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is very often injected into the flame to reduce the formation of black smoke. When too much steam is added, a condition known as "oversteaming" can occur resulting in reduced combustion efficiency and higher emissions. To keep the flare system functional, a small amount of gas is continuously burned,
345:
Advances in satellite monitoring, along with voluntary reporting, have revealed that about 150 × 10 cubic meters (5.3 × 10 cubic feet) of associated gas have been flared globally each year since at least the mid-1990s until 2020. In 2011, that was equivalent to about 25 percent of the annual natural
499:
over the course of a century, and 84-87 times greater over two decades. Natural gas flaring produces CO2 and many other compounds, depending on the chemical composition of the natural gas and on how well the natural gas burns in the flare. Therefore, to the extent that gas flares convert methane to
341:
are commonly flared as waste or unusable gas. The flaring of associated gas may occur at the top of a vertical flare stack, or it may occur in a ground-level flare in an earthen pit. Preferably, associated gas is reinjected into the reservoir, which saves it for future use while maintaining higher
563:
describing the Global
Taxonomy Initiative describes a situation where "a taxonomist working in a tropical forest noticed that a gas flare at an oil refinery was attracting and killing hundreds of these moths. Over the course of the months and years that the refinery was running a vast number of
269:
that is permissible or tolerable for equipment or personnel to be exposed to. For continuous exposure of personnel wearing appropriate industrial clothing a maximum radiation level of 1.58 kW/m (500 Btu/hr.ft²) is recommended. Higher radiation levels are permissible but for reduced exposure
294:
material. They are open at the top and have openings around the base to allow combustion air to enter. They may have an array of multiple flare tips to provide turndown capability and to spread the flame across the cross-section of the flare. They are generally used onshore in environmentally
191:
A knockout drum to remove any oil or water from the relieved gases. There may be several knock out drums: high-pressure and low-pressure drums taking relief flow from high-pressure and low-pressure equipment. A cold relief drum which is segregated from wet relief system because of the risk of
447:
of 0.3s within the chimney to ensure complete destruction of the toxic elements contained within the biogas. Flare specification usually demands that enclosed flares must operate at >1000 °C and <1200 °C; this in order to ensure a 98% destruction efficient and avoid the
434:
treatment, gas flares are used as a back-up system during down-time for maintenance or breakdown of generation equipment. In this latter case, generation of biogas cannot normally be interrupted, and a gas flare is employed to maintain the internal pressure on the biological process.
417:
Gas flares on biogas collection systems are used if the gas production rates are not sufficient to warrant use in any industrial process. However, on a plant where the gas production rate is sufficient for direct use in an industrial process that could be classified as part of the
558:
terminal in Saint John, New
Brunswick, Canada on September 13, 2013. Similar incidents have occurred at flares on offshore oil and gas installations. Moths are known to be attracted to lights. A brochure published by the Secretariat of the
946:
Annual Energy Review, Table 6.7 Natural Gas Wellhead, Citygate, and Imports Prices, 1949-2011 (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet), United States Energy
Information
1164:
Stohl, A.; Klimont, Z.; Eckhardt, S.; Kupiainen, K.; Chevchenko, V.P.; Kopeikin, V.M.; Novigatsky, A.N. (2013), "Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions",
438:
There are two types of gas flare used for controlling biogas, open or enclosed. Open flares burn at a lower temperature, less than 1000 °C and are generally cheaper than enclosed flares that burn at a higher
515:
in 2017 and reducing flaring emissions is thought to be an important component in curbing global warming. An increasing number of governments and industries have pledged to eliminate or reduce flaring. The
202:
An alternative gas recovery system for use during partial plant startups and shutdowns as well as other times when required. The recovered gas is routed into the fuel gas system of the overall industrial
112:
during unplanned overpressuring of plant equipment. During plant or partial plant startups and shutdowns, they are also often used for the planned combustion of gases over relatively short periods.
