Hunter-gatherer - Knowledge (XXG)

1485: 1670: 1291: 1551:. A 2020 study inspired by this discovery found that of 27 identified burials with hunter gatherers of a known sex who were also buried with hunting tools, 11 were female hunter gatherers, while 16 were male hunter gatherers. Combined with uncertainties, these findings suggest that anywhere from 30 to 50 percent of big game hunters were female. A 2023 study that looked at studies of contemporary hunter gatherer societies from the 1800s to the present day found that women hunted in 79 percent of hunter gatherer societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies". 1555: 1615:

looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work on average, about 6.5 hours a day, whereas people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day. Sahlins' theory has been criticized for only including time spent hunting and gathering while omitting time spent on collecting firewood, food preparation, etc. Other scholars also assert that hunter-gatherer societies were not "affluent" but suffered from extremely high infant mortality, frequent disease, and perennial warfare.

1075: 2159: 1630: 2208: 49: 1443: 2039: 1961: 1510:(residence/domestic group) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be 1193: 1693:, the importance of plant food decreases and the importance of aquatic food increases. In cold and heavily forested environments, edible plant foods and large game are less abundant and hunter-gatherers may turn to aquatic resources to compensate. Hunter-gatherers in cold climates also rely more on stored food than those in warm climates. However, aquatic resources tend to be costly, requiring 2230: 1839: 1748: 1249: 1004: 1897: 1818: 1362: 5565: 1802:, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years. 1652:

as them than poorer members of their community and indeed hunter-gatherer societies demonstrate an understanding of social stratification. Thus while the researchers agreed that hunter-gatherers were more egalitarian than modern societies, prior characterisations of them living in a state of egalitarian primitive communism were inaccurate and misleading.

1189:, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies may have been in use sequentially, alternately or even simultaneously. 1669: 2193: 1403:, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary. Amongst the earliest example of permanent settlements is the Osipovka culture (14–10.3 thousand years ago), which lived in a fish-rich environment that allowed them to be able to stay at the same place all year. One group, the 2179:

have suggested that the term Hunter-gatherer is reductive because it implies that Native Americans never stayed in one place long enough to affect the environment around them. However, many of the landscapes in the Americas today are due to the way the Natives of that area originally tended the land.

5549:

Most cross-cultural research aims to understand shared traits among hunter-gatherers and how and why they vary. Here we look at the conclusions of cross-cultural studies that ask: What are recent hunter-gatherers generally like? How do they differ from food producers? How and why do hunter-gatherers

1586:

was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were

2122:

climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers. Individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, however, and thus archaeologists have identified a pattern of increasing regional

1775:

results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that the risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure

1754:

couple on a hunting and gathering trip in the llanos of Venezuela. The man carries a bow, three steel-tipped arrows, and a hat that resembles the head of a jabiru stork as camouflage to approach near enough to deer for a shot. The woman carries a steel-tipped digging stick and a carrying basket for

1651:

amongst hunter-gatherers was 0.25, equivalent to the country of Denmark in 2007. In addition, wealth transmission across generations was also a feature of hunter-gatherers, meaning that "wealthy" hunter-gatherers, within the context of their communities, were more likely to have children as wealthy

1534:

down quarry. In the Australian Martu, both women and men participate in hunting but with a different style of gendered division; while men are willing to take more risks to hunt bigger animals such as kangaroo for political gain as a form of "competitive magnanimity", women target smaller game such

1655:

This study, however, exclusively examined modern hunter-gatherer communities, offering limited insight into the exact nature of social structures that existed prior to the Neolithic Revolution. Alain Testart and others have said that anthropologists should be careful when using research on current

1614:

than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their "affluence" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. Later, in 1996, Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies

1517:

The conventional assumption has been that women did most of the gathering, while men concentrated on big game hunting. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. A recent study suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental

180:

In addition to men, a single study found that women engage in hunting in 79% of modern hunter-gatherer societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide

168:

groups in most parts of the world. Across Western Eurasia, it was not until approximately 4,000 BC that farming and metallurgical societies completely replaced hunter-gatherers. These technologically advanced societies expanded faster in areas with less forest, pushing hunter-gatherers into denser

2183:

California Indians view the idea of wilderness in a negative light. They believe that wilderness is the result of humans losing their knowledge of the natural world and how to care for it. When the earth turns back to wilderness after the connection with humans is lost then the plants and animals

1660:

era, emphasising cross-cultural influences, progress and development that such societies have undergone in the past 10,000 years. As such, the combined anthropological and archaeological evidence to date continues to favour previous understandings of early hunter-gatherers as largely egalitarian.

1980:

There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence or with modifications that perpetuate the viability of hunting and gathering in the 21st century. One such group is the

1779:

One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarianism and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed

1262:

Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were

1956:

Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.

1739:. For example, tropical hunter-gatherers may have an excess of protein but be deficient in carbohydrates, and conversely tropical horticulturalists may have a surplus of carbohydrates but inadequate protein. Trading may thus be the most cost-effective means of acquiring carbohydrate resources. 1618:

Researchers Gurven and Kaplan have estimated that around 57% of hunter-gatherers reach the age of 15. Of those that reach 15 years of age, 64% continue to live to or past the age of 45. This places the life expectancy between 21 and 37 years. They further estimate that 70% of deaths are due to

2180:

Anderson specifically looks at California Natives and the practices they utilized to tame their land. Some of these practices included pruning, weeding, sowing, burning, and selective harvesting. These practices allowed them to take from the environment in a sustainable manner for centuries.

2013:

of Venezuela also live in an area that is inhospitable to large scale economic exploitation and maintain their subsistence based on hunting and gathering, as well as incorporating a small amount of manioc horticulture that supplements, but is not replacing, reliance on foraged foods.

1208:

period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherer bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools such as

2938:

The Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of the European region spanned by France, Czechoslovakia, and the Ukraine led a hunting life resembling that of the people of Mal'ta and Buret' and built similar dwellings of matching construction from the bones of extinct large

1263:

formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition,

1787:, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in 2621:

Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (2019-08-30). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use".

1525:

A 1986 study found most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labor. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunted the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. Among the

1177:

or that had died of natural causes. Scientists have demonstrated that the evidence for early human behaviors for hunting versus carcass scavenging vary based on the ecology, including the types of predators that existed and the environment.

1715:

is important in assessing the quality of game among hunter-gatherers, to the point that lean animals are often considered secondary resources or even starvation food. Consuming too much lean meat leads to adverse health effects like

1484: 1173:, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by 2103:. American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making 1646:

A 2010 paper argued that while hunter-gatherers may have lower levels of inequality than modern, industrialised societies, that does not mean inequality does not exist. The researchers estimated that the average

1535:

as lizards to feed their children and promote working relationships with other women, preferring a more constant supply of sustenance. In 2018, 9000-year-old remains of a female hunter along with a toolkit of

5525:

Our results suggest that the mortality due to violence was low and spatio-temporally highly restricted in the Jomon period, which implies that violence including warfare in prehistoric Japan was not common.

1306:

As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first

1391:

or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.

1622:

Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a "

2892:

Dolitsky, Alexander B.; Ackerman, Robert E.; Aigner, Jean S.; Bryan, Alan L.; Dennell, Robin; Guthrie, R. Dale; Hoffecker, John F.; Hopkins, David M.; Lanata, José Luis; Workman, William B. (1985).

3287: 3883: 1809:

of the so-called mixed-economies or dual economies which imply a combination of food procurement (gathering and hunting) and food production or when foragers have trade relations with farmers.

169:

woodlands. Only the middle-late Bronze Age and Iron Age societies were able to fully replace hunter-gatherers in their final stronghold located in the most densely forested areas. Unlike their

4096:

Sackett, Ross. 1996. "Time, energy, and the indolent savage. A quantitative cross-cultural test of the primitive affluence hypothesis". Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles. via

1290: 4097: 4892:

Kramer, Karen L.; Greaves, Russell D. (2016). "Diversify or replace: what happens when cultigens are introduced into hunter-gatherer diets.". In Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L. (eds.).

1728:

results in the body using the protein as energy, possibly leading to protein deficiency. Lean meat especially becomes a problem when animals go through a lean season that requires them to

1063:. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers lived in groups that consisted of several families resulting in a size of a few dozen people. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the 1431:

or "Bushmen" of southern Africa have social customs that strongly discourage hoarding and displays of authority, and encourage economic equality via sharing of food and material goods.

1972:

in 1939. According to Peterson (1998), the island population was isolated for 6,000 years until the 18th century. In 1929, three-quarters of the population supported themselves on

3916: 2691:

Gavashelishvili, A; et al. (2023), "The time and place of origin of South Caucasian languages: insights into past human societies, ecosystems and human population genetics",

1450:

The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives,

4460: 1701:

technology, and this may have impeded their intensive use in prehistory. Marine food probably did not start becoming prominent in the diet until relatively recently, during the

1481:

Most anthropologists believe that hunter-gatherers do not have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed.

1338:

As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.

1034: 2391: 1396: 5638: 3426:

Erdal, David; Whiten, Andrew; Boehm, Christopher; Knauft, Bruce (April 1994). "On Human Egalitarianism: An Evolutionary Product of Machiavellian Status Escalation?" (

7396: 7137: 6733: 3343: 1953:(or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24–29; see Wilmsen) 7613: 2061:), that existed between 47,000 and 14,000 years ago. Around 18,500–15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct 7505: 7352: 6861: 1771:(2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard 5263: 5244: 2111:

tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.

7184: 6635: 3295: 1767:, available technology, and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard 4917: 3891: 2744: 4068: 5432:"New evidence for Southeast Asian Pleistocene foraging economies: faunal remains from the early levels of Lang Rongrien rockshelter, Krabi, Thailand" 4534: 3948: 5058:. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Tennessee Historical Society. Online Edition provided by: The University of Tennessee Press 3317: 4002:

Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Bird, Douglas W. (2008-08-01). "Why women hunt: risk and contemporary foraging in a Western Desert aboriginal community".

