586:
Virgil's prince Aeneas and his noble lover Dido are transformed into a bumbling young
Fingallian called 'Prince' Nees and a coarse ex-nun Dydy. The names of all the characters are converted into mock 'Irish' forms and the places mentioned in Virgil's text become places in Fingal. Part of the humour
590:
The short extract below provides a good example of
Fingallian. In it Nees encounters Dydy again and seeing her look pale and unwell realises that he may have been responsible for giving her the 'flame' or venereal disease. A few features need explanation: 'V' is used instead of 'W' in Fingallian;
587:
for the Anglo-Irish readers of the poem is that Nees and Dydy converse with each other in broad
Fingallian. Although the intention is supposedly to mock their speech, it is rendered with such vitality and wit that the effect is actually to give the reader an appreciation of its richness.
633:
Nees continues with an attempt to sweet talk Dydys and asks her for a 'pogue', but his fears are justified and Dydy is having none of it. She tells him that if he think he can have another 'bout' with her, he can think again – after he has
805:
Although
Fingallian is no longer spoken, a large number of dialect words unique to Fingal have survived, especially in traditional Fingal towns and villages such as Swords (now a large
809:
of Dublin), Skerries, Rush, Lusk, Donabate, Garristown, Oldtown, Balrothery, Portrane and Naul. Major sources for these include glossaries in an article in the folklore
Journal
438:
was practised in 17th century
Ireland). Although the poem is likely to have been standardised when written down, it gives a flavour of Fingallian, particularly forms like
3314:
3319:
3339:
1369:
335:
1083:
1906:
3329:
273:
The surviving literature of
Fingallian consists of two satirical or humorous poems, the short "Fingallian Dance" and the much longer
1282:
1255:
1202:
1177:
1114:
430:
a brief, three-stanza poem written between about 1650 and 1660. It is a mildly indecent poem about a man going to see dancers at a
1362:
401:
1334:
2291:
1026:
297:
286:
1227:
1297:
3185:
1272:
695:(1698) he writes that in Fingal "they have a sort of jargon speech peculiar to themselves, and understand not one word of
3215:
2385:
2347:
2332:
1659:
3344:
3195:
3055:
2405:
2364:
2354:
1355:
3334:
1571:
255:
3324:
2912:
3190:
3144:
3139:
3063:
2673:
2657:
2536:
2395:
2971:
3349:
3129:
3073:
3068:
2988:
2661:
2611:
2369:
1911:
1729:
1413:
1401:
385:
263:
109:
99:
89:
408:. Middle English was well established in southeastern Ireland until the 14th century, when the area was re-
3134:
2616:
2582:
2200:
2016:
1876:
1716:
1611:
780:
165:
3292:
3256:
2524:
2517:
2469:
2239:
2210:
2179:
2142:
2067:
1916:
1824:
1737:
1598:
1560:
397:
2757:
1632:
3261:
3241:
3210:
3083:
2943:
2917:
2818:
2689:
2507:
2099:
1926:
1888:
1883:
1757:
1704:
1462:
770:
381:
influence on the
Fingallian dialect, but later scholars have found no evidence of such a connection.