143:
is an essential safety device that automatically releases gases and sometimes liquids. Those pressure relief valves are required by industrial design codes and standards as well as by law.
604:. According to one study from 2020, pregnant women living near flaring natural gas and oil wells have reportedly experienced a 50% greater premature birth rate. Flares may emit
524:, in which 111 nations committed to reducing methane emissions by at least 30 percent from 2020 levels by 2030, is also playing a role in raising the global focus on methane.
350:. At market, this quantity of gas—at a nominal value of $ 5.62 per 1000 cubic feet—would be worth US$ 29.8 billion. Additionally, the waste is a significant source of
115:
At oil and gas extraction sites, gas flares are similarly used for a variety of startup, maintenance, testing, safety, and emergency purposes. In a practice known as
554:
Flaring can affect wildlife by attracting birds and insects to the flame. Approximately 7,500 migrating songbirds were attracted to and killed by the flare at the
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398:. As a result, gas flares are a standard component of an installation for controlling the production of biogas. They are installed on
904:
479:
173:(also known as a knockout drum) upstream of the flare to remove any large amounts of liquid that may accompany the relieved gases.
158:
as they exit the flare stacks. The size and brightness of the resulting flame depends upon the flammable material's flow rate in
1396:
682:(Report) (6th ed.). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). January 2002. EPA 452/B-02-001.
631:
A 2021 study found that a 1% increase in flared natural gas increases the respiratory-related hospitalization rate by 0.73%.
823:
379:
1123:
859:, Smitsvonk, November 2001. Excellent source of information about flare stack pilot flames and their ignition systems.
170:
609:
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before it is released into the atmosphere, they reduce the amount of global warming that would otherwise occur.
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423:
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120:
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moths must have been killed, suggesting that plants could not be pollinated over a large area of forest".
82:
31:
1418:
726:
Lee's Loss
Prevention in the Process Industries: Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control, Volume 1
581:
555:
528:
374:
Flare stack igniting biogas from sewage sludge digesters at a sewage treatment plant in
Ontario, Canada.
140:
1306:
187:
The adjacent flow diagram depicts the typical components of an overall industrial flare stack system:
1174:
547:, which are known to be carcinogenic. A 2013 study found that gas flares contributed over 40% of the
163:
945:
333:
associated with the oil is brought to the surface as well. Especially in areas of the world lacking
1284:
625:
411:
407:
383:
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and landfill. Gas flares are used in any process that results in the generation and collection of
135:
Schematic flow diagram of an overall vertical, elevated flare stack system in an industrial plant.
1334:
334:
983:
919:
Leffler, William (2008). Petroleum
Refining in Nontechnical Language. Tulsa, OK: PennWell. p. 9.
346:
gas consumption in the United States or about 30 per cent of the annual gas consumption in the
184:, so that the system is always ready for its primary purpose as an overpressure safety system.
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729:
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The natural gas that is not combusted by a flare is vented into the atmosphere as methane.
430:
quality biogas for vehicle fuel or for heating in buildings, drying refuse-derived fuel or
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403:
308:
222:
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The flare stack, including a flashback prevention section at the upper part of the stack.
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225:) that burns all the time so that it is available to ignite relieved gases when needed.
78:
786:, David Shore, Flaregas Corporation, AIChE 40th Loss Prevention Symposium, April 2006.
1407:
1338:
1285:"Frequent, Routine Flaring May Cause Excessive, Uncontrolled Sulfur Dioxide Releases"
1049:
597:
473:
232:
The schematic shows a pipe flare tip. The flare tip can have several configurations:
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601:
589:
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577:
548:
109:
105:
94:
74:
1322:
1273:"Living Near Natural Gas Flaring Poses Health Risks for Pregnant Women and Babies"
959:
1124:"Natural gas and the environment - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
672:
650:
427:
330:
265:
The height of a flare stack, or the reach of a flare boom, is determined by the
218:
181:
131:
42:
37:
698:
Ludwig's
Applied Process Design for Chemical And Petrochemical Plants, Volume 1
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387:
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244:
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70:
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322:
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Seabirds at Risk around
Offshore Oil Platforms in the North-west Atlantic
1197:
431:
399:
326:
207:
98:
90:
86:
1002:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles"
801:
International
Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association
605:
573:
540:
536:
532:
488:
274:
4.73 kW/m (1500 Btu/hr.ft²) would limit exposure to 3 to 4 minutes
17:
728:(3rd ed.). Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 12/67–12/71.
