792:
660:
280:. The same has been said about GM's decision in the 1960s and 1970s not to produce a 35 ft (11 m) "New Look" transit bus with an 8-cylinder engine. However, it is also possible that GM chose not to enter that market because the potential sales did not warrant the added costs of engineering and production. Another result of the consent decree, which was not settled in its entirety until 1965, was that GM was barred from having any of its officers or directors serve as an officer or director for any other bus manufacturing company. That provision would have applied to Kettering, had he not died in 1958.
780:
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32:
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221:, was closely associated with Flxible for almost the entire first half of the company's existence. In 1914, Flxible was incorporated with the help of Kettering, who then became president of the company and joined the board of directors. Kettering provided significant funding for the company in its early years, particularly after 1916, when he sold his firm, the
89:
378:, which were the first buses built with the problem rectified the following year. NYCTA attempted to get the remainder of its pending order for new buses transferred to GM, but was barred from doing so unless they could prove that the 870s were flawed and unsafe. The buses were eventually returned to Flxible, and were rebuilt and resold to
820:
228:
After selling Delco to GM in 1916, Kettering organized and ran a research laboratory at GM and, by the 1950s, held the position of vice president at GM. As a result of
Kettering's close relationship with both GM and Flxible, many GM parts were used in the production of Flxible vehicles, particularly
842:
The majority of vehicles owned by members are of the
Clipper series (Clipper, Visicoach, Starliner) that were produced from the 1930s until 1967. However, there are also quite a few "non-clipper" Flxible coaches that are owned, maintained, and operated by proud Flxible owners. This includes the
130:. It was founded in 1913 and closed in 1996. The company's production transitioned from highway coaches and other products to transit buses over the period 1953–1970, and during the years that followed, Flxible was one of the largest transit-bus manufacturers in North America.
570:
trolleybus system, which bought 77 units between the late 1990s and 2001. For these vehicles, Changzhou
Changjiang supplied the chassis and Metro-style bodies to the Hangzhou Changjiang Bus Company (in Hangzhou), and that company equipped them as trolleybuses.
549:
design and with the
Flxible name. The resulting company, China Flxible Auto Corporation, manufactured buses in a variety of lengths, from 8 m (26 ft 3 in) to 11 m (36 ft 1 in). These buses, which include both front- and
839:, and is dedicated to the preservation of buses and coaches produced by Flxible. The organization holds a rally in Loudonville biannually, in even-numbered years and normally in mid-July, where many preserved Flxible coaches and buses may be seen.
272:, GM was mandated to sell their bus components, engines, and transmissions to other manufacturers, free of royalties. However, in the early 1950s and prior to the consent decree, Flxible built a small number of buses with GM
373:
to remove the entire fleet from service. Soon, several other companies reported cracked 870 "A" frames. However, the frame issues primarily affected NYCTA 870s and not the 870s owned by the franchisees of the
406:
had also reported problems with their 870s. Regardless, NYCTA ordered fifty Metros in 1995, but
Flxible closed its doors before the order was produced, and NYCTA obtained the remaining new buses from
276:
while
Kettering still served on the board. It has been postulated that GM may have made its diesel engines available to Flxible to reduce the criticisms of GM's business practices that some felt were
791:
1814:
442:. However, Omaha ordered replacement buses in summer 2018 and retired its last Flxible buses before the end of that year. Subsequently, CARTA retired its last Flxible buses in October 2019.
506:(Diesel Nacional), to manufacture Flxible-designed intercity coaches, and this continued until the late 1980s. In 1965 and 1966, Flxible also licensed its "New Look" transit bus design to
975:
399:
1834:
1824:
1406:
225:, to GM for $ 2.5 million. Kettering continued to serve as president of Flxible, until he became chairman of the board in 1940, a position he held until his death in 1958.
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427:
395:
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designs, and share only their general exterior appearance with the
American-built Flxibles, were sold to many transit operators in major Chinese cities, including
375:
1399:
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Starliner, VL100 (VistaLiner), Hi Level, and
Flxliner as well as some of the more modern transit buses. Most of these vehicles have been converted to
1758:
332:
1839:
779:
450:
Flxible implemented a CAD program, CATIA, in the late 1990s to support production design. They were one of the first customers of IBM/Dassault.