1554: 3106: 1027: 4804: 3723:

Erdal, D. & Whiten, A. (1996) "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian Intelligence in Human Evolution" in Mellars, P. & Gibadfson, K. (eds)

3650:

Gintis, Herbert, Carel van Schaik, and Christopher Boehm. 2019. “Zoon Politikon: The Evolutionary Origins of Human Socio-Political Systems.”

5131: 4865: 5631: 1969: 1118:

species. Major extinctions were incurred in Australia beginning approximately 50,000 years ago and in the Americas about 15,000 years ago.

2774:"Female foragers sometimes hunt, yet gendered divisions of labor are real: a comment on Anderson et al. (2023) The Myth of Man the Hunter" 1949:

Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after

7545: 3741: 1407:, had the highest recorded population density of any known hunter and gatherer society with an estimated 21.6 persons per square mile. 5411: 5345: 5303: 5254: 5175: 5141: 5108: 4901: 4837: 4558: 4491: 4415: 3624:

Erdal, D. and A. Whiten 1996. "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelligence in human evolution". In, P. Mellars and K. Gibson (eds),

3577: 3485: 3451: 3404: 3327: 2957: 2848: 2823: 462: 177:

counterparts, Neolithic societies could not establish themselves in dense forests, and Copper Age societies had only limited success.

3698: 6762: 5668: 4366: 4341: 4316: 4120: 1936: 1878: 1610:

had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more

1020: 397: 4110: 7498: 6856: 4136: 1856: 5481:"Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan: the spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period" 1079: 7381: 6772: 5810: 5624: 2406: 5098: 3147:"Conceptual Premises in Experimental Design and Their Bearing on the Use of Analogy: An Example from Experiments on Cut Marks" 5390: 5366: 5324: 5284: 5233: 5212: 4659: 4517: 4443: 4061: 3708: 3681: 3227: 2605: 2581: 2143:

traditions. These regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed

2115: 1860: 563: 5011:"Mitochondrial DNA Studies of Native Americans: Conceptions and Misconceptions of the Population Prehistory of the Americas" 1419:

social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America and the

6994: 6524: 5784: 3502: 1008: 903: 873: 623: 613: 31: 3806: 2009:

and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them. The Savanna

1918: 1907: 6989: 6529: 6002: 2033: 2029: 1182: 933: 181:

body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies". Only a few contemporary societies of

35: 1606:", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", as 7491: 5955: 4269: 3590:

Erdal, D.; Whiten, A. (1994). "On human egalitarianism: an evolutionary product of Machiavellian status escalation?".

2571: 1284: 1111: 5569: 5479:

Nakao, Hisashi; Tamura, Kohei; Arimatsu, Yui; Nakagawa, Tomomi; Matsumoto, Naoko; Matsugi, Takehiko (30 March 2016).

5852: 5431: 7257: 7058: 3475: 3441: 3394: 2870: 1131: 4748: 4184:

Smith; Alden, Eric; Hill, Kim; Marlowe, Frank W.; Nolin, David; Wiessner, Polly; Gurven, Michael; Bowles, Samuel;

3863:

Knight, C. 2008. "Early human kinship was matrilineal". In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.),

2865: 1849: 7638: 7628: 6969: 6878: 4185: 2322: 1603: 856: 784: 205: 4896:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research Press and University of New Mexico Press. pp. 15–42. 1341:

Archaeologists can use evidence such as stone tool use to track hunter-gatherer activities, including mobility.

7633: 7252: 6344: 5889: 1735:

In areas where plant and fish resources are scarce, hunter-gatherers may trade meat with horticulturalists for

1619:

diseases of some kind, 20% of deaths come from violence or accidents and 10% are due to degenerative diseases.

1332: 392: 2518:

involves gathering of food (and sometimes other materials) in the context of an urban or suburban environment.

4921: 2839:

Greaves, Russell D.; et al. (2016). "Economic activities of twenty-first century foraging populations".

7592: 7582: 7369: 7279: 6451: 6218: 6037: 5970: 5702: 4766:"The causes and scope of political egalitarianism during the Last Glacial: A multi-disciplinary perspective" 1119: 958: 908: 789: 517: 387: 4404:

Torrence, Robin (1989). "Retooling: Towards a behavioral theory of stone tools". In Torrence, Robin (ed.).

4065: 1522:

the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.

7525: 7457: 7331: 6937: 6828: 6816: 6512: 6253: 6092: 5729: 5663: 5647: 5376: 2773: 2128: 1965: 1563: 1095: 968: 367: 6399: 4151: 4080: 3956: 2366: 146:

for food production, although the boundaries between the two ways of living are not completely distinct.

7196: 7132: 7006: 6699: 6625: 6394: 6332: 6208: 6156: 6149: 5695: 5591:

A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths

3217: 2843:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research, University of New Mexico Press. pp. 241–62. 2132: 2073: 2006: 1990: 1115: 1107: 963: 608: 298: 268: 253: 150: 76: 5597: 3069:

Koch, Paul L.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (2006-01-01). "Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate".

2894:"Siberian Paleolithic Archaeology: Approaches and Analytic Methods [and Comments and Replies]" 7413: 7408: 7391: 7386: 7364: 7154: 6868: 6721: 6613: 6517: 6310: 5995: 5965: 5794: 5737: 4475: 4431: 4383: 4258:"Some Major Problems in the Social Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers [and Comments and Reply]" 3818: 3015: 2785: 2700: 2631: 2327: 2282: 2069: 1914: 1826: 1068: 868: 676: 573: 537: 382: 315: 263: 161: 7540: 7452: 7063: 6922: 6755: 6288: 6161: 6042: 6017: 5598:"Ethnological videos clips. Living or recently extinct traditional tribal groups and their origins" 3051: 2509: 2337: 2332: 1788: 1575: 1475: 1454:, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an 1436: 1186: 978: 923: 918: 851: 841: 527: 362: 143: 2176: 1798:

is not necessarily a one-way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an

1347:

is the field of study whereby food plants of various peoples and tribes worldwide are documented.

7623: 7403: 7306: 7208: 7021: 6416: 6203: 5933: 5899: 5586:

The Association of Foragers: An international association for teachers of hunter-gatherer skills.

5464: 5076: 5030: 4991: 4983: 4861: 4785: 4692: 4675:

Lee, Richard B.; Guenther, Mathias (1995). "Errors Corrected or Compounded? A Reply to Wilmsen".

4289: 4281: 4035: 3787: 3607: 3551: 3268: 3260: 3182: 3174: 3086: 2929: 2921: 2673: 2476: 2287: 2272: 1994: 1806: 1531: 1489: 1356: 1328: 1308: 1201: 1099: 983: 943: 814: 719: 338: 320: 310: 303: 182: 4966:

Fladmark, K. R. (January 1979). "Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America".

2491: 2212: 2088: 1259:

was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period.

1067:

period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the

3427: 7643: 7445: 7435: 7425: 7374: 7031: 6243: 6228: 6213: 6193: 6084: 6063: 5874: 5717: 5516: 5407: 5386: 5362: 5341: 5320: 5299: 5280: 5250: 5229: 5208: 5171: 5137: 5104: 4897: 4843: 4833: 4827: 4655: 4630: 4554: 4513: 4439: 4411: 4362: 4337: 4312: 4219: 4116: 4057: 4027: 4019: 3846: 3704: 3677: 3573: 3543: 3481: 3447: 3400: 3323: 3223: 3166: 3033: 2984: 2913: 2844: 2819: 2726: 2665: 2657: 2601: 2577: 2356: 2307: 2297: 2257: 2124: 1986: 1717: 1706: 1536: 1459: 1451: 1221:

period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices.

1205: 1162: 1135: 1087: 836: 588: 568: 355: 348: 343: 5298:. Santa Fe, Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research Press, University of New Mexico Press. 3985:"Ju/'Hoan Women's Tracking Knowledge And Its Contribution To Their Husbands' Hunting Success" 3082: 1252:

A global map illustrating the decline of foraging/fishing/hunting/gathering around the world.

7565: 7555: 7440: 7347: 7090: 6932: 6873: 6593: 6549: 6349: 6171: 6022: 5982: 5678: 5506: 5498: 5454: 5446: 5022: 4975: 4777: 4727: 4719: 4710:

Lee, Richard B. (1992). "Art, Science, or Politics? The Crisis in Hunter-Gatherer Studies".

4684: 4620: 4610: 4546: 4483: 4273: 4209: 4201: 4166: 4011: 3836: 3826: 3779: 3749: 3655: 3599: 3535: 3252: 3158: 3115: 3078: 3023: 2974: 2966: 2905: 2793: 2716: 2708: 2647: 2639: 2527: 2456: 2302: 2216: 2158: 2136: 2108: 1648: 1629: 1599: 1455: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1280: 1256: 829: 764: 749: 701: 691: 685: 658: 643: 414: 377: 135: 42: 3805:

Hawkes, K.; O'Connell, J. F.; Jones, N. G. Blurton; Alvarez, H. P.; Charnov, E. L. (1998).

3362: 2951:

Sandom, Christopher; Faurby, Søren; Sandel, Brody; Svenning, Jens-Christian (4 June 2014).

2207: 185:

are still classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with

7618: 7575: 7462: 7321: 7291: 7053: 6981: 6959: 6917: 6812: 6782: 6647: 6642: 6293: 6176: 5747: 5485: 4072: 3971:

Essai sur les fondements de la division sexuelle du travail chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs.

3372: 2411: 2262: 1998: 1462:

that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of

1299: 1267:

has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In

953: 878: 774: 734: 729: 696: 542: 522: 512: 502: 487: 467: 402: 288: 213: 52: 48: 4384:"Causes of Toolkit Variation Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Test of Four Competing Hypotheses" 3674:

Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader on Hunter-Gatherer Economics and the Environment

3477:

The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific

2524:

involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields.

