376:. Open-die forging gets its name from the fact that the dies (the surfaces that are in contact with the workpiece) do not enclose the workpiece, allowing it to flow except where contacted by the dies. The operator therefore needs to orient and position the workpiece to get the desired shape. The dies are usually flat in shape, but some have a specially shaped surface for specialized operations. For example, a die may have a round, concave, or convex surface or be a tool to form holes or be a cut-off tool. Open-die forgings can be worked into shapes which include discs, hubs, blocks, shafts (including step shafts or with flanges), sleeves, cylinders, flats, hexes, rounds, plate, and some custom shapes. Open-die forging lends itself to short runs and is appropriate for art smithing and custom work. In some cases, open-die forging may be employed to rough-shape
721:. The machines are usually set up to work in the horizontal plane, to facilitate the quick exchange of workpieces from one station to the next, but upsetting can also be done in a vertical crank press or a hydraulic press. The initial workpiece is usually wire or rod, but some machines can accept bars up to 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter and a capacity of over 1000 tons. The standard upsetting machine employs split dies that contain multiple cavities. The dies open enough to allow the workpiece to move from one cavity to the next; the dies then close and the heading tool, or ram, then moves longitudinally against the bar, upsetting it into the cavity. If all of the cavities are utilized on every cycle, then a finished part will be produced with every cycle, which makes this process advantageous for mass production.
1067:, often just called a press, is used for press forging. There are two main types: mechanical and hydraulic presses. Mechanical presses function by using cams, cranks and/or toggles to produce a preset (a predetermined force at a certain location in the stroke) and reproducible stroke. Due to the nature of this type of system, different forces are available at different stroke positions. Mechanical presses are faster than their hydraulic counterparts (up to 50 strokes per minute). Their capacities range from 3 to 160 MN (300 to 18,000 short tons-force). Hydraulic presses, such as the
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800:. It was developed to minimize cost and waste associated with post-forging operations. Therefore, the final product from a precision forging needs little or no final machining. Cost savings are gained from the use of less material, and thus less scrap, the overall decrease in energy used, and the reduction or elimination of machining. Precision forging also requires less of a draft, 1° to 0°. The downside of this process is its cost, therefore it is only implemented if significant cost reduction can be achieved.
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aircraft brackets. This forging method has shown to improve tensile properties but lacks uniform grain size. Even though the application of magnesium alloys increases by 15–20% each year in the aerospace and automotive industry, forging magnesium alloys with specialized dies is expensive and an unfeasible method to produce parts for a mass market. Instead, most magnesium alloy parts for industry are produced by casting methods.
486:"true closed-die forging". In this type of forging, the die cavities are completely closed, which keeps the workpiece from forming flash. The major advantage to this process is that less metal is lost to flash. Flash can account for 20 to 45% of the starting material. The disadvantages of this process include additional cost due to a more complex die design and the need for better lubrication and workpiece placement.
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workpiece; the dies facilitate drastically more heat transfer than the surrounding atmosphere. As the workpiece cools it becomes stronger and less ductile, which may induce cracking if deformation continues. Therefore, heated dies are usually used to reduce heat loss, promote surface flow, and enable the production of finer details and closer tolerances. The workpiece may also need to be reheated.
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rotate and the bar is progressively shaped as it is rolled through the machine. The piece is then transferred to the next set of grooves or turned around and reinserted into the same grooves. This continues until the desired shape and size is achieved. The advantage of this process is there is no flash and it imparts a favorable grain structure into the workpiece.
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that the operation can be used to create any size part because there is no limit to the size of the press forging machine. New press forging techniques have been able to create a higher degree of mechanical and orientation integrity. By the constraint of oxidation to the outer layers of the part, reduced levels of microcracking occur in the finished part.
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and larger can be made at a rate of 90 ppm. The parts can be solid or hollow, round or symmetrical, up to 6 kg (13 lb), and up to 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter. The main advantages to this process are its high output rate and ability to accept low-cost materials. Little labor is required to operate the machinery.
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There are other variations of part formation that integrate impression-die forging. One method incorporates casting a forging preform from liquid metal. The casting is removed after it has solidified, but while still hot. It is then finished in a single cavity die. The flash is trimmed, then the part
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equipment. The principle behind the machine is simple: raise the hammer and drop it or propel it into the workpiece, which rests on the anvil. The main variations between drop-hammers are in the way the hammer is powered; the most common being air and steam hammers. Drop-hammers usually operate in a
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Magnesium alloys are more difficult to forge due to their low plasticity, low sensitivity to strain rates and narrow forming temperature. Using semi-open die hot forging with a three-slide forging press (TSFP) has become a newly developed forging method for Mg-Al alloy AZ31, commonly used in forming
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Due to the narrow temperature range and high thermal conductivity, aluminium forging can only be realized in a particular process window. To provide good forming conditions a homogeneous temperature distribution in the entire workpiece is necessary. Therefore, the control of the tool temperature has
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meaning "equal"). Adiabatic heating is used to assist in the deformation of the material, meaning the strain rates are highly controlled. This technique is commonly used for forging aluminium, which has a lower forging temperature than steels. Forging temperatures for aluminum are around 430 °C
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The automatic hot forging process involves feeding mill-length steel bars (typically 7 m (23 ft) long) into one end of the machine at room temperature and hot forged products emerge from the other end. This all occurs rapidly; small parts can be made at a rate of 180 parts per minute (ppm)
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Upset forging increases the diameter of the workpiece by compressing its length. Based on number of pieces produced, this is the most widely used forging process. A few examples of common parts produced using the upset forging process are engine valves, couplings, bolts, screws, and other fasteners.
