149:
52:
2543:
newline as starting a new (empty) line. Conversely, if a newline is considered a terminator, all text lines including the last are expected to be terminated by a newline. If the final character sequence in a text file is not a newline, the final line of the file may be considered to be an improper or incomplete text line, or the file may be considered to be improperly truncated.
1962:
2625:+008C PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD, decimal 140) can be used to advance or reverse the text printing position by some fraction of the vertical line spacing (typically, half). These can be used in combination for subscripts (by advancing and then reversing) and superscripts (by reversing and then advancing), and may also be useful for printing diacritics.
2191:) to automatically select either binary or ASCII mode, but in the end it is up to users to make sure their files are transferred in the correct mode. If there is any doubt as to the correct mode, binary mode should be used, as then no files will be altered by FTP, though they may display incorrectly.
1092:
operating systems. In such a system, an implicit end-of-line was assumed every 72 or 80 characters, for example. No newline character was stored. If a file was imported from the outside world, lines shorter than the line length had to be padded with spaces, while lines longer than the line length had
2542:
lines. If a newline is considered a separator, there will be no newline after the last line of a file. Some programs have problems processing the last line of a file if it is not terminated by a newline. On the other hand, programs that expect newline to be used as a separator will interpret a final
2601:
8D, decimal 141) is used to move the printing position back one line (by reverse feeding the paper, or by moving a display cursor up one line) so that other characters may be printed over existing text. This may be done to make them bolder, or to add underlines, strike-throughs or other characters
1066:
facility can transparently add a terminator to each line when it is retrieved by an application. The records themselves can contain the same line terminator characters, which can either be considered a feature or a nuisance depending on the application. RMS not only stores records, but also stores
2798:
As with any change to a long-established tool, there's a chance that this new behavior may not work for your scenarios, or you may prefer to disable this new behavior and return to
Notepad's original behavior. To do this, you can change to tweak how Notepad handles pasting of text, and which EOL
2178:
with different newline representations when the transfer is done in "ASCII mode". However, transferring binary files in this mode usually has disastrous results: any occurrence of the newline byte sequenceâwhich does not have line terminator semantics in this context, but is just part of a normal
2166:
The standard
Internet Message Format for email states: "CR and LF MUST only occur together as CRLF; they MUST NOT appear independently in the body". Differences between SMTP implementations in how they treat bare LF and/or bare CR characters have led to SMTP spoofing attacks referred to as "SMTP
1067:
metadata about the record separators in different bits for the file to complicate matters even more (since files can have fixed length records, records that are prefixed by a count or records that are terminated by a specific character). The bits are not generic, so while they can specify that
316:
ASRâas a console device, because this sequence was required to position those printers at the start of a new line. The separation of newline into two functions concealed the fact that the print head could not return from the far right to the beginning of the next line in time to print the next
1656:
is best avoided in binary mode because any file not written with the Unix newline convention will be misread. Also, in text mode, any file not written with the system's native newline sequence (such as a file created on a Unix system, then copied to a
Windows system) will be misread as well.
2060:
Even if a program supports different newline conventions, these features are often not sufficiently labeled, described, or documented. Typically a menu or combo-box enumerating different newline conventions will be displayed to users without an indication if the selection will re-interpret,
1748:
The Java I/O libraries do not transparently translate these into platform-dependent newline sequences on input or output. Instead, they provide functions for writing a full line that automatically add the native newline sequence, and functions for reading lines that accept any of
2143:
above). This accidental use of the wrong escape sequences leads to problems when trying to communicate with systems adhering to the stricter interpretation of the standards instead of the suggested tolerant interpretation. One such intolerant system is the
1646:, and Unix has no notion of text mode or binary mode. This has caused many programmers who developed their software on Unix systems simply to ignore the distinction completely, resulting in code that is not portable to different platforms.
2763:
fter decades of frustration, and having to download a real text editor to change a single line in a config file from a Linux box, Microsoft has updated
Notepad to be able to handle end of line characters used in Unix, Linux, and macOS
2566:
and is known as a "hard return", in contrast to "soft returns" which are dynamically created to implement word wrapping and are changeable with each display instance. In many applications a separate
1614:
is transparently translated to the native newline sequence used by the system, which may be longer than one character. When reading in text mode, the native newline sequence is translated back to
1345:. The approach taken in the Unicode standard allows round-trip transformation to be information-preserving while still enabling applications to recognize all possible types of line terminators.
