796:, widespread opinion holds that it is easier for young children to learn a second language than it is for adults. Children can even acquire native fluency when exposed to the language on a consistent basis with rich interaction in a social setting. In addition to capacity, factors like; 1) motivation, 2) aptitude, 3) personality characteristics, 4) age of acquisition 5) first language typology 6) socio-economic status and 7) quality and context of L2 input play a role in L2 acquisitions rate and building fluency. Second language acquisition (SLA) has the ability to influence children's cognitive growth and linguistic development.
658:
paying attention to each individual component of the act. In other words, fluency is achieved when one can access language knowledge and produce language unconsciously, or automatically. Theories that focus on speed or length and rate of speech typically expect fluent language users to produce language in real time without unusual pauses, false starts, or repetitions (recognizing that some presence of these elements are naturally part of speech). Fluency is sometimes considered to be a measure of
820:. Working memory, also connected to fluency because it deals with automatic responses, is vital to language acquisition. This happens when information is stored and manipulated temporarily. During working memory, words are filtered, processed, and rehearsed, and information is stored while focusing on the next piece of interaction. These false starts, pauses or repetitions found in fluency assessments, can also be found within one's working memory as part of communication.
88:
641:
Language fluency is one of a variety of terms used to characterize or measure a person's language ability, often used in conjunction with accuracy and complexity. Although there are no widely agreed-upon definitions or measures of language fluency, someone is typically said to be fluent if their use
686:
There are four commonly discussed types of fluency: reading fluency, oral fluency, oral-reading fluency, and written or compositional fluency. These types of fluency are interrelated, but do not necessarily develop in tandem or linearly. One may develop fluency in certain type(s) and be less fluent
803:
Paradis (2006) study on childhood language acquisition and building fluency examines how first and second language acquisition patterns are generally similar including vocabulary and morphosyntax. Phonology of first language is usually apparent in SLA and initial L1 influence can be lifelong, even
799:
Skill that consists of ability to produce words in target language develops until adolescence. Natural ability to acquire a new language with a deliberate effort may begin to diminish around puberty i.e. 12–14 years of age. Learning environment, comprehensible instructional materials, teacher, and
731:
is typically characterized by seemingly non-fluent qualities (e.g., fragmentation, pauses, false starts, hesitation, repetition) because of ‘task stress.’ How orally fluent one is can therefore be understood in terms of perception, and whether these qualities of speech can be perceived as expected
823:
Those with education at or below a high school level are least likely to take language classes. It has also been found that women and young immigrants are more likely to take language classes. Further, highly educated immigrants who are searching for skilled jobs – which require interpersonal and
657:
Varying definitions of fluency characterize it by the language user's automaticity, their speed and coherency of language use, or the length and rate of their speech output. Theories of automaticity postulate that more fluent language users can manage all of the components of language use without
856:
to compute objective measures such as speech or articulation rate, that were strongly associated with subjective ratings of speech fluency. More recent studies showed that automatic acoustic measures (i.e., without using any automatic speech recognition system) can also be used to measure speech
762:
Because an assessment of fluency is typically a measure or characterization of one's language ability, determining fluency may be a more challenging task when the speaker is acquiring a second language. It is generally thought that the later in life a learner approaches the study of a foreign
669:
Language fluency is sometimes contrasted with accuracy (or correctness of language use, especially grammatical correctness) and complexity (or a more encompassing knowledge of vocabulary and discourse strategies). Fluency, accuracy, and complexity are distinct but interrelated components of
865:
As of 1988, studies in the assessment of creativity listed fluency as one of the four primary elements in creative thinking, the others being flexibility, originality and elaboration. Fluency in creative thinking is seen as the ability to think of many diverse ideas quickly.
738:
is sometimes distinguished from oral fluency. Oral reading fluency refers to the ability to read words accurately and quickly while using good vocal expression and phrasing. Oral reading fluency is often linked to
Schreiber's Theory of Prosody, which places importance on the
807:
Children can acquire a second language simultaneously (learn L1 and L2 at the same time) or sequentially (learn L1 first and then L2). In the end, they develop fluency in both with one dominant language which is spoken largely by the community they live in.
767:) comprehension and fluent production (speaking) skills. For adults, once their mother tongue has already been established, the acquisition of a second language can come more slowly and less completely, ultimately affecting fluency. However, the
753:(especially under timed conditions), words produced per minute, sentence length, or words per clause. Ratio measures (e.g., words per clause, words per sentence, and words per error-free sentence) have historically been most valid and reliable.
771:
is a hotly debated topic, with some scholars stating that adults can in fact become fluent in acquiring a second language. For instance, reading and writing skills in a foreign language can be acquired more easily even after the primary
779:
So although it is often assumed that young children learn languages more easily than adolescents and adults, the reverse is in fact true; older learners are faster. The only exception to this rule is in
784:. Young children invariably learn to speak their second language with native-like pronunciation, whereas learners who start learning a language at an older age only rarely reach a native-like level.