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When done in high productivity, press forging is more economical than hammer forging. The operation also creates closer tolerances. In hammer forging a lot of the work is absorbed by the machinery; when in press forging, the greater percentage of work is used in the work piece. Another advantage is
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The dimensional tolerances of a steel part produced using the impression-die forging method are outlined in the table below. The dimensions across the parting plane are affected by the closure of the dies, and are therefore dependent on die wear and the thickness of the final flash. Dimensions that
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Multidirectional forging is forming of a work piece in a single step in several directions. The multidirectional forming takes place through constructive measures of the tool. The vertical movement of the press ram is redirected using wedges which distributes and redirects the force of the forging
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Closed-die forging has a high initial cost due to the creation of dies and required design work to make working die cavities. However, it has low recurring costs for each part, thus forgings become more economical with greater production volume. This is one of the major reasons closed-die forgings
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Roll forging is a process where round or flat bar stock is reduced in thickness and increased in length. Roll forging is performed using two cylindrical or semi-cylindrical rolls, each containing one or more shaped grooves. A heated bar is inserted into the rolls and when it hits a spot the rolls
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Examples of parts made by this process are: wheel hub unit bearings, transmission gears, tapered roller bearing races, stainless steel coupling flanges, and neck rings for liquid propane (LP) gas cylinders. Manual transmission gears are an example of automatic hot forging used in conjunction with
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The process starts by heating the bar to 1,200 to 1,300 °C (2,190 to 2,370 °F) in less than 60 seconds using high-power induction coils. It is then descaled with rollers, sheared into blanks, and transferred through several successive forming stages, during which it is upset, preformed,
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Press forging can be used to perform all types of forging, including open-die and impression-die forging. Impression-die press forging usually requires less draft than drop forging and has better dimensional accuracy. Also, press forgings can often be done in one closing of the dies, allowing for
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Impression-die forging has been improved in recent years through increased automation which includes induction heating, mechanical feeding, positioning and manipulation, and the direct heat treatment of parts after forging. One variation of impression-die forging is called "flashless forging", or
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Drop forging is a forging process where a hammer is raised and then "dropped" into the workpiece to deform it according to the shape of the die. There are two types of drop forging: open-die drop forging and impression-die (or closed-die) drop forging. As the names imply, the difference is in the
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is used. In a counterblow machine both the hammer and anvil move and the workpiece is held between them. Here excess energy becomes recoil. This allows the machine to work horizontally and have a smaller base. Other advantages include less noise, heat and vibration. It also produces a distinctly
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High-strength aluminium alloys have the tensile strength of medium strong steel alloys while providing significant weight advantages. Therefore, aluminium forged parts are mainly used in aerospace, automotive industry and many other fields of engineering especially in those fields, where highest
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final forged, and pierced (if necessary). This process can also be coupled with high-speed cold-forming operations. Generally, the cold forming operation will do the finishing stage so that the advantages of cold-working can be obtained, while maintaining the high speed of automatic hot forging.
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There are a few disadvantages to this process, most stemming from the workpiece being in contact with the dies for such an extended period of time. The operation is a time-consuming process due to the amount and length of steps. The workpiece will cool faster because the dies are in contact with
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Impression-die forging is also called "closed-die forging". In impression-die forging, the metal is placed in a die resembling a mold, which is attached to an anvil. Usually, the hammer die is shaped as well. The hammer is then dropped on the workpiece, causing the metal to flow and fill the die
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Press forging works by slowly applying a continuous pressure or force, which differs from the near-instantaneous impact of drop-hammer forging. The amount of time the dies are in contact with the workpiece is measured in seconds (as compared to the milliseconds of drop-hammer forges). The press
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In commercial impression-die forging, the workpiece is usually moved through a series of cavities in a die to get from an ingot to the final form. The first impression is used to distribute the metal into the rough shape in accordance to the needs of later cavities; this impression is called an
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required after forging). Tolerances are usually ±0.3 mm (0.012 in), surfaces are clean, and draft angles are 0.5 to 1°. Tool life is nearly double that of conventional forging because contact times are on the order of 0.06-second. The downside is that this process is only feasible on
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The main advantage of press forging, as compared to drop-hammer forging, is its ability to deform the complete workpiece. Drop-hammer forging usually only deforms the surfaces of the work piece in contact with the hammer and anvil; the interior of the workpiece will stay relatively undeformed.
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All of the following forging processes can be performed at various temperatures; however, they are generally classified by whether the metal temperature is above or below the recrystallization temperature. If the temperature is above the material's recrystallization temperature it is deemed
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cavities. The hammer is generally in contact with the workpiece on the scale of milliseconds. Depending on the size and complexity of the part, the hammer may be dropped multiple times in quick succession. Excess metal is squeezed out of the die cavities, forming what is referred to as "
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In an upset requiring stock length greater than three times the diameter of the stock, and where the diameter of the cavity is not more than 1.5 times the diameter of the stock, the length of unsupported metal beyond the face of the die must not exceed the diameter of the
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Near net shape forging is most common when parts are forged without heating the slug, bar or billet. Aluminum is a common material that can be cold forged depending on final shape. Lubrication of the parts being formed is critical to increase the life of the mating dies.