325:
104:
334:
3200:
2747:
2592:
2436:
2390:
2324:
2077:
1839:
1724:
1637:
1435:
412:
and
English was displaced. As such, the Yola and Fingal dialects would have been the only attested
309:
301:
155:
145:
3246:
3098:
3088:
3043:
2805:
2732:
2629:
2474:
2449:
2444:
2337:
2165:
2050:
1871:
1649:
1644:
1623:
1584:
1388:
1378:
94:
3170:
2089:
3220:
3019:
2935:
2928:
2883:
2827:
2587:
2577:
2560:
2555:
2459:
2342:
2221:
2021:
1982:
1962:
1800:
1692:
1674:
1526:
1278:
1251:
1223:
1198:
1173:
1110:
1106:
1095:
1079:
1075:
3175:
2966:
2900:
2856:
2851:
2800:
2792:
2597:
2565:
2512:
2501:
2414:
2286:
2281:
2123:
2062:
1852:
1834:
1669:
1430:
1422:
1067:
243:
114:
67:
370:
3205:
2998:
2905:
2888:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2570:
2479:
2464:
2419:
2271:
2234:
2226:
2205:
2192:
2172:
2158:
1921:
1898:
1829:
1819:
1811:
1591:
1031:
703:
that a mother made over the grave of her son, who was a keen fisher and hunter. Note that
365:. It was spoken in the area near the northern border. The name "Fingal" is from the Irish
81:
31:
3165:
699:, and are as little understood by the English". Dunton gives a sample of the language: a
3286:
3180:
3160:
3112:
3004:
2878:
2548:
2315:
2254:
2033:
1990:
1947:
1864:
1859:
1748:
1698:
1549:
1500:
1455:
1448:
775:
696:
405:
393:
389:
374:
329:
321:
305:
267:
251:
170:
150:
226:
220:
3308:
3251:
3236:
3078:
2834:
2785:
2602:
2541:
2454:
2400:
2359:
2297:
2244:
2128:
2055:
1485:
1102:
1068:
919:– an idiot, especially a normally sensible person who has done something stupid
435:
358:
342:
313:
160:
3105:
2529:
2493:
2426:
2249:
2072:
2045:
2028:
1972:
1931:
1513:
1492:
785:
2752:
1340:
Marks, Bernadette, 'Lawneyday', – article about Fingal words at swordsheritage.com
573:
The
Fingallian Travesty: the Sixt Book of Virgill's Aenoeids a la mode de Fingaule
277:. Both poems are anonymous and are thought to be humorous parodies of Fingallian.
262:
Although little is known of Fingallian, it is thought to have been similar to the
1313:
3012:
2922:
2895:
2767:
2713:
2621:
2303:
2264:
1847:
1542:
1506:
1441:
688:
592:
426:
The poem most likely to have been composed by a native speaker of Fingallian is
362:
317:
2762:
2742:
2107:
1777:
409:
2948:
2811:
2696:
2259:
2040:
1995:
1967:
1793:
1049:
378:
213:
194:
2772:
2737:
2085:
431:
17:
1139:
2778:
2374:
2276:
1001:– a word used to address a stranger, esp. a boy e.g. 'hey, squib'
700:
455:
338:
50:
813:
by J. J. Hogan and Patrick O'Neill and a book on Fingal lore entitled
2081:
1347:
806:
563:
558:
458:" (a slit at the top of a petticoat, here used to mean a vulva), and
413:
354:
346:
247:
60:
463:
1999:
333:
1339:
557:
is a humorous and bawdy burlesque or travesty on the Roman poet
493:
3041:
2655:
1399:
1351:
710:
704:
595:' is a kind of straw rope'; 'Ful dea ro' is derived from Irish
538:
531:
521:
506:
490:
476:
980:– a house where people meet for a chat or mischief, Fr.
734:
730:
1335:
Some words and expressions from Skerries, north Co. Dublin
369:, or "territory of foreigners", probably a reference to a
952:– a sly fellow who goes about doing harm in secret
567:. It exists in three versions: the original manuscript (
1093:
McCrum, Robert; Cran, William; MacNeil, Robert (1993).
827:(pronounced with hard 'C') – a dodger, trickster
250:, Ireland. It is thought to have been an offshoot of
891:
Examples from Hogan and O'Neill's Glossary include:
646:('watch the walls', be on guard) and foil his plan:
3229:
3153:
3122:
3054:
2986:
2844:
2725:
2681:
2672:
2492:
2435:
2323:
2314:
2219:
2191:
2150:
2141:
2116:
2098:
2009:
1981:
1955:
1946:
1897:
1810:
1785:
1776:
1715:
1610:
1559:
1534:
1525:
1421:
1412:
958:– something to think about 'a bellyful', Ir.
211:
192:
187:
138:
78:
66:
56:
46:
41:
1094:
860:– an exclamation of surprise or regret, Ir.
446:for "when". Other words that need explanation are
27:Extinct Middle English dialect of eastern Ireland
604:'Sure, Sure!' sayes Nees, 'dis me old vench is!'
1172:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 196–197.
931:– prodding or punching a person, fighting
1300:Verse in English from Tudor and Stuart Ireland
1274:Verse in English from Tudor and Stuart Ireland
30:For the Gaelic Athletic Association club, see
1363:
1222:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 28–29.