2512:, which strives for the abolishment of civilization and the return to a life in the wild. 2083:

Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the

4479: 3822: 3019: 2789: 2721: 2704: 2635: 1074: 7587: 7430: 7357: 7179: 7144: 7075: 6964: 6836: 6544: 6129: 6119: 5921: 5511: 5480: 4649: 4625: 4598: 4575: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4214: 4189: 3367: 2979: 2952: 2818:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research, University of New Mexico Press. 2797: 2549: 2436: 2140: 2092: 1993:

has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism). Another are the

1702: 1583: 1571: 1511: 1442: 1404: 1230: 1123: 1059: 938: 754: 648: 492: 5532: 5055: 4248:; Legros, Dominique; Linkenbach, Antje; Morton, John; Peterson, Nicolas; Raju, D. R.; 3917:"Men are hunters, women are gatherers. That was the assumption. A new study upends it" 2038: 7607: 7316: 7301: 7247: 7122: 7110: 7026: 6949: 6777: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6426: 6337: 6266: 6007: 5950: 5928: 5837: 5769: 5764: 5742: 5494: 5273: 5010: 4995: 4696: 4237: 4170: 3841: 3791: 3272: 3213: 3119: 2933: 2677: 2486: 2481: 2471: 2431: 2376: 2267: 2054: 2043: 2023: 2010: 1751: 1725: 1607: 1544: 1527: 1463: 1369: 1365: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1146: 988: 973: 779: 769: 759: 744: 724: 653: 497: 419: 330: 293: 283: 273: 157: 100: 88: 87:, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild 5468: 5034: 4789: 4293: 4039: 3984: 3611: 3186: 3090: 2530:, which strives to achieve a diet similar to that of ancient hunter-gatherer groups. 7560: 7235: 7191: 7172: 7127: 6999: 6927: 6851: 6673: 6608: 6603: 6559: 6186: 6068: 6032: 6012: 5864: 5842: 5754: 2953:"Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change" 2496: 2461: 2451: 2441: 2426: 2421: 2386: 2371: 2277: 2242: 2233: 2163: 2084: 2002: 1960: 1760: 1736: 1676: 1623: 1579: 1507: 1458:. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by 1150: 1138:

hunter-gatherers entered North America from the North Asian mammoth steppe via the

1053: 863: 739: 603: 598: 593: 578: 532: 507: 482: 477: 424: 278: 186: 104: 7284: 4805:"Demographic transition in a hunter-gatherer population: the Tiwi case, 1929–1996" 4723: 3539: 3344:"Cooking secrets of the Neolithic era revealed in groundbreaking scientific tests" 5401: 5380: 5356: 5335: 5314: 5223: 5202: 5077:"Blame North America Megafauna Extinction On Climate Change, Not Human Ancestors" 4405: 3659: 7535: 7274: 7264: 7220: 7215: 7167: 7105: 7041: 6942: 6787: 6709: 6630: 6618: 6411: 6379: 6364: 6354: 6325: 6283: 6198: 6166: 6114: 6047: 5884: 5759: 2446: 2361: 2292: 2229: 2100: 2062: 1973: 1950: 1838: 1795: 1784: 1657: 1634: 1416: 1344: 1276: 1238: 1226: 1222: 1210: 1048: 928: 883: 846: 824: 819: 432: 407: 190: 165: 164:, hunter-gatherers who did not change were displaced or conquered by farming or 116: 56: 3811:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2712: 2596:

Richard B. Lee & Richard Daly, “Introduction: Foragers & Others,” in:

1248: 1192: 7418: 7311: 7269: 7085: 7048: 7011: 6494: 6406: 6271: 6233: 6134: 6107: 6027: 5940: 5857: 5825: 5779: 5690: 5658: 5275:

The Other Side Of Eden: hunter-gatherers, farmers and the shaping of the world

4870: 4781: 4550: 4487: 4245: 3162: 2515: 2466: 2416: 2401: 2351: 2252: 1982: 1799: 1729: 1592: 1428: 1295: 1154: 1064: 1051:

strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by

258: 226: 170: 153: 4847: 4056:

R.B. Lee and I. DeVore (New York: Aldine Publishing Company) pp. 85–89.

4023: 3935:

Women Like Meat. The folklore and foraging ideology of the Kalahari Ju/'hoan.

3547: 3170: 2917: 2661: 7570: 7326: 7225: 7117: 7095: 7080: 6895: 6678: 6663: 6588: 6571: 6489: 6374: 6305: 6300: 6223: 6102: 5990: 5916: 5683: 5673: 4942: 4615: 3526:

Cashdan, Elizabeth A. (1980). "Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers".

3104:

Binford, Louis (1986). "Human ancestors: Changing views of their behavior".

3028: 3003: 2643: 2152: 2065: 2047: 1817: 1764: 1559: 1502:

Within a particular tribe or people, hunter-gatherers are connected by both

1432: 1361: 1275:, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the 1218: 1174: 948: 472: 437: 372: 236: 231: 132: 128: 5520: 5502: 4829:

In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)

4634: 4223: 4031: 3831: 3037: 2988: 2970: 2730: 2669: 1106:

as well as the extinction of all other human species. Humans spread to the

149:

Hunting and gathering was humanity's original and most enduring successful

5564: 5450: 3850: 3637:

Gintis, Herbert. 2013. “The Evolutionary Roots of Human Hyper-Cognition.”

2745:"The Theory That Men Evolved to Hunt and Women Evolved to Gather Is Wrong" 1783:

Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the

1003: 41:"Plant gathering" redirects here. For the hobby or academic activity, see 7100: 7036: 6841: 6581: 6576: 6484: 6359: 6181: 6144: 6124: 5616: 2521: 2381: 2104: 2058: 1822: 1759:

Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on

1656:

hunter-gatherer societies to determine the structure of societies in the

1467: 1170: 1139: 325: 174: 124: 112: 84: 4815:. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. 3443:

Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory

3243:

Blades, B (2003). "End scraper reduction and hunter-gatherer mobility".

3178: 3146: 3052:"Genetic Analysis Reveals Previously Unknown Group of Ancient Siberians" 2652: 17: 7514: 7162: 7068: 6954: 6912: 6888: 6668: 6474: 6384: 6238: 6139: 6097: 5960: 5879: 5832: 5820: 5459: 5026: 4285: 4257: 3264: 2925: 2893: 2196: 2144: 1863: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1721: 1720:, and can in extreme cases lead to death. Additionally, a diet high in 1698: 1690: 1638: 1611: 1503: 1471: 1424: 1214: 1158: 1127: 1083: 681: 457: 120: 108: 5585: 5580: 4987: 4732: 3807:"Grandmothering, Menopause, and the Evolution of Human Life-Histories" 3555: 7483: 7230: 6907: 6767: 6745: 6598: 6534: 6479: 5869: 5847: 5815: 5789: 2247: 1420: 1400: 1234: 1166: 1103: 809: 92: 5590: 5581:

History of the Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies (CHAGS)

3884:"Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions" 3288:"Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions" 3256: 2192: 2076:

ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using

4979: 4688: 4277: 4205: 4015: 3783: 3603: 3319:

Climate Changes in the Holocene : Impacts and Human Adaptation

2909: 2087:

of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the

1747: 1082:

people in the Baikal region of Siberia lived in dwellings built of

7550: 7296: 7016: 6900: 6750: 6704: 6566: 6421: 6369: 6315: 5945: 5911: 4943:"The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health" 4765: 3973:

Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.

2396: 2312: 2228: 2206: 2191: 2157: 2096: 2037: 1959: 1816: 1746: 1673: 1668: 1628: 1553: 1540: 1483: 1441: 1388: 1360: 1324: 1289: 1247: 1242: 1229:, and also independently originated in many other areas including 1191: 1073: 96: 72: 2107:

styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period

27:

Peoples who forage or hunt for most or all of their food and life

7242: 7203: 6883: 6683: 6539: 6469: 6389: 6261: 5774: 5358:

Forager-traders in South and Southeast Asia: long term histories

5009:

Eshleman, Jason A.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Smith, David Glenn (2003).

2317: 2148: 2119: 2077: 1694: 1588: 1548: 139: 80: 7487: 6810: 6449: 5715: 5620: 5601: 6846: 6554: 6320: 6278: 5296:

Why forage?: hunters and gatherers in the twenty-first century

4052:

Sahlins, M. (1968). "Notes on the Original Affluent Society",

3770:

Marlowe, Frank W. (2004). "Marital residence among foragers".

1890: 1832: 1712: 75:

living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived

4894:

Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century

4436:

The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Life ways

2841:

Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century

2816:

Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-first Century

1642:

ceremony (bear sending). Japanese scroll painting, circa 1870

123:). This is a common practice among most vertebrates that are 4311:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46. 3480:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–5, 242. 30:"Hunting and gathering" redirects here. For other uses, see 5133:

The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas

4651:

Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari

4190:"Wealth transmission and inequality among hunter-gatherers" 3004:"Body size downgrading of mammals over the late Quaternary" 2057:

from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (

5576:

International Society for Hunter Gatherer Research (ISHGR)

5246:

A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution

5204:

Hunter-gatherers in history, archaeology and anthropology

2080:, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America. 1805:

Nowadays, some scholars speak about the existence within

1302:

in South Africa. Many San still live as hunter-gatherers.

5608: 5337:

First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America

5225:

Hunter-gatherers: archaeological and evolutionary theory

4920:. National Geographic Society. 1996–2008. Archived from 4382:

Collard, Mark; Kemery, Michael; Banks, Samantha (2005).

4361:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 75. 4336:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 74. 4112:

War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage

3949:"Sex-Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge, Study Says" 2053:

Evidence suggests big-game hunter-gatherers crossed the

2030:

Aboriginal peoples in Canada § Paleo-Indians period

1539:

and animal processing implements were discovered at the

4359:

The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum

4334:

The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum

4309:

The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum

1283:

by humans, one of several explanations offered for the

156:

in the natural world, occupying at least 90 percent of

4459:

Portera, Claire C.; Marlowe, Frank W. (January 2007).