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478:"edging", "fullering", or "bending" impression. The following cavities are called "blocking" cavities, in which the piece is working into a shape that more closely resembles the final product. These stages usually impart the workpiece with generous bends and large
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There is no flash produced so material savings are between 20 and 30% over conventional forging. The final product is a consistent 1,050 °C (1,920 °F) so air cooling will result in a part that is still easily machinable (the advantage being the lack of
474:". The flash cools more rapidly than the rest of the material; this cool metal is stronger than the metal in the die, so it helps prevent more flash from forming. This also forces the metal to completely fill the die cavity. After forging, the flash is removed.
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are often used in the automotive and tool industries. Another reason forgings are common in these industrial sectors is that forgings generally have about a 20 percent higher strength-to-weight ratio compared to cast or machined parts of the same material.
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vertical position. The main reason for this is excess energy (energy that is not used to deform the workpiece) that is not released as heat or sound needs to be transmitted to the foundation. Moreover, a large machine base is needed to absorb the impacts.
423:" is the successive deformation of a bar along its length using an open-die drop forge. It is commonly used to work a piece of raw material to the proper thickness. Once the proper thickness is achieved the proper width is achieved via "edging". "
514:. Dies must be impact- and wear-resistant, maintain strength at high temperatures, and have the ability to withstand cycles of rapid heating and cooling. In order to produce a better, more economical die the following standards are maintained:
231:, 500 lb (230 kg) or less reciprocating weight, and hydraulic presses are common in art smithies as well. Some steam hammers remain in use, but they became obsolete with the availability of the other, more convenient, power sources.
482:. The final shape is forged in a "final" or "finisher" impression cavity. If there is only a short run of parts to be done, then it may be more economical for the die to lack a final impression cavity and instead machine the final features.
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Forging temperatures above 550 °C are too close to the solidus temperature of the alloys and lead in conjunction with varying effective strains to unfavorable workpiece surfaces and potentially to a partial melting as well as fold
1071:, use fluid pressure and a piston to generate force. The advantages of a hydraulic press over a mechanical press are its flexibility and greater capacity. The disadvantages include a slower, larger, and costlier machine to operate.
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For industrial processes steel alloys are primarily forged in hot condition. Brass, bronze, copper, precious metals and their alloys are manufactured by cold forging processes; each metal requires a different forging temperature.
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Dziubinska, A., Gontarz, A., & ZagĂłrski, I. (2018). Qualitative research on AZ31 magnesium alloy aircraft brackets with a triangular rib produced by a new forging method. Aircraft
Engineering and Aerospace Technology.
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Dziubińska, A., Gontarz, A., Horzelska, K., & Pieśko, P. (2015). The
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Aircraft Brackets Produced by a New Forging Technology. Procedia Manufacturing.
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safety standards against failure by abuse, by shock or vibratory stresses are needed. Such parts are for example pistons, chassis parts, steering components and brake parts. Commonly used alloys are AlSi1MgMn (
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a major influence to the process. For example, by optimizing the preform geometries the local effective strains can be influenced to reduce local overheating for a more homogeneous temperature distribution.
2025:
Dziubińska, A., Gontarz, A., Dziubiński, M., & Barszcz, M. (2016). THE FORMING OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY FORGINGS FOR AIRCRAFT AND AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS. Advances in
Science and Technology Research Journal.
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is quench hardened. Another variation follows the same process as outlined above, except the preform is produced by the spraying deposition of metal droplets into shaped collectors (similar to the
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Another advantage to the process includes the knowledge of the new part's strain rate. By controlling the compression rate of the press forging operation, the internal strain can be controlled.
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Forging temperatures below 350 °C reduce formability by increasing the yield stress, which can lead to unfilled dies, cracking at the workpiece surface and increased die forces
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Lengths of stock greater than three times the diameter may be upset successfully, provided that the diameter of the upset is not more than 1.5 times the diameter of the stock.
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has evolved over centuries to become a facility with engineered processes, production equipment, tooling, raw materials and products to meet the demands of modern industry.
429:" is the process of concentrating material using a concave shaped open-die. The process is called "edging" because it is usually carried out on the ends of the workpiece. "
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Unlike the above processes, induction forging is based on the type of heating style used. Many of the above processes can be used in conjunction with this heating method.
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306:; if the temperature is below the material's recrystallization temperature but above 30% of the recrystallization temperature (on an absolute scale) it is deemed
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Dziubinska, A., & Gontarz, A. (2015). A new method for producing magnesium alloy twin-rib aircraft brackets. Aircraft
Engineering and Aerospace Technology.
1536:
435:" is a similar process that thins out sections of the forging using a convex shaped die. These processes prepare the workpieces for further forging processes.
1991:(in German), In: Behrens, B.-A.; Nyhuis, P.; Overmeyer, L. (ed.): Berichte aus dem IPH, Volume 01/2011, PZH Produktionstechnisches Zentrum GmbH, Garbsen 2011.