743:Thoo ware good for loand stroand and mounteen
416:of this original English variety in Ireland.
392:, Fingallian is thought to have derived from
8:
1007:– a shebeen, a miserable looking house
767:Thou wast good for land, strand and mountain
1241:
1239:
722:
716:
677:Then Dydy goes on her way in high dudgeon.
3051:
3038:
2678:
2669:
2652:
2320:
2147:
1952:
1782:
1531:
1418:
1409:
1396:
1370:
1356:
1348:
1250:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 198.
1197:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 197.
1138:Hogan, J. J.; O'Neill, Patrick C. (1947).
535:'Peace thy prateing', say'd shee, 'for dee
254:, which was brought to Ireland during the
38:
1057:Hogan, J. J.; O'Neill,Patrick C. (1947).
820:Examples from Archer's Glossary include:
625:De flame?' Indeed, oh no! but Nees chief
607:But when he drew more neare her quarters,
3315:Languages attested from the 17th century
638:(been a wag) with her and given her the
260:and was extinct by the mid-19th century.
1130:
575:(1670–5), and a printed version called
353:Fingallian was spoken in the region of
651:'I, Nees', sayes she in mighty snuffe,
3320:Languages extinct in the 19th century
1156:Spoken English in Ireland 1600 – 1740
989:– a girl given to gadding about
663:and den, fen dou has play'd de vagge,
7:
3340:Languages of the Republic of Ireland
1248:Dublin English: Evolution and Change
1195:Dublin English: Evolution and Change
1170:Dublin English: Evolution and Change
887:– a short, mean person, a wren
672:And putt foile on dee by dis chees,'
616:I'll chance upon dee! Art thou dead?
1932:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
1074:. Oxford University Press. p.
610:And know her by her suggam garters,
3291:Languages between parentheses are
1061:. Béaloideas 17. pp. 262–283.
745:For rig a tool and roast a whiteen
25:
881:– robust, blustering female
869:– working or walking in mud
669:Butt I will vatch de vales, Nees,
657:If dou cam shance but to find out
628:Occasion is of all dis mischeif'.
622:Vas he soe hot is cou'd no quench
508:Fen de catch at their plack-keet,
995:– a foolish-looking person
751:Drink a grote at Nauny Hapennys
666:to give me, as before, de bagge!
660:Dee old consort to have a bout –
654:'and be! is tink is varm enough,
619:Fat devill vas be in dee, vench?
402:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
1314:"Irish translation of 'bagful'"
1220:A Source Book for Irish English
1027:History of the English language
759:This is roughly translated as:
721:"(secret) love" (vocative) and
613:'Ful dea, ro, dou unlucky jade,
571:), another manuscript entitled
525:And when I went home to me weef
386:Yola dialect of Forth and Bargy
298:History of the English language
287:History of the English language
3295:of the language on their left.
1141:A North-County Dublin Glossary
1059:A North County Dublin Glossary
769:Good with a tool and roast a
727:"love" (lit. "little trust"):
599:'God's blood, my sweetheart':
1:
3186:Germanic substrate hypothesis
1013:– nothing, nobody, Ir.
925:– cunning, worldly wise
833:– covered up in clothes
3216:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
1907:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
946:– eyes (contempuously)
735:
482:To view the jolly Daunciers,
357:, traditionally the part of
3196:High German consonant shift
910:– a bad blunder, Ir.
533:Of the Maids in the Daunce,
514:And y-make o foul Rac-keet.
396:, which was introduced by "
246:dialect formerly spoken in
3366:
3330:Extinct Germanic languages
1734:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1387:According to contemporary
1271:Carpenter, Andrew (2003).
711:
705:
539:
532:
522:
507:
491:
477:
373:in the area. The linguist
295:
284:
29:
3278:
3050:
3037:
2959:
2913:Southern Schleswig Danish
2668:
2651:
1408:
1395:
1385:
974:– a fat lazy person
512:Wou'd y-cree, and y-rore,
486:(Be me shole!) I did spee
3191:West Germanic gemination
3145:Ancient Belgian language
3140:Germanic parent language
3084:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2206:Austrian Standard German
1246:Hickey, Raymond (2005).