344:
hiding such hardware details from the application was not yet well developed. Therefore, text was routinely composed to satisfy the needs of
Teletype machines. Most minicomputer systems from
321:
would often print as a smudge in the middle of the page while the print head was still moving the carriage back to the first position. "The solution was to make the newline two characters:
250:
ext) represented by the concatenation of literal textual Morse codes "B" and "T" characters sent without the normal inter-character spacing is used in Morse code to encode and indicate a
463:. Although the design of a machine (typewriter or printer) must consider them separately, the abstract logic of software can combine them together as one event. This is why a newline in
2742:
1105:
record; this could indicate whether the next record was a continuation of the line started by the previous record, or a new line, or should overprint the previous line (similar to a
2303:
system and can be used to perform arbitrary replacement operations on single characters. A DOS/Windows text file can be converted to Unix format by simply removing all ASCII
2550:
feature, a newline character typically only needs to be stored if a line break is required independent of whether the next word would fit on the same line, such as between
333:âextraneous CRs or NULsâwhich are ignored but give the print head time to move to the left margin. Many early video displays also required multiple character times to
1097:, on which each line was stored on a separate card, usually with 80 columns on each card, often with sequence numbers in columns 73â80. Many of these systems added a
2030:
Furthermore, programs other than text editors may not accept a file, e.g. some configuration file, encoded using the foreign newline convention, as a valid file.
266:
2238:
Editors can be unsuitable for converting larger files or bulk conversion of many files. For larger files (on
Windows NT) the following command is often used:
2202:
are often used for converting a text file between different newline formats; most modern editors can read and write files using at least the different ASCII
1062:
also use a record-based file system, which stores text files as one record per line. In most file formats, no line terminators are actually stored, but the
1048:
defined a newline as two or more zero-valued six-bit characters at the end of a 60-bit word. Some configurations also defined a zero-valued character as a
1113:
that thus could not be used as the first character in a line. Some early line printers interpreted these characters directly in the records sent to them.
2831:
2473:(extended grep) command can be used to print filenames of Unix or DOS files (assuming Unix and DOS-style files only, no classic Mac OS-style files):
2061:
temporarily convert, or permanently convert the newlines. Some programs will implicitly convert on open, copy, paste, or saveâoften inconsistently.
3369:
2777:
1642:
was simply defined to be that value. With the internal and external representation being identical, the translation performed in text mode is a
1569:
programs, programming languages provide some abstractions to deal with the different types of newline sequences used in different environments.
1985:
The different newline conventions cause text files that have been transferred between systems of different types to be displayed incorrectly.
270:
2750:
427:, whereby files composed on one operating system could not be properly formatted or interpreted by another operating system (for example a
265:, standardized character set control codes were developed to aid in white space text formatting. ASCII was developed simultaneously by the
1304:), because Unicode is designed to preserve all information when converting a text file from any existing encoding to Unicode and back (
2844:
383:
alone as its newline. Multics used a device driver to translate this character to whatever sequence a printer needed (including extra
1550:
intended for presenting a user-visible character to the reader of the document, and are thus not recognized themselves as a newline.
2710:
135:
2689:
1300:
While it may seem overly complicated compared to an approach such as converting all line terminators to a single character (e.g.
3301:
3279:
2033:
The problem can be hard to spot because some programs handle the foreign newlines properly while others do not. For example, a
1837:
1829:
Python permits "Universal
Newline Support" when opening a file for reading, when importing modules, and when executing a file.
1123:
1098:
3140:
1868:
1696:
447:(CR) and line feed (LF) are closely associated and can be considered either separately or together. In the physical media of
73:
340:
On such systems, applications had to talk directly to the
Teletype machine and follow its conventions since the concept of
2076:
1766:
1722:
666:
593:
345:
3158:
2184:
1305:
3394:
1833:
1714:
456:
116:
88:
1063:
1038:
62:
3260:
3072:
1773:
749:
31:
3090:
1041:, which stores text files as one record per line. In most file formats, no line terminators are actually stored.
