Filename - Knowledge (XXG)

22: 790:. If case-sensitive, then "MyName.Txt" and "myname.txt" may refer to two different files in the same directory, and each file must be referenced by the exact capitalization by which it is named. On a case-insensitive, case-preserving file system, on the other hand, only one of "MyName.Txt", "myname.txt" and "Myname.TXT" can be the name of a file in a given directory at a given time, and a file with one of these names can be referenced by any capitalization of the name. 222:, a file name was up to 44 characters, consisting of upper case letters, digits, and the period. A file name must start with a letter or number, a period must occur at least once each 8 characters, two consecutive periods could not appear in the name, and must end with a letter or digit. By convention, the letters and numbers before the first period was the account number of the owner or the project it belonged to, but there was no requirement to use this convention. 34: 1287:. Elsewhere, the period is allowed, but the last occurrence will be interpreted to be the extension separator in VMS, DOS, and Windows. In other OSes, usually considered as part of the filename, and more than one period (full stop) may be allowed. In Unix, a leading period means the file or folder is normally hidden. 615:

File names have to be exchanged between software environments for network file transfer, file system storage, backup and file synchronization software, configuration management, data compression and archiving, etc. It is thus very important not to lose file name information between applications. This

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The characters allowed in filenames depend on the file system. The letters A–Z and digits 0–9 are allowed by most file systems; many file systems support additional characters, such as the letters a–z, special characters, and other printable characters such as accented letters, symbols in non-Roman

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became a de facto standard, file systems mostly used a locale-dependent character set. By contrast, some new systems permit a filename to be composed of almost any character of the Unicode repertoire, and even some non-Unicode byte sequences. Limitations may be imposed by the file system, operating

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the first 1–7 character of the file name before the first period matched an actual account name, then that account was used, e.g. ABLE.BAKER is a file in your account, but if not there the system would search for $ TSOS.ABLE.BAKER, but if $ ABLE.BAKER was specified, the file $ TSOS.ABLE.BAKER would

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Account name, consisting of a dollar sign "$ ", a 1-7 character (letter or digit) username, and a period ("."). If not present it was presumed to be in your account, but if it was not, the operating system would look in the system manager's account $ TSOS. If you typed in a dollar sign only as the

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Disks and tape drives are addressed either using a label (up to 8 characters) or a unit specification. The HP 250 file system does not use directories, nor does it use extensions to indicate file type. Instead the type is an attribute (e.g. DATA, PROG, BKUP or SYST for data files, program files,

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A particular issue with filesystems that store information in nested directories is that it may be possible to create a file with a complete pathname that exceeds implementation limits, since length checking may apply only to individual parts of the name rather than the entire name. Many Windows

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Windows forbids the use of the MS-DOS device names AUX, COM0, ..., COM9, COM¹, ..., COM³, CON, LPT0, ..., LPT9, LPT¹, ..., LPT³, NUL and PRN. These names with an extension (for example, AUX.txt), are allowed but not recommended. The Win32 API strips trailing period (full-stop), and leading and

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Single-level directory structure with disk letters (A–Z). Maximum of 8 character file name with maximum 8 character file type, separated by whitespace. For example, a TEXT file called MEMO on disk A would be accessed as "MEMO TEXT A". (Later versions of VM introduced hierarchical filesystem

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with a maximum of an 8 byte name and a maximum of a 3 byte extension. Utilities and applications allowed users to specify filenames without trailing spaces and include a dot before the extension. The dot was not actually stored in the directory. Using only 7 bit characters allowed several

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to be included in the actual filename by using the high-order-bit; these attributes included Readonly, Archive, and System. Eventually this was too restrictive and the number of characters allowed increased. The attribute bits were moved to a special block of the file including additional

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used to create them. For example, a file created with the name "MyName.Txt" or "myname.txt" would be stored with the filename "MYNAME.TXT" (VFAT preserves the letter case). Any variation of upper and lower case can be used to refer to the same file. These kinds of file systems are called

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such as NFC, NFD. This means two separate files might be created with the same text filename and a different byte implementation of the filename, such as L"\x00C0.txt" (UTF-16, NFC) (Latin capital A with grave) and L"\x0041\x0300.txt" (UTF-16, NFD) (Latin capital A, grave combining).

511:), 44 (e.g. IBM S/370), or 255 (e.g. early Berkeley Unix) characters or bytes. Length limits often result from assigning fixed space in a filesystem to storing components of names, so increasing limits often requires an incompatible change, as well as reserving more space. 733:

Within a single directory, filenames must be unique. Since the filename syntax also applies for directories, it is not possible to create a file and directory entries with the same name in a single directory. Multiple files in different directories may have the same name.

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used in the Subversion and Apache technical communities. This solution does not normalize paths in the repository. Paths are only normalized for the purpose of comparisons. Nonetheless, some communities have patented this strategy, forbidding its use by other communities.

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Traditionally, filenames allowed any character in their filenames as long as they were file system safe. Although this permitted the use of any encoding, and thus allowed the representation of any local text on any local system, it caused many interoperability issues.

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Optional account number, which was one to four characters followed by a colon.If the account number was missing, it was presumed to be in your account, but if it was not, it was presumed to be in the *COM: pseudo-account, which is where all files marked as public were

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trailing space characters from filenames, except when UNC paths are used. These restrictions only apply to Windows; in Linux distributions that support NTFS, filenames are written using NTFS's Posix namespace, which allows any Unicode character except / and NUL.