386:. Grumman blamed the problems with the NYCTA 870s on NYCTA's poor maintenance practices at the time, despite the fact that transit operations in
403:
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countries. However, high import duties into these countries limited sales. In the early 1960s, Flxible began licensing a producer in Mexico,
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53:
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150:. The flexible mounting allowed the sidecar to lean on corners along with the motorcycle, and was based on a design patented by Young.
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1227:
1212:
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954:
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632:
383:
75:
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McPherson, Thomas A. (1993) "Flxible
Professional Vehicles: The Complete History" Toronto, Ontario, Specialty Vehicle Press, ISBN
331:, in 1974, with the original factory in Loudonville, Ohio, being used to manufacture parts and sub-assemblies. Flxible was sold to
1107:
659:
366:
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754:(1983–1996); METRO "A" (1983–1987), METRO "B" (1988–1991), METRO "C" (1992), METRO "D" (1993–1994) and METRO "E" (1995–1996)
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retired its last
Flxible buses in May 2015, after which the only known continued use of Flxible buses in service was by
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In 1994, Flxible's parent company, General Automotive Corporation, and three other American companies –
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became available in the 1920s, the motorcycle sidecar demand dropped and in 1924, Flxible turned to production of
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20:
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233:, a competing bus manufacturer, of which GM had been a majority owner since 1925. For example, most Flxible
192:, initially (1930s and early 1940s) built on GMC truck chassis, and powered with Buick Straight 8 engines.
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Flxible Owners International, an organization dedicated to the preservation of Flxible buses and coaches
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Flxible Owners International (see external link) was founded in the mid-1980s as an offshoot of the
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when Grumman sold the company in 1983 to General Automotive Corporation. In 1996, Flxible declared
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490:, showing the similarity to the Flxible Metro, and wearing a Flxible logo on the front.
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369:(NYCTA) developed cracks in their A-shaped underframes. This prompted NYCTA President
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In 1919, the company dropped the first "E" in "flexible" and changed its name to The
1369:
The Cleo Redd Fisher Museum, the official repository of the Flxible Company Archives
1115:
859:, a line of buses that competed with Flxible's last line of buses, the Flxible Metro
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200:
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By the mid-2010s, very few transit systems were still operating any Flxible buses.
230:
847:; however, there are still a few examples of seated coaches belonging to members.
252:
1723:
1703:
1585:
1575:
1327:
1029:
Morgan, Steve (September 2014). "The Flxible Metro – Catch Them While You Can".
844:
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584:
347:
and its assets were auctioned. The last Flxible vehicles were produced in 1995.
316:
161:
123:
119:
1058:
No. 283 (January–February 2009), p. 15. National Trolleybus Association (UK).
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692:
563:
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344:
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chassis, and Flxible's "Airway" model buses of the mid-1930s were built on a
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at the former Southern Coach factory until 1976. Flxible was purchased by
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Ohio Museum of Transportation – Flxible Transit Coach Production Lists
1773:
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551:
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301:
238:
165:
146:, to manufacture motorcycle sidecars with a flexible mounting to the
949:. Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antique Power, Inc. pp. 134, 204, 222.
865:, a bus manufacturer that has replaced Flxible in terms of dominance
819:
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818:
658:
644:
534:
487:
477:
467:
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251:
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311:. In 1964, Flxible purchased Southern Coach Manufacturing Co. of
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Company, and accepted its first order for transit buses from the
241:
and buses, from the mid-1920s to the early 1940s, were built on
157:
Company as the business looked for new opportunities to expand.
127:
1388:
1294:(February, 2001). National Bus Trader, Inc.: 16. Archived from
873:
578:
297:
25:
16:
American manufacturer of coaches and buses from 1913 to 1996
1379:
1368:
721:
VL-100 "VistaLiner" two-level intercity coach (1954–1959)
1143:"Injunctive Relief in Sherman Act Monopolization Cases"
1141:
Crandall, Robert W.; Elzinga, Kenneth G. (2002-04-24).