1218:Hickey, Raymond (2002).
1193:Hickey, Raymond (2005).
1168:Hickey, Raymond (2005).
1105:(Non-classics). p.
1044:Archer, Patrick (1975).
904:– ruined, finished
898:– a quarrel, a row
642:(rejected her) she will
581:The Fingallian Burlesque
527:And told her the Chaunce
484:They did trip it so high
1066:Kerrigan, John (2008).
968:– to beat or maul
937:– a blunder, Fr.
478:On a day in the Spring,
264:Forth and Bargy dialect
3252:Preterite-present verb
3135:Proto-Germanic grammar
3089:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2201:German Standard German
1877:East Frisian Low Saxon
848:– delicate, weak
788:at Nanny Halfpenny's
723:
717:
675:
631:
569:Purgatoriam Hibernicum
555:Purgatorium Hibernicum
548:Purgatorium Hibernicum
499:But wondering on 'ame,
496:abateing Seav'n hairs.
350:
275:Purgatorium Hibernicum
166:West Saxon Old English
3257:Grammatischer Wechsel
2240:Namibian Black German
2211:Swiss Standard German
2180:Early New High German
1738:Mainland West Frisian
1599:Harlingerland Frisian
839:– a thorn, Ir.
801:Modern Fingal English
648:
601:
428:The Fingallian Dance,
400:" settlers after the
337:
296:Further information:
3262:Indo-European ablaut
3242:Germanic strong verb
3211:Germanic spirant law
2348:Southeast Limburgish
1844:Gelders-Overijssels
1473:Irish Middle English
1463:Early Modern English
1097:The Story of English
1070:Archipelagic English
749:Gather tha baarnacks
693:Letters from Ireland
682:Letters from Ireland
523:They made me ashame,
501:Fat make 'em so tame
480:As I went to bolring
471:The Fingallian Dance
421:The Fingallian Dance
326:Early Modern English
3230:Synchronic features
3201:Germanic a-mutation
3154:Diachronic features
2504:in the broad sense
2437:East Central German
2391:Lorraine Franconian
2365:Transylvanian Saxon
2325:West Central German
2100:East Low Franconian
2010:West Low Franconian
1298:Carpenter, Andrew,
1154:Bliss, Adam James:
1144:. pp. 262–283.
875:– sopping wet
817:by Patrick Archer.
715:are from the Irish
517:But fire take 'ame,
510:The maids of y-yore
310:Proto-West Germanic
302:Proto-Indo-European
156:Proto-West Germanic
146:Proto-Indo-European
3345:Medieval languages
3247:Germanic weak verb
3056:Language subgroups
2406:Pennsylvania Dutch
2355:Moselle Franconian
2333:Central Franconian
2166:Middle High German
1917:Central Pomeranian
1872:Northern Low Saxon
1585:Wangerooge Frisian
1379:Germanic languages
962:(meaning 'bagful')
577:The Irish Hudibras
351:
105:North Sea Germanic
3335:History of Fingal
3302:
3301:
3287:extinct languages
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3221:Great Vowel Shift
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
2982:
2981:
2828:Greenlandic Norse
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2578:Southern Bavarian
2561:Northern Bavarian
2537:Highest Alemannic
2488:
2487:
2222:standard variants
2137:
2136:
1983:Standard variants
1942:
1941:
1801:Middle Low German
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1572:Saterland Frisian
1085:978-0-19-818384-6
797:
796:
741:Ribbeen moorneeng
466:, bordering on".