5575: 2598:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters & Gatherers

1917:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1110:

and the Americas for the first time, coincident with

5021:. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign: 7–18. 4918:"Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project" 4576:"The Persistence of Hunting and Gathering Economies" 4533:

Hayes-Bohanan, Pamela (2010). Birx, H. James (ed.).

3071:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

2162:

Indigenous people at a Brazilian farm plantation in

2068:

along ice-free corridors that stretched between the

1057:, and from its appearance some 200,000 years ago by 7340: 7153: 6980: 6827: 6692: 6656: 6505: 6462: 6252: 6083: 6056: 5981: 5898: 5803: 5728: 4510:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers

4438:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 31. 2118:saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more 5382:Hunter-gatherers: an interdisciplinary perspective 5294:Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L., eds. (2016). 5272: 4871:"North Sentinel Island: A Glimpse Into Prehistory" 4081:"Hunter-Gatherers and the Mythology of the Market" 3746:Lecture 8 Subsistence, Ecology and Food production 2814:Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L., eds. (2016). 2616: 2614: 1427:) are an exception to this rule. For example, the 3133:The Last Rain Forests: A World Conservation Atlas 2392:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 1397:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 5430:Mudar, Karen; Anderson, Douglas D. (Fall 2007). 3002:Smith, Felisa A.; et al. (April 20, 2018). 4539:21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook 4085:Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers 2743:Ocobock, Cara; Lacy, Sarah (November 1, 2023). 1829:of Wyoming, photographed by Percy Jackson, 1870 1225:originated as early as 12,000 years ago in the 5379:; R. H. Layton; P. Rowley-Conwy, eds. (2001). 4410:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–66. 7499: 5632: 5609:Hunter-gatherer bibliographic site (HGCOSMOS) 5313:Lee, Richard B.; DeVore, Irven, eds. (1968). 4753:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 247. 4599:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence" 4508:Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard, eds. (1999). 3983:Biesele, Megan; Barclay, Steve (March 2001). 3393:Widlok, Thomas; Tadesse, Wolde Gossa (2006). 1794:The transition from hunting and gathering to 1028: 8: 5355:Morrison, K. D.; L. L. Junker, eds. (2002). 4832:. University Press of America. p. 357. 4150:Guenevere, Michael; Kaplan, Hillard (2007). 5170:. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–10. 5103:. Cambridge University Press. p. 151. 4750:Ethnicity, Hunter-Gatherers and the 'Other' 4563:– via Gale Virtual Reference Library. 3652:Behavioural Processes, Behavioral Evolution 1395:Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the 7506: 7492: 7484: 6824: 6807: 6459: 6446: 5904: 5725: 5712: 5639: 5625: 5617: 5130:Stuart B. Schwartz, Frank Salomon (1999). 4066:"Managing abundance, not chasing scarcity" 3446:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 1035: 1021: 200: 5510: 5458: 4731: 4624: 4614: 4213: 3840: 3830: 3735: 3733: 3628:Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs. 3430:). Current Anthropology. 35 (2): 175–183. 3027: 2978: 2772:Venkataraman, et al. (May 7, 2024). 2720: 2651: 1937:Learn how and when to remove this message 1879:Learn how and when to remove this message 1196:Hunter-gatherers (yellow) 4,000 years ago 1047:Hunting and gathering was presumably the 5243:Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert (2011). 4803:Peterson, Nicolas; Taylor, John (1998). 4115:. Oxford University Press. p. 272. 3727:. Cambridge MacDonald Monograph Series. 3083:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415 1913:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1780:return foragers store the surplus food. 1591:in territorial boundaries as well as in 47: 4252:; Smith, Eric Alden; Walter, M. Susan; 2866:"Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Societies" 2540: 2184:will retreat and hide from the humans. 1200:Starting at the transition between the 212: 5340:. Berkeley: University of California. 3568:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2007). 3107:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1604:Notes on the Original Affluent Society 1435:defined this socio-economic system as 7614:Anthropological categories of peoples 5600:. Andaman Association. Archived from 5161: 5159: 4098:Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 146347757 3910: 3908: 3877: 3875: 3873: 1311:in agricultural centers, such as the 1217:. The transition into the subsequent 1130:, bison and woolly rhinoceroses. The 107:, or anything safe to eat, and/or by 7: 4461:"How marginal are forager habitats?" 4152:"Longevity amongst Hunter-gatherers" 3947:Lovgren, Stefan (December 7, 2006). 3748:. Harvard University. Archived from 2864:Groeneveld, Emma (9 December 2016). 2809: 2807: 2767: 2765: 2600:(Cambridge University Press, 1999), 1861:adding citations to reliable sources 1518:organizational innovation that gave 4188:; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (2010). 3135:by David Attenborough, Mark Collins 1813:Modern and revisionist perspectives 1126:of Siberia and survived by hunting 1122:lived in extreme conditions of the 1094:The Late Pleistocene witnessed the 138:, which rely mainly on cultivating 4574:Svizzero, S.; Tisdell, C. (2015). 3361:Pringle, Heather (22 April 2015). 3145:Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel (2008). 2958:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2798:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.04.014 2236:hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, 2022 1530:people of Namibia, women help men 1279:—according to Diamond, because of 25: 6763:Megalithic architectural elements 4468:Journal of Archaeological Science 4159:Population and Development Review 3915:Aizenman, Nurith (July 1, 2023). 3740:Kiefer, Thomas M. (Spring 2002). 3703:. London: Yale University Press. 3399:. Berghahn Books. pp. ix–x. 3286:Verdolivo, Matthew (2020-11-04). 2123:generalization, as seen with the 1415:Hunter-gatherers tend to have an 1086:bones, similar to those found in 1009:Business and economics portal 5563: 4171:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x 3937:Witwatersrand: University Press. 1895: 1837: 1002: 7382:Evolutionary origin of religion 4654:. University of Chicago Press. 4597:Kelly, Raymond (October 2005). 4391:Canadian Journal of Archaeology 4079:, No. 2, 2008, and John Gowdy, 3867:. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82. 3626:Modelling the early human mind. 3572:. US: Oxford University Press. 2407:Jarawa people (Andaman Islands) 1848:needs additional citations for 5385:. Cambridge University Press. 5361:. Cambridge University Press. 5249:. Princeton University Press. 5136:. Cambridge University Press. 4580:Social Evolution & History 4512:. Cambridge University Press. 3725:Modelling the Early Human Mind 3203:, pp. 169–81. Scott, Foresman. 2116:Archaic period in the Americas 1574:" conference, anthropologists 1185:, long-distance running as in 131:stand in contrast to the more 1: 6995:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 6525:British megalith architecture 5533:"Hunter Gatherers (Foragers)" 4809:Australian Aboriginal Studies 4724:10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a00030 3882:Wei-Hass, Maya (2020-11-04). 3540:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100 2576:. London: The Penguin Press. 2550:"Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers)" 2548:Ember, Carol R. (June 2020). 2345:Modern hunter-gatherer groups 2220: 2166: 1776:of hunter-gatherer toolkits. 1680: 1602:presented a paper entitled, " 1493: 1411:Social and economic structure 1373: 904:Commons-based peer production 624:Socialism of the 21st century 32:Hunting and Gathering (novel) 6990:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 6530:Nordic megalith architecture 5539:. Human Relations Area Files 5201:Barnard, A. J., ed. (2004). 4407:Time, Energy and Stone Tools 4083:, in Lee, Richard B (2005). 3660:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.007 3316:Chiotis, Eustathios (2018). 3120:10.1016/0278-4165(84)90003-5 2778:Evolution and Human Behavior 2034:Lithic period in Mesoamerica 1183:endurance running hypothesis 36:Hunting and Gathering (film) 5056:"Paleoindians in Tennessee" 4270:University of Chicago Press 4137:"Hunter-gatherer mortality" 4109:Lawrence H. Keeley (1996). 2155:and harvested plant foods. 1705:in southern Africa and the 1689:As one moves away from the 1285:Quaternary extinction event 7660: 7138:British Isles and Brittany 7059:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 5334:Meltzer, David J. (2009). 5100:Prehistory of the Americas 5097:Fiedel, Stuart J. (1992). 4826:Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). 4764:Shultziner, Doron (2010). 4747:Marlowe, Frank W. (2002). 4535:"42: Prehistoric Cultures" 4186:Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique 4064:. See also: Jerome Lewis, 3697:Dahlberg, Frances (1975). 3676:. St Louis: Island Press. 2871:World History Encyclopedia 2713:10.1038/s41598-023-45500-w 2203:) in the Philippines, 1595 2027: 2021: 1387:Most hunter-gatherers are 1368:under the wolf-skin mask, 1354: 1132:settlement of the Americas 1114:of numerous predominantly 40: 29: 7521: 6823: 6806: 6458: 6445: 5907: 5724: 5711: 5654: 5222:Bettinger, R. L. (1991). 