517:
286:
Ground flares are designed to hide the flame from sight and to reduce
104:
In industrial plants, flare stacks are primarily used for burning off
1307:"Natural gas flaring, respiratory health, and distributional effects"
1213:"Gas flaring: An industry practice faces increasing global attention"
800:
784:"A Proposed Comprehensive Model for Elevated Flare Flames and Plumes"
621:
617:
395:
391:
147:
1250:, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 1,285–1,290, 2001.
277:
6.31 kW/m (2000 Btu/hr.ft²) would limit exposure to 30 seconds.
521:
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369:
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and other gas transportation infrastructure, vast amounts of such
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196:
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130:
36:
1001:
700:(4th ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 732–737.
119:, they may also be used to dispose of large amounts of unwanted
906:
Pressure-Relieving and
Depressuring Systems (API Standard 521)
449:
443:
temperature and are usually supplied to conform to a specific
211:
960:"Environmental Impact Of Using Biomass And Biogas Technology"
139:
When industrial plant equipment items are overpressured, the
290:
and noise. They comprise a steel box or cylinder lined with
824:
Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR), World Bank
1356:
Banerjee K.; Cheremisinof N.P.; Cheremisinoff P.N (1985).
1271:
HSC News, University of Southern California, 17 Jul. 2020
1260:
The Global Taxonomy Initiative - The Response to a Problem
1236:
7,500 songbirds killed at Canaport gas plant in Saint John
1262:(scroll down to the section entitled "Pollinating moths")
527:
Additional noxious fumes emitted by flaring may include,
1294:. Washington, D.C.: EPA. October 2000. EPA 300-N-00-014.
846:. Washington, D.C.: EPA. August 2012. EPA 325-F-012-002.
483:
Flare, Bayport Industrial District, Harris County, Texas
214:
with the relieved gas, which promotes smokeless burning.
146:
The released gases and liquids are routed through large
1099:"Natural gas - Gas flaring and gas venting - Eniscuola"
837:"EPA Enforcement Targets Flaring Efficiency Violations"
410:
plant that use agriculturally or domestically produced
572:
Flares release several different chemicals including:
1141:"Flaring emissions – Tracking Fuel Supply – Analysis"
414:
to produce methane for use as a fuel or for heating.
154:
to a vertical elevated flare. The released gases are
1390:
930:"Global gas flaring and oil production (1996-2018)"
256:to entrain air into the gas to improve combustion.
195:A water seal drum to prevent any flashback of the
1305:Blundell, Wesley; Kokoza, Anatolii (2022-04-01).
464:Flaring of associated gas from a site in Nigeria.
382:methane comes from the treatment and storage of
206:A steam injection system to provide an external
295:sensitive areas and have been used offshore on
123:, possibly throughout the life of an oil well.
30:"Flaring" redirects here. For other uses, see
797:"IPIECA - Resources - Flaring Classification"
596:. Several of these pollutants correlate with
8:
1378:Flare and Vent Disposal Systems on PetroWiki
673:"Section 3: VOC Controls, Chapter 1: Flares"
342:well pressure and crude oil producibility.
317:Ground-level flaring of gas in North Dakota
85:plants, oil or gas extraction sites having
27:Safety device for burning off flammable gas
1135:
1133:
472:Flaring gases from an oil platform in the
297:floating production storage and offloading
1196:
1186:
1075:"Understanding Global Warming Potentials"
747:
745:
667:
665:
620:compounds, which are known to exacerbate
507:Flaring emissions contributed to 270 Mt (
127:Overall flare system in industrial plants
1360:. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company.