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file system applies NFD Unicode normalization and is optionally case-sensitive (case-insensitive by default.) Filename maximum length is not standard and might depend on the code unit size. Although it is a serious issue, in most cases this is a limited one.

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Forbids the use of characters in range 1–31 (0x01–0x1F) and characters " * / : < > ? \ | unless the name is flagged as being in the Posix namespace. NTFS allows each path component (directory or filename) to be 255 characters long .

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also uses names like "...", "...." and so on to denote grandparent or great-grandparent directories. All Windows versions forbid creation of filenames that consist of only dots, although names consisting of three dots ("...") or more are legal in Unix.

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On Linux, this means the filename is not enough to open a file: additionally, the exact byte representation of the filename on the storage device is needed. This can be solved at the application level, with some tricky normalization calls.

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Some file systems on a given operating system (especially file systems originally implemented on other operating systems), and particular applications on that operating system, may apply further restrictions and interpretations. See

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encoding. Conversion was not possible as most systems did not expose a description of the encoding used for a filename as part of the extended file information. This forced costly filename encoding guessing with each file access.

577:, treat a filename as a single string; a convention often used on those file systems is to treat the characters following the last period in the filename, in a filename containing periods, as the extension part of the filename. 334:

used the same 8.3 convention as the CP/M file system. The FAT file systems supported 8-bit characters, allowing them to support non-ASCII characters in file names, and stored the attributes separately from the file name.

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Systems that have these restrictions cause incompatibilities with some other filesystems. For example, Windows will fail to handle, or raise error reports for, these legal UNIX filenames: aux.c, q"uote"s.txt, or NUL.txt.

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From its original inception, the file systems on Unix and its derivative systems were case-sensitive and case-preserving. However, not all file systems on those systems are case-sensitive; by default,

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File system utilities and naming conventions on various systems prohibit particular characters from appearing in filenames or make them problematic: Except as otherwise stated, the symbols in the

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marked Apple's adoption of Unicode 3.2 character decomposition, superseding the Unicode 2.1 decomposition used previously. This change caused problems for developers writing software for Mac OS X.

402:. This is a relative reference. One advantage of using a relative reference in program configuration files or scripts is that different instances of the script or program can use different files. 3131: 1741:$ AttrDef $ BadClus $ Bitmap $ Boot $ LogFile $ MFT $ MFTMirr pagefile.sys $ Secure $ UpCase $ Volume $ Extend $ Extend\$ ObjId $ Extend\$ Quota $ Extend\$ Reparse ($ Extend is a directory) 3185: 1417:

In Windows utilities, the space and the period are not allowed as the final character of a filename. The period is allowed as the first character, but some Windows applications, such as

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Used as a wildcard in Unix, DOS, RT-11, VMS and Windows. Marks any sequence of characters (Unix, Windows, DOS) or any sequence of characters in either the basename or extension (thus

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Nonetheless, some limited interoperability issues remain, such as normalization (equivalence), or the Unicode version in use. For instance, UDF is limited to Unicode 2.0; macOS's

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CON, CONIN$ , CONOUT$ , PRN, AUX, CLOCK$ , NUL COM0, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9 LPT0, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, LPT9 LST (only in

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1–17 character file name, which could be upper case letters or digits, and the period, with the requirement it not begin or end with a period, or have two consecutive periods.

479:. In other cases, the length limits may apply to particular portions of the filename, such as the name of a file in a directory, or a directory name. For example, 9 (e.g., 1378:

require specific characters such as spaces, <, >, |, \, and sometimes :, (, ), &, ;, #, as well as wildcards such as ? and *, to be quoted or

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Other filesystems, by design, provide only one filename per file, which guarantees that alteration of one filename's file does not alter the other filename's file.

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The components required to identify a file by utilities and applications varies across operating systems, as does the syntax and format for a valid filename.

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An absolute reference includes all directory levels. In some systems, a filename reference that does not include the complete directory path defaults to the

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File name, 1–56 characters (letters and digits) separated by periods. File names cannot start or end with a period, nor can two consecutive periods appear.

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Multiple output files created by an application may use the same basename and various extensions. For example, a Fortran compiler might use the extension

821:, which must interoperate efficiently with both systems that treat uppercase and lowercase files as different and with systems that treat them the same. 704:

One issue was migration to Unicode. For this purpose, several software companies provided software for migrating filenames to the new Unicode encoding.

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users might not bother setting the clock of their camera. Internet-connected devices such as smartphones may synchronize their clock from a web server.

520: 3224: 2006:(PDS or PDSE) are divided into members with names of up to 8 characters; the member name is placed in parenthesises after the name of the PDS, e.g. 600:. Extensions have been restricted, at least historically on some systems, to a length of 3 characters, but in general can have any length, e.g., 2335:

Flat filesystem with no subdirs. A full "file specification" includes device, filename and extension (file type) in the format: dev:filnam.ext.

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and directories). Workarounds include appending a dot when renaming the file (that is then automatically removed afterwards), using alternative

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usually feature file searching by name. In addition, files from different devices can be merged in one folder without file naming conflicts.