5015:Evolutionary Anthropology 4782:10.1007/s10539-010-9196-4 4551:10.4135/9781412979283.n42 4488:10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.014 4357:Kelly, Robert L. (2013). 4332:Kelly, Robert L. (2013). 4307:Kelly, Robert L. (2013). 3570:A Dictionary of Sociology 3440:Lourandos, Harry (1997). 3332:– via Google Books. 3163:10.1080/00438240701843629 2323:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer 1543:site of Wilamaya Patjxa, 398:Socialist-oriented market 5537:Explaining Human Culture 5400:Turnbull, Colin (1987). 3989:African Study Monographs 3953:National Geographic News 1598:At the same conference, 162:invention of agriculture 55:hunter-gatherers in the 7370:Evolutionary musicology 6773:Oldest extant buildings 6700:Archaeological features 6219:Prepared-core technique 5474:(subscription required) 4712:American Anthropologist 4648:Wilmsen, Edwin (1989). 4616:10.1073/pnas.0505955102 3672:Gowdy, John M. (1998). 3639:Journal of Bioeconomics 3528:American Anthropologist 3029:10.1126/science.aao5987 2644:10.1126/science.aax1192 2570:Wade, Nicholas (2006). 1755:collecting wild tubers. 1120:Ancient North Eurasians 197:Archaeological evidence 79:, in which most or all 7332:Unchambered long cairn 7180:Mound Builders culture 6513:Neolithic architecture 5648:Prehistoric technology 5503:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0028 5497:publishing: 20160028. 5166:Anderson, Kat (2013). 5054:Broster, John (2002). 4770:Biology and Philosophy 3832:10.1073/pnas.95.3.1336 3654:, 161 (April): 17–30. 3474:Fitzhugh, Ben (2003). 3371:. Tula Foundation and 3363:"The Brine Revolution" 2971:10.1098/rspb.2013.3254 2237: 2226: 2204: 2172: 2095:, and as far south as 2050: 1977: 1966:Aboriginal Australians 1830: 1756: 1686: 1643: 1567: 1499: 1447: 1446:Mbendjele meat sharing 1383:Habitat and population 1379: 1351:Common characteristics 1303: 1253: 1197: 1161:. Early humans in the 1091: 136:agricultural societies 111:game (pursuing and/or 60: 7566:Agricultural/Agrarian 7007:List of Stone Age art 6209:Microblade technology 6157:Langdale axe industry 5755:Ard / plough 5596:Balmer, Yves (2013). 5451:10.1353/asi.2007.0013 5319:. Aldine de Gruyter. 5279:. North Point Press. 4497:on February 27, 2008. 4071:May 13, 2013, at the 3959:on December 10, 2006. 3396:Property and Equality 3219:Guns, Germs and Steel 2232: 2210: 2195: 2161: 2041: 2007:North Sentinel Island 1991:Great Victoria Desert 1985:(Spinifex people) of 1963: 1820: 1750: 1672: 1632: 1564:Indigenous Australian 1557: 1487: 1445: 1364: 1355:Further information: 1293: 1251: 1195: 1077: 51: 7414:Prehistoric medicine 7409:Prehistoric counting 7392:Prehistoric religion 7387:Paleolithic religion 7365:Behavioral modernity 6722:Causewayed enclosure 6614:Abri de la Madeleine 5738:Neolithic Revolution 5604:on January 11, 2014. 5572:at Wikimedia Commons 5271:Brody, Hugh (2001). 5079:. ScienceDaily. 2001 4881:– via YouTube. 4677:Current Anthropology 4262:Current Anthropology 4194:Current Anthropology 4077:Radical Anthropology 4004:Current Anthropology 3969:Testart, A. (1986). 3933:Biesele, M. (1993). 3894:on February 17, 2021 3772:Current Anthropology 3592:Current Anthropology 2898:Current Anthropology 2487:Yaruro (Pumé) people 2328:Comb Ceramic culture 2283:Neolithic Revolution 1989:, whose land in the 1906:factual accuracy is 1857:improve this article 1827:Wind River Mountains 1460:paleoanthropologists 1108:Australian continent 1069:Neolithic Revolution 934:Newly industrialized 677:Collective ownership 538:Vertical archipelago 144:domesticated animals 7453:Prehistoric warfare 6199:Magdalenian culture 6162:Levallois technique 6093:Earliest toolmaking 5264:The Montreal Review 4947:Scientific American 4873:. 15 September 2013 4480:2007JArSc..34...59P 4139:. 28 February 2007. 3991:. Suppl. 26: 67–84. 3888:National Geographic 3865:Early Human Kinship 3823:1998PNAS...95.1336H 3742:"Anthropology E-20" 3298:on November 4, 2020 3292:National Geographic 3222:. London: Vintage. 3201:People of the Earth 3020:2018Sci...360..310S 2790:2024EHumB..4506586V 2749:Scientific American 2705:2023NatSR..1321133G 2636:2019Sci...365..897S 2510:Anarcho-primitivism 2338:Uncontacted peoples 2333:Pitted Ware culture 1789:uncontacted peoples 1576:Richard Borshay Lee 1476:social organization 1464:human consciousness 1437:primitive communism 1309:forms of government 1187:persistence hunting 919:Inclusive Democracy 7515:Types of societies 7404:Origin of language 7397:Spiritual drug use 7307:Rectangular dolmen 7209:Dartmoor kistvaens 7022:Carved stone balls 6734:Circular enclosure 6693:Other architecture 6636:Alp pile dwellings 6224:Solutrean industry 6135:Gravettian culture 5785:Secondary products 5439:Asian Perspectives 5027:10.1002/evan.10048 4968:American Antiquity 3700:Woman the Gatherer 3503:"Beyond the !Kung" 3245:American Antiquity 3199:Fagan, B. (1989). 2965:(1787): 20133254. 2693:Scientific Reports 2477:Sentinelese people 2288:Origins of society 2273:Indigenous peoples 2238: 2227: 2205: 2173: 2051: 1978: 1831: 1825:encampment in the 1807:cultural evolution 1757: 1687: 1644: 1568: 1500: 1448: 1380: 1357:Cultural universal 1329:Sub-Saharan Africa 1304: 1254: 1213:, hooks, and bone 1198: 1153:obtained food via 1145:During the 1970s, 1092: 857:Material balancing 339:Buddhist economics 183:uncontacted people 127:. Hunter-gatherer 61: 7601: 7600: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7426:Prehistoric music 7375:music archaeology 7032:Cup and ring mark 6857:Clothing/textiles 6802: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6244:Yubetsu technique 6229:Striking platform 6194:Lithic technology 6079: 6078: 6064:Game drive system 5983:Projectile points 5875:Mortar and pestle 5568:Media related to 5403:The Forest People 4256:(February 1988). 3348:siberiantimes.com 3151:World Archaeology 3014:(6386): 310–313. 2630:(6456): 897–902. 2357:Andamanese people 2308:Stateless society 2298:Prehistoric music 2258:Homo floresiensis 1987:Western Australia 1947: 1946: 1939: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1800:adaptive strategy 1724:and low in other 1718:protein poisoning 1707:Upper Paleolithic 1537:projectile points 1206:Upper Paleolithic 1181:According to the 1163:Lower Paleolithic 1088:Upper Paleolithic 1045: 1044: 555:By regional model 349:Sabbath economics 16:(Redirected from 7651: 7639:Economic systems 7629:Hunter-gatherers 7583:Proto-Industrial 7508: 7501: 7494: 7485: 7441:Divje Babe flute 7348:Archaeoastronomy 7091:Petrosomatoglyph 6825: 6808: 6657:Water management 6460: 6447: 6350:Denticulate tool 6172:Lithic reduction 5905: 5726: 5713: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5618: 5605: 5570:Hunter-gatherers 5567: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5531:Ember, Carol R. 5527: 5514: 5475: 5472: 5462: 5436: 5417: 5396: 5377:Panter-Brick, C. 5372: 5351: 5330: 5309: 5290: 5278: 5260: 5239: 5228:. Plenum Press. 5218: 5182: 5181: 5168:Tending the Wild 5163: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4618: 4609:(43): 15294–98. 4594: 4588: 4587: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4490:. Archived from 4465: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4432:Kelly, Robert L. 4428: 4422: 4421: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4217: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4050: 4044: 4043: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3955:. Archived from 3944: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3890:. Archived from 3879: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3844: 3834: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3669: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3587: 3581: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3294:. Archived from 3283: 3277: 3276: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3210: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3031: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2982: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2724: 2699:(21133): 21133, 2688: 2682: 2681: 2655: 2618: 2609: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2545: 2528:Paleolithic diet 2504:Social movements 2367:Awá-Guajá people 2303:Primitive skills 2225: 2222: 2217:Tierra del Fuego 2171: 2168: 2109:lithic reduction 2042:Illustration of 1942: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919:reliably sourced 1899: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1841: 1833: 1685: 1682: 1649:Gini coefficient 1600:Marshall Sahlins 1498: 1495: 1378: 1375: 1313:Fertile Crescent 1281:overexploitation 1257:Forest gardening 1090:Western Eurasia. 1037: 1030: 1023: 1007: 1006: 765:Municipalization 750:Financialization 720:Collectivization 702:Social ownership 692:Private property 686:Common ownership 644:Common ownership 458:Closed (autarky) 415:State capitalism 393:Socialist market 378:Market socialist 214:Economic systems 201: 160:. Following the 43:Plant collecting 21: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7634:Human evolution 7604: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7593:Post-industrial 7531:Hunter-gatherer 7517: 7512: 7482: 7469: 7336: 7322:Stone box grave 7292:Megalithic tomb 7197:Cotswold-Severn 7149: 7054:Guardian stones 6982:Prehistoric art 6976: 6819: 6794: 6783:Timber trackway 6688: 6652: 6648:Wattle and daub 6501: 6480:Standing stones 6454: 6433: 6248: 6075: 6052: 5977: 5894: 5804:Food processing 5799: 5748:New World crops 5720: 5707: 5650: 5645: 5614: 5595: 5560: 5555: 5542: 5540: 5530: 5486:Biology Letters 5478: 5473: 5434: 5429: 5420: 5414: 5399: 5393: 5375: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5333: 5327: 5312: 5306: 5293: 5287: 5270: 5257: 5242: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5200: 5191: 5189:Further reading 5186: 5185: 5178: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5039: 5037: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4869: 4866:Wayback Machine 4859: 4855: 4840: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4254:Zvelebil, Marek 4250:Schrire, Carmel 4242:Arcand, Bernard 4236: 4235: 4231: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4073:Wayback Machine 4054:Man the Hunter. 