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or with hammers powered by compressed air, electricity, hydraulics or steam. These hammers may have reciprocating weights in the thousands of pounds. Smaller
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to restrict heat transfer from the workpiece to the die. Finally, the lubricant acts as a parting compound to prevent the part from sticking in the dies.
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The length of unsupported metal that can be upset in one blow without injurious buckling should be limited to three times the diameter of the bar.
1000:). About 80% of all aluminium forged parts are made of AlSi1MgMn. The high-strength alloy AlZnMgCu1,5 is mainly used for aerospace applications.
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sooner than if there were no friction present, creating a much greater increase in the pressure required for the punch to finish the forging.
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smaller symmetric parts and cost; the initial investment can be over $ 10 million, so large quantities are required to justify this process.
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2016:
Papenberg, Nikolaus P et al. “Mg-Alloys for
Forging Applications-A Review.” Materials vol. 13,4 985. 22 Feb. 2020, doi:10.3390/ma13040985
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to prepare them for subsequent operations. Open-die forging may also orient the grain to increase strength in the required direction.
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277:, open-die forging, impression-die forging (closed die forging), press forging, cold forging, automatic hot forging and upsetting.
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The most common type of forging equipment is the hammer and anvil. Principles behind the hammer and anvil are still used today in
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are completely contained within a single die segment or half can be maintained at a significantly greater level of accuracy.
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Solid forged billets of steel (glowing incandescently) being loaded in a large industrial chamber furnace, for re-heating
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The dies part along a single, flat plane whenever possible. If not, the parting plane follows the contour of the part.
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effects are negated by the recrystallization process. Cold forging typically results in work hardening of the piece.
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There are many different kinds of forging processes available; however, they can be grouped into three main classes:
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Feasibility of Using a Large Press (80,000 – 200,000 Ton) for
Manufacturing Future Components on Army Systems
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or power hammers that increased the amount and size of iron that could be produced and forged. The smithy or
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FORGING AND STAMPING NONFERROUS METALS. HANDBOOK (10 May, 1984, By N. I. Korneyev, V. M. Arzhakov, et al）
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1034:(a) Material flow of a conventionally forged disc; (b) Material flow of a counterblow (impactor) forged disc
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A large 80 ton cylinder of hot steel in an open-die forging press, ready for the upsetting phase of forging
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Isothermal forging is a process by which the materials and the die are heated to the same temperature (
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The parting surface is a plane through the center of the forging and not near an upper or lower edge.
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847:(806 °F), while steels and super alloys can be 930 to 1,260 °C (1,710 to 2,300 °F).
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Forging temperatures at room conditions, self-heating up to 150 °C due to the forming energy
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The roll forging, upsetting, and automatic hot forging processes all use specialized machinery.
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different flow pattern. Both of these machines can be used for open-die or closed-die forging.
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shape of the die, with the former not fully enclosing the workpiece, while the latter does.
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2004:(in German), In Aluminium Praxis, Giesel Verlag GmbH, Volume 20 (2015), Issue 6/15, p. 20.
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Near net shapes which lead to lower machining requirements and therefore lower scrap rates
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This article is about the metalworking process. For the hearth used in that process, see
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Forging temperatures above the recrystallization temperature between 950–1250 °C
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A lubricant is used when forging to reduce friction and wear. It is also used as a
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Flash reduced forging of complicated high duty parts using preforming operations
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Aluminium forging is performed at a temperature range between 350–550 °C
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Protective atmospheres or vacuum to reduce oxidation of the dies and material
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Greater reliability of mechanical properties, ductility and impact resistance
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The various sections are balanced to avoid extreme difference in metal flow.
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Due to the lower heat loss smaller machines can be used to make the forging
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Magnesium forging occurs at a temperature range between 290–450 °C
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Depending on the forming temperature steel forging can be divided into:
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Increase of strength and decrease of ductility due to strain hardening
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These rules must be followed when designing parts to be upset forged:
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is provided; usually at least 3° for aluminium and 5° to 7° for steel.
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Upset forging is usually done in special high-speed machines called
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Squeezed in closed compression dies: produces multidirectional flow
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Limited formability and higher forming forces than for hot forging
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2314:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1983. Archived from
2280:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1981. Archived from
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1561:. All Metals & Forge Group. 22 January 2013. Archived from
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Higher die material costs to handle temperatures and pressures
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Mehrdirektionales
Schmieden von flachen Aluminiumlangteilen
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Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J. T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2011).
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Forging a nail. ValašskĂ© muzeum v pĹ™ĂrodÄ›, Czech Republic
2335:"Revolutionary Metal Press Cuts Cost of Planes and Guns"
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Examples of products produced using this method include
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In modern times, industrial forging is done either with
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To overcome some shortcomings of the drop-hammer, the
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Low formability and high forming forces are necessary
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Dimensional tolerances are not closer than necessary.
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processes. Traditionally, forging was performed by a
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Drawn out: length increases, cross-section decreases
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2944:
2856:
2813:
2718:
2682:
2581:
2555:
575:Dimensional tolerances for impression-die forgings
929:Narrower tolerances achievable than in hot forging
682:forging operation can be done either cold or hot.