2740: 1485:$ Mft, $ MftMirr, $ LogFile, $ Volume, $ AttrDef, $ Bitmap, $ Boot, $ BadClus, $ Secure, $ Upcase, $ Extend, $ Quota, $ ObjId and $ Reparse 193:

optional device name (one or two characters) followed by an optional unit number, and a colon ":". If not present, it was presumed to be SY:

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hyphen must not be first character. A command line utility checking for conformance, "pathchk", is part of the IEEE 1003.1 standard and of

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Maximum 9 character base name limit for sequential files (without extension), or maximum 6 and 3 character extension for binary files; see

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Used to determine the mount point / drive on Windows; used to determine the virtual device or physical device such as a drive on AmigaOS,

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Some filesystems restrict the length of filenames. In some cases, these lengths apply to the entire file name, as in 44 characters in IBM

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Some people use the term filename when referring to a complete specification of device, subdirectories and filename such as the Windows

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In Unix-like systems, DOS, and Windows, the filenames "." and ".." have special meanings (current and parent directory respectively).

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This property was used by the move command algorithm that first creates a second filename and then only removes the first filename.

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A filename could be stored using different byte strings in distinct systems within a single country, such as if one used Japanese

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Numbered file names, on the other hand, do not require that the device has a correctly set internal clock. For example, some

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led to wide adoption of Unicode as a standard for encoding file names, although legacy software might not be Unicode-aware.

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shell would consume it as a switch character, but DOS and Windows themselves always accept it as a separator on API level.)

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Filenames may include things like a revision or generation number of the file, a numerical sequence number (widely used by

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In addition, in Windows and DOS utilities, some words are also reserved and cannot be used as filenames. For example, DOS

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a full "file specification" includes nodename, diskname, directory/ies, filename, extension and version in the format:

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Unix-like file systems allow a file to have more than one name; in traditional Unix-style file systems, the names are

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check for canonical equivalence among filenames, to avoid two canonically equivalent filenames in the same directory.

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for the listing. Although there are some common extensions, they are arbitrary and a different application might use

3276: 2991: 1494: 1434: 1429:, creating the file using the command line, or saving a file with the desired filename from within an application. 3574: 2448: 1592: 1460: 399: 109:

alphabets, and symbols in non-alphabetic scripts. Some file systems allow even unprintable characters, including

2541: 829:"Reserved characters" redirects here. For characters that cannot be used in page titles on Knowledge (XXG), see 809:

servers usually provide case-insensitive behavior (even when the underlying file system is case-sensitive, e.g.

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Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.

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Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.

1235: 1204: 307: 92: 1421:, forbid creating or renaming such files (despite this convention being used in Unix-like systems to describe 37:

Filename list, with long filenames containing comma and space characters as they appear in a software display.

2509:"Fixing Unix/Linux/POSIX Filenames: Control Characters (such as Newline), Leading Dashes, and Other Problems" 310:, had a 6.3 file name, with a maximum of 6 bytes in the name and a maximum of 3 bytes in the extension. The 3579: 3286: 3271: 3210: 1249: 1241: 1218: 1210: 1083:. Doubled after a name on VMS, indicates the DECnet nodename (equivalent to a NetBIOS hostname preceded by 2936: 1001: 21: 2559: 2168: 994: 774:

Some file systems store filenames in the form that they were originally created; these are referred to as

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Those considerations create a limitation not allowing a switch to a future encoding different from UTF-8.

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to be the character string that must be entered into a file system by a user in order to identify a file.

147:), or a comment such as the name of a subject or a location or any other text to help identify the file. 3406: 3179: 2463: 2141: 1148: 1088: 751: 538: 484: 303: 3161: 3035: 2687: 813:

on most Unix-like systems), and SMB client file systems provide case-insensitive behavior. File system

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Used as a path name component separator in Unix-like, Windows, and Amiga systems. (For as long as the

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Programs and devices may automatically assign names to files such as a numerical counter (for example

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structures, SFS and BFS, but the original flat directory "minidisk" structure is still widely used.)

2003: 1280: 806: 3483: 3473: 3423: 2757: 2049: 1879: 1354: 1070: 898: 738: 373:

The benefit of a time stamped file name is that it facilitates searching files by date, given that

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had operating systems where files on the system were identified by a user name, or account number.

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In the classic Mac OS, however, encoding of the filename was stored with the filename attributes.

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32 per component; earlier 9 per component; latterly, 255 for a filename and 32 for an extension.

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names cannot end with a period in Windows, though the name can end with a period followed by a

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File systems have not always provided the same character set for composing a filename. Before

434: 327: 282: 140: 26: 1325:(and compatibles) on Unix-like systems, and COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows. See 3557: 3450: 3438: 3416: 3281: 2583: 2458: 1418: 1379: 1112: 814: 810: 666:

The issue of Unicode equivalence is known as "normalized-name collision". A solution is the

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in the Finder, so that it is impossible to create a file that the Finder shows as having a

3547: 3499: 3126: 2015: 1140: 818: 295: 118: 2955: 2658: 940:

Used as the default path name component separator in DOS, OS/2 and Windows (even if the

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the account number, consisting of a bracket "". If omitted, it was presumed to be yours.

