575:
Virgil's prince Aeneas and his noble lover Dido are transformed into a bumbling young
Fingallian called 'Prince' Nees and a coarse ex-nun Dydy. The names of all the characters are converted into mock 'Irish' forms and the places mentioned in Virgil's text become places in Fingal. Part of the humour
579:
The short extract below provides a good example of
Fingallian. In it Nees encounters Dydy again and seeing her look pale and unwell realises that he may have been responsible for giving her the 'flame' or venereal disease. A few features need explanation: 'V' is used instead of 'W' in Fingallian;
576:
for the Anglo-Irish readers of the poem is that Nees and Dydy converse with each other in broad
Fingallian. Although the intention is supposedly to mock their speech, it is rendered with such vitality and wit that the effect is actually to give the reader an appreciation of its richness.
622:
Nees continues with an attempt to sweet talk Dydys and asks her for a 'pogue', but his fears are justified and Dydy is having none of it. She tells him that if he think he can have another 'bout' with her, he can think again – after he has
794:
Although
Fingallian is no longer spoken, a large number of dialect words unique to Fingal have survived, especially in traditional Fingal towns and villages such as Swords (now a large
798:
of Dublin), Skerries, Rush, Lusk, Donabate, Garristown, Oldtown, Balrothery, Portrane and Naul. Major sources for these include glossaries in an article in the folklore
Journal
427:
was practised in 17th century
Ireland). Although the poem is likely to have been standardised when written down, it gives a flavour of Fingallian, particularly forms like
3303:
3308:
3328:
1358:
324:
1072:
1895:
3318:
262:
The surviving literature of
Fingallian consists of two satirical or humorous poems, the short "Fingallian Dance" and the much longer
1271:
1244:
1191:
1166:
1103:
419:
a brief, three-stanza poem written between about 1650 and 1660. It is a mildly indecent poem about a man going to see dancers at a
1351:
390:
1323:
2280:
1015:
286:
275:
1216:
1286:
3174:
1261:
684:(1698) he writes that in Fingal "they have a sort of jargon speech peculiar to themselves, and understand not one word of
3204:
2374:
2336:
2321:
1648:
3333:
3184:
3044:
2394:
2353:
2343:
1344:
3323:
1560:
244:
3313:
2901:
3179:
3133:
3128:
3052:
2662:
2646:
2525:
2384:
2960:
3338:
3118:
3062:
3057:
2977:
2650:
2600:
2358:
1900:
1718:
1402:
1390:
374:
252:
98:
88:
78:
397:. Middle English was well established in southeastern Ireland until the 14th century, when the area was re-
3123:
2605:
2571:
2189:
2005:
1865:
1705:
1600:
769:
154:
3281:
3245:
2513:
2506:
2458:
2228:
2199:
2168:
2131:
2056:
1905:
1813:
1726:
1587:
1549:
386:
2746:
1621:
3250:
3230:
3199:
3072:
2932:
2906:
2807:
2678:
2496:
2088:
1915:
1877:
1872:
1746:
1693:
1451:
759:
370:
influence on the
Fingallian dialect, but later scholars have found no evidence of such a connection.