233:
232:
16:(Redirected from
3357:
3325:Anglic languages
3079:Elbe (Irminonic)
3052:
3039:
2967:Mainland Gutnish
2857:Swedish dialects
2819:Middle Icelandic
2793:Middle Norwegian
2682:Historical forms
2679:
2670:
2653:
2612:South Franconian
2598:Hutterite German
2566:Central Bavarian
2386:Rhine Franconian
2321:
2151:Historical forms
2148:
2063:Surinamese Dutch
1956:Historical forms
1953:
1786:Historical forms
1783:
1535:Historical forms
1532:
1419:
1410:
1397:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1120:
1100:
1089:
1073:
1062:
1053:
747:Reddy tha taakle
731:
726:
720:
714:
708:
636:play'd the vagge
597:fuil DĂ©, a rogha
542:
537:
529:
519:
503:
488:
371:Norse settlement
261:
229:
223:
206:
197:
84:
74:
73:Mid-19th century
39:
21:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3266:
3225:
3206:Germanic umlaut
3171:Holtzmann's law
3149:
3118:
3046:
3025:
2978:
2955:
2889:South Jutlandic
2874:Danish dialects
2840:
2721:
2664:
2635:
2617:East Franconian
2571:Viennese German
2484:
2465:Silesian German
2431:
2420:Central Hessian
2310:
2235:Namibian German
2224:
2215:
2193:Standard German
2187:
2173:New High German
2159:Old High German
2133:
2112:
2094:
2005:
1977:
1938:
1922:East Pomeranian
1912:Brandenburgisch
1899:East Low German
1893:
1820:Dutch Low Saxon
1812:West Low German
1806:
1764:
1730:Schiermonnikoog
1711:
1606:
1592:Wursten Frisian
1555:
1521:
1404:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1345:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:. p. 310.
1270:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1092:
1086:
1065:
1056:
1043:
1040:
1032:Hiberno-English
1023:
854:– groping
803:
798:
790:
783:
778:
773:
768:
766:
764:
755:
754:
753:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
685:
551:
544:
534:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:
513:
511:
509:
505:
500:
498:
497:
489:
485:
483:
481:
479:
475:
474:
424:
332:
294:
289:
283:
259:
256:Norman invasion
225:
224:
219:
204:
193:
183:
141:
134:
85:
82:Language family
80:
72:
35:
32:Fingallians GAA
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3350:Middle English
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:Proto-Germanic
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3005:Crimean Gothic
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2879:Insular Danish
2876:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:Rinkebysvenska
2859:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2708:Old East Norse
2705:
2703:Old West Norse
2693:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:South Tyrolean
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2525:High Alemannic
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2316:Central German
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2255:Barossa German
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2034:French Flemish
2026:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1948:Low Franconian
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:Westereendersk
1743:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1689:
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1683:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1550:Middle Frisian
1546:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:Modern English
1452:
1449:Middle English
1445:
1438:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1329:External links
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:www.focloir.ie
1305:
1290:
1283:
1263:
1256:
1235:
1228:
1210:
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1178:
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1147:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1090:
1084:
1063:
1054:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
975:
969:
963:
953:
947:
941:
932:
926:
920:
914:
905:
899:
889:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
855:
849:
843:
834:
828:
802:
799:
795:
794:
761:
756:
739:Ribbeen a roon
736:
729:
684:
679:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
644:vatch de vales
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
550:
545:
468:
442:for "what" or
423:
418:
406:Leinster Irish
394:Middle English
390:County Wexford
375:Alf Sommerfelt
349:in light green
345:(right), with
330:Modern English
322:Middle English
306:Proto-Germanic
293:
290:
285:Main article:
282:
279:
268:County Wexford
252:Middle English
240:Fingal dialect
231:
230:
217:
209:
208:
198:
190:
189:
188:Language codes
185:
184:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
171:Middle English
151:Proto-Germanic
144:
142:
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
88:
86:
79:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
47:Native to
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3362:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Germanic verb
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Sievers's law
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:Reconstructed
3121:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2936:Middle Danish
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:Old Icelandic
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:Old Norwegian
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2603:Gottscheerish
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:Walser German
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:Low Alemannic
2506:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:High Prussian
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Erzgebirgisch
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Luxembourgish
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:Klezmer-loshn
2295:
2293:
2292:Scots Yiddish
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2129:Meuse-Rhenish
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:Kleverlandish
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:Central Dutch
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Stellingwarfs
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
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1790:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:Wood Frisian