3514: 3460: 3373: 3323: 3318: 3166: 2275: 2107: 1165: 1094: 1080: 849: 831:

Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (technical restrictions) § Forbidden characters

438: 381: 129: 114: 110: 1614:$ IDLE$ AUX COM1...COM4 CON CONFIG$ CLOCK$ KEYBD$ LPT1...LPT4 LST NUL PRN SCREEN$ 1007:(U+2047), and the black question mark ornament❓(U+2753) are allowed in all filenames. 259:$ ABLE was a valid account, then it would look for a file named BAKER in that account. 158:. Some utilities have settings to suppress the extension as with MS Windows Explorer. 3616: 3584: 3526: 3519: 3349: 3233: 3121: 2468: 2453: 2378: 1468: 964: 722: 446: 442: 374: 351: 171: 50: 1886:) in the filesystem, and is shown as such on the command line. Filenames containing 708:

Microsoft provided migration transparent for the user throughout the VFAT technology

3589: 3562: 3552: 3344: 3298: 3016: 1906: 1837: 1634: 1595: 1560: 1426: 1361: 1318: 1129: 1057: 1017: 980: 771:. Some filesystems prohibit the use of lower case letters in filenames altogether. 508: 290: 289:

operating system, filenames were always 11 characters. This was referred to as the

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mandatory file name, consisting of 1 to 6 characters (upper-case letters or digits)

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system, application, or requirements for interoperability with other systems.

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This makes an absolute or relative path composed of a sequence of filenames.

125:, to be part of a filename, although most utilities do not handle them well. 3504: 3385: 3308: 3256: 3251: 2997: 1532: 1312: 1266: 935: 629: 562: 504: 480: 433:

in later versions, for creating them. Hard links are different from Windows

414: 167: 57:. Different file systems impose different restrictions on filename lengths. 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2610: 2977: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 33: 3293: 2323: 2115: 1815: 1618: 1108: 1036: 941: 904: 542: 500: 226: 122: 3001: 519:

value of 260, but Windows file names can easily exceed this limit. From

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Uniqueness approach may differ both on the case sensitivity and on the

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with a maximum of eight plus three characters was a filename alias of "

355: 178: 679:

To limit interoperability issues, some ideas described by Sun are to:

3542: 3140: 2801: 2588: 2406: 2309: 1922: 1910: 1830: 1727: 1692: 1601:

0x00–0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? \ | + , . ; =

1456: 1411: 715: 633: 323: 215: 207: 182: 1632:

Maximum 8 character base name limit and 3 character extension; see

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Note 1: While they are allowed in Unix file and folder names, most

1317:

Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters

794: 655: 3145: 2872:"Cross platform filepath naming conventions - General Programming" 2312: 2290: 2081: 1868: 1677: 1657: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1544: 1297: 1116: 1101: 1076: 1023: 802: 496: 492: 488: 418: 315: 311: 32: 20: 3202: 2734:"Solaris presentations: File Systems, Unicode, and Normalization" 2136:

Used on CDs; 8 directory levels max (for Level 1, not level 2,3)

1182:(U+2019) and the curved double quotes left double quotation mark 3180:

Standard ECMA-208, December 1994, System-Independent Data Format

2940: 2045: 1971: 1930: 1914: 1853: 1712: 1642: 1588: 1360:

Allowed, but the space is also used as a parameter separator in

798: 755: 574: 570: 566: 476: 450: 422: 339: 286: 250:

account, this would indicate the file was in the $ TSOS account

242: 97: 3206: 640:

A solution was to adopt Unicode as the encoding for filenames.

342:, an extension to the MS-DOS FAT filesystem, was introduced in 2846:"Re: git on MacOSX and files with decomposed utf-8 file names" 2341: 1878:, filenames containing / can be created, but / is stored as a 1414:

and MS-DOS/PC DOS 1.x-2.x, but can be used in later versions.

1170:

A legacy restriction carried over from DOS. The single quotes

651:

The Unicode standard solves the encoding determination issue.

219: 211: 2780:"NonNormalizingUnicodeCompositionAwareness - Subversion Wiki" 2651:"NTFS Hard Links, Directory Junctions, and Windows Shortcuts" 2489:

Windows (Win32) File Naming Conventions (Filesystem Agnostic)

461:" as a way to conform to 8.3 limitations for older programs. 848:

from appearing in filenames. In Unix-like file systems, the

3083:

1991 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Sebastopol, CA pp63–64

2732:

David Robinson; Ienup Sung; Nicolas Williams (March 2006).

1962: 973:; marks a single character. Allowed in Unix filenames, see 817:

is a considerable challenge for software such as Samba and

2824:"convmv - converts filenames from one encoding to another" 1996:

first character must be alphabetic or national ($ , #, @)

1890:

created from the command line are shown with / instead of

1410:) was not allowed as the first letter in a filename under 1050:

in DOS means "all files"). Allowed in Unix filenames, see

1143:

in Unix, DOS and Windows; allowed in Unix filenames, see

3081:

POSIX Programmer's Guide: Writing Portable UNIX Programs

1060:

for many asterisk-like characters allowed in filenames.

711:

Apple provided "File Name Encoding Repair Utility v1.0".

2993:

MS-DOS Device Driver Names Cannot be Used as File Names

60:

A filename may (depending on the file system) include:

3155: 1459:

and DOS 1.xx) KEYBD$ , SCREEN$ (only in multitasking

3150: 1734:

0x00–0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? \ |

1699:

0x00–0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? \ |

1664:

0x00–0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? \ |

612:

There is no general encoding standard for filenames.