4051: 4047: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3928: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3895: 3881: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3753: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3619: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3567: 3563: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3501:Singh, Manvir. 3500: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3373:Hakai Institute 3360: 3359: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3257:10.2307/3557037 3242: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2813: 2812: 2805: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2573:Before the Dawn 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2506: 2501: 2492:Ye'kuana people 2412:Kawahiva people 2347: 2342: 2263:Human migration 2223: 2190: 2169: 2153:wild vegetables 2147:of small game, 2089:Gaspé Peninsula 2078:primitive boats 2036: 2026: 2020: 1999:Andaman Islands 1970:Bathurst Island 1943: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1912: 1904:This section's 1900: 1896: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1854: 1842: 1815: 1745: 1683: 1667: 1582:suggested that 1558:A 19th century 1496: 1413: 1385: 1376: 1359: 1353: 1300:Kalahari Desert 1149:suggested that 1124:mammoth steppes 1041: 1001: 994: 993: 959:Post-industrial 954:Post-capitalist 914:Hunter-gatherer 899: 891: 890: 805: 797: 796: 775:Nationalization 735:Demutualization 730:Corporatization 715: 707: 706: 697:State ownership 672: 664: 663: 639: 631: 630: 556: 548: 547: 518:Robinson Crusoe 453: 452:By coordination 445: 444: 429:Traditionalist 289:Neomercantilist 249: 241: 222: 199: 83:is obtained by 65:hunter-gatherer 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7657: 7655: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7606: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7526:Pre-industrial 7522: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7431:Alligator drum 7423: 7422: 7421: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7358:lunar calendar 7355: 7344: 7342: 7341:Other cultural 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7145:Venus figurine 7142: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7076:Megalithic art 7073: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7034: 7029: 7027:Cave paintings 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6829:Material goods 6821: 6820: 6811: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6547: 6545:Cliff dwelling 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6477: 6472: 6466: 6464: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6130:Fire hardening 6127: 6122: 6120:Clovis culture 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6089: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6043:Manis Mastodon 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5987: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5922:throwing stick 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5734: 5732: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5621: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5559: 5558:External links 5556: 5554: 5553: 5528: 5476: 5445:(2): 298–334. 5426: 5425: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413:978-0671640996 5412: 5406:. Touchstone. 5397: 5391: 5373: 5367: 5352: 5347:978-0520250529 5346: 5331: 5325: 5316:Man the hunter 5310: 5305:978-0826356963 5304: 5291: 5285: 5268: 5256:978-0691151250 5255: 5240: 5234: 5219: 5213: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5177:978-0520280434 5176: 5155: 5143:978-0521630757 5142: 5122: 5110:978-0521425445 5109: 5089: 5068: 5046: 5001: 4980:10.2307/279189 4958: 4934: 4909: 4903:978-0826356963 4902: 4884: 4853: 4839:978-0761842729 4838: 4818: 4795: 4756: 4739: 4702: 4689:10.1086/204361 4683:(2): 298–305. 4667: 4660: 4640: 4589: 4566: 4560:978-1452266305 4559: 4525: 4518: 4500: 4451: 4444: 4423: 4417:978-0521253505 4416: 4396: 4374: 4367: 4349: 4342: 4324: 4317: 4299: 4278:10.1086/203612 4238:Testart, Alain 4229: 4206:10.1086/648530 4176: 4142: 4128: 4121: 4101: 4089: 4045: 4016:10.1086/587700 3994: 3975: 3962: 3939: 3926: 3904: 3869: 3856: 3817:(3): 1336–39. 3797: 3784:10.1086/382256 3762: 3729: 3716: 3709: 3689: 3682: 3664: 3643: 3641:15 (1): 83–89. 3630: 3617: 3604:10.1086/204255 3582: 3578:978-0198609872 3561: 3518: 3493: 3487:978-0306478536 3486: 3466: 3453:978-0521359467 3452: 3432: 3419: 3406:978-1845452131 3405: 3385: 3368:Hakai Magazine 3353: 3335: 3329:978-1351260237 3328: 3308: 3278: 3235: 3228: 3214:Diamond, Jared 3205: 3192: 3137: 3125: 3096: 3077:(1): 215–250. 3061: 3058:. 7 June 2019. 3043: 2994: 2943: 2910:10.1086/203280 2904:(3): 361–378. 2884: 2856: 2850:978-0826356963 2849: 2831: 2825:978-0826356963 2824: 2803: 2761: 2735: 2683: 2610: 2589: 2582: 2562: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2437:Moriori people 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2189: 2186: 2175:Scholars like 2093:Atlantic coast 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 2005:, who live on 1945: 1944: 1903: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1886: 1845: 1843: 1836: 1814: 1811: 1744: 1741: 1732:fat deposits. 1726:macronutrients 1703:Late Stone Age 1666: 1663: 1584:egalitarianism 1572:Man the Hunter 1412: 1409: 1384: 1381: 1352: 1349: 1231:Southeast Asia 1112:the extinction 1043: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1011: 996: 995: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 969:Resource-based 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 887: 886: 881: 876: 866: 861: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 834: 833: 832: 827: 822: 812: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 795: 794: 793: 792: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 755:Liberalization 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 679: 673: 671:Property types 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 656: 651: 646: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 627: 626: 620:Latin America 618: 617: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 427: 422: 417: 412: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 360: 359: 358: 353: 352: 351: 341: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 307: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 256: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 240: 239: 234: 229: 223: 220: 217: 216: 210: 209: 198: 195: 59:in August 2014 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7656: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7561:Horticultural 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7502: 7497: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7317:Simple dolmen 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7302:Passage grave 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7248:Gallery grave 7246: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7163:Burial mounds 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123:Statue menhir 7121: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7111:Stone carving 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6950:Sewing needle 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Timber circle 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6727:Tor enclosure 6725: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6715:fulacht fiadh 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5951:spear-thrower 5949: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5929:Bow and arrow 5927: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Grinding slab 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770:Domestication 5768: 5766: 5765:Digging stick 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743:Founder crops 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5684:New Stone Age 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5495:Royal Society 5492: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5261:(Reviewed in 5258: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5123: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5090: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5057: 5050: 5047: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4924:on 2011-05-01 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776:(3): 319–46. 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4368:9781139176132 4364: 4360: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4343:9781139176132 4339: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4318:9781139176132 4314: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4122:9780195119121 4118: 4114: 4113: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4010:(4): 655–93. 4009: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3778:(2): 277–84. 3777: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3752:on 2008-04-10 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598:(2): 175–83. 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534:(1): 116–20. 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3467: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3386: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3322:. CRC Press. 3321: 3320: 3312: 3309: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3251:(1): 141–56. 