314:
93:
323:
3189:
2736:
2581:
2425:
2379:
2313:
2066:
1828:
1713:
1626:
1424:
401:
and
English was displaced. As such, the Yola and Fingal dialects would have been the only attested
298:
290:
144:
134:
3235:
3087:
3077:
3032:
2794:
2721:
2618:
2463:
2438:
2433:
2326:
2154:
2039:
1860:
1638:
1633:
1612:
1573:
1377:
1367:
83:
3159:
2078:
3209:
3008:
2924:
2917:
2872:
2816:
2576:
2566:
2549:
2544:
2448:
2331:
2210:
2010:
1971:
1951:
1789:
1681:
1663:
1515:
1267:
1240:
1212:
1187:
1162:
1099:
1095:
1084:
1068:
1064:
3164:
2955:
2889:
2845:
2840:
2789:
2781:
2586:
2554:
2501:
2490:
2403:
2275:
2270:
2112:
2051:
1841:
1823:
1658:
1419:
1411:
1056:
232:
103:
56:
359:
3194:
2987:
2894:
2877:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2559:
2468:
2453:
2408:
2260:
2223:
2215:
2194:
2181:
2161:
2147:
1910:
1887:
1818:
1808:
1800:
1580:
1020:
692:
that a mother made over the grave of her son, who was a keen fisher and hunter. Note that
354:. It was spoken in the area near the northern border. The name "Fingal" is from the Irish
70:
20:
3154:
688:, and are as little understood by the English". Dunton gives a sample of the language: a
3275:
3169:
3149:
3101:
2993:
2867:
2537:
2304:
2243:
2022:
1979:
1936:
1853:
1848:
1737:
1687:
1538:
1489:
1444:
1437:
764:
685:
394:
382:
378:
363:
318:
310:
294:
256:
240:
159:
139:
215:
209:
3297:
3240:
3225:
3067:
2823:
2774:
2591:
2530:
2443:
2389:
2348:
2286:
2233:
2117:
2044:
1474:
1091:
1057:
908:– an idiot, especially a normally sensible person who has done something stupid
424:
347:
331:
302:
149:
3094:
2518:
2482:
2415:
2238:
2061:
2034:
2017:
1961:
1920:
1502:
1481:
774:
2741:
1329:
Marks, Bernadette, 'Lawneyday', – article about Fingal words at swordsheritage.com
562:
The
Fingallian Travesty: the Sixt Book of Virgill's Aenoeids a la mode de Fingaule
266:. Both poems are anonymous and are thought to be humorous parodies of Fingallian.
251:
Although little is known of Fingallian, it is thought to have been similar to the
1302:
3001:
2911:
2884:
2756:
2702:
2610:
2292:
2253:
1836:
1531:
1495:
1430:
677:
581:
415:
The poem most likely to have been composed by a native speaker of Fingallian is
351:
306:
2751:
2731:
2096:
1766:
398:
2937:
2800:
2685:
2248:
2029:
1984:
1956:
1782:
1038:
367:
202:
183:
2761:
2726:
2074:
420:
1128:
2767:
2363:
2265:
990:– a word used to address a stranger, esp. a boy e.g. 'hey, squib'
689:
444:
327:
39:
802:
by J. J. Hogan and Patrick O'Neill and a book on Fingal lore entitled
2070:
1336:
795:
552:
547:
447:" (a slit at the top of a petticoat, here used to mean a vulva), and
402:
343:
335:
236:
49:
452:
1988:
322:
1328:
546:
is a humorous and bawdy burlesque or travesty on the Roman poet
482:
3030:
2644:
1388:
1340:
699:
693:
584:' is a kind of straw rope'; 'Ful dea ro' is derived from Irish
527:
520:
510:
495:
479:
465:
969:– a house where people meet for a chat or mischief, Fr.
723:
719:
1324:
Some words and expressions from Skerries, north Co. Dublin
358:, or "territory of foreigners", probably a reference to a
941:– a sly fellow who goes about doing harm in secret
556:. It exists in three versions: the original manuscript (
1082:
McCrum, Robert; Cran, William; MacNeil, Robert (1993).
816:(pronounced with hard 'C') – a dodger, trickster
239:, Ireland. It is thought to have been an offshoot of
880:
Examples from Hogan and O'Neill's Glossary include:
635:('watch the walls', be on guard) and foil his plan:
3218:
3142:
3111:
3043:
2975:
2833:
2714:
2670:
2661:
2481:
2424:
2312:
2303:
2208:
2180:
2139:
2130:
2105:
2087:
1998:
1970:
1944:
1935:
1886:
1799:
1774:
1765:
1704:
1599:
1548:
1523:
1514:
1410:
1401:
947:– something to think about 'a bellyful', Ir.
200:
181:
176:
127:
67:
55:
45:
35:
30:
1083:
849:– an exclamation of surprise or regret, Ir.
435:for "when". Other words that need explanation are
16:Extinct Middle English dialect of eastern Ireland
593:'Sure, Sure!' sayes Nees, 'dis me old vench is!'
1161:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 196–197.