836:
term which means the smoothness or flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined when speaking quickly. The term fluency disorder has been used as a collective term for
1583:
Detey, S.; Fontan, L.; Le Coz, M.; Jmel, S. (2020). "Computer-assisted assessment of phonetic fluency in a second language: a longitudinal study of
Japanese learners of French".
1417:
596:
it means the smoothness or flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined when speaking quickly. It refers to "continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in
1568:
Fontan, L.; Le Coz, M.; Detey, S. (2018). "Automatically measuring L2 speech fluency without the need of ASR: A proof-of-concept study with
Japanese learners of French".
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being used. Interventions designed to help children learn to read fluently generally include some form of repeated reading, but this process may differ for children with
1507:
Cucchiarini, C.; Strik, H.; Boves, L. (2000). "Quantitative assessment of second language learners' fluency by means of automatic speech recognition technology".
56:
it means the flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined when speaking quickly, where fluency disorder has been used as a collective term for
701:, which manifests itself in the speed and accuracy that one is able to read text. Research on reading fluency aligns concepts of accuracy, automaticity, and
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852:
Several automatic systems have been developed to assess speech fluency in children or in second-language learners. The first systems used automatic
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Mackey, A.; Sachs, Rebecca (2012). "Older
Learners in SLA Research: A First Look at Working Memory, Feedback, and L2 Development".
335:
1618:
Fontan, L.; Kim, S.; De Fino, V.; Detey, S. (2022). "Predicting speech fluency in children using automatic acoustic features".
650:, or natural, coherent, and easy as opposed to slow, halting use. In other words, fluency is often described as the ability to
844:. Both disorders have breaks in the fluidity of speech, and both have the fluency breakdown of repetition of parts of speech.
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The process of learning a second language or "L2," among older learners differs from younger learners because of their
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Adamuti-Trache’ (2012). "Language
Acquisition Among Adult Immigrants in Canada: The Effect of Premigration Language".
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language knowledge, and thus perception and understandability are often key ways that fluency is understood.
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705:. To achieve reading fluency, readers must have knowledge of the content of the language as well as the
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intercultural skills that are difficult to learn – are the most affected by lower fluency in the L2.
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Rasinski, T. V.; Farstrup, A. (2006). "A brief history of reading fluency". In
Samuels, S. (ed.).
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LaBerge, D; Samuels, S. J. (1974). "Toward a Theory of
Automatic Information Process in Reading".
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1719:"Myths and Misconceptions About Second Language Learning: What Every Teacher Needs to Unlearn"
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1146:. Honolulu: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
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Second language development in writing : measures of fluency, accuracy, & complexity
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In the sense of proficiency, "fluency" encompasses a number of related but separable skills:
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Schreiber, Peter A. (1991-06-01). "Understanding prosody's role in reading acquisition".
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727:, as a fluent speaker must be able to understand and respond to others in conversation.
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Schmidt, R. (1992). "Psychological mechanisms underlying second language fluency".
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the learner are indispensable elements in SLA and developing fluency in children.
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can be measured in a variety of ways. Researchers have measured by length of the
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Lennon, P (1990). "Investigating fluency in EFL: A quantitative approach".
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and natural (i.e., fluent) or unusual and problematic (i.e., non-fluent).
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Proc. INTERSPEECH ’18: 19th Proc. Annu. Conf. Int. Speech Commun. Assoc
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refers to the link between the recognition of words while reading and
1528:
1476:
Stuttering and cluttering: frameworks for understanding and treatment
724:
616:
612:
1636:. Sternberg, Robert J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1988.
600:". The term fluency disorder has been used as a collective term for
87:
1634:
The Nature of creativity: contemporary psychological perspectives
1290:"Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching Children to Read"
1327:. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. pp. 70–93.
1222:
Individual differences in language ability and language behavior
1142:
Wolfe-Quintero, Kate; Shunji, Inagaki; Hae-Young, Kim (1998).
1028:. Barkhuizen, Gary Patrick. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1383:
1381:
1062:
Chambers, Francine (1997). "What do we mean by fluency?".
1572:. INTERSPEECH 2018. Hyderabad, India. pp. 2018–1336.
1622:. APSIPA 2022. Chiang Mai, Thailand. pp. 2018–1336.
37:) refers to continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in
1620:
Proceedings of 2022 APSIPA Annual Summit and
Conference
581:
on the one hand, which is used in language ability or
1000:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 673.
723:
is a measurement both of production and reception of
857:
fluency in second-language learners or in children.
16:
Ability to deliver information quickly and correctly
1684:
1325:What research has to say about fluency instruction
763:language, the harder it is to acquire receptive (
1224:. New York, NY: Academic Press. pp. 85–101.
1681:"Common Misconceptions About Language Learning"
553:
19:"Fluent" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1509:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
940:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
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1407:"Second Language Acquisition in Childhood"
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1102:. Clevedon, U.K.: Multilingual Matters.
848:Automatic assessment of language fluency
713:, who may struggle with reading fluency.
234:Directed listening and thinking activity
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788:Second-language acquisition in children
743:, rhythm, and expressiveness of speech.