16:

Text string used to uniquely identify a computer file

1966:

and file managers will not show the file by default

1810:

old versions of Finder are limited to 31 characters

1107:(U+2236) are permitted in Windows filenames. In the 1026:; marks a single character. Not special on Windows. 3535: 3492: 3459: 3399: 3332: 3240: 2896:. Wiki.winehq.org. November 8, 2009. Archived from 2894:"CaseInsensitiveFilenames - The Official Wine Wiki" 1733: 1698: 1663: 1604: 1600: 1084: 1047: 370:) or a time stamp with the current date and time. 3036:"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces - Win32 apps" 2133:"close to 180"(Level 2) or 200(Level 3) 1190:(U+201D) are permitted anywhere in filenames. See 1119:for the colon and the letter colon are identical. 876:for example, cannot be used in Windows filenames. 758:, store filenames as upper-case regardless of the 1607:; DOS 1/2 did not allow 0xE5 as first character) 1482:NTFS filenames that are used internally include: 1087:.) Colon is also used in Windows to separate an 358:characters, in addition to classic "8.3" names. 152:C:\Program Files\Microsoft Games\Chess\Chess.exe 2973:Microsoft Windows 95 README for Tips and Tricks 1550:first character not allowed to be 0x00 or 0xFF 245:operating system had file names consisting of 1475:and higher) CONFIG$ (only in MS-DOS 7.0-8.0) 944:is set to '-'; allowed in Unix filenames, see 805:are case-insensitive but case-preserving, and 421:or equivalent. Windows supports hard links on 29:command shell showing filenames in a directory 3218: 2710:"Maximum Path Length Limitation - Win32 apps" 1840:layer in macOS; / at the Unix layer in macOS 668:Non-normalizing Unicode Composition Awareness 8: 2920:"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6" 1256:(U+02C3) is permitted in Windows filenames. 1225:(U+02C2) is permitted in Windows filenames. 1155:(U+2223) is permitted in Windows filenames. 954:(U+29F9) is permitted in Windows filenames. 686:do transparent code conversions on filenames 925:U+29F8) is permitted in Windows filenames. 3225: 3211: 3203: 3194:, Data Management Services, archived from 3175:2009 POSIX portable filename character set 1498: 561:used by some applications to indicate the 523:, MAX_PATH limitations have been removed. 2848:. KernelTrap. May 7, 2010. Archived from 2587: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 1836:: on disk, in classic Mac OS, and at the 1186:(U+201C) and right double quotation mark 1079:and VMS; used as a pathname separator in 3130:) is being considered for deletion. See 2961:(MSDN), filename restrictions on Windows 2943:, Microsoft.com. See last bulleted item. 2802:"File Name Encoding Repair Utility v1.0" 2739:. San Francisco: Sun.com. Archived from 2611:"CPM - CP/M disk and file system format" 2401:length depends on the drive, usually 16 969:Used as a wildcard in Unix, Windows and 878: 683:use one Unicode encoding (such as UTF-8) 537:Filenames in some file systems, such as 2499: 2373:Directories can only go 8 levels deep. 453:allowed filename aliases. For example, 425:file systems, and provides the command 3156:WikiExt - File Extensions Encyclopedia 3103:Hewlett-Packard Company Roseville, CA 2951: 2949: 1747:Paths can be up to 32,000 characters. 49:is a name used to uniquely identify a 3162:"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces" 2688:"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces" 2484:Internationalized resource identifier 1622:status everywhere or only in virtual 7: 2507:David A. Wheeler (August 22, 2023). 2405: 2377: 2371:OURNODE::MYDISK:FILENAME.EXTENSION;2 2339: 2307: 2273: 2248: 2221: 2194: 2167: 2140: 2114: 2080: 2043: 2014: 1970: 1928: 1852: 1814: 1786: 1759: 1711: 1676: 1641: 1567: 1531: 844:Many file system utilities prohibit 620:Encoding indication interoperability 565:. Some other file systems, such as 3107:Rev 1/84 Manual Part no 45260-90063 3034:alvinashcraft (February 26, 2024). 3015:Ritter, Gunnar (January 30, 2007). 2782:. Wiki.apache.org. January 21, 2013 2002:after every 8 characters or fewer. 499:in DOS), 14 (e.g. early Unix), 21 ( 139:), a date and time (widely used by 1974:classic MVS filesystem (datasets) 1489:Comparison of filename limitations 1437:for more details on restrictions. 541:and the ODS-1 and ODS-2 levels of 101:for unspecified binary data, etc.) 14: 3134:to help reach a consensus. › 2804:. Support.apple.com. June 1, 2006 2625:"Fsutil command description page" 2515:from the original on May 25, 2024 1244:, allowed in Unix filenames, see 1213:, allowed in Unix filenames, see 388:References: absolute vs relative 229:system, file names consisted of 2657:. Inv Softworks. Archived from 2627:. Microsoft.com. Archived from 2421:SPACE ", : NULL CHR$ (255) 545:, are composed of two parts: a 202:optional 3-character extension. 154:. The filename in this case is 3391:Hidden file / Hidden directory 3187:Best Practices for File Naming 2217:Professional File System 1993 714:The Linux community provided " 632:encoding and another Japanese 515:applications are limited to a 1: 3434:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 3192:Stanford University Libraries 3061:"Apple File System Reference" 2560:"Data Set Naming Conventions" 825:Reserved characters and words 754:prior to the introduction of 689:store no normalized filenames 187:Digital Equipment Corporation 67:– base name of the file 2937:"Windows Naming Conventions" 2579:File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 2431:backups and the OS itself). 