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2563: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2482:Tjimba people 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2472:Semang people 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457:Pirahã people 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432:Mlabri people 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2268:Human history 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2151:, seasonally 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133:Poverty Point 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Bering Strait 2049: 2045: 2044:Paleo-Indians 2040: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2024:Paleo-Indians 2017: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1941: 1938: 1930: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1883: 1880: 1872: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1846:This section 1844: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1737:carbohydrates 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608:Thomas Hobbes 1605: 1601: 1596: 1595:composition. 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570:At the 1966 " 1565: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1545:Puno District 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1382: 1371: 1370:George Catlin 1367: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:Ancient China 1318: 1317:Ancient India 1314: 1310: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:South America 1270: 1266: 1265:Jared Diamond 1260: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Lewis Binford 1143: 1142:land bridge. 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:modern humans 1097: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:Mal'ta-Buret' 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 964:Post-scarcity 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:Expeditionary 907: 905: 902: 901: 895: 894: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 870: 867: 865: 862: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 838: 835: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 801: 800: 791: 788: 787: 786: 785:Socialization 783: 781: 780:Privatization 778: 776: 773: 771: 770:Mutualization 768: 766: 763: 761: 760:Marketization 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 745:Expropriation 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 725:Communization 723: 721: 718: 717: 711: 710: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 687: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 668: 667: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 635: 634: 625: 622: 621: 619: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 584: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 559: 558: 552: 551: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 463:Decentralized 461: 459: 456: 455: 449: 448: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 428: 426: 423: 421: 420:Social credit 418: 416: 413: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 388:Participatory 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 364: 361: 357: 354: 350: 347: 346: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 305: 302: 300: 299:Social market 297: 295: 294:Protectionist 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 274:Laissez-faire 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 245: 244: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 219: 218: 215: 211: 207: 203: 202: 196: 194: 192: 188: 184: 178: 176: 172: 167: 163: 159: 158:human history 155: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 134: 130: 126: 122: 121:catching fish 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:edible plants 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 58: 54: 50: 44: 37: 33: 19: 7530: 7258:wedge-shaped 7243:Funeral pyre 7236:Great dolmen 7192:Chamber tomb 7173:Round barrow 7128:Stone circle 7000:Blombos Cave 6928:Grooved ware 6852:Chalcolithic 6756:Thornborough 6674:Flush toilet 6609:Blombos Cave 6604:Rock shelter 6560:Quiggly hole 6452:Architecture 6427:illustration 6069:Buffalo jump 5890:Storage pits 5853:Aşıklı Höyük 5843:Ground stone 5679:Subdivisions 5613: 5602:the original 5548: 5541:. Retrieved 5536: 5524: 5490: 5484: 5442: 5438: 5402: 5381: 5357: 5336: 5315: 5295: 5274: 5262: 5245: 5224: 5203: 5167: 5147:. Retrieved 5132: 5125: 5114:. Retrieved 5099: 5092: 5081:. Retrieved 5071: 5060:. Retrieved 5049: 5038:. Retrieved 5018: 5014: 5004: 4974:(1): 55–69. 4971: 4967: 4961: 4950:. Retrieved 4946: 4937: 4926:. Retrieved 4922:the original 4912: 4893: 4887: 4875:. Retrieved 4862:Ghostarchive 4860:Archived at 4856: 4828: 4821: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4749: 4742: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4650: 4643: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4509: 4503: 4492:the original 4474:(1): 59–68. 4471: 4467: 4454: 4435: 4426: 4406: 4399: 4390: 4377: 4358: 4352: 4333: 4327: 4308: 4302: 4265: 4261: 4232: 4200:(1): 19–34. 4197: 4193: 4179: 4162: 4158: 4145: 4131: 4111: 4104: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4053: 4048: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3988: 3978: 3970: 3965: 3957:the original 3952: 3942: 3934: 3929: 3920: 3896:. Retrieved 3892:the original 3887: 3864: 3859: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3754:. Retrieved 3750:the original 3745: 3724: 3719: 3699: 3692: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3569: 3564: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3510:. Retrieved 3506: 3496: 3476: 3469: 3457:. Retrieved 3442: 3435: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3395: 3388: 3376:. Retrieved 3366: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3318: 3311: 3300:. Retrieved 3296:the original 3291: 3281: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3218: 3208: 3200: 3195: 3157:(1): 67–82. 3154: 3150: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2962: 2956: 2946: 2937: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2875:. Retrieved 2869: 2859: 2840: 2834: 2815: 2781: 2777: 2754:February 23, 2752:. Retrieved 2748: 2738: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2653:10150/634688 2627: 2623: 2597: 2592: 2572: 2565: 2555:14 September 2553:. Retrieved 2543: 2497:Yupik people 2462:Raute people 2452:Penan people 2442:Nukak people 2427:Mbuti people 2422:Maniq people 2387:Hadza people 2372:Batek people 2278:Neanderthals 2243:Beachcombing 2200: 2182: 2177:Kat Anderson 2174: 2164:Minas Gerais 2113: 2085:Great Plains 2082: 2052: 2003:Indian Ocean 1979: 1955: 1948: 1933: 1924: 1905: 1875: 1866: 1855:Please help 1850:verification 1847: 1804: 1793: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1761:climate zone 1758: 1752:Savanna Pumé 1734: 1711: 1688: 1677:seal hunters 1654: 1645: 1637: 1624:gift economy 1621: 1617: 1597: 1580:Irven DeVore 1569: 1524: 1520:Homo sapiens 1519: 1516: 1501: 1480: 1449: 1414: 1394: 1386: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1305: 1261: 1255: 1211:fishing nets 1199: 1180: 1151:early humans 1144: 1093: 1060:Homo sapiens 1058: 1054:Homo erectus 1052: 1046: 913: 874:Peer-to-peer 869:Self-managed 804:Coordination 740:Deregulation 425:Distributist 279:Mercantilist 187:horticulture 179: 148: 142:and raising 119:, including 117:wild animals 115:and killing 68: 64: 62: 7541:Circumpolar 7280:unchambered 7275:Long barrow 7265:Grave goods 7221:Court cairn 7216:Clava cairn 7168:Bowl barrow 7106:Rock cupule 7049:Golden hats 7042:Hill figure 6943:Unstan ware 6923:Cord-marked 6788:Sweet Track 6710:Burnt mound 6631:Stilt house 6619:Sibudu Cave 6412:Tally stick 6380:Quern-stone 6365:Hammerstone 6355:Fire plough 6326:Pesse canoe 6284:Bannerstone 6254:Other tools 6167:Lithic core 6115:Aurignacian 6003:Bare Island 5885:Quern-stone 5543:22 February 5460:10125/17269 4393:(29): 1–19. 4246:Ingold, Tim 2608:, pp. 1–20. 2447:Onge people 2362:Angu people 2293:Paleolithic 2224: 1915 2170: 1824 2101:Monte Verde 2074:Cordilleran 2063:Pleistocene 1995:Sentinelese 1974:bush tucker 1796:agriculture 1785:Paleolithic 1743:Variability 1709:in Europe. 1684: 1821 1658:paleolithic 1593:demographic 1566:encampment. 1512:matrilineal 1497: 1903 1452:chimpanzees 1417:egalitarian 1377: 1832 1345:Ethnobotany 1333:Norte Chico 1298:man in the 1277:Pleistocene 1239:Mesoamerica 1233:, parts of 1227:Middle East 1223:Agriculture 1136:Paleolithic 1134:began when 1102:outside of 1049:subsistence 979:Traditional 929:Manorialism 924:Information 898:Other types 884:Open access 847:Cybernetics 589:Anglo-Saxon 574:Singaporean 533:Underground 528:Subsistence 433:Corporatist 408:Syndicalist 368:Communalist 254:Associative 248:By ideology 221:Major types 191:pastoralism 166:pastoralist 151:competitive 57:Congo Basin 7608:Categories 7588:Industrial 7419:trepanning 7312:Ring cairn 7270:Jar burial 7253:transepted 7185:U.S. sites 7086:Petroglyph 7012:Bird stone 6970:wine press 6643:Stone roof 6626:Roundhouse 6518:long house 6495:Stonehenge 6463:Ceremonial 6407:Stone tool 6234:Tool stone 6204:Metallurgy 6108:Mousterian 6085:Toolmaking 6023:Cumberland 5996:Transverse 5966:Schöningen 5858:Qesem cave 5826:Earth oven 5780:Irrigation 5691:Technology 5659:Prehistory 5392:0521776724 5368:0521016363 5326:020233032X 5286:057120502X 5235:0306436507 5214:1859738257 5149:2009-11-17 5116:2009-11-18 5083:2010-04-10 5062:2009-11-21 5040:2009-11-17 4952:2009-11-17 4928:2009-10-06 4733:1807/17933 4661:0226900150 4545:: 409–18. 4519:0521609194 4445:1560984651 4165:(2): 326. 4062:020233032X 3898:2021-06-13 3756:2008-03-11 3710:0300029896 3683:155963555X 3512:2023-06-23 3302:2020-11-19 3229:0099302780 3114:: 235–57. 