2462:(in German), 3rd Edition, Springer Verlag, 2014,
2448:(in German), 2nd Edition, Springer Verlag, 2010,
2145:"World's Largest 15000MN hydraulic forging press"
2087:New nuclear build – sufficient supply capability?
262:Upset: length decreases, cross-section increases
30:"Forged" redirects here. For counterfeiting, see
2168:
2166:
706:"Upsetting" redirects here. For other uses, see
269:Common forging processes include: roll forging,
1548:, September 2010. Retrieved: 25 September 2010.
2222:"Weber Metals' New 60,000-Ton Hydraulic Press"
1605:https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA141689.pdf
2791:
2526:
2488:
2002:Qualitätsverbesserung beim Aluminiumschmieden
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1078:List of large forging presses, by ingot size
502:Design of impression-die forgings and tooling
126:for millennia; the traditional products were
8:
2115:"China Building World's Largest Press Forge"
2099:, 3 March 2009. Retrieved: 25 September 2010
2066:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.059
1950:Institut fĂĽr Integrierte Produktion Hannover
1646:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
923:Forging temperatures between 750–950 °C
540:Full advantage is taken of fiber flow lines.
173:usually require further processing (such as
926:Less or no scaling at the workpiece surface
915:Constant tensile strength of the workpieces
110:), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of
34:. For the book about Bible authorship, see
2798:
2784:
2776:
2533:
2519:
2511:
2495:
2481:
2473:
2323:History of the Loewy Press at Wyman-Gordon
2109:
2107:
2105:
1529:
1527:
2308:The Wyman-Gordon 50,000 Ton Forging Press
2053:https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-09-2016-0160
2040:https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-10-2013-0184
935:Lower forming forces than in cold forming
2428:Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
1965:(in German), Springer Verlag, 2010, p. 7
1204:List of large forging presses, by force
1202:
1076:
573:
94:forces. The blows are delivered with a
2028:https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/64003
1507:
437:
1917:. Samtech. Retrieved 22 November 2007
1898:. Samtech. Retrieved 22 November 2007
987:Application of aluminium forged parts
75:A billet in an open-die forging press
7:
871:Uniform heating systems are required
786:Net-shape and near-net-shape forging
531:Generous fillets and radii are used.
407:Better response to thermal treatment
114:). For the latter two, the metal is
2296:History of the Mesta Press at Alcoa
2274:50,000 Ton Closed Die Forging Press
2220:Dean M. Peters (10 December 2018).
1534:Heavy Manufacturing of Power Plants
200:Forging is one of the oldest known
165:wherever a component requires high
2246:Heffernan, Tim (8 February 2012).
1978:, Springer Verlag, 2010, pp. 671f.
1175:China First Heavy Industries Group
368:Open-die forging is also known as
157:, forged parts are widely used in
25:
2121:. 27 October 2011. Archived from
2097:Nuclear Engineering International
506:Forging dies are usually made of
1944:Behrens, Stonis, RĂĽther, Blohm:
832:press in horizontal directions.
452:
440:
67:being loaded into a hammer forge
2460:Anwendungstechnologie Aluminium
949:No scaling at workpiece surface
946:Narrowest tolerances achievable
551:between the work piece and the
547:Barrelling occurs when, due to
410:Improvement of internal quality
2333:Edson, Peter (18 April 1952).
1687:"Forged Crankshaft Advantages"
1585:"Things To Know About Forging"
1353:Alcoa 50,000 ton forging press
796:This process is also known as
384:Advantages of open-die forging
1:
1776:, PHI Learning, p. 469,
2205:. p. 12. Archived from
1140:China National Erzhong Group
274:
243:A cross-section of a forged
2444:Doege, E.; Behrens, B.-A.:
1974:Doege, E.; Behrens, B.-A.:
1961:Doege, E., Behrens, B.-A.:
1908:Precision Composite Forging
857:Reproducibility of the part
3443:
3143:Magnetic switchable device
1559:"Forging: The Early Years"
882:Materials and applications
816:
789:
705:
290:
284:
51:
44:
29:
3361:
2775:
2510:
2360:"Wyman Gordon Livingston"
2000:Richter, J.; Stonis, M.:
1545:World Nuclear Association
392:Better fatigue resistance
86:involving the shaping of
38:. For the 2010 film, see
2604:Electrohydraulic forming
2430:(11th ed.). Wiley.
1770:Kaushish, J. P. (2008),
827:Multidirectional forging
335:Boat nail production in
52:Not to be confused with
3201:Engineer's spirit level
2609:Electromagnetic forming
1773:Manufacturing Processes
1709:"Advantages of Forging"
1121:Shanghai Electric Group
395:Improved microstructure
389:Reduced chance of voids
2916:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
2594:Casting (metalworking)
2199:Altan, Taylan (1983).
2092:June 13, 2011, at the
1952:gGmbH, Hannover, 2014.
1035:
1027:
940:Cold forging of steel
920:Warm forging of steel
891:
708:upset (disambiguation)
534:Ribs are low and wide.