1603:(in some environments also: 1524:Maximum length (characters) 782:. Such a file system can be 3568:Comparison of file managers 3367:List of filename extensions 2976:, Microsoft, archived from 2760:. Ned Batchelder. June 2011 2474:Uniform Resource Identifier 2094:A–Z a–z 0–9 . _ - 2084:"Fully portable filenames" 306:(FAT) file system, used by 189:, files were identified by 3644: 2429: 2400: 2368: 2334: 2303: 2268: 2243: 2216: 2189: 2163:Original File System 1985 2162: 2135: 2105: 2076:indicates a "hidden" file 2071: 2037: 1995: 1988:other than $ # @ - x'C0' 1955: 1905: 1847: 1809: 1782: 1746: 1707: 1672: 1631: 1557: 1495:Comparison of file systems 1492: 1435:comparison of file systems 828: 750:Some filesystems, such as 739:Unicode normalization form 588:for the object output and 530: 391: 3575:File system fragmentation 3093:pathchk - check pathnames 2449:Fully qualified file name 1946: 1365: 1326: 1245: 1214: 1191: 1144: 1051: 974: 945: 608:Encoding interoperability 400:current working directory 225:On the McGill University 3379:Extended file attributes 3287:Proprietary file formats 3132:templates for discussion 2758:"Filenames with accents" 2480:Uniform Resource Locator 2269:Fast File System 2 2002 2008:PAYROLL.DEV.CBL(PROG001) 1387:five\ and\ six\<seven 950:The big reverse solidus 746:Letter case preservation 647:Unicode interoperability 521:Windows 10, version 1607 409:Number of names per file 350:. It allowed mixed-case 308:Standalone Disk BASIC-80 93:Portable Document Format 3580:File-system permissions 3105:HP 250 Syntax Reference 2926:. The Open Group. 2001. 2564:z/OS TSO/E User's Guide 2546:z/OS TSO/E User's Guide 2542:"Data Set Naming Rules" 2244:Smart File System 1998 1739:Only in root directory: 1611:Device names including: 1396:"five and six<seven" 1392:'five and six<seven' 1250:spacing modifier letter 1219:spacing modifier letter 1089:alternative data stream 888:Reason for prohibition 860:Problematic characters 852:and the path separator 584:for source input file, 507:3.2 and 3.3), 15 (e.g. 437:, classic Mac OS/macOS 218:operating systems from 185:operating systems from 166:During the 1970s, some 3146:File Extension Library 2190:Fast File System 1988 1547:(but stored as bytes) 1515:Allowed character set 1400: 1321:(and compatibles) and 1022:Used as a wildcard in 995:inverted question mark 445:. The introduction of 38: 30: 3137:Data Formats Filename 3017:"The tale of "aux.c"" 2464:Slug (Web publishing) 2004:Partitioned data sets 1998:"Qualified" contains 1909:(10.12.4) and later, 1775:|\?*<":>/ 1398:(examples of quoting) 1389:(example of escaping) 1384: 1166:straight double quote 1149:mathematical operator 917:The big solidus 485:Standalone Disk BASIC 304:File Allocation Table 274:officially defined a 36: 24: 3595:File synchronization 3444:Semantic file system 3267:List of file formats 3170:. December 15, 2022. 2924:IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 2110:Base Specifications 2050:AT&T Corporation 1518:Reserved characters 1463:) $ IDLE$ (only in 1281:whitespace character 1002:double question mark 177:For example, on the 3424:Directory structure 3040:learn.microsoft.com 2980:on November 1, 2014 2690:. December 15, 2022 1848:Mac OS 8.1 - macOS 1141:software pipelining 1091:from the main file. 527:Filename extensions 471:Length restrictions 429:in Windows XP, and 362:File naming schemes 75:– may indicate the 3628:Records management 3362:Filename extension 2959:msdn.microsoft.com 2900:on August 18, 2010 2631:on October 6, 2013 1465:Concurrent DOS 386 1364:applications; see 1285:non-breaking space 923:Unicode code point 907:setting is set to 846:control characters 533:Filename extension 459:long file name.??? 283:personal computers 77:format of the file 39: 31: 3610: 3609: 3602:File verification 3355:Filename mangling 3282:Open file formats 3004:on March 20, 2014 2852:on March 15, 2011 2435: 2434: 2027:EBCDIC code pages 1984:EBCDIC code pages 1898:in its filename. 1372: 1371: 1100:(U+A789) and the 700:Unicode migration 328:Microsoft Windows 143:software and for 141:smartphone camera 3635: 3558:Data compression 3439:Grid file system 3417:Temporary folder 3407:Directory/folder 3227: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3199: 3198:on July 30, 2021 3171: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3079:Lewine, Donald. 3077: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3021:Heirloom Project 3012: 3006: 3005: 3000:, archived from 2988: 2982: 2981: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2746:on July 4, 2012. 2745: 2738: 2729: 2714: 2713: 2712:. July 18, 2022. 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2684: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2661:on July 11, 2011 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2591: 2589:10.17487/RFC0959 2574: 2568: 2567: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2538: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2504: 2459:Path (computing) 2422: 2372: 2359: 2095: 2009: 2001: 1965: 1917:10.2 and later, 1735: 1700: 1665: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1606: 1602: 1499: 1442:Windows 95/98/ME 1419:Windows Explorer 1409: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1351: 1336: 1309: 1294: 1263: 1255: 1252:right arrowhead 1232: 1224: 1201: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1162: 1154: 1126: 1113:Windows Explorer 1106: 1099: 1086: 1067: 1049: 1033: 1014: 1006: 999: 992: 985: 961: 953: 932: 920: 910: 895: 879: 875: 871: 856:are prohibited. 