920:– prodding or punching a person, fighting
1289:Verse in English from Tudor and Stuart Ireland
1263:Verse in English from Tudor and Stuart Ireland
19:For the Gaelic Athletic Association club, see
1352:
1211:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 28–29.
732:Thoo ware good for loand stroand and mounteen
405:of this original English variety in Ireland.
381:, Fingallian is thought to have derived from
8:
996:– a shebeen, a miserable looking house
756:Thou wast good for land, strand and mountain
1230:
1228:
711:
705:
666:Then Dydy goes on her way in high dudgeon.
3040:
3027:
2667:
2658:
2641:
2309:
2136:
1941:
1771:
1520:
1407:
1398:
1385:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1239:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 198.
1186:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 197.
1127:Hogan, J. J.; O'Neill, Patrick C. (1947).
524:'Peace thy prateing', say'd shee, 'for dee
243:, which was brought to Ireland during the
27:
1046:Hogan, J. J.; O'Neill,Patrick C. (1947).
809:Examples from Archer's Glossary include:
614:De flame?' Indeed, oh no! but Nees chief
596:But when he drew more neare her quarters,
3304:Languages attested from the 17th century
627:(been a wag) with her and given her the
249:and was extinct by the mid-19th century.
1119:
564:(1670–5), and a printed version called
342:Fingallian was spoken in the region of
640:'I, Nees', sayes she in mighty snuffe,
3309:Languages extinct in the 19th century
1145:Spoken English in Ireland 1600 – 1740
978:– a girl given to gadding about
652:and den, fen dou has play'd de vagge,
7:
3329:Languages of the Republic of Ireland
1237:Dublin English: Evolution and Change
1184:Dublin English: Evolution and Change
1159:Dublin English: Evolution and Change
876:– a short, mean person, a wren
661:And putt foile on dee by dis chees,'
605:I'll chance upon dee! Art thou dead?
1921:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
1063:. Oxford University Press. p.
599:And know her by her suggam garters,
3280:Languages between parentheses are
1050:. Béaloideas 17. pp. 262–283.
734:For rig a tool and roast a whiteen
14:
870:– robust, blustering female
858:– working or walking in mud
658:Butt I will vatch de vales, Nees,
646:If dou cam shance but to find out
617:Occasion is of all dis mischeif'.
611:Vas he soe hot is cou'd no quench
497:Fen de catch at their plack-keet,
984:– a foolish-looking person
740:Drink a grote at Nauny Hapennys
655:to give me, as before, de bagge!
649:Dee old consort to have a bout –
643:'and be! is tink is varm enough,
608:Fat devill vas be in dee, vench?
391:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
1303:"Irish translation of 'bagful'"
1209:A Source Book for Irish English
1016:History of the English language
748:This is roughly translated as:
710:"(secret) love" (vocative) and
602:'Ful dea, ro, dou unlucky jade,
560:), another manuscript entitled
514:And when I went home to me weef
375:Yola dialect of Forth and Bargy
287:History of the English language
276:History of the English language
3284:of the language on their left.
1130:A North-County Dublin Glossary
1048:A North County Dublin Glossary
758:Good with a tool and roast a
716:"love" (lit. "little trust"):
588:'God's blood, my sweetheart':
1:
3175:Germanic substrate hypothesis
1002:– nothing, nobody, Ir.
914:– cunning, worldly wise
822:– covered up in clothes
3205:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
1896:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
935:– eyes (contempuously)
724:
471:To view the jolly Daunciers,
346:, traditionally the part of
3185:High German consonant shift
899:– a bad blunder, Ir.
522:Of the Maids in the Daunce,
503:And y-make o foul Rac-keet.
385:, which was introduced by "
235:dialect formerly spoken in
3355:
3319:Extinct Germanic languages
1723:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1376:According to contemporary
1260:Carpenter, Andrew (2003).
