84:
68:
30:
38:
53:
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weathering has broken up the top layer of the rock, covering the underlying rock formation with jagged, angular boulders. Freeze-thaw or frost weathering occurs when water that is trapped along microcracks in rock expands and contracts due to fluctuations in temperature above and below the freezing
242:
depth below the surface. Type 2 consists of boulders supported by a cohesionless sandy matrix that continues from the surface down through the profile. Type 3 also consists of boulders supported by a matrix, but differs from Type 2 in that the matrix consists of silt and/or clay rather than sand.
241:
The depth of the boulder field depends on the slope angle, rock types, age, and erosional history. However, a reasonable average for felsenmeer depth is approximately 1m. Ballantyne (1998) defines three types of felsenmeer profiles: Type 1 consists of boulders overlying a matrix of fines at some
670:
567:
305:(approximately 20,000 years ago). Others may be pre-glacial features that survived glaciation beneath cold-based glaciers. Their specific age can be determined using
663:
384:
526:
984:
565:
Sumner, P.D. (2004). "Geomorphic and climatic implications of relict openwork block accumulations near
Thabana-Ntlenyana, Lesotho".
409:
356:
196:. All examples except the first one are outside present day subpolar climate areas, and have thus traditionally been seen as relict
157:
when the climate was relatively warmer. Following this thought the blockfields would then have been reworked by periglacial action.
225:
Felsenmeers only form on slopes of 25° or lower. A steeper angle results in transport of the blocks due to gravity. This creates a
656:
309:, a technique that works best on materials which have been exposed to cosmic rays with little interference from trees or soils.
1048:
262:
often produce larger, more numerous felsenmeers than other types of rock. Blockfields are most often found in high mountain
791:
301:
Felsenmeers are, typically, relatively young geomorphological features. Most felsenmeers formed during or since the last
876:
602:
Boelhouwers, Jan; Holness, Steve; Sumner, Paul (2003). "The maritime
Subantarctic: a distinct periglacial environment".
230:
397:
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121:
is a surface covered by boulder- or block-sized rocks usually associated with a history of volcanic activity,
83:
604:
509:
Dahl, R. (1966) Block fields, weathering pits and tor-like forms in the Narvik
Mountains, Nordland, Norway.
306:
165:
67:
1079:
861:
836:
425:
Goodfellow, B.W.; Stroeven, A.P.; Fabel, D.; Fredin, O.; M.-H., Derron; Bintnja, R.; Caffee, M.W. (2014).
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95:
29:
57:
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The term "felsenmeer" comes from the German meaning "sea of rock". In a felsenmeer or blockfield,
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and are still active in parts of
Central Europe that were not covered by ice sheets. In the
259:
146:
126:
969:
856:
723:
708:
475:
427:"Arctic–alpine blockfields in the northern Swedish Scandes: late Quaternary – not Neogene"
149:
below the surface. An alternative theory that modern blockfields may have originated from
46:
617:
442:
160:
Most known blockfields are located in the northern hemisphere. Examples can be found in
1025:
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989:
841:
831:
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Boelhouwers, Jan (2004). "New
Perspectives on Autochthonous Blockfield Development".
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Ballantyne, C.K. (1998). Age and significance of mountain-top detritus.
212:, meaning that they are not transported during or after their creation.
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Due to the slope requirements they are most commonly found on
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slope, rather than a felsenmeer. Crude sorting with boulder
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from past times when these areas were under periglaciation.
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can occasionally be seen on the surface of felsenmeers.
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in that blockfields do not apparently originate from
1018:
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814:
772:
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568:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
266:regions near the Arctic Circle, especially in
33:Felsenmeer in Lautertal-Reichenbach (Odenwald)
664:
404:, 3rd edn., Oxford: Blackwell, 2000, p. 215.
8:
769:
671:
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649:
379:, 13th ed., dtv, Munich, pp. 107 and 221.
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351:. London: Penguin, 1984, pp. 66 and 190.
343:
341:
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371:
369:
367:
365:
335:
7:
642:, 3-volume set, Swansea: Sage, 2014.
640:Encyclopedia of Environmental Change
543:, 3rd edn., Routledge, 2011, p. 147.
527:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
402:The Dictionary of Physical Geography
145:. They are believed to be formed by
75:in the nearly barren Boulder Field,
25:
985:Montane grasslands and shrublands
581:10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00232.x
377:Wörterbuch Allgemeine Geographie
349:Dictionary of Physical Geography
285:blockfields can be found in the
553:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
1049:Category:Periglacial landforms
208:point. Felsenmeers are formed
1:
792:Solifluction lobes and sheets
626:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00247-7
541:Fundamentals of Geomorphology
877:Syngenetic permafrost growth
555:, Volume 8; Volume 14, 1998.