2116:
1573:
1122:
Many communications protocols have some sort of new line convention. In particular, protocols published by the
1005:) as the character combining the functions of line feed and carriage return. The equivalent Unicode character (
233:
95:
69:
1599:
Each of these escape sequences maps to a unique implementation-defined number that can be stored in a single
2959:
2942:
1334:
1253:
229:
2179:
sequence of bytesâwill be translated to whatever newline representation the other system uses, effectively
1148:
standard defines a number of characters that conforming applications should recognize as line terminators:
2171:
2080:
2038:
1559:
2980:
2892:
IBM System/360 Reference Data Card, Publication GX20-1703, IBM Data
Processing Division, White Plains, NY
102:
1864:. In PHP, to avoid portability problems, newline sequences should be issued using the PHP_EOL constant.
1052:
character, with the result that multiple colons could be interpreted as a newline depending on position.
854:
396:
2785:
2057:
are usually also capable of displaying text files and websites which use different types of newlines.
1704:
3242:
3033:
2867:
2068:
2015:
Conversely, when viewing a file originating from a
Windows computer on a Unix-like system, the extra
1408:
309:
269:(ISO) and the American Standards Association (ASA), the latter being the predecessor organization to
2998:
2037:
may fail with obscure syntax errors even though the source file looks correct when displayed on the
84:
3399:
3208:
2148:
2084:
1479:
1049:
452:
387:), and the single byte was more convenient for programming. What seems like a more obvious choiceâ
2188:
1089:
950:
946:
545:
528:) control code, as well as control codes for "line separator" and "paragraph separator" markers.
487:
464:
189:
2702:
273:(ANSI). During the period of 1963 to 1968, the ISO draft standards supported the use of either
2840:
2706:
2567:
2214:
2001:
1450:
940:
533:
521:
432:
428:
369:
313:
185:
38:
1037:
but assign a different numeric code to the character. However, those operating systems use a
3232:
3023:
2175:
2127:) instead of the correct combination of carriage return escape and newline escape sequences
1308:), Unicode needs to make the same distinctions between line breaks made by other encodings.
831:
540:
424:
205:
3176:
1435:
no longer recognizes them as line breaks as of version 1.2, in order to be compatible with
1137:"Paragraph separator" redirects here. For the symbol also known as a "paragraph sign", see
148:
3373:
3013:
2698:
2531:
2180:
1577:
1442:
1216:
1208:
1045:
565:
444:
3350:
2570:
called "manual line break" exists for forcing line breaks inside a single paragraph. The
1129:
In some older protocols, the new line may be followed by a checksum or parity character.
352:
also used it in order to print on the same terminals that minicomputers used. From there
232:
to encode white space text formatting in formal written text messages. In particular the
3364:
2263:
Special purpose programs to convert files between different newline conventions include
3190:
2555:
2451:
2389:# DOS to UNIX (removing CRs on Linux and BSD based OS that haven't GNU extensions)
1993:
1285:
1269:
753:
532:
Software applications and operating system representation of a newline with one or two
384:
330:
2716:
3388:
3305:
3283:
2378:# UNIX to DOS (adding CRs on Linux and BSD based OS that haven't GNU extensions)
1853:
729:
411:
alone as a line terminator had already been incorporated into drafts of the eventual
404:
341:
109:
3068:
2994:
2976:
2903:
2663:
2546:
In text intended primarily to be read by humans using software which implements the
204:, etc. This character, or a sequence of characters, is used to signify the end of a
3086:
2598:
1381:
1338:
1178:
1170:
1094:
761:
757:
725:
460:
225:
368:
in order to be compatible, and this convention was inherited by Microsoft's later
3050:
2812:
2103:) on the protocol level, but recommend that tolerant applications recognize lone
1587:(carriage return). However, these are not required to be equivalent to the ASCII
3245:
3104:
3036:
3017:
2634:
2594:
2559:
2199:
2115:) as well. Despite the dictated standard, many applications erroneously use the
2054:
2042:
1978:
1856:
are required to perform escape substitution for all escape sequences, including
1472:
1446:
1337:. As such, it is defined by ECMA 48, and recognized by encodings compliant with
737:
697:
553:
412:
262:
217:
51:
3319:
3379:
2644:
2603:
1974:
1841:
1643:
1426:
1388:
1342:
689:
448:
400:
221:
3122:
2374:'{sub("$ ","\r\n"); printf("%s",$ 0);}'
1664:
when communicating using an Internet protocol that mandates the use of ASCII
395:
provided the useful function of overprinting one line with another to create
2743:"Windows Notepad finally understands everyone else's end of line characters"
2639:
2551:
2547:
2340:
2311:
2300:
2295:
2217:
can make a file compatible with the Windows Notepad text editor. Within vim
1989:
1966:
1961:
1676:
to a text mode stream works correctly on Windows systems, but produces only
1630:
On Unix platforms, where C originated, the native newline sequence is ASCII
1197:
1189:
1154:
792:
733:
662:
581:
423:
systems followed Unix. This created conflicts between Windows and Unix-like
420:
334:
2578:(¶), and for the manual line break is usually a carriage return arrow (â”).