700:
694:
528:
521:
511:
496:
480:
466:
362:in the area. The linguist
284:
273:
18:
3267:
3039:
3026:
2948:
2902:Southern Schleswig Danish
2657:
2640:
1397:
1384:
1374:
963:– a fat lazy person
501:Wou'd y-cree, and y-rore,
475:(Be me shole!) I did spee
3180:West Germanic gemination
3134:Ancient Belgian language
3129:Germanic parent language
3073:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2195:Austrian Standard German
1235:Hickey, Raymond (2005).
1207:Hickey, Raymond (2002).
1182:Hickey, Raymond (2005).
1157:Hickey, Raymond (2005).
1094:(Non-classics). p.
1033:Archer, Patrick (1975).
893:– ruined, finished
887:– a quarrel, a row
631:(rejected her) she will
570:The Fingallian Burlesque
516:And told her the Chaunce
473:They did trip it so high
1055:Kerrigan, John (2008).
957:– to beat or maul
926:– a blunder, Fr.
467:On a day in the Spring,
253:Forth and Bargy dialect
3241:Preterite-present verb
3124:Proto-Germanic grammar
3078:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2190:German Standard German
1866:East Frisian Low Saxon
837:– delicate, weak
777:at Nanny Halfpenny's
712:
706:
664:
620:
558:Purgatoriam Hibernicum
544:Purgatorium Hibernicum
537:Purgatorium Hibernicum
488:But wondering on 'ame,
485:abateing Seav'n hairs.
339:
264:Purgatorium Hibernicum
155:West Saxon Old English
3246:Grammatischer Wechsel
2229:Namibian Black German
2200:Swiss Standard German
2169:Early New High German
1727:Mainland West Frisian
1588:Harlingerland Frisian
828:– a thorn, Ir.
790:Modern Fingal English
637:
590:
417:The Fingallian Dance,
389:" settlers after the
326:
285:Further information:
3251:Indo-European ablaut
3231:Germanic strong verb
3200:Germanic spirant law
2337:Southeast Limburgish
1833:Gelders-Overijssels
1462:Irish Middle English
1452:Early Modern English
1086:The Story of English
1059:Archipelagic English
738:Gather tha baarnacks
682:Letters from Ireland
671:Letters from Ireland
512:They made me ashame,
490:Fat make 'em so tame
469:As I went to bolring
460:The Fingallian Dance
410:The Fingallian Dance
315:Early Modern English
3219:Synchronic features
3190:Germanic a-mutation
3143:Diachronic features
2493:in the broad sense
2426:East Central German
2380:Lorraine Franconian
2354:Transylvanian Saxon
2314:West Central German
2089:East Low Franconian
1999:West Low Franconian
1287:Carpenter, Andrew,
1143:Bliss, Adam James:
1133:. pp. 262–283.
864:– sopping wet
806:by Patrick Archer.
704:are from the Irish
506:But fire take 'ame,
499:The maids of y-yore
299:Proto-West Germanic
291:Proto-Indo-European
145:Proto-West Germanic
135:Proto-Indo-European
3334:Medieval languages
3236:Germanic weak verb
3045:Language subgroups
2395:Pennsylvania Dutch
2344:Moselle Franconian
2322:Central Franconian
2155:Middle High German
1906:Central Pomeranian
1861:Northern Low Saxon
1574:Wangerooge Frisian
1368:Germanic languages
951:(meaning 'bagful')
566:The Irish Hudibras
340:
94:North Sea Germanic
3324:History of Fingal
3291:
3290:
3276:extinct languages
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3210:Great Vowel Shift
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
2971:
2970:
2817:Greenlandic Norse
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2567:Southern Bavarian
2550:Northern Bavarian
2526:Highest Alemannic
2477:
2476:
2211:standard variants
2126:
2125:
1972:Standard variants
1931:
1930:
1790:Middle Low German
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1561:Saterland Frisian
1074:978-0-19-818384-6
786:
785:
730:Ribbeen moorneeng
455:, bordering on".