375:Leser, Hartmut, ed. (2005).
1101:
133:. Blockfields differ from
1044:
638:Matthews, John A. (ed.),
182:Hickory Run Boulder Field
928:Stratified slope deposit
452:10.5194/esurf-2-383-2014
680:Periglacial environment
539:Huggett, John Richard.
396:Thomas, David S.G. and
307:surface exposure dating
166:Snowdonia National Park
837:Fluvio-thermal erosion
612:(1). Elsevier: 39–55.
431:Earth Surface Dynamics
347:Whittow, John (1984).
98:
80:
77:Hickory Run State Park
64:
56:Boulder stream of the
49:
34:
999:Massenerhebung effect
704:Cryoplanation terrace
291:Prince Edward Islands
190:Appalachian Mountains
153:that occurred in the
96:Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
86:
70:
55:
40:
32:
162:Abisko National Park
71:A photo of a single
882:Zero-curtain effect
618:2003Geomo..52...39B
512:Geografiska Annaler
443:2014ESuD....2..383G
280:Southern Hemisphere
151:chemical weathering
891:Soils and deposits
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73:eastern white pine
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41:Felsenmeer on the
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1054:Template:Glaciers
810:
809:
489:10.1080/789610122
385:978-3-423-03422-7
287:Lesotho Highlands
260:sedimentary rocks
127:subpolar climates
16:(Redirected from
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995:Alpine tree line
980:Antarctic tundra
965:Arctic tree line
847:Frost weathering
774:Patterned ground
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744:Protalus rampart
734:Periglacial lake
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58:Kaser Steinstube
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970:Antarctic oasis
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862:Methane release
857:Ice segregation
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216:Characteristics
47:Palatine Forest
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575:(3): 289–302.
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186:River of Rocks
168:in Wales, the
131:periglaciation
90:, painting by
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990:Alpine tundra
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960:Arctic tundra
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410:0-631-20473-3
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398:Andrew Goudie
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357:0-14-051094-X
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194:United States
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143:mass wastings
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115:boulder field
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92:Egbert Schaap
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898:Active layer
872:Solifluction
852:Gelifluction
749:Rock glacier
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515:A 48, 55-85.
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456:. Retrieved
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174:Scafell Pike
159:
118:
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105:(also spelt
102:
100:
87:
26:
842:Frost heave
827:Cryosuction
764:Thermokarst
759:Glaciokarst
274:arctic and
264:periglacial
231:imbrication
205:freeze-thaw
164:in Sweden,
139:talus slope
119:stone field
107:block field
1069:Categories
923:Permafrost
802:Stone ring
782:Frost boil
754:Strandflat
694:Blockfield
530:9, 327-345
330:References
324:Weathering
289:, and the
246:Occurrence
111:felsenmeer
103:blockfield
88:Felsenmeer
18:Felsenmeer
908:Ice wedge
815:Processes
699:Bratschen
687:Landforms
589:128774864
497:129295656
319:Stone run
198:landforms
176:ridge in
170:Great End
1085:Geotopes
1036:Subpolar
952:ecotones
903:Gelisols
867:Nivation
787:Polygons
719:Lithalsa
400:(eds.),
313:See also
283:inactive
272:Canadian
252:plateaus
94:(1912).
62:Triftern
1019:Climate
614:Bibcode
458:11 July
439:Bibcode
303:ice age
268:Iceland
237:Profile
221:Surface
210:in situ
192:of the
188:in the
178:England
155:Neogene
45:in the
1026:Alpine
975:Golets
948:Biomes
938:Yedoma
587:
495:
408:
383:
355:
276:Norway
270:, the
256:Basalt
180:, and
135:screes
123:alpine
43:Kalmit
1031:Polar
1005:Taiga
933:Talik
913:Loess
739:Pingo
729:Palsa
714:Kurum
585:S2CID
493:S2CID
227:talus
79:, PA.
60:near
950:and
918:Peat
724:Paha
460:2016
406:ISBN
381:ISBN
353:ISBN
258:and
184:and
137:and
129:and
125:and
622:doi
577:doi
485:doi
447:doi
297:Age
117:or
109:),
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417:^
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101:A
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1007:(
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441::
435:2
412:.
387:.
359:.
172:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