1844:
to facilitate newlines during program execution. In some languages such as
1622:, no translation is performed, and the internal representation produced by
1680:
on Unix, and something completely different on more exotic systems. Using
2264:
2065:
2034:
1373:
1341:(which is equivalent to ECMA 35). C1 control set is also compatible with
745:
17:
2917:
2622:
2614:
2590:
2575:
2411:# DOS to UNIX (removing CRs on Linux based OS that use GNU extensions)
1566:
1145:
1138:
1059:
859:
796:
693:
669:
654:
621:
609:
597:
559:
507:
459:
of motion, "down" and "across", are needed to create a new line on the
376:
201:
3226:
2174:
can automatically convert newlines in files being transferred between
3304:. Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics. Archived from
3237:
3028:
2400:# UNIX to DOS (adding CRs on Linux based OS that use GNU extensions)
2151:
that actively refuses to accept messages from systems that send bare
2053:
newlines and allow users to convert between the different standards.
1997:
1318:
1313:
1055:
994:
986:
974:
905:
899:
891:
741:
658:
491:
353:
197:
3211:
27:
Special characters in computing signifying the end of a line of text
1688:
2746:
2571:
2145:
1970:
1737:). In contrast to C, these are guaranteed to represent the values
1651:
1547:
1476:
1468:
1365:
990:
895:
673:
627:
617:
601:
589:
585:
572:
511:
308:
was commonly used on many early computer systems that had adopted
193:
147:
1711:
can be used to output a newline (and flushes the stream buffer).
3357:
2470:
2362:
2072:
1977:. Besides the text objects, there are only EOL markers with the
1849:
1692:
1436:
1432:
1414:
1082:
is the line terminator, they can not substitute some other code.
982:
936:
932:
887:
765:
685:
681:
677:
613:
577:
416:
357:
349:
1595:
control characters. The C standard only guarantees two things:
329:
to move the paper up." In fact, it was often necessary to send
2358:
2354:
1845:
1777:
method can be used to retrieve the underlying line separator.
1718:
978:
883:
824:
700:, and most other early non-Unix and non-IBM operating systems
605:
45:
3019:
The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format
2830:
Bray, Andrew C.; Dickens, Adrian C.; Holmes, Mark A. (1983).
2502:
Other tools permit the user to visualise the EOL characters:
2965:(Report) (6th ed.). ECMA International. December 1994.
2464:
myfile.txt: ASCII English text, with CRLF line terminators
2045:. Modern text editors generally recognize all flavours of
1996:, appear as a single long line on most programs common to
1558:"\n" redirects here. For the similar number notation, see
2574:
for the control character for a hard return is usually a
3302:"ASCII text converstion between UNIX, Macintosh, MS-DOS"
1988:
Text in files created with programs which are common on
289:
alone as a newline, while the ASA drafts supported only
1606:
When writing to a file, device node, or socket/fifo in
1429:
treated them as newlines, and therefore illegal syntax.
1013:(Next Line). EBCDIC also has control characters called
2778:"Introducing extended line endings support in Notepad"
1109:). Often this was a normal printing character such as
152:
Newline inserted between the words "Hello" and "world"
2839:. Cambridge Microcomputer Centre. pp. 103, 104.