465:Impression-die forging
365:
357:
340:
252:
251:to show the grain flow
197:
76:
68:
3401:Tools and terminology
3168:Measuring instruments
1889:Precision Hot Forging
1033:
1026:Hydraulic drop-hammer
1025:
903:Hot forging of steel
889:
778:, tapered levers and
740:Automatic hot forging
398:Continuous grain flow
363:
355:
348:Open-die drop forging
334:
242:
195:
155:Industrial Revolution
84:manufacturing process
74:
62:
2644:Progressive stamping
2076:Degarmo, pp. 392–393
1926:Degarmo, pp. 397–398
1870:Degarmo, pp. 396–397
1861:Degarmo, pp. 395–396
1004:Forging of magnesium
966:Forging of aluminium
877:Low production rates
27:Metalworking process
2720:Finishing processes
2180:on 10 December 2010
1752:on 18 February 2009
1745:Cast steel: Forging
1689:. Great Lakes Forge
1496:Forging temperature
1205:
1079:
1048:counterblow machine
996:) and AlZnMgCu1,5 (
576:
287:Forging temperature
3291:Thread pitch gauge
3256:Optical comparator
3010:Combination square
2807:Metalworking tools
2402:"Howmet Aerospace"
1913:2008-04-17 at the
1894:2008-10-20 at the
1539:2010-11-08 at the
1428:Weber Metals, Inc.
1381:Aubert & Duval
1329:Weber Metals, Inc.
1306:Aubert & Duval
1203:
1077:
1036:
1028:
912:Low forming forces
892:
836:Isothermal forging
574:
366:
358:
341:
253:
198:
77:
69:
3414:
3413:
3357:
3356:
2771:
2770:
2683:Joining processes
2614:Explosive forming
2582:Forming processes
2468:978-3-662-43806-0
2454:978-3-642-04248-5
2437:978-0-470-92467-9
2209:on April 8, 2013.
2151:. 3 November 2011
2149:China Tech Gadget
2119:China Tech Gadget
1783:978-81-203-3352-9
1565:on 3 January 2018
1462:
1461:
1201:
1200:
1159:Japan Steel Works
819:Induction forging
813:Induction forging
798:precision forging
698:easy automation.
667:
666:
583:Minus tolerance
332:
208:using hammer and
193:
16:(Redirected from
3434:
3231:Machinist square
3040:Needlegun scaler
3035:Machinist square
2848:Water jet cutter
2815:Cutting machines
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2550:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2441:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2339:Sarasota Journal
2330:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2176:. Archived from
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2111:
2100:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1905:
1899:
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1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1834:
1823:
1820:
1809:
1806:
1787:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1748:, archived from
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1718:. Archived from
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1661:"Forging Shapes"
1657:
1651:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:sites.google.com
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1531:
1522:
1519:
1458:, United States
1451:Howmet Aerospace
1435:, United States
1336:, United States
1206:
1080:
909:Good formability
895:Forging of steel
586:Plus tolerance
577:
456:
444:
434:
433:
428:
427:
422:
421:
404:Greater strength
401:Finer grain size
333:
194:
90:using localized
21:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3353:
3300:
3196:Engineer's blue
3162:
3095:Machine tooling
3089:
2991:
2967:Hydraulic press
2940:
2852:
2809:
2804:
2767:
2714:
2678:
2639:Press hardening
2577:
2551:
2549:, and finishing
2541:
2539:
2506:
2501:
2458:Ostermann, F.:
2438:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2174:"Eramet alloys"
2172:
2171:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2125:on 22 July 2012
2113:
2112:
2103:
2094:Wayback Machine
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1935:Degarmo, p. 398
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1915:Wayback Machine
1906:
1902:
1896:Wayback Machine
1887:
1883:
1879:Degarmo, p. 396
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:Degarmo, p. 395
1851:
1840:
1836:Degarmo, p. 393
1835:
1826:
1822:Degarmo, p. 392
1821:
1812:
1808:Degarmo, p. 394
1807:
1790:
1784:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1650:Degarmo, p. 390
1649:
1640:
1636:Degarmo, p. 391
1635:
1628:
1624:Degarmo, p. 375
1623:
1619:
1615:Degarmo, p. 373
1614:
1610:
1600:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1541:Wayback Machine
1532:
1525:
1521:Degarmo, p. 389
1520:
1509:
1504:
1467:
1355:
1235:
1223:
1212:
1098:
1086:
1069:four-die device
1061:
1059:Forging presses
1020:
1006:
989:
968:
897:
884:
864:Disadvantages:
838:
829:
821:
815:
806:
794:
788:
768:
742:
711:
704:
679:
671:thermal barrier
504:
467:
460:
457:
448:
445:
431:
430:
425:
424:
419:
418:
386:
350:
326:
324:
299:
289:
283:
237:
185:
183:
118:, usually in a
57:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3306:Smithing tools
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Go/no go gauge
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:Dial indicator
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2987:Stamping press
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Milling cutter
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Mass finishing
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2456:
2442:
2436:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2393:
2381:"Weber Metals"
2372:
2351:
2325:
2321:on 2015-02-01.
2298:
2264:
2238:
2226:Forge Magazine
2212:
2191:
2162:
2136:
2101:
2078:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2031:
2018:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1900:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1838:
1824:
1810:
1788:
1782:
1762:
1735:
1700:
1678:
1667:on 1 July 2018
1652:
1638:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1594:
1576:
1550:
1523:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1229:
1218:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1092:
1060:
1057:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1002:
988:
985:
980:
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
959:
958:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
938:
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
918:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
896:
893:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
862:
861:
858:
855:
837:
834:
828:
825:
817:Main article:
814:
811:
805:
802:
792:Near-net-shape
787:
784:
767:
764:
762:cold working.