855: 815:case sensitivity 788:case-insensitive 765:case-insensitive 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 518: 503:), 31, 30 (e.g. 460: 456: 432: 428: 394:Path (computing) 369: 318:file systems in 100: 90: 82: 25:Screenshot of a 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3548:File comparison 3531: 3500:File descriptor 3488: 3455: 3395: 3328: 3272:File signatures 3236: 3231: 3184: 3160: 3135: 3116: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2954: 2947: 2935: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2540: 2539: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2440: 2420: 2370: 2357: 2353: 2093: 2016:CMS file system 2007: 1999: 1961: 1960:indicates that 1921:3.2 and later, 1623: 1617: 1613: 1521:Reserved words 1511: 1506: 1497: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1357: 1349: 1334: 1307: 1292: 1269: 1261: 1253: 1242:redirect output 1230: 1222: 1221:left arrowhead 1199: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1160: 1152: 1132: 1124: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1065: 1055: 1039: 1031: 1012: 1004: 997: 990: 983: 978: 959: 951: 949: 930: 918: 916: 908: 893: 873: 869: 862: 853: 834: 827: 780:case-preserving 769:case-preserving 748: 731: 702: 677: 649: 622: 610: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 535: 529: 516: 473: 458: 454: 430: 426: 411: 396: 390: 367: 364: 296:file attributes 164: 130:digital cameras 96: 88: 80: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3641: 3639: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3615: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3374:File attribute 3371: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3324:Zero-byte file 3321: 3319:Temporary file 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3259: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234:Computer files 3232: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167:Microsoft Docs 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3119: 3115: 3114:External links 3112: 3110: 3109: 3096: 3085: 3072: 3052: 3026: 3007: 2983: 2963: 2945: 2929: 2911: 2885: 2863: 2837: 2815: 2793: 2771: 2749: 2715: 2701: 2672: 2642: 2616: 2602: 2569: 2551: 2526: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2417:any 8-bit set 2415: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389:any 8-bit set 2387: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358:A–Z 0–9 $ - _ 2355: 2350: 2347: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258:any 8-bit set 2256: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233:any 8-bit set 2231: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206:any 8-bit set 2204: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179:any 8-bit set 2177: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152:any 8-bit set 2150: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2108:The Open Group 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061:any 8-bit set 2059: 2056: 2053: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1968: 1967: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1943: 1942:any 8-bit set 1940: 1937: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1872: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1834: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799:any 8-bit set 1797: 1794: 1791: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772:any 8-bit set 1770: 1767: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1616:(depending on 1608: 1598: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1493:Main article: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1454: 1402:The character 1370: 1369: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1274: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1211:redirect input 1207: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1178:(U+2018), and 1168: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1137: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1111:font, used in 1081:classic Mac OS 1073: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1044: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1000:(U+00BF), the 993:(U+203D), the 986:(U+0294), the 967: 962: 956: 955: 938: 933: 927: 926: 901: 896: 890: 889: 886: 883: 861: 858: 850:null character 826: 823: 784:case-sensitive 776:case-retentive 747: 744: 730: 727: 720: 719: 712: 709: 701: 698: 694: 693: 690: 687: 684: 676: 673: 648: 645: 621: 618: 609: 606: 569:file systems, 531:Main article: 528: 525: 472: 469: 443:symbolic links 417:to the file's 410: 407: 392:Main article: 389: 386: 382:digital camera 363: 360: 354:(LFNs), using 352:long filenames 264: 263: 260: 239: 238: 235: 204: 203: 200: 197: 194: 163: 160: 103: 102: 68: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3640: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3585:File transfer 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3527:Symbolic link 3525: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3350:Long filename 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2956:Naming a file 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2874:. GameDev.net 2873: 2867: 2864: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2830:September 17, 2825: 2819: 2816: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2764:September 17, 2759: 2753: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2635:September 15, 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2469:Symbolic link 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2454:Long filename 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2379:Commodore DOS 2376: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2005: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1933:file