2385:'{gsub("\r",""); print;}'
1425:
characters within strings, while ECMAScript prior to
1348:
Recognizing and using the newline codes greater than
379:
operating system began development in 1964 and used
2009:
2005:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1377:
1110:
1006:
480:
476:
472:
468:
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2554:and in vertical lists. Therefore, in the logic of
2960:Character Code Structure and Extension Techniques
2833:The Advanced User Guide for the BBC Microcomputer
1364:) is not often done. They are multiple bytes in
2455:command can identify the type of line endings:
1033:). Additionally, some EBCDIC variants also use
1126:(IETF) typically use the ASCII CRLF sequence.
407:effects. Perhaps more importantly, the use of
267:International Organization for Standardization
3261:"SMTP Smuggling - Spoofing E-Mails Worldwide"
2617:+008B PARTIAL LINE FORWARD, decimal 139) and
2530:Two ways to view newlines, both of which are
2140:
37:"Endl" redirects here. For the botanist, see
8:
3349:The Unicode reference; see paragraph 5.8 in
2353:The same tasks are sometimes performed with
2087:, and many others) mandate the use of ASCII
2019:may be displayed as a second line break, as
216:In the mid-1800s, long before the advent of
490:provide a separate newline character code.
2943:Control Functions for Coded Character Sets
2904:"UAX #14: Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm"
1093:to be truncated. This mimicked the use of
827:pre-POSIX implementation (version < 4)
530:
3282:. Old Dominion University. Archived from
3236:
3109:YAML Ain't Markup Language revision 1.2.2
3051:"Subsume JSON (a.k.a. JSON â ECMAScript)"
3027:
2799:character to use when Enter/Return is hit
419:followed the Multics practice, and later
317:character. Any character printed after a
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
3087:"ECMAScript 2018 Language Specification"
3069:"ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification"
2995:"ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification"
2977:"ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification"
2948:(Report). ECMA International. June 1991.
2365:if the platform has a Perl interpreter:
2299:command is available on virtually every
2183:the file. FTP clients often employ some
1960:
325:to move the carriage to column one, and
3288:When in doubt, transfer in binary mode.
2874:. 3QD Developments Ltd. 3 November 2015
2872:RISC OS 3 Programmers' Reference Manual
2655:
2497:# show DOS style file (CRLF terminated)
2918:"C1 Control Character Set of ISO 6429"
2486:# show UNIX style file (LF terminated)
2004:because these do not display a single
1333:, which is a control character in the
1029:) differs from the one used by ASCII (
431:written in a Windows text editor like
3358:"The [NEL] Newline Character"
1957:Issues with different newline formats
1660:Another common problem is the use of
271:American National Standards Institute
188:or sequence of control characters in
7:
3320:"C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement"
3191:"PHP: Predefined Constants - Manual"
2902:Heninger, Andy (20 September 2013).
1832:Some languages have created special
74:adding citations to reliable sources
1699:provide the same interpretation of
1684:in binary mode is slightly better.
1325:; it is normally mapped to Unicode
475:combined into one (commonly called
284:
274:
2195:Conversion between newline formats
498:character code in addition to the
25:
3353:of the Unicode 4.0 standard (PDF)
3259:Longin, Timo (18 December 2023).
3089:. ECMA International. June 2018.
3071:. ECMA International. June 2019.
2997:. ECMA International. June 2019.
2979:. ECMA International. June 2019.
3278:Zeil, Steven (19 January 2015).
2141:Newline in programming languages
50:
1498:The Unicode special characters
1124:Internet Engineering Task Force
524:, also provides a "next line" (
510:, in addition to providing the
61:needs additional citations for
3376: (archived 20 August 2006)
2582:Reverse and partial line feeds
1565:To facilitate the creation of
1399:as line breaks, but considers
1:
3179:. Python Software Foundation.
3163:The Python Language Reference
2923:. ITSCJ. IPSJ. 1 October 1983
1021:, but the numerical value of
981:mainframe systems, including
886:mainframe systems, including
3225:Resnick, Pete (April 2001).
3105:"5.4. Line Break Characters"
2811:Kahn-Greene, Will Guaraldi.
2776:Lopez, Michel (8 May 2018).
2328:newlines, by converting all
2187:(for example, inspection of
261:Later, in the age of modern
208:and the start of a new one.
2534:, are that newlines either
2418:'s/\r?\n|\r/\r\n/g'
494:, for example, provides an
3416:
3177:"What's new in Python 2.3"
1765:as a line terminator (see
1672:for ending lines. Writing
1557:
1528:SYMBOL FOR CARRIAGE RETURN
1136:
1099:carriage control character
1064:Record Management Services
1044:Operating systems for the
575:standard oriented systems:
258:in a formal text message.