1337:
466:
Flxliner bus, in second-class service, berthed in the
138:
In 1913, Hugo H. Young and Carl F. Dudte founded the
566:
version was manufactured for only one operator, the
529: – entered into a joint venture with
1815:
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1913
1596:
1423:
1108:"Flxible buses parade through downtown Loudonville"
996:
McKane, John H. & Squier, Gerald L. (2006), 58.
987:
McKane, John H. & Squier, Gerald L. (2006), 17.
1152:. The Brookings Institution: 68–81. Archived from
1010:. Bus History Association. July 2015. p. 15.
428:Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority
1263:McKane, John H. & Squier, Gerald L. (2006).
1233:Luke, William A. & Metler, Linda L. (2004).
1218:Luke, William A. & Metler, Linda L. (2005).
1205:Flxible Intercity Buses: 1924–1970 Photo Archive
1175:The Complete Encyclopedia of Commercial Vehicles
684:"Clipper" intercity coach (1937–1942, 1944–1950)
1044:Getting Road-Ready: How a Bus Earns its Stripes
223:Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco)
1835:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1996
1825:Defunct bus manufacturers of the United States
1250:Flxible Transit Buses: 1953–1995 Photo Archive
110:") was an American manufacturer of motorcycle
1400:
1190:Flxible: A History of the Bus and the Company
1077:"1930 Flxible coach steals show at bus rally"
947:Flxible: A History of the Bus and the Company
675:Funeral car (1925–1942, 1946–1952, 1959–1964)
8:
739:"Flxette" light duty transit bus (1964–1976)
1328:History and Analysis of the Flxible Company
1316:, Woodland Hills, CA: Stauss Publications.
678:Ambulance (1925–1952, 1946–1952, 1959–1964)
613:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
357:Flxible Metro § Litigation resulting
1407:
1393:
1385:
1374:Images of Flxible buses in busexplorer.com
1192:, Yellow Springs, OH: Antique Power, Inc.
494:Flxible's intercity buses were popular in
376:New York City Department of Transportation
1820:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
1674:General Motors Diesel Division (GM Coach)
924:Learn how and when to remove this message
718:FT "Flxible Twin" transit bus (1953–1959)
633:Learn how and when to remove this message
327:and corporate headquarters were built in
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1759:Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
1150:Journal of Research in Law and Economics
1006:"Farewell to Portland's Last Flxibles".
887:This article includes a list of general
742:"Flxible" Cruiser Motor Home (1967–1969)
699:fighter aircraft, and Goodyear "L" type
39:This article includes a list of general
937:
763:
724:"StarLiner" intercity coach (1957–1967)
715:FL "Fageoliner" transit bus (1953–1954)
712:"VisiCoach" intercity coach (1950–1958)
706:"Airporter" intercity coach (1946–1950)
172:, which were primarily manufactured on
1220:City Transit Buses of the 20th Century
1033:. Bus History Association. p. 21.
736:"FlxLiner" intercity coach (1963–1969)
727:"Hi-Level" intercity coach (1959–1962)
669:Motorcycle sidecar (1913-early 1920s)
270:United States v. General Motors Corp.
7:
831:One of 131 Australian-built Clippers
681:"Airway" intercity coach (1932–1936)
611:adding citations to reliable sources
454:Production outside the United States
196:Charles Kettering and General Motors
1314:The Bus World Encyclopedia of Buses
1794:Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company
1458:Environmental Performance Vehicles
1265:Welcome Aboard the GM New Look Bus
893:it lacks sufficient corresponding
292:1947 Flxible Clipper highway coach
176:chassis, but also occasionally on
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1235:Highway Buses of the 20th Century
92:A 1987 Flxible Metro-A, owned by
878:
802:
790:
778:
766:
583:
545:, to produce buses based on the
30:
1046:August 16, 2018. Metro (Omaha).
971:United States v. General Motors
823:Clipper-era Flxible nose emblem
367:New York City Transit Authority
256:1955 Flxible VistaLiner (VL100)
229:prior to GM's 1943 purchase of
1840:1996 disestablishments in Ohio
1699:Les Enterprises Michel Corbeil
837:Family Motor Coach Association
482:A Changjiang CFC6110GD bus in
300:-manufacturing portion of the
296:In 1953, Flxible absorbed the
1:
1729:North American Bus Industries
1338:Ohio Museum of Transportation
1106:Brewer, Jim (July 21, 2008).