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
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1696:
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1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1612:North Frisian
1609:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
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1558:
1552:
1551:
1547:
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1537:
1533:
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1528:
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1515:
1511:
1509:
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1503:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
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1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Anglo-Frisian
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:, pp 411 – 16
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1284:9781859183731
1280:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1257:90-272-4895-8
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1204:90-272-4895-8
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1179:90-272-4895-8
1175:
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1164:
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1012:
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997:
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988:
985:
983:
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973:
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964:
961:
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948:
945:
942:
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936:
933:
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927:
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921:
918:
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913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
893:
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886:
883:
880:
877:
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868:
865:
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823:
822:
821:
818:
816:
812:
808:
800:
793:
789:
787:
782:
777:
772:
765:Robin my dear
763:Robin my love
760:
757:
752:
733:
732:
728:
725:
719:
713:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
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621:
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584:
582:
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560:
556:
549:
546:
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541:
536:
528:
518:
502:
495:
487:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:bull fighting
433:
429:
422:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
404:in 1169, and
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:north of the
360:
359:County Dublin
356:
348:
344:
343:County Dublin
340:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Proto-English
311:
307:
303:
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291:
288:
280:
278:
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271:
269:
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257:
253:
249:
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199:
196:
191:
186:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:Proto-English
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
143:
137:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:Anglo-Frisian
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:West Germanic
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:Indo-European
87:
83:
77:
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3282:
3166:Verner's law
3111:
3106:Gotho-Nordic
3104:
3097:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2987:
2972:Fårö Gutnish
2934:
2927:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2810:
2791:
2784:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2628:
2530:Swiss German
2494:Upper German
2427:Amana German
2401:Volga German
2370:HunsrĂĽckisch
2296:
2250:Unserdeutsch
2245:Berlinerisch
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2117:Cover groups
2073:Mohawk Dutch
2068:Jersey Dutch
2046:East Flemish
2029:West Flemish
1973:Middle Dutch
1927:Low Prussian
1799:
1792:
1758:Terschelling
1742:Clay Frisian
1717:West Frisian
1705:Wiedingharde
1697:
1685:
1645:Heligolandic
1622:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1561:East Frisian
1548:
1541:
1514:Middle Scots
1512:
1505:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1344:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1273:
1266:
1247:
1219:
1213:
1194:
1188:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1133:
1096:
1069:
1058:
1046:Fair Fingall
1045:
1014:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
981:
977:
971:
965:
960:Lán a' mhála
959:
956:Launa-wallya
955:
949:
943:
938:
934:
928:
922:
916:
911:
907:
901:
895:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
861:
857:
851:
845:
840:
836:
830:
824:
819:
815:Fair Fingall
814:
810:
804:
791:
762:
758:
737:
692:
686:
681:
676:
643:
639:
635:
632:
596:
589:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
554:
552:
547:
470:
469:
459:
451:
450:for "them",
447:
443:
439:
427:
425:
420:
383:
366:
352:
274:
272:
239:
235:
234:
212:
200:
119:
36:
3181:Kluge's law
3161:Grimm's law
2944:Dalecarlian
2923:Perkerdansk
2896:East Danish
2714:Old Gutnish
2690:Proto-Norse
2630:Langobardic
2622:Vogtlandian
2450:Upper Saxon
2304:Lachoudisch
2265:Lotegorisch
2143:High German
1889:Westphalian
1884:Eastphalian
1848:Achterhooks
1725:Hindeloopen
1660:Bökingharde
1629:Föhr–Amrum
1543:Old Frisian
1507:Early Scots
1442:Old English
993:Simmy-saumy
982:rendez-vous
779:Gather the
701:lamentation
689:John Dunton
398:Old English
363:River Tolka
341:(left) and
318:Old English
140:Early forms
3309:Categories
3013:Burgundian
2929:Old Danish
2918:Gøtudanskt
2901:Bornholmsk
2763:Vestlandsk
2743:Kebabnorsk
2480:Halcnovian
2445:Thuringian
2108:Limburgish
2078:Stadsfries
2051:Brabantian
1778:Low German
1624:Eiderstedt
1479:Fingallian
1229:9027237530
1125:References
1052:(reprint).