36:
29:
2906:. The Unicode Consortium.
2440:'s/\r?\n|\r/\r/g'
2429:'s/\r?\n|\r/\n/g'
2324:or, if the text has only
2027:at the end of each line.
1768:BufferedReader.readLine()
931:
882:
858:
853:
823:
791:
724:
653:
626:
571:
564:
558:
552:
549:
544:
539:
32:New Line (disambiguation)
3165:. The Python Foundation.
3012:Bray, Tim (March 2014).
2688:Qualline, Steve (2001).
2504:
2475:
2457:
2367:
2240:
2219:
2213:For example, the editor
2155:instead of the required
2119:newline escape sequence
1873:
1782:
1687:Many languages, such as
1554:In programming languages
1453:, does not treat any of
1411:instead of a line break.
1039:record-based file system
331:extra padding characters
3380:"The End-of-Line Story"
3228:Internet Message Format
3141:"PHP: Strings - Manual"
2562:, newline is used as a
2442:inputfile>outputfile
2431:inputfile>outputfile
2420:inputfile>outputfile
2409:inputfile>outputfile
2398:inputfile>outputfile
2387:inputfile>outputfile
2376:inputfile>outputfile
1942:"Color: Blue"
1649:The C library function
1118:Communication protocols
1088:was used by some early
220:and teletype machines,
192:specifications such as
3370:Understanding Newlines
3365:The End of Line Puzzle
3091:11.8.4 String Literals
3073:11.8.4 String Literals
2172:File Transfer Protocol
1982:
1906:"Color: Red"
1815:"Color: Red"
1774:System.lineSeparator()
1707:where the manipulator
1574:C programming language
348:used this convention.
153:
3159:"2. Lexical analysis"
2981:11.3 Line Terminators
1964:
1705:alternative I/O model
1560:\nnn (disambiguation)
1372:has been used as the
1293:Paragraph Separator,
953:proprietary encoding
941:Sinclair Research Ltd
939:(home computers from
855:Atari 8-bit computers
312:machinesâtypically a
151:
3300:Sapp, Craig Stuart.
2782:Windows Command Line
2668:www.computerhope.com
2664:"What is a Newline?"
2521:hexdump-cmyfile.txt
2444:# Convert to old Mac
1729:sequence (for ASCII
1540:SYMBOL FOR LINE FEED
1306:round-trip integrity
1101:to the start of the
799:spooled text output
70:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3308:on 9 February 2009.
2538:lines or that they
2189:filename extensions
2149:mail transfer agent
1626:is output directly.
1480:desktop environment
1368:, and the code for
536:
230:Morse code prosigns
160:(frequently called
3395:Control characters
3212:"Bare LFs in SMTP"
3127:Perl documentation
2868:"Character Output"
2407:'s/\r$ //'
2396:'s/$ /\r/'
1983:
1973:and viewed with a
1504:SYMBOL FOR NEWLINE
1321:, which uses code
1291:
1275:
1214:
1195:
1176:
1160:
546:Character encoding
534:control characters
531:
467:can be defined as
465:character encoding
391:âwas not used, as
385:padding characters
372:operating system.
228:invented and used
190:character encoding
154:
3129:. Perl 5 Porters.
3111:. 1 October 2021.
2691:Vi Improved - Vim
2595:REVERSE LINE FEED
2568:control character
2433:# Convert to UNIX
2012:as a line break.
2002:Microsoft Windows
1703:as C. C++ has an
1494:, as line breaks.
1451:Microsoft Windows
1086:Fixed line length
971:
970:
429:UNIX shell script
425:operating systems
314:Teletype Model 33
186:control character
146:
145:
138:
120:
39:Stephan Endlicher
16:(Redirected from
3407:
3361:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3286:on 14 May 2016.
3275:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3238:10.17487/RFC2822
3222:
3216:
3215:
3209:Bernstein, D. J.
3205:
3199:
3198:
3197:. The PHP Group.
3187:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3147:. The PHP Group.