2606:052157109X 2583:1594200793 2535:References 2516:Freeganism 2467:San people 2417:Ket people 2377:Efé people 2352:Aka people 2253:Cro-Magnon 2070:Laurentide 2046:hunting a 2028:See also: 1983:Pila Nguru 1730:metabolize 1528:Ju'/hoansi 1490:Andamanese 1456:alpha male 1429:San people 1366:Bison hunt 1241:, and the 1155:scavenging 1116:megafaunal 1065:Mesolithic 984:Transition 944:Plantation 852:Indicative 714:Transition 564:East Asian 335:Religious 311:Democratic 284:Neoliberal 269:Democratic 259:Capitalist 227:Capitalism 154:adaptation 7624:Stone Age 7546:Subarctic 7463:symbolism 7327:Tor cairn 7285:Grønsalen 7226:Cremation 7118:Sculpture 7096:Pictogram 7081:Petroform 6901:amber use 6869:Cosmetics 6679:Reservoir 6664:Check dam 6594:Pueblitos 6589:Pit-house 6572:Longhouse 6506:Dwellings 6375:Microlith 6306:Bow drill 6301:Bone tool 6294:prismatic 6103:Acheulean 6018:Cresswell 5991:Arrowhead 5917:Boomerang 5833:Granaries 5795:Terracing 5674:Stone Age 5493:(3). The 4996:162243347 4848:673383888 4718:: 31–54. 4697:144885091 4268:(1). The 4024:0011-3204 3792:145129698 3548:0002-7294 3273:164106990 3171:0043-8243 2934:147371671 2918:0011-3204 2678:201674203 2662:0036-8075 2201:Negrillos 2125:Southwest 2066:megafauna 2048:glyptodon 1927:June 2022 1915:talk page 1869:June 2022 1765:life zone 1560:engraving 1488:Group of 1433:Karl Marx 1219:Neolithic 1175:predators 1171:woodlands 1165:lived in 949:Plutonomy 830:Regulated 659:Voluntary 585:European 438:Feudalism 383:Mutualist 373:Communist 363:Socialist 344:Christian 264:Corporate 237:Communism 232:Socialism 133:sedentary 129:societies 125:omnivores 105:bird eggs 91:but also 77:lifestyle 7644:Foraging 7556:Pastoral 7101:Rock art 7064:painting 7037:Geoglyph 6862:timeline 6842:Beadwork 6582:Mehrgarh 6577:Mudbrick 6485:megalith 6360:Fire-saw 6182:debitage 6177:analysis 6145:Hand axe 6125:Cupstone 5703:Glossary 5664:Timeline 5521:27029838 5469:56067301 5424:Articles 5207:. Berg. 5035:17049337 4864:and the 4790:21340052 4635:16129826 4434:(1995). 4294:42136717 4272:: 1–31. 4224:21151711 4069:Archived 4040:22722107 4032:19230267 3612:53652577 3216:(1998). 3187:55311378 3179:40025314 3091:16590668 3056:Sci.News 3038:29674591 2989:24898370 2731:38036582 2722:10689496 2670:31467217 2522:Gleaning 2382:Fuegians 2213:Selk'nam 2197:Negritos 2188:See also 2105:knapping 2059:Beringia 2018:Americas 1951:colonial 1908:disputed 1823:Shoshone 1773:et al.'s 1492:hunting 1468:language 1399:and the 1215:harpoons 1140:Beringia 1128:mammoths 837:Planning 488:Informal 473:Dirigist 326:Georgist 321:Feminist 206:a series 204:Part of 175:Iron Age 113:trapping 85:foraging 18:Foragers 7576:Complex 7551:Nomadic 7536:Montane 7458:Symbols 7069:pigment 6955:Weaving 6918:Cardium 6913:Pottery 6908:Mirrors 6896:Jewelry 6837:Baskets 6817:culture 6669:Cistern 6475:Pyramid 6417:Weapons 6395:Scraper 6385:Racloir 6345:Cleaver 6333:Chopper 6239:Uniface 6150:Grooves 6140:Hafting 6098:Oldowan 6057:Systems 6008:Cascade 5971:woomera 5961:harpoon 5934:history 5900:Hunting 5880:Pottery 5821:Cooking 5730:Farming 5696:history 5669:Outline 5512:4843228 4626:1266108 4476:Bibcode 4286:2743319 4215:2999363 3851:9448332 3819:Bibcode 3378:24 June 3265:3557037 3016:Bibcode 3008:Science 2980:4071532 2939:mammals 2926:2742734 2877:9 April 2786:Bibcode 2701:Bibcode 2632:Bibcode 2624:Science 2402:Iñupiat 2145:economy 2091:on the 2001:in the 1997:of the 1722:protein 1699:fishing 1691:equator 1639:Iomante 1612:leisure 1504:kinship 1472:kinship 1425:Florida 1405:Chumash 1389:nomadic 1287:there. 1167:forests 1159:hunting 1084:mammoth 879:Sharing 842:In kind 790:Marxist 682:Commons 649:Private 638:Sectors 609:Rhenish 579:Keralan 569:Chinese 543:Virtual 523:Sharing 513:Planned 503:Natural 468:Digital 356:Islamic 316:Fascist 304:Welfare 109:hunting 93:insects 69:forager 7619:Nomads 7571:Feudal 7436:flutes 7231:Dolmen 7155:Burial 6965:winery 6938:Linear 6768:Midden 6746:Cursus 6739:Goseck 6599:Pueblo 6550:Dugout 6535:Burdei 6214:Mining 6038:Lamoka 6033:Folsom 6013:Clovis 5870:Metate 5848:Hearth 5816:Basket 5790:Sickle 5519: 5509: 5467: 5410: 5389: 5365: 5344: 5323: 5302: 5283: 5253: 5232: 5211: 5174: 5140: 5107: 5033: 4994: 4988:279189 4986: 4900: 4877:30 May 4846: 4836: 4788: 4695: 4658: 4633: 4623: 4557: 4516: 4442: 4414: 4365: 4340: 4315: 4292: 4284: 4222: 4212: 4119: 4060: 4038: 4030: 4022: 3849: 3839: 3790: 3707: 3680: 3610: 3576: 3556:676134 3554: 3546: 3484: 3459:6 July 3450: 3412:6 July 3403: 3326: 3271: 3263: 3226: 3185: 3177: 3169: 3089: 3036: 2987: 2977: 2932: 2924: 2916: 2847: 2822: 2729: 2719: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2604: 2580: 2248:Nomads 2137:Dalton 2129:Arctic 2032:, and 1964:Three 1769:et al. 1562:of an 1541:Andean 1421:Calusa 1401:Yokuts 1235:Africa 1202:Middle 1157:, not 1104:Africa 1096:spread 939:Palace 815:Market 810:Barter 654:Public 614:Soviet 599:Nordic 594:German 560:Asian 493:Market 171:Bronze 7353:sites 7297:Mummy 7017:Cairn 6933:Jōmon 6884:shoes 6879:Hides 6751:Henge 6705:Broch 6567:Jacal 6422:Wheel 6370:Knife 6316:Canoe 6311:Burin 6289:Blade 6187:flake 6048:Plano 5956:baton 5946:Spear 5912:Arrow 5865:Manos 5718:Tools 5550:vary? 5465:S2CID 5435:(PDF) 5195:Books 5031:S2CID 4992:S2CID 4984:JSTOR 4970:. 1. 4786:S2CID 4693:S2CID 4495:(PDF) 4464:(PDF) 4387:(PDF) 4290:S2CID 4282:JSTOR 4155:(PDF) 4036:S2CID 3842:18762 3788:S2CID 3608:S2CID 3552:JSTOR 3269:S2CID 3261:JSTOR 3183:S2CID 3175:JSTOR 3087:S2CID 2930:S2CID 2922:JSTOR 2784:(4). 2674:S2CID 2397:Inuit 2313:Tribe 2234:Hadza 2141:Plano 2097:Chile 1695:boats 1674:Inuit 1532:track 1325:Olmec 1269:North 1243:Andes 989:World 974:Token 864:Price 604:Dutch 498:Mixed 403:State 331:Green 140:crops 101:honey 97:fungi 73:human 71:is a 53:Pygmy 7446:gudi 7204:Cist 7133:list 6960:Wine 6889:Ötzi 6874:Glue 6847:Beds 6815:and 6813:Arts 6684:Well 6540:Cave 6470:Kiva 6400:side 6390:Rope 6338:tool 6272:bone 6262:Adze 6028:Eden 5941:Nets 5811:Fire 5775:Goad 5760:Celt 5545:2018 5517:PMID 5408:ISBN 5387:ISBN 5363:ISBN 5342:ISBN 5321:ISBN 5300:ISBN 5281:ISBN 5251:ISBN 5230:ISBN 5209:ISBN 5172:ISBN 5138:ISBN 5105:ISBN 4898:ISBN 4879:2017 4844:OCLC 4834:ISBN 4813:1998 4656:ISBN 4631:PMID 4603:PNAS 4555:ISBN 4514:ISBN 4440:ISBN 4412:ISBN 4363:ISBN 4338:ISBN 4313:ISBN 4220:PMID 4117:ISBN 4058:ISBN 4028:PMID 4020:ISSN 3847:PMID 3705:ISBN 3678:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3544:ISSN 3507:Aeon 3482:ISBN 3461:2019 3448:ISBN 3414:2019 3401:ISBN 3380:2019 3324:ISBN 3224:ISBN 3167:ISSN 3034:PMID 2985:PMID 2914:ISSN 2879:2018 2845:ISBN 2820:ISBN 2756:2024 2727:PMID 2666:PMID 2658:ISSN 2602:ISBN 2578:ISBN 2557:2022 2318:Clan 2211:The 2149:fish 2139:and 2120:arid 2114:The 2072:and 2011:Pumé 1697:and 1665:Diet 1635:Ainu 1633:The 1589:flux 1578:and 1549:Peru 1508:band 1506:and 1474:and 1331:and 1271:and 1169:and 1078:The 825:Open 820:Free 508:Open 483:Gift 478:Dual 173:and 81:food 34:and 6555:Hut 6490:row 6321:Oar 6279:Axe 6267:Awl 5507:PMC 5499:doi 5455:hdl 5447:doi 5023:doi 4976:doi 4778:doi 4728:hdl 4720:doi 4685:doi 4621:PMC 4611:doi 4607:102 4547:doi 4484:doi 4274:doi 4210:PMC 4202:doi 4167:doi 4012:doi 3921:NPR 3837:PMC 3827:doi 3780:doi 3656:doi 3600:doi 3536:doi 3428:PDF 3253:doi 3159:doi 3116:doi 3079:doi 3024:doi 3012:360 2975:PMC 2967:doi 2963:281 2906:doi 2794:doi 2717:PMC 2709:doi 2648:hdl 2640:doi 2628:365 2215:of 1968:on 1859:by 1713:Fat 1626:". 1547:in 1423:in 1296:San 1204:to 1098:of 189:or 67:or 7610:: 5547:. 5535:. 5523:. 5515:. 5505:. 5491:12 5489:. 5483:. 5463:. 5453:. 5443:46 5441:. 5437:. 5158:^ 5029:. 5019:12 5017:. 5013:. 4990:. 4982:. 4972:44 4945:. 4868:: 4842:. 4811:. 4807:. 4784:. 4774:25 4772:. 4768:. 4726:. 4716:94 4714:. 4691:. 4681:36 4679:. 4629:. 4619:. 4605:. 4601:. 4584:14 4582:. 4578:. 4553:. 4541:. 4537:. 4482:. 4472:34 4470:. 4466:. 4389:. 4288:. 4280:. 4266:29 4264:. 4260:. 4244:; 4240:; 4218:. 4208:. 4198:51 4196:. 4192:. 4163:33 4161:. 4157:. 4075:, 4034:. 4026:. 4018:. 4008:49 4006:. 3987:. 3951:. 3919:. 3907:^ 3886:. 3872:^ 3845:. 3835:. 3825:. 3815:95 3813:. 3809:. 3786:. 3776:45 3774:. 3744:. 3732:^ 3606:. 3596:35 3594:. 3550:. 3542:. 3532:82 3530:. 3505:. 3365:. 3346:. 3290:. 3267:. 3259:. 3249:68 3247:. 3181:. 3173:. 3165:. 3155:40 3153:. 3149:. 3110:. 3085:. 3075:37 3073:. 3054:. 3032:. 3022:. 3010:. 3006:. 2983:. 2973:. 2961:. 2955:. 2936:. 2928:. 2920:. 2912:. 2902:26 2900:. 2896:. 2868:. 2806:^ 2792:. 2782:45 2780:. 2776:. 2764:^ 2747:. 2725:, 2715:, 2707:, 2697:13 2695:, 2672:. 2664:. 2656:. 2646:. 2638:. 2626:. 2613:^ 2221:c. 2219:, 2167:c. 2135:, 2131:, 2127:, 2099:, 1821:A 1791:. 1681:c. 1679:, 1514:. 1494:c. 1478:. 1470:, 1466:, 1439:. 1374:c. 1372:, 1335:. 1327:, 1323:, 1319:, 1315:, 1294:A 1245:. 1237:, 1071:. 208:on 193:. 103:, 99:, 95:, 63:A 7507:e 7500:t 7493:v 5640:e 5633:t 5626:v 5501:: 5471:. 5457:: 5449:: 5416:. 5395:. 5371:. 5350:. 5329:. 5308:. 5289:. 5267:) 5259:. 5238:. 5217:. 5180:. 5152:. 5119:. 5086:. 5065:. 5043:. 5025:: 4998:. 4978:: 4955:. 4931:. 4906:. 4850:. 4792:. 4780:: 4736:. 4730:: 4722:: 4699:. 4687:: 4664:. 4637:. 4613:: 4586:. 4549:: 4543:1 4522:. 4486:: 4478:: 4448:. 4420:. 4371:. 4346:. 4321:. 4296:. 4276:: 4226:. 4204:: 4173:. 4169:: 4125:. 4087:. 4042:. 4014:: 3923:. 3901:. 3853:. 3829:: 3821:: 3794:. 3782:: 3759:. 3713:. 3686:. 3662:. 3658:: 3614:. 3602:: 3580:. 3558:. 3538:: 3515:. 3490:. 3463:. 3416:. 3382:. 3350:. 3305:. 3275:. 3255:: 3232:. 3189:. 3161:: 3122:. 3118:: 3112:3 3093:. 3081:: 3040:. 3026:: 3018:: 2991:. 2969:: 2908:: 2881:. 2853:. 2828:. 2800:. 2796:: 2788:: 2758:. 2711:: 2703:: 2680:. 2650:: 2642:: 2634:: 2586:. 2559:. 2199:( 1976:. 1940:) 1934:( 1929:) 1925:( 1921:. 1911:. 1882:) 1876:( 1871:) 1867:( 1853:. 1763:/ 1036:e 1029:t 1022:v 688:) 684:( 45:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index