systems 1932: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1620: 1612: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1469:Multiuser DOS 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1427:file managers 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1399: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1103: 1096: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 976: 972: 968: 966: 965:question mark 963: 958: 957: 947: 943: 939: 937: 934: 929: 928: 924: 914: 906: 902: 900: 897: 892: 891: 887: 884: 881: 880: 877: 867: 859: 857: 851: 847: 842: 839: 832: 824: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 761: 757: 753: 745: 743: 740: 735: 728: 726: 724: 723:Mac OS X 10.3 717: 713: 710: 707: 706: 705: 699: 697: 691: 688: 685: 682: 681: 680: 674: 672: 669: 664: 660: 657: 652: 646: 644: 641: 638: 635: 631: 626: 619: 617: 613: 607: 605: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 526: 524: 522: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 470: 468: 465: 462: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 424: 420: 416: 408: 406: 403: 401: 395: 387: 385: 383: 378: 376: 375:file managers 371: 361: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 338:Around 1995, 336: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302:The original 300: 299:information. 297: 292: 288: 284: 279: 277: 273: 269: 261: 258: 253: 248: 247: 246: 244: 236: 232: 231: 230: 228: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 190: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 172:minicomputers 169: 161: 159: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 136: 131: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 106: 99: 94: 86: 78: 74: 73: 69: 66: 63: 62: 61: 58: 56: 52: 51:computer file 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 19: 3590:File sharing 3563:File manager 3553:File copying 3400:Organisation 3345:8.3 filename 3339: 3299:Sidecar file 3277:Magic number 3196:the original 3186: 3165: 3125: 3104: 3099: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3055: 3043:. Retrieved 3039: 3029: 3020: 3010: 3002:the original 2992: 2986: 2978:the original 2972: 2966: 2958: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2902:. Retrieved 2898:the original 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2866: 2854:. Retrieved 2850:the original 2840: 2828:. Retrieved 2818: 2806:. Retrieved 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2774: 2762:. Retrieved 2752: 2741:the original 2704: 2692:. Retrieved 2663:. Retrieved 2659:the original 2654: 2645: 2633:. Retrieved 2629:the original 2619: 2605: 2578: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2517:. Retrieved 2502: 2126:A–Z 0–9 _ . 2073: 1997: 1957: 1907:macOS Sierra 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1635:8.3 filename 1633: 1610: 1596:OEM codepage 1561:6.3 filename 1559: 1481: 1477: 1450:device files 1447: 1439: 1431: 1423:hidden files 1416: 1401: 1385: 1373: 1362:command line 1319:Bourne shell 1270: 1236:greater than 1133: 1130:vertical bar 1102:ratio symbol 1095:letter colon 1058:Star (glyph) 1040: 981:glottal stop 865: 863: 843: 835: 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 773: 768: 767:and are not 764: 749: 736: 732: 721: 703: 695: 678: 675:Perspectives 667: 665: 661: 653: 650: 642: 639: 627: 623: 614: 611: 579: 558: 554: 550: 546: 536: 513: 509:Apple ProDOS 487:), 11 (e.g. 474: 466: 463: 455:longfi~1.??? 412: 404: 397: 379: 372: 368:IMG_0001.JPG 365: 337: 301: 291:8.3 filename 280: 275: 265: 256: 251: 240: 224: 205: 176: 165: 155: 151: 149: 134: 132:through the 127: 107: 104: 70: 64: 59: 46: 42: 40: 18: 3429:File system 3314:System file 3304:Sparse file 3262:File format 3248:Binary file 3120:‹ The 2444:File system 2249:Amiga FFS2 1913:and later, 1626:directory) 1512:preserving 1376:Unix shells 1340:equals sign 1139:Designates 988:interrobang 913:COMMAND.COM 760:letter case 241:The Univac 234:catalogued. 145:screenshots 55:file system 3617:Categories 3536:Management 3461:Operations 3412:NTFS links 3333:Properties 3068:Apple Inc. 2904:August 20, 2878:October 8, 2808:October 2, 2786:October 8, 2694:October 8, 2495:References 2482:(URL) and 2072:a leading 1956:a leading 1507:sensitive 1473:DR DOS 5.0 1461:MS-DOS 4.0 1283:such as a 1174:(U+0027), 911:, the DOS 882:Character 729:Uniqueness 415:hard links 348:Windows NT 344:Windows 95 332:Windows 95 320:IBM PC DOS 285:using the 85:plain text 3623:Filenames 3505:Hard link 3386:File size 3309:Swap file 3257:Data file 3252:text file 2998:Microsoft 2665:March 12, 2293:encoding 2261:: / null 2236:: / null 2223:Amiga SFS 2209:: / null 2196:Amiga PFS 2182:: / null 2169:Amiga FFS 2155:: / null 2142:Amiga OFS 1871:encoding 1858:Optional 1833:encoding 1820:Optional 1730:encoding 1717:Optional 1695:encoding 1660:encoding 1533:8-bit FAT 1527:Comments 1313:semicolon 1205:less than 936:backslash 866:Character 630:Shift JIS 563:file type 555:extension 547:base name 505:Apple DOS 481:8-bit FAT 435:shortcuts 330:prior to 281:On early 266:In 1985, 168:mainframe 156:Chess.exe 72:extension 47:file name 3510:Shortcut 3340:Filename 3294:Metafile 3122:template 3045:June 11, 2826:. 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IBM. 2407:HP 250 2332:6 + 3 2310:PDP-11 2044:early 2035:8 + 8 1923:iPadOS 1876:Finder 1838:Carbon 1831:UTF-16 1728:UTF-16 1693:UTF-16 1543:7-bit 1457:86-DOS 1412:86-DOS 1366:Note 1 1327:Note 1 1277:Folder 1267:period 1248:. The 1246:Note 1 1217:. The 1215:Note 1 1192:Note 1 1147:. 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