3137:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3031:
3029:10.17487/RFC7159
3009:
3003:
3002:
2999:11.2 White Space
2991:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2838:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2784:. Archived from
2773:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2749:. Archived from
2741:Duckett, Chris.
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2715:. Archived from
2696:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2660:
2620:
2612:
2588:
2520:
2517:cat-vmyfile.txt
2516:
2513:cat-emyfile.txt
2512:
2508:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:# Convert to DOS
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2307:characters with
2306:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2052:
2048:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2007:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1863:
1859:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:, respectively.
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1710:
1702:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:escape sequences
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1424:
1420:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1384:. For instance:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1277:Line Separator,
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1112:
1108:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
965:
960:
927:
922:
917:
912:
876:
871:
866:
849:
844:
839:
834:
819:
814:
809:
804:
787:
782:
777:
772:
720:
715:
710:
705:
649:
644:
639:
634:
541:Operating system
537:
527:
520:
516:
505:
501:
497:
482:
478:
474:
470:
443:The concepts of
410:
394:
390:
382:
367:
363:
328:
324:
320:
307:
303:
296:
292:
287:
281:
277:
249:
245:
240:
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
119:
78:
54:
46:
21:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3385:
3384:
3374:Wayback Machine
3356:
3346:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3280:"File Transfer"
3277:
3276:
3272:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3022:. sec. 7.
3011:
3010:
3006:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2791:
2789:
2788:on 6 April 2019
2775:
2774:
2770:
2756:
2754:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2722:on 8 April 2022
2719:
2713:
2699:Sams Publishing
2694:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2631:
2618:
2610:
2586:
2584:
2564:paragraph break
2556:word processing
2532:self-consistent
2528:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:od-amyfile.txt
2506:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:filemyfile.txt
2459:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2351:
2343:'\r' '\n' <
2333:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2304:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2139:) (see section
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2050:
2046:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:carriage return
1959:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1861:
1857:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1708:
1700:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1465:as line breaks.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1443:Windows Notepad
1422:
1418:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1380:) character in
1369:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:Carriage Return
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1142:
1135:
1120:
1106:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1046:CDC 6000 series
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
977:systemsâmainly
963:
958:
925:
920:
915:
910:
874:
869:
864:
847:
842:
837:
830:
817:
812:
807:
802:
785:
780:
775:
770:
718:
713:
708:
703:
647:
642:
637:
632:
576:
566:Escape sequence
525:
518:
514:
503:
499:
495:
445:carriage return
441:
408:
392:
388:
380:
365:
361:
356:(1981) adopted
326:
322:
318:
305:
301:
294:
290:
285:
279:
275:
247:
243:
238:
214:
142:
131:
125:
122:
79:
77:
67:
55:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3344:External links
3342:
3340:
3339:
3311:
3292:
3270:
3251:
3217:
3200:
3182:
3168:
3150:
3132:
3114:
3096:
3078:
3060:
3057:. 22 May 2018.
3042:
3004:
2986:
2968:
2951:
2934:
2909:
2894:
2885:
2859:
2846:978-0946827008
2845:
2822:
2803:
2768:
2753:on 13 May 2018
2733:
2711:
2680:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2583:
2580:
2527:
2526:Interpretation
2524:
2505:
2493:'\r\n'
2482:'\r\n'
2476:
2458:
2368:
2338:
2309:
2241:
2220:
2196:
2193:
1994:classic Mac OS
1958:
1955:
1927:"\n"
1874:
1783:
1628:
1627:
1604:
1583:(newline) and
1555:
1552:
1496:
1495:
1471:, the default
1466:
1445:, the default
1440:
1430:
1412:
1335:C1 control set
1298:
1297:
1281:
1265:
1249:
1240:) followed by
1223:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1134:
1131:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1083:
1053:
1042:
969:
968:
966:
961:
956:
954:
944:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
880:
879:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
828:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
754:classic Mac OS
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
569:
568:
563:
557:
551:
548:
543:
488:character sets
440:
439:Representation
437:
342:device drivers
213:
210:
144:
143:
58:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3412:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3328:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2813:"ASCII chart"
2807:
2804:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:environments.
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2718:
2714:
2712:9780735710016
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2503:
2474:
2472:
2456:
2453:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2314:-d '\r' <
2313:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2272:
2239:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:conventions.