78:
1687:Languages in America: A Pluralist View
1657:
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1177:Studies in Second Language Acquisition
589:on the other hand with some overlap.
1400:
1398:
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812:Second-language acquisition in adults
7:
359:Reading differences and disabilities
998:Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education
41:. It is also used to characterize
1249:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00669.x
14:
1691:. Multilingual Matters. pp.
662:rather than an indicator of more
1474:Ward, David (December 9, 2006).
1448:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00649.x
1423:from the original on 2018-05-09.
1405:Paradis, Johanne (August 2006).
747:Written or compositional fluency
585:It is also used to characterize
157:The active view of reading model
86:
1300:from the original on 2017-10-19
1098:Guillot, Marie-Noëlle (1999).
758:In second-language acquisition
130:Scientific theories and models
1:
1076:10.1016/s0346-251x(97)00046-8
967:"Speech-language pathologist"
896:Speech and language pathology
654:on demand and be understood.
611:Fluency is the property of a
577:Fluency is a term concerning
1597:10.1016/j.specom.2020.10.001
1276:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90015-2
1726:Educational Practice Report
1478:. Hove : Psychology Press.
996:González, Josué M. (2008).
1794:
1717:McLaughlin, Barry (1992).
1026:Analysing learner language
769:critical period hypothesis
634:
152:Scarborough's Reading Rope
18:
1679:Dicker, Susan J. (2003).
1462:Adult Education Quarterly
1352:10.1080/00405849109543496
1189:10.1017/s0272263100011189
834:speech language pathology
828:Speech-language pathology
776:period of youth is over.
594:speech language pathology
381:Reading for special needs
54:speech language pathology
1220:Fillmore, C. J. (1979).
1100:Fluency and its teaching
687:or nonfluent in others.
269:Sustained silent reading
911:Eye movement in reading
804:for child L2 learners.
264:Structured word inquiry
21:Fluent (disambiguation)
1664:: CS1 maint: others (
187:Phonological awareness
142:Simple view of reading
112:Vocabulary development
45:, language ability or
1414:University of Alberta
792:Since childhood is a
711:learning disabilities
699:reading comprehension
635:Further information:
608:since at least 1993.
510:Functional illiteracy
1739:on 17 September 2012
1585:Speech Communication
1340:Theory into Practice
1264:Cognitive Psychology
774:language acquisition
736:Oral reading fluency
672:language acquisition
637:Language proficiency
583:language proficiency
403:Alphabetic principle
336:Automatic assessment
47:language proficiency
1521:2000ASAJ..107..989C
1024:Ellis, Rod (2005).
936:"Fluency Disorders"
901:Speech disfluencies
579:language production
423:History of printing
259:Reciprocal teaching
244:Independent reading
211:Reading instruction
170:Cognitive processes
117:Vocabulary learning
43:language production
1773:Oral communication
1768:Language education
886:Precision teaching
854:speech recognition
520:Literary criticism
376:Reading disability
182:Phonemic awareness
147:Science of reading
1778:Psycholinguistics
1702:978-1-85359-651-3
1436:Language Learning
1390:, pp. 88–92.
1294:www.nichd.nih.gov
1237:Language Learning
906:Synthetic phonics
623:quickly and with
598:speech production
587:speech production
570:
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490:Critical literacy
274:Synthetic phonics
249:Literature circle
137:Dual route theory
107:Reading readiness
39:speech production
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652:produce language
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1743:2 September
1708:2 September
1388:Dicker 2003
1198:10125/38649
876:Linguistics
751:composition
676:proficiency
660:performance
621:information
515:Great books
438:Orthography
328:Readability
1757:Categories
1538:2066/75034
1442:(3): 724.
1304:2017-10-18
977:2007-03-28
946:2023-03-11
917:References
842:stuttering
838:cluttering
707:vocabulary
606:stuttering
602:cluttering
573:Definition
530:Children's
525:Literature
453:Vocabulary
448:Sight word
371:Hyperlexia
341:Legibility
62:stuttering
58:cluttering
31:volubility
1660:cite book
1605:225125605
1591:: 69–79.
1360:0040-5841
1207:145464772
625:expertise
35:eloquency
1763:Language
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1555:15417273
1547:10687708
1494:65617513
1418:Archived
1298:Archived
1162:40664312
1118:44961785
1044:58970182
870:See also
765:auditory
664:concrete
646:appears
644:language
615:or of a
482:Literacy
433:Morpheme
428:Language
418:Grapheme
395:Language
366:Dyslexia
72:a series
70:Part of
1517:Bibcode
891:Reading
881:Phonics
703:prosody
642:of the
463:Writing
443:Phoneme
408:Braille
299:Fluency
254:Phonics
80:Reading
27:Fluency
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613:person
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1601:S2CID
1551:S2CID
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1203:S2CID
682:Types
648:fluid
1745:2015
1710:2015
1697:ISBN
1666:link
1648:OCLC
1638:ISBN
1543:PMID
1490:OCLC
1480:ISBN
1356:ISSN
1158:OCLC
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942:. nd
840:and
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1593:doi
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