741:
738:
737:
736:
732:
729:
703:
700:
678:
675:
665:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
522:
519:
503:
500:
492:Osprey process
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
451:
449:
446:
439:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
385:
382:
349:
346:
323:
320:
316:work hardening
285:Main article:
282:
279:
267:
266:
263:
260:
247:that has been
245:connecting rod
236:
233:
182:
179:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3439:
3428:
3427:Metal forming
3425:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3296:Vernier scale
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Surface plate
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Marking gauge
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
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3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Machine taper
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Indexing head
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
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3026:
3023:
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3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Machine press
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:English wheel
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:Forming tools
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
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2899:
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2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2858:Cutting tools
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
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2818:
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2801:
2796:
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2778:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Heat treating
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
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2376:
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2361:
2355:
2352:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2317:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2287:on 2012-02-27
2283:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:Kidd, Steve.
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:
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1897:
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1779:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1725:on 2021-04-17
1721:
1717:
1710:
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1701:
1688:
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1486:Smithing gods
1484:
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1457:
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1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:China Erzhong
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1222:
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1108:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:forging press
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
999:
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986:
984:
977:
973:
970:
969:
965:
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870:
867:
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853:
852:
851:
848:
845:
844:
835:
833:
826:
824:
820:
812:
810:
803:
801:
799:
793:
785:
783:
781:
777:
772:
765:
763:
759:
755:
752:
746:
739:
733:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
720:
719:crank presses
715:
709:
702:Upset forging
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
677:Press forging
676:
674:
672:
663:2.21 (0.087)
662:
660:0.74 (0.029)
659:
656:
655:
652:1.45 (0.057)
651:
649:0.48 (0.019)
648:
645:
644:
641:0.99 (0.039)
640:
638:0.33 (0.013)
637:
634:
633:
630:0.84 (0.033)
629:
627:0.28 (0.011)
626:
623:
622:
619:0.76 (0.030)
618:
616:0.25 (0.010)
615:
612:
611:
608:0.61 (0.024)
607:
605:0.20 (0.008)
604:
601:
600:
597:0.46 (0.018)
596:
594:0.15 (0.006)
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
579:
578:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
517:
516:
515:
513:
509:
501:
499:
495:
493:
487:
483:
481:
475:
473:
464:
455:
450:
443:
438:
436:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:smith forging
362:
354:
347:
345:
338:
321:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
298:
294:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
264:
261:
258:
257:
256:
250:
246:
241:
234:
232:
230:
229:power hammers
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
140:edged weapons
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
66:
61:
55:
48:
41:
40:Forged (film)
37:
36:Forged (book)
33:
19:
3339:Steam hammer
3286:Tape measure
3276:Straightedge
3261:Radius gauge
3236:Marking blue
3226:Height gauge
3206:Feeler gauge
3186:Center gauge
3153:Rotary table
3133:Lathe center
3045:Piercing saw
3030:Hand scraper
2901:Hand scraper
2674:Tube bending
2629:Hydroforming
2623:
2504:Metalworking
2459:
2445:
2427:
2420:Bibliography
2405:. Retrieved
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2328:
2316:the original
2307:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2273:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2252:The Atlantic
2251:
2248:"Iron Giant"
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2215:
2207:the original
2201:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:the original
2153:. Retrieved
2148:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2118:
2096:
2081:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2034:
2021:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1987:Stonis, M.:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1903:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1772:
1765:
1754:, retrieved
1750:the original
1744:
1738:
1727:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1715:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1655:
1620:
1611:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1553:
1543:
1491:Thixoforming
1443:
1420:
1405:Wyman Gordon
1396:
1373:
1361:Wyman Gordon
1341:
1321:
1298:
1286:VSMPO-AVISMA
1278:
1254:
1197:South Korea
1180:Heilongjiang
1073:
1064:
1062:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1012:
990:
981:
960:
898:
863:
849:
841:
839:
830:
822:
807:
804:Cold forging
797:
795:
780:leaf springs
773:
769:
766:Roll forging
760:
756:
747:
743:
723:
718:
716:
712:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
668:
657:45.36 (100)
569:
546:
505:
496:
488:
484:
476:
468:
416:
369:
367:
342:
322:Drop forging
312:cold forging
311:
308:warm forging
307:
303:
300:
297:Cold working
268:
254:
222:
214:trip hammers
202:metalworking
199:
170:
152:
108:cold working
100:power hammer
79:
78:
3371:Fabrication
3349:Trip hammer
3344:Swage block
3329:Hardy tools
3246:Marking out
3216:Gauge block
3103:Angle plate
3065:Tap and die
2982:Screw press
2977:Punch press
2931:Tipped tool
2886:Countersink
2881:Counterbore
2733:Galvanizing
2573:Sheet metal
2563:Fabrication
2547:fabrication
2344:12 February
2257:12 February
2129:12 February
1693:28 February
1481:Hammerscale
1476:Cold sizing
1412:, Scotland
1040:drop-hammer
646:22.68 (50)
304:hot forging
293:Hot working
281:Temperature
128:kitchenware
112:hot working
92:compressive
3391:Metallurgy
3251:Micrometer
3176:Bore gauge
2997:Hand tools
2748:Patination
2568:Piece work
2291:2012-05-15
1729:2020-08-31
1502:References
1433:California
1410:Livingston
1334:California
998:EN AW-7075
994:EN AW-6082
975:formation.
