpina
1663:Mary Beard
1167:H. Meyer,
1076:H. Fugier
997:References
888:Pax Romana
864:Golden Age
715:(Caesar's
614:felicitcas
574:Temple of
550:Praxiteles
469:cultivated
351:auctoritas
311:felicitas.
228:apotropaic
157:felicitas.
153:cornucopia
90:cultivated
66:(from the
39:cornucopia
33:holding a
2725:Mithraism
2710:Mysteries
2559:Palladium
2537:Festivals
2313:Securitas
2263:Concordia
2207:Vertumnus
2025:DÄ«s Pater
1922:mythology
1614:, p. 205.
1336:Suetonius
1301:2.3.2.4;
1273:, p. 222.
1120:IV, 1454.
966:cenatoria
942:felicitas
933:Felicitas
851:dupondius
837:imperator
758:watchword
754:Felicitas
717:Felicitas
675:("Public
509:felicitas
434:Caracalla
380:Marcellus
372:felicitas
364:felicitas
360:felicitas
333:felicitas
321:Felicitas
317:felicitas
307:felicitas
295:Felicitas
251:Felicitas
243:felicitas
200:*dhe(i)l,
191:pax divom
94:felicitas
86:Felicitas
82:Felicitas
78:happiness
71:adjective
63:felicitas
2765:Glossary
2736:See also
2632:Stoicism
2607:Cynicism
2569:Pomerium
2528:Concepts
2510:Apuleius
2430:She-wolf
2414:Hersilia
2333:Victoria
2233:Aequitas
2187:Summanus
2177:Silvanus
2162:Quirinus
2092:Libertas
2055:Hercules
2000:Cloacina
1985:Carmenta
1980:Bona Dea
1955:Angerona
1950:Agenoria
1627:, p. 11.
1318:Cicero,
970:Catullus
902:saeculum
884:Commodus
880:Pertinax
842:caduceus
832:Augustus
811:denarius
776:Hispania
687:aedicula
628:dictator
607:Claudius
595:triumphs
581:Velabrum
564:, and a
562:Thespiae
534:Lucullus
516:Republic
505:Temporum
475:and the
446:Epithets
441:Epithets
430:Denarius
418:Macrinus
414:Denarius
277:prodigia
220:fellatio
149:caduceus
51:Valerian
35:caduceus
2748:Decline
2672:Objects
2574:Temples
2554:Charity
2288:Laverna
2278:Fortuna
2268:Feronia
2197:Veritas
2167:Salacia
2152:Priapus
2137:Penates
2117:Neptune
2112:Minerva
2107:Mercury
2070:Jupiter
2010:Dea Dia
1975:Bellona
1930:Deities
1838:Sources
1682:p. 142.
1678:Clark,
1653:p. 142.
1649:Clark,
1640:p. 140.
1636:Clark,
1623:Clark,
1610:Clark,
1573:Clark,
1564:p. 150.
1519:p. 234.
1515:Clark,
1492:Clark,
1483:p. 165.
1479:Clark,
1390:p. 131.
1386:Clark,
1351:Pliny,
1285:8.6.23.
1269:Clark,
1240:Clark,
1129:Clark,
1055:Clark,
780:Olisipo
736:Hadrian
728:Lepidus
709:Victory
679:") and
661:on the
644:Capitol
642:at the
619:agnomen
603:chariot
589:of the
583:in the
542:Mummius
491:Publica
454:Augusta
303:lustrum
299:Lustrum
297:of his
236:Pompeii
232:phallus
171:Phallic
98:Fortuna
43:reverse
2715:Cybele
2641:Events
2589:Celtic
2457:Aeneid
2451:Virgil
2364:Aeneas
2298:Pietas
2283:Fontus
2258:Caelus
2248:Annona
2243:Africa
2212:Vulcan
2172:Saturn
2147:Pomona
2050:Genius
2040:Faunus
2030:Egeria
1970:Aurora
1965:Apollo
1866:
1851:
1826:
1805:
1784:
1698:p. 10.
1591:83.1;
1545:44.5.2
1355:34.69.
1320:Verres
1299:Verres
1295:Cicero
1283:Strabo
1133:p. 10.
982:Nicaea
946:virtus
868:Trajan
798:Empire
792:diadem
784:Lisbon
772:colony
756:was a
746:and a
721:Ameria
695:. The
677:Genius
624:Felix.
570:Cicero
552:: the
546:Greece
526:temple
481:Genius
465:Fausta
388:Marius
356:Virtus
345:virtus
331:lists
329:Cicero
270:vitium
265:censor
212:filius
204:femina
174:relief
47:aureus
45:of an
37:and a
2584:Cella
2491:Varro
2471:Fasti
2444:Texts
2328:Terra
2308:Salus
2273:Fides
2202:Vesta
2192:Venus
2142:Pluto
2132:Orcus
2087:Liber
2075:Lares
2060:Janus
2045:Flora
2035:Fauna
2015:Diana
2005:Cupid
1995:Ceres
1342:37.2.
986:Fasti
952:Notes
856:Galba
848:on a
822:Cumae
719:) at
705:Honor
632:felix
566:Venus
558:Muses
544:from
538:Spain
186:felix
182:felix
141:coins
74:felix
68:Latin
2720:Isis
2465:Ovid
2318:Spes
2303:Roma
2102:Mars
2097:Luna
2065:Juno
2020:Dies
1920:and
1864:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1765:ANRW
1156:Livy
915:Ovid
894:and
870:and
748:tufa
652:Ovid
522:cult
520:The
386:and
208:felo
151:and
129:Juno
88:was
2293:Pax
2182:Sol
2127:Ops
2122:Nox
1692:RIC
1594:ILS
1503:ILS
1117:CIL
980:of
774:in
432:of
428:AR
416:of
412:AR
397:of
263:as
123:of
56:In
2792::
1500:.
1338:,
1305:,
1297:,
1063:,
921:.
874:.
858:.
794:.
487:).
479:("
405:.
390:.
382:,
378:,
342:,
249:.
238:.
80:.
60:,
1939:)
1933:(
1910:e
1903:t
1896:v
1870:.
1855:.
1830:.
1809:.
1788:.
1532:.
904:)
900:(
689:)
685:(
501:.
461:.
287:)
283:(
279:)
275:(
193:,
23:.
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