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2118:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:Most textual
2062:
2058:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:created with
1968:
1963:
1956:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1854:double quotes
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1800:lineSeparator
1781:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1746:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1579:
1576:provides the
1575:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1516:RETURN SYMBOL
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1320:
1315:
1311:For example:
1309:
1307:
1287:
1282:
1271:
1266:
1255:
1250:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:punched cards
1091:
1087:
1084:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
955:
952:
948:
945:
942:
938:
934:
930:
924:
919:
914:
909:
907:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:
856:
852:
846:
841:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
816:
811:
806:
801:
798:
794:
790:
784:
779:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:Commodore 128
727:
723:
717:
712:
707:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
664:
661:compatibles,
660:
656:
652:
646:
641:
636:
631:
629:
624:, and others
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
567:
561:
555:
550:Abbreviation
547:
542:
538:
535:
529:
523:
522:control codes
513:
509:
493:
489:
484:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
405:strikethrough
402:
398:
386:
378:
373:
371:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
337:the display.
336:
332:
315:
311:
300:The sequence
298:
288:
282:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
241:
235:
231:
227:
226:telegraphists
224:operators or
223:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
150:
140:
137:
129:
126:February 2016
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87: â
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
44:
40:
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3326:
3314:
3306:the original
3295:
3287:
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3099:
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2912:
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2817:bluesock.org
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2797:
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2667:
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2599:ISO/IEC 6429
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2560:text editors
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2332:newlines to
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726:Commodore 64
485:
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263:teleprinters
260:
255:
251:
237:
218:teleprinters
215:
206:line of text
181:
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68:Please help
63:verification
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3332:13 February
3327:unicode.org
3265:SEC Consult
2635:End-of-file
2609:Similarly,
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2071:(including
1979:hexadecimal
1885:Environment
1867:Example in
1842:subroutines
1620:binary mode
1473:text editor
1447:text editor
1317:is part of
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1162:Line Feed,
1001:(New Line,
738:ZX Spectrum
698:Amstrad CPC
449:typewriters
413:ISO/IEC 646
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166:end of line
162:line ending
3400:Whitespace
3389:Categories
3195:PHP Manual
3145:PHP Manual
2852:30 January
2701:. p.
2651:References
2645:Page break
2604:diacritics
2552:paragraphs
2495:myfile.txt
2484:myfile.txt
2349:outputfile
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2185:heuristics
2181:corrupting
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1975:hex editor
1936:lineColor2
1490:, but not
1409:whitespace
1389:ECMAScript
1343:ISO-8859-1
690:Symbian OS
415:standard.
401:underscore
242:(mnemonic
222:Morse code
182:line break
96:newspapers
3351:Chapter 5
3123:"binmode"
3014:"Strings"
2792:4 January
2757:4 January
2726:4 January
2640:Enter key
2558:and most
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2345:inputfile
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2301:Unix-like
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2069:protocols
2041:or in an
2006:line feed
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1981:value 0A.
1967:text file
1900:lineColor
1838:constants
1834:variables
1809:lineColor
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1608:text mode
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1090:mainframe
793:Acorn BBC
734:Acorn BBC
663:Atari TOS
604:, etc.),
584:systems (
582:Unix-like
421:Unix-like
174:next line
85:"Newline"
2629:See also
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2536:separate
2361:, or in
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2275:mac2unix
2270:dos2unix
2266:unix2dos
2252:FIND /V
2066:Internet
2035:compiler
2023:, or as
1567:portable
1391:accepts
1374:ellipsis
1226: CR
1078:or even
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310:Teletype
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3372:at the
2927:3 March
2878:18 July
2576:pilcrow
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2480:egrep-L
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694:Palm OS
670:TOPS-10
655:Windows
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610:Multics
508:Unicode
506:codes.
433:Notepad
377:Multics
370:Windows
212:History
202:Unicode
184:) is a
158:newline
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3055:GitHub
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1933:string
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1500:U+2424
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1246:U+000A
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764:, and
760:, MIT
750:Oberon
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659:MS-DOS
562:value
556:value
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198:EBCDIC
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3323:(PDF)
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1050:colon
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896:IBM i
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714:13 10
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618:Amiga
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590:macOS
586:Linux
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486:Some
477:CR+LF
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1862:'\r'
1860:and
1858:'\n'
1850:Perl
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