719:
717:
478:
252:a Coandă tip – a profiled tip using the
1397:World Bank video about reducing flaring
1050:"NOx Emissions from Silicon Production"
909:(7th ed.). API. pp. Table 12.
691:
689:
661:
1387:
1238:(online CBC News, September 17, 2013).
1026:"Management of landfill gas: LFTGN 03"
984:"Basic Information about Landfill Gas"
819:
817:
495:is 28-36 times greater than that of CO
903:American Petroleum Institute (2020).
898:
896:
869:
867:
865:
680:EPA Air Pollution Cost Control Manual
249:a multi nozzle tip, sonic or subsonic
7:
990:. Washington, D.C.: EPA. 2019-12-18.
755:Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion
169:Most industrial plant flares have a
1434:Volatile organic compound abatement
758:(Fourth ed.). self-published.
210:force used for efficient mixing of
561:Convention on Biological Diversity
25:
1358:Flare gas systems pocket handbook
988:Landfill Methane Outreach Program
857:Product Overview Ignition Systems
1103:Eniscuola Energy and Environment
199:from the top of the flare stack.
325:is extracted and produced from
243:tip – upstream pressure > 5
1211:Michael Stanley (2018-12-10).
73:device used in places such as
1:
1429:Air pollution control systems
1323:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104601
1311:Journal of Public Economics
422:, and that may include the
404:waste water treatment plant
303:Crude oil production flares
53:, alternatively known as a
1455:
1073:US EPA, OAR (2016-01-12).
752:Milton R. Beychok (2005).
610:volatile organic compounds
306:
29:
1395:
551:deposited in the Arctic.
424:generation of electricity
95:offshore oil and gas rigs
1188:10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013
935:. World Bank. June 2019.
826:, October 2011 Brochure.
724:Sam Mannan, ed. (2005).
696:A. Kayode Coker (2007).
493:global warming potential
360:greenhouse gas emissions
121:associated petroleum gas
378:An important source of
299:installations (FPSOs).
772:Flare Stack Plume Rise
568:Adverse health effects
484:
476:
465:
375:
318:
171:vapor–liquid separator
136:
83:natural gas processing
46:
32:Flare (disambiguation)
876:"Argo flare services"
874:Argo Flare Services.
556:liquefied natural gas
529:aromatic hydrocarbons
518:Global Methane Pledge
482:
471:
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456:Environmental impacts
373:
316:
141:pressure relief valve
134:
40:
600:and reduced newborn
426:, the production of
75:petroleum refineries
1179:2013ACP....13.8833S
626:respiratory disease
408:anaerobic digestion
386:material including
236:a simple pipe flare
45:refinery in England
41:Flare stack at the
1167:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
485:
477:
466:
376:
319:
261:Flare stack height
137:
117:production flaring
47:
1402:
1401:
1367:978-0-87201-310-0
1292:Enforcement Alert
1173:(17): 8833–8855,
949:, September 2012.
844:Enforcement Alert
770:(See Chapter 11,
765:978-0-9644588-0-2
735:978-0-7506-7857-5
707:978-0-7506-7766-0
288:thermal radiation
267:thermal radiation
16:(Redirected from
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1218:. World Bank
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1054:ResearchGate
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428:natural gas
388:waste water
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182:pilot light
166:per hour).
69:, is a gas
55:flare stack
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1408:Categories
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1222:2020-01-20
1150:2020-02-12
1084:2022-03-16
1059:2019-03-29
1035:2019-03-29
1011:2019-03-29
969:2019-03-29
885:20 January
880:argoflares
807:2019-12-29
657:References
624:and other
616:and other
608:and other
520:signed at
509:megatonnes
474:North Sea.
441:combustion
292:refractory
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1331:0047-2727
335:pipelines
327:oil wells
323:crude oil
192:freezing.
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635:See also
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574:benzene
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