1075:Brewer, Jim (July 17, 2006).
414:Last transit buses in service
217:native and vice president of
126:, based in the U.S. state of
1354:, archived on 2005-08-28 on
815:Flxible Owners International
709:"C-1" intercity coach (1950)
335:in 1978 and became known as
260:In 1958, as a result of the
1845:1913 establishments in Ohio
1719:Millennium Transit Services
1679:GM Truck and Coach Division
1267:, Hudson, WI: Iconografix.
1252:, Hudson, WI: Iconografix.
1237:, Hudson, WI: Iconografix.
1222:, Hudson, WI: Iconografix.
1207:, Hudson, WI: Iconografix.
752:METRO "Advanced Design Bus"
672:Intercity coach (1924–1932)
1866:
1358:, retrieved on 2007-02-04.
1344:, retrieved on 2007-02-04.
1334:, retrieved on 2007-02-07.
525:, Mark IV Industries, and
432:Charleston, South Carolina
361:In the mid-1980s, several
354:
18:
1376:(Dead link, Feb 10, 2017)
1285:"Back to the Futurliners"
1203:Luke, William A. (2003).
1188:Ebert, Robert R. (2001).
945:Ebert, Robert R. (2001).
746:870 "Advanced Design Bus"
663:A Flxette minibus in 1984
404:Orange County, California
309:Chicago Transit Authority
140:Flexible Side Car Company
1659:Fifth Avenue Bus Company
1629:Canadian Car and Foundry
537:manufacturer located in
531:Changzhou Changjiang Bus
516:Ville St-Laurent, Quebec
19:Not to be confused with
1639:Crown Coach Corporation
1177:. Krause Publications.
908:more precise citations.
748:transit bus (1978–1982)
474:central terminal, 2006.
339:. The name reverted to
60:more precise citations.
1784:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles
1754:Superior Coach Company
1734:Optima Bus Corporation
1634:Carpenter Body Company
1525:Motor Coach Industries
832:
824:
731:"New Look" transit bus
664:
656:
491:
475:
365:buses operated by the
351:870 "A" frame problems
293:
257:
207:
166:funeral cars (hearses)
100:
1248:McKane, John (2001).
1112:Ashland Times-Gazette
1081:Ashland Times-Gazette
830:
822:
662:
648:
481:
461:
291:
255:
203:
91:
1850:Charles F. Kettering
1769:U.S. Bus Corporation
1749:St Louis Car Company
1118:on February 23, 2012
863:New Flyer Industries
607:improve this section
205:Charles F. Kettering
1789:White Motor Company
1739:Orion International
1312:Stauss, Ed (1988).
1292:National Bus Trader
1056:Trolleybus Magazine
446:Engineering program
392:Connecticut Transit
333:Grumman Corporation
323:in 1970, and a new
833:
825:
665:
657:
492:
476:
384:New Jersey Transit
315:, and built small
313:Evergreen, Alabama
294:
258:
208:
101:
1830:Cab over vehicles
1802:
1801:
1779:Wayne Corporation
1709:Marmon-Herrington
1644:Dupont Industries
1537:Phoenix Motorcars
1173:, Editor (1978).
934:
933:
926:
760:Buick conversions
643:
642:
635:
284:Bus manufacturing
215:Loudonville, Ohio
211:Charles Kettering
160:After low-priced
144:Loudonville, Ohio
120:intercity coaches
86:
85:
78:
1857:
1744:Pullman-Standard
1409:
1402:
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1289:
1283:Plachno, Larry.
1167:
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1147:
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1125:
1123:
1114:. Archived from
1103:
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1094:
1092:
1087:on March 2, 2012
1083:. Archived from
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974: (No. 15816
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904:this article by
895:inline citations
882:
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654:Flxible New Look
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543:Jiangsu province
514:manufacturer in
420:Portland, Oregon
380:Queen City Metro
114:, funeral cars,
98:Washington, D.C.
81:
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70:
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56:this article by
47:inline citations
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190:intercity buses
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104:The Flxible Co.