222:
221:
3346:
3314:Anglic languages
3068:Elbe (Irminonic)
3041:
3028:
2956:Mainland Gutnish
2846:Swedish dialects
2808:Middle Icelandic
2782:Middle Norwegian
2671:Historical forms
2668:
2659:
2642:
2601:South Franconian
2587:Hutterite German
2555:Central Bavarian
2375:Rhine Franconian
2310:
2140:Historical forms
2137:
2052:Surinamese Dutch
1945:Historical forms
1942:
1775:Historical forms
1772:
1524:Historical forms
1521:
1408:
1399:
1386:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1109:
1089:
1078:
1062:
1051:
1042:
736:Reddy tha taakle
720:
715:
709:
703:
697:
625:play'd the vagge
586:fuil DĂ©, a rogha
531:
526:
518:
508:
492:
477:
360:Norse settlement
250:
218:
212:
195:
186:
73:
63:
62:Mid-19th century
28:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3255:
3214:
3195:Germanic umlaut
3160:Holtzmann's law
3138:
3107:
3035:
3014:
2967:
2944:
2878:South Jutlandic
2863:Danish dialects
2829:
2710:
2653:
2624:
2606:East Franconian
2560:Viennese German
2473:
2454:Silesian German
2420:
2409:Central Hessian
2299:
2224:Namibian German
2213:
2204:
2182:Standard German
2176:
2162:New High German
2148:Old High German
2122:
2101:
2083:
1994:
1966:
1927:
1911:East Pomeranian
1901:Brandenburgisch
1888:East Low German
1882:
1809:Dutch Low Saxon
1801:West Low German
1795:
1753:
1719:Schiermonnikoog
1700:
1595:
1581:Wursten Frisian
1544:
1510:
1393:
1380:
1370:
1365:
1334:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:. p. 310.
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1081:
1075:
1054:
1045:
1032:
1029:
1021:Hiberno-English
1012:
843:– groping
792:
787:
779:
772:
767:
762:
757:
755:
753:
744:
743:
742:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
674:
540:
533:
523:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
504:
502:
500:
498:
494:
489:
487:
486:
478:
474:
472:
470:
468:
464:
463:
413:
321:
283:
278:
272:
248:
245:Norman invasion
214:
213:
208:
193:
182:
172:
130:
123:
74:
71:Language family
69:
61:
24:
21:Fingallians GAA
17:
12:
11:
5:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3339:Middle English
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Proto-Germanic
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2994:Crimean Gothic
2983:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2868:Insular Danish
2865:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:Rinkebysvenska
2848:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2697:Old East Norse
2694:
2692:Old West Norse
2682:
2674:
2672:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2634:
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2630:
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2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:South Tyrolean
2564:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2514:High Alemannic
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
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2422:
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2413:
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2400:
2399:
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2392:
2382:
2372:
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2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2305:Central German
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2244:Barossa German
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
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2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:French Flemish
2015:
2014:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1939:
1937:Low Franconian
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
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1738:Westereendersk
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1584:
1577:
1565:
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1563:
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1545:
1543:
1542:
1539:Middle Frisian
1535:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1445:Modern English
1441:
1438:Middle English
1434:
1427:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1318:External links
1316:
1313:
1312:
1307:www.focloir.ie
1294:
1279:
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1245:
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865:
859:
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844:
838:
832:
823:
817:
791:
788:
784:
783:
750:
745:
728:Ribbeen a roon
725:
718:
673:
668:
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
633:vatch de vales
619:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
539:
534:
457:
431:for "what" or
412:
407:
395:Leinster Irish
383:Middle English
379:County Wexford
364:Alf Sommerfelt
338:in light green
334:(right), with
319:Modern English
311:Middle English
295:Proto-Germanic
282:
279:
274:Main article:
271:
268:
257:County Wexford
241:Middle English
229:Fingal dialect
220:
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187:
179:
178:
177:Language codes
174:
173:
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170:
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168:
167:
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165:
164:
163:
162:
160:Middle English
140:Proto-Germanic
133:
131:
128:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
77:
75:
68:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3351:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Germanic verb
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Sievers's law
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:Reconstructed
3110:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2925:Middle Danish
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:Old Icelandic
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:Old Norwegian
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2592:Gottscheerish