850:Benefits:
790:See also:
635:9.07 (20)
624:4.54 (10)
512:tool steel
508:high-alloy
291:See also:
159:mechanisms
153:Since the
136:hand tools
63:Hot metal
3386:Machining
3381:Jewellery
3080:Workbench
3015:Drift pin
2838:Miter saw
2763:Polishing
2728:Anodizing
2705:Soldering
2619:Extrusion
1671:1 October
1569:1 October
1388:, France
1313:, France
1246:Location
1109:Location
1018:Equipment
751:annealing
613:2.27 (5)
602:0.91 (2)
591:0.45 (1)
524:Adequate
459:Fullering
432:Fullering
235:Processes
175:machining
148:jewellery
98:(often a
3421:Category
3396:Smithing
3334:Pritchel
3271:Sine bar
2936:Tool bit
2891:End mill
2828:Cold saw
2700:Riveting
2695:Crimping
2664:Spinning
2649:Punching
2634:Stamping
2231:25 April
2090:Archived
1948:, IPH –
1911:Archived
1892:Archived
1537:Archived
1465:See also
1444:(33,070)
1421:(33,070)
1397:(33,080)
1374:(44,100)
1342:(45,350)
1322:(60,000)
1299:(71,660)
1279:(82,690)
1270:, China
1259:>150
1255:(88,200)
1243:Company
1182:, China
1147:, China
1128:, China
1126:Shanghai
1106:Company
1052:impactor
549:friction
171:forgings
167:strength
163:machines
132:hardware
54:Foraging
18:Forgings
3406:Welding
3376:Forming
3366:Casting
3181:Caliper
3158:Wiggler
3148:Mandrel
3118:Fixture
3060:Scriber
3020:Hacksaw
2911:Nibbler
2823:Bandsaw
2758:Plating
2753:Peening
2710:Welding
2690:Brazing
2669:Swaging
2659:Sinking
2654:Rolling
2624:Forging
2599:Drawing
2589:Coining
2556:General
2543:Forming
2386:18 July
1756:3 March
1471:Casting
1456:Georgia
1440:30,000
1417:30,000
1393:30,000
1386:Pamiers
1370:40,000
1346:50,000
1318:53,500
1311:Issoire
1295:65,000
1290:Russia
1275:75,000
1251:80,000
1187:13,000
1168:15,000
1152:14,000
1133:16,000
1114:16,500
480:fillets
420:Cogging
339:, China
275:cogging
271:swaging
225:presses
181:History
169:; such
144:cymbals
102:) or a
80:Forging
32:forgery
3324:Fuller
3113:Collet
3085:Wrench
3050:Pliers
3025:Hammer
2926:Shears
2921:Reamer
2876:Chisel
2866:Broach
2843:Plasma
2466:
2452:
2434:
2407:18 May
2365:18 May
2184:18 May
2155:15 May
1780:
1268:Deyang
1238:tonnes
1215:tonnes
1193:Doosan
1163:Japan
1145:Deyang
1101:tonnes
1089:tonnes
580:Mass
561:barrel
447:Edging
426:Edging
378:ingots
337:Hainan
249:etched
146:, and
124:smiths
116:heated
96:hammer
3319:Forge
3314:Anvil
3266:Ruler
3211:Gauge
3108:Chuck
3070:Tongs
3055:Punch
3005:Clamp
2952:Brake
2833:Laser
2319:(PDF)
2312:(PDF)
2285:(PDF)
2278:(PDF)
1723:(PDF)
1716:Frisa
1712:(PDF)
1357:Alcoa
1232:Ingot
1221:Force
1210:Force
1095:Ingot
1084:Force
776:axles
557:punch
526:draft
472:flash
374:anvil
218:forge
210:anvil
206:smith
120:forge
88:metal
82:is a
65:ingot
47:forge
3075:Vise
2896:File
2871:Burr
2464:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2409:2012
2388:2013
2367:2012
2346:2012
2259:2012
2233:2020
2186:2012
2157:2012
2131:2012
1778:ISBN
1758:2010
1695:2014
1673:2013
1571:2013
1365:USA
1234:size
1226:tons
1171:580
1155:600
1136:600
1117:600
1097:size
843:iso-
735:bar.
295:and
161:and
3128:Jig
2957:Die
1349:20
1050:or
565:die
555:or
553:die
510:or
494:).
104:die
3423::
2545:,
2337:.
2250:.
2224:.
2165:^
2147:.
2117:.
2104:^
2009:^
1841:^
1827:^
1813:^
1791:^
1714:.
1641:^
1629:^
1587:.
1526:^
1510:^
1401:8
1359:,
1240:)
1228:)
1217:)
1103:)
1091:)
1063:A
782:.
273:,
150:.
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
2799:e
2792:t
2785:v
2534:e
2527:t
2520:v
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