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355:Main article:
352:
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329:Delaware, Ohio
285:
282:
274:diesel engines
264:from the 1956
262:consent decree
219:General Motors
197:
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135:
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94:WMATA Metrobus
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
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592:This section
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547:Flxible Metro
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508:Canadair Ltd.
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436:Metro Transit
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106:(pronounced "
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69:
59:
55:
49:
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42:
37:
28:
27:
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1684:Goshen Coach
1668:
1463:Forest River
1417:bus builders
1355:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1313:
1303:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1291:
1277:
1264:
1249:
1234:
1219:
1204:
1189:
1174:
1161:. Retrieved
1154:the original
1149:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1111:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1080:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1031:Bus Industry
1030:
1024:
1008:Bus Industry
1007:
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992:
983:
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834:
629:
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605:Please help
593:
523:Roger Penske
520:
493:
449:
417:
360:
340:
336:
295:
278:monopolistic
269:
259:
231:Yellow Coach
227:
209:
159:
154:
152:
139:
137:
107:
103:
102:
96:, parked in
72:
63:
44:
1724:Neoplan USA
1704:Mack Trucks
1576:Volvo Buses
1356:archive.org
978: 1956).
906:introducing
845:motor homes
809:1963 hearse
797:1960 hearse
733:(1960–1978)
703:(1942–1945)
697:F4U Corsair
430:(CARTA) in
400:Los Angeles
363:Grumman 870
162:automobiles
58:introducing
1809:Categories
1764:Twin Coach
1614:AM General
1566:Trans Tech
1505:GreenPower
1305:2007-02-07
1163:2007-02-04
914:March 2009
889:references
870:References
687:Parts for
564:trolleybus
472:Guanajuato
371:David Gunn
345:bankruptcy
305:Twin Coach
266:anti-trust
235:ambulances
178:Studebaker
170:ambulances
148:motorcycle
116:ambulances
66:March 2020
41:references
1649:Eagle Bus
1609:Aerocoach
1604:ACF-Brill
1549:REV Group
1530:New Flyer
1520:NFI Group
1488:Starcraft
1431:Blue Bird
1064:0266-7452
1016:0739-7194
976:E.D.Mich.
594:does not
539:Changzhou
504:DINA S.A.
434:, and by
410:instead.
249:chassis.
247:Chevrolet
1689:Kenworth
1664:FitzJohn
1581:Nova Bus
1571:Vicinity
1561:Stallion
1542:Proterra
1500:Girardin
1478:ElDorado
1468:Champion
1352:omot.org
1342:omot.org
851:See also
693:M4 tanks
651:Unitrans
623:May 2018
575:Products
568:Hangzhou
560:Shanghai
512:aircraft
182:Cadillac
112:sidecars
108:flexible
21:Flexible
1669:Flxible
1597:Defunct
1586:Prevost
1473:Collins
1122:May 28,
1091:May 28,
902:improve
615:removed
600:sources
556:Beijing
535:Chinese
527:Carrier
498:and in
484:Beijing
396:Houston
388:Chicago
341:Flxible
325:factory
239:hearses
155:Flxible
134:History
54:improve
1654:Fageol
1619:AmTran
1510:IC Bus
1495:Gillig
1483:Glaval
1446:Thomas
1424:Active
1332:bw.edu
1320:
1271:
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1241:
1226:
1211:
1196:
1181:
1062:
1014:
953:
891:, but
701:blimps
552:engine
496:Mexico
424:TriMet
302:Fageol
268:case,
168:, and
43:, but
1441:Setra
1299:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1157:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
562:. A
550:rear-
510:, an
488:China
468:Silao
408:Orion
243:Buick
174:Buick
1714:MASA
1624:Beck
1515:Lion
1453:DINA
1318:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1124:2012
1093:2012
1060:ISSN
1012:ISSN
951:ISBN
598:any
596:cite
558:and
533:, a
464:DINA
402:and
382:and
213:, a
184:and
128:Ohio
122:and
1554:ENC
857:RTS
609:by
438:in
422:'s
394:,
298:bus
186:REO
142:in
1811::
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912:(
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621:(
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603:.
79:)
73:(
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64:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