944:Gollockers
867:Mullacking
831:Cloustered
811:BĂ©aloideas
774:Ready the
452:plack-keet
410:Gaelicized
236:Fingallian
120:Fingallian
42:Fingallian
3293:varieties
3285:indicate
3099:Northwest
3044:Philology
2949:Elfdalian
2884:Jutlandic
2806:Icelandic
2781:(written)
2775:(written)
2753:Trøndersk
2733:Norwegian
2697:Old Norse
2518:Coloniero
2502:Alemannic
2475:Wymysorys
2343:Colognian
2338:Ripuarian
2260:Rotwelsch
2090:Midslands
2041:Zeelandic
2022:Hollandic
1996:Afrikaans
1968:Old Dutch
1794:Old Saxon
1693:Karrharde
1675:Goesharde
1656:Mainland
1389:philology
1158:, pp194ff
1050:An Taisce
966:Malavogue
858:Lawneyday
712:moorneeng
384:Like the
379:Old Norse
377:proposed
367:Fine Gall
214:Glottolog
195:ISO 639-3
18:Fingalian
3020:Vandalic
2963:Gutnish
2768:Vikværsk
2748:SognamĂĄl
2738:Bergensk
2588:Cimbrian
2556:Bavarian
2513:Alsatian
2460:Lusatian
2396:Palatine
2086:Amelands
1963:Frankish
1853:Sallaans
1835:Gronings
1686:Southern
1679:Northern
1670:Halligen
1619:Insular
1436:dialects
1021:See also
978:Randyvoo
939:faux pas
862:Láine Dé
852:Glauming
784:Drink a
781:bannocks
583:(1689).
464:abutting
460:abateing
432:bullring
227:fing1234
221:east2834
95:Germanic
3283:Italics
2906:Scanian
2852:Swedish
2801:Faroese
2779:Nynorsk
2758:Valdris
2593:Mòcheno
2549:Swabian
2415:Hessian
2375:Hunsrik
2287:Western
2282:Eastern
2277:Yiddish
2227:creoles
2124:Bergish
1840:Drèents
1830:Tweants
1682:Central
1664:Mooring
1527:Frisian
1486:Kildare
1431:English
1103:Penguin
929:Dugging
908:Buthoon
902:Bunched
873:Possing
771:whiting
724:mĂşirnĂn
456:placket
414:relicts
339:Ireland
292:Origins
281:History
244:extinct
238:or the
68:Extinct
51:Ireland
2999:Gothic
2869:Danish
2773:BokmĂĄl
2272:Yenish
2082:Bildts
1865:Veluws
1860:Urkers
1699:Strand
1423:Anglic
1281:
1254:
1226:
1201:
1176:
1113:
1082:
1005:Tamboo
987:Raucie
950:Go-boy
935:Foopah
912:BotĂşn
896:Barney
879:Rossie
846:Dawney
825:Cinnit
807:suburb
792:
776:tackle
718:a rĂşin
706:a roon
593:suggam
564:Aeneid
559:Virgil
540:Leef!'
473:c.1650
355:Fingal
347:Fingal
328:, and
248:Fingal
242:is an
115:Anglic
61:Fingal
57:Region
3113:South
3064:North
2674:North
2658:North
2000:Kaaps
1991:Dutch
1638:Amrum
1579:Weser
1501:Scots
1038:Notes
1011:Whack
999:Squib
972:Moggy
923:Cobby
917:Clift
841:dealg
786:groat
697:Irish
640:bagge
494:Cunts
462:for "
454:for "
3074:West
3069:East
2989:East
2845:East
2835:Norn
2726:West
2662:East
2660:and
2225:and
2220:Non-
1650:Sylt
1633:Föhr
1568:Ems
1493:Yola
1402:West
1279:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1015:faic
885:Scut
837:Dalk
709:and
553:The
492:Six
201:None
1107:182
691:'s
687:In
579:or
561:'s
448:ame
444:fen
440:fat
388:in
266:of
205:mis
3311::
1316:.
1238:^
1109:.
1101:.
1078:.
1076:64
1048:.
324:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
270:.
258:,
3008:)
3002:(
2088:/
2084:/
2080:/
2002:)
1998:(
1371:e
1364:t
1357:v
1320:.
1287:.
1260:.
1232:.
1207:.
1182:.
1119:.
1088:.
591:'
504:,
434:(
207:)
203:(
34:.
20:)
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