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:Walser German
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:Low Alemannic
2495:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:High Prussian
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Erzgebirgisch
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Luxembourgish
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:Klezmer-loshn
2284:
2282:
2281:Scots Yiddish
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2118:Meuse-Rhenish
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:Kleverlandish
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:Central Dutch
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
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1862:
1859:
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1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
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1827:
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1814:Stellingwarfs
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
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1787:
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1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:Wood Frisian
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
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1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1601:North Frisian
1598:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
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1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Anglo-Frisian
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:, pp 411 – 16
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1273:9781859183731
1269:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1246:90-272-4895-8
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
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1200:
1195:
1193:90-272-4895-8
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1168:90-272-4895-8
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986:
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797:
789:
782:
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766:
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754:Robin my dear
752:Robin my love
749:
746:
741:
722:
721:
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714:
708:
702:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
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530:
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517:
507:
491:
484:
476:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:bull fighting
422:
418:
411:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
393:in 1169, and
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:north of the
349:
348:County Dublin
345:
337:
333:
332:County Dublin
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Proto-English
300:
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150:Proto-English
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
132:
126:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
99:Anglo-Frisian
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:West Germanic
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:Indo-European
76:
72:
66:
60:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3271:
3155:Verner's law
3100:
3095:Gotho-Nordic
3093:
3086:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2961:Fårö Gutnish
2923:
2916:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2780:
2773:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2617:
2519:Swiss German
2483:Upper German
2416:Amana German
2390:Volga German
2359:HunsrĂĽckisch
2285:
2239:Unserdeutsch
2234:Berlinerisch
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2106:Cover groups
2062:Mohawk Dutch
2057:Jersey Dutch
2035:East Flemish
2018:West Flemish
1962:Middle Dutch
1916:Low Prussian
1788:
1781:
1747:Terschelling
1731:Clay Frisian
1706:West Frisian
1694:Wiedingharde
1686:
1674:
1634:Heligolandic
1611:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1550:East Frisian
1537:
1530:
1503:Middle Scots
1501:
1494:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1333:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1262:
1255:
1236:
1208:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1129:
1122:
1085:
1058:
1047:
1035:Fair Fingall
1034:
1003:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
970:
966:
960:
954:
949:Lán a' mhála
948:
945:Launa-wallya
944:
938:
932:
927:
923:
917:
911:
905:
900:
896:
890:
884:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
850:
846:
840:
834:
829:
825:
819:
813:
808:
804:Fair Fingall
803:
799:
793:
780:
751:
747:
726:
681:
675:
670:
665:
632:
628:
624:
621:
585:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
551:
543:
541:
536:
459:
458:
448:
440:
439:for "them",
436:
432:
428:
416:
414:
409:
372:
355:
341:
263:
261:
228:
224:
223:
201:
189:
108:
25:
3170:Kluge's law
3150:Grimm's law
2933:Dalecarlian
2912:Perkerdansk
2885:East Danish
2703:Old Gutnish
2679:Proto-Norse
2619:Langobardic
2611:Vogtlandian
2439:Upper Saxon
2293:Lachoudisch
2254:Lotegorisch
2132:High German
1878:Westphalian
1873:Eastphalian
1837:Achterhooks
1714:Hindeloopen
1649:Bökingharde
1618:Föhr–Amrum
1532:Old Frisian
1496:Early Scots
1431:Old English
982:Simmy-saumy
971:rendez-vous
768:Gather the
690:lamentation
678:John Dunton
387:Old English
352:River Tolka
330:(left) and
307:Old English
129:Early forms
3298:Categories
3002:Burgundian
2918:Old Danish
2907:Gøtudanskt
2890:Bornholmsk
2752:Vestlandsk
2732:Kebabnorsk
2469:Halcnovian
2434:Thuringian
2097:Limburgish
2067:Stadsfries
2040:Brabantian
1767:Low German
1613:Eiderstedt
1468:Fingallian
1218:9027237530
1114:References
1041:(reprint).
933:Gollockers
856:Mullacking
820:Cloustered
800:BĂ©aloideas
763:Ready the
441:plack-keet
399:Gaelicized
225:Fingallian
109:Fingallian
31:Fingallian
3282:varieties
3274:indicate
3088:Northwest
3033:Philology
2938:Elfdalian
2873:Jutlandic
2795:Icelandic
2770:(written)
2764:(written)
2742:Trøndersk
2722:Norwegian
2686:Old Norse
2507:Coloniero
2491:Alemannic
2464:Wymysorys
2332:Colognian
2327:Ripuarian
2249:Rotwelsch
2079:Midslands
2030:Zeelandic
2011:Hollandic
1985:Afrikaans
1957:Old Dutch
1783:Old Saxon
1682:Karrharde
1664:Goesharde
1645:Mainland
1378:philology
1147:, pp194ff
1039:An Taisce
955:Malavogue
847:Lawneyday
701:moorneeng
373:Like the
368:Old Norse
366:proposed
356:Fine Gall
203:Glottolog
184:ISO 639-3
3009:Vandalic
2952:Gutnish
2757:Vikværsk
2737:SognamĂĄl
2727:Bergensk
2577:Cimbrian
2545:Bavarian
2502:Alsatian
2449:Lusatian
2385:Palatine
2075:Amelands
1952:Frankish
1842:Sallaans
1824:Gronings
1675:Southern
1668:Northern
1659:Halligen
1608:Insular
1425:dialects
1010:See also
967:Randyvoo
928:faux pas
851:Láine Dé
841:Glauming
773:Drink a
770:bannocks
572:(1689).
453:abutting
449:abateing
421:bullring
216:fing1234
210:east2834
84:Germanic
3272:Italics
2895:Scanian
2841:Swedish
2790:Faroese
2768:Nynorsk
2747:Valdris
2582:Mòcheno
2538:Swabian
2404:Hessian
2364:Hunsrik
2276:Western
2271:Eastern
2266:Yiddish
2216:creoles
2113:Bergish
1829:Drèents
1819:Tweants
1671:Central
1653:Mooring
1516:Frisian
1475:Kildare
1420:English
1092:Penguin
918:Dugging
897:Buthoon
891:Bunched
862:Possing
760:whiting
713:mĂşirnĂn
445:placket
403:relicts
328:Ireland
281:Origins
270:History
233:extinct
227:or the
57:Extinct
40:Ireland
2988:Gothic
2858:Danish
2762:BokmĂĄl
2261:Yenish
2071:Bildts
1854:Veluws
1849:Urkers
1688:Strand
1412:Anglic
1270:
1243:
1215:
1190:
1165:
1102:
1071:
994:Tamboo
976:Raucie
939:Go-boy
924:Foopah
901:BotĂşn
885:Barney
868:Rossie
835:Dawney
814:Cinnit
796:suburb
781:
765:tackle
707:a rĂşin
695:a roon
582:suggam
553:Aeneid
548:Virgil
529:Leef!'
462:c.1650
344:Fingal
336:Fingal
317:, and
237:Fingal
231:is an
104:Anglic
50:Fingal
46:Region
3102:South
3053:North
2663:North
2647:North
1989:Kaaps
1980:Dutch
1627:Amrum
1568:Weser
1490:Scots
1027:Notes
1000:Whack
988:Squib
961:Moggy
912:Cobby
906:Clift
830:dealg
775:groat
686:Irish
629:bagge
483:Cunts
451:for "
443:for "
3063:West
3058:East
2978:East
2834:East
2824:Norn
2715:West
2651:East
2649:and
2214:and
2209:Non-
1639:Sylt
1622:Föhr
1557:Ems
1482:Yola
1391:West
1268:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1004:faic
874:Scut
826:Dalk
698:and
542:The
481:Six
190:None
1096:182
680:'s
676:In
568:or
550:'s
437:ame
433:fen
429:fat
377:in
255:of
194:mis
3300::
1305:.
1227:^
1098:.
1090:.
1067:.
1065:64
1037:.
313:,
309:,
305:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
259:.
247:,
2997:)
2991:(
2077:/
2073:/
2069:/
1991:)
1987:(
1360:e
1353:t
1346:v
1309:.
1276:.
1249:.
1221:.
1196:.
1171:.
1108:.
1077:.
580:'
493:,
423:(
196:)
192:(
23:.
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