494:
3314:
3152:
3390:
3466:
3371:
3234:
3215:
3177:
3447:
3485:
3276:
3409:
3352:
3196:
3256:
79:
49:
3428:
2445:
3295:
3333:
58:
2467:
The finches have a near-global distribution, being found across the
Americas, Eurasia and Africa, as well as some island groups such as the Hawaiian islands. They are absent from Australasia, Antarctica, the Southern Pacific and the islands of the Indian Ocean, although some European species have
2287:
Cladogram based on the analysis by Zuccon and colleagues published in 2012, Hawaiian honeycreeper phylogeny based on Lerner and colleagues, 2011 and Pratt (2014). Genera or clades with question marks (?) are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement. The rosefinches genus
2488:
4245:"Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi "Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról [A preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern Hungary]"
521:
rather than the nine primaries of other finches, it was sometimes classified in the
Carduelinae. It is now assigned to a distinct family, Urocynchramidae, monotypic as to genus and species, and with no particularly close relatives among the
387:
due to their similar appearance but analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed that both genera were more closely related to the finches. They are now placed in a separate subfamily
Euphoniinae within the Fringillidae. The
361:
Limits of the genera and relationships among the species are less understood – and subject to more controversy – in the carduelines than in any other species of passerines, with the possible exception of the estrildines .
3151:
4150:
370:
and nuclear DNA sequences resulted in substantial revisions in the taxonomy. Several groups of birds that had previously been assigned to other families were found to be related to the finches. The
228:. Finches generally have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usually resident and do not
2492:
3313:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2496:
2421:
colour is brownish, sometimes greenish; many have considerable amounts of black, while white plumage is generally absent except as wing-bars or other signalling marks. Bright yellow and red
3849:
Nguembock, B.; Fjeldså, J.; Couloux, A.; Pasquet, E. (May 2009). "Molecular phylogeny of
Carduelinae (Aves, Passeriformes, Fringillidae) proves polyphyletic origin of the genera
2493:
3465:
3233:
232:. They have a worldwide native distribution except for Australia and the polar regions. The family Fringillidae contains more than two hundred species divided into fifty
3389:
3370:
4570:
3671:
4609:
3176:
4325:
4168:
4724:
4100:
3709:
Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F. (2003).
3214:
4719:
3484:
4544:
3195:
493:
4583:
3446:
345:. The taxonomy of the family, in particular the cardueline finches, has a long and complicated history. The study of the relationship between the
3408:
3275:
2297:
4209:
4162:
3351:
2489:
3255:
3427:
4189:
4099:
Zamora, Jorge; Lowy, E.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Moscoso, J.; Serrano-Vela, J. I.; Rivero-de-Aguilar, J.; Arnaiz-Villena, A. (July 2006).
4025:
3603:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 156, 245.
4344:
4237:
4671:
2381:) at up to 24 cm (9.4 in) and 83 g (2.9 oz), although larger lengths, to 25.5 cm (10.0 in) in the
3792:
Arnaiz-Villena, A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D.; Allende, L.M. (July 2001).
2456:
3508:
4588:
3294:
2432:
are rather rare, as the yellow pigments turn the blue color into green. Many, but by no means all true finches have strong
4596:
3695:
3332:
2558:). The nests are basket-shaped and usually built in trees, more rarely in bushes, between rocks or on similar substrate.
3770:
3632:
2668:
2575:
78:
4456:
4443:
3319:
354:
4513:
4229:
3546:
3433:
2664:
4292:
4714:
4614:
4526:
4244:
4128:
3922:
3730:
3957:
Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08).
2330:
3584:
Although the name of the author is not specified in the document, Leach was the Keeper of
Zoology at the time.
4260:
Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)".
3959:"Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers"
3943:
3338:
2727:
2694:
2543:, alternating bouts of flapping with gliding on closed wings. Most sing well and several are commonly seen
2397:), have been recorded in species which are slightly smaller on average. They typically have strong, stubby
4709:
4396:
31:
2566:
The family
Fringillidae contains 235 species divided into 50 genera and three subfamilies. The subfamily
4704:
4645:
3247:
2752:
2402:
498:
389:
261:
4461:
4101:"Rhodopechys obsoleta (desert finch): a pale ancestor of greenfinches according to molecular phylogeny"
510:
4663:
2475:
Finches are typically inhabitants of well-wooded areas, but some can be found on mountains or even in
392:
were at one time placed in their own family, Drepanididae but were found to be closely related to the
4676:
4624:
4482:
3970:
3866:
3647:
3571:
3201:
350:
338:
155:
3300:
3262:
2918:
2539:
includes a varying amount of small arthropods. True finches have a bouncing flight like most small
2433:
1155:
296:
4317:
4279:
4120:
3935:
3927:
3831:
3734:
3594:
3281:
3092:
2716:
2500:
2469:
2448:
2406:
2086:
460:
leaving eight species in the original genus. Today the family
Fringillidae is divided into three
73:
65:
4650:
4434:
4632:
4469:
4340:
4262:
4233:
4205:
4185:
4158:
3996:
3988:
3882:
3823:
3663:
3471:
3182:
2833:
2634:
2429:
2374:
2334:
2323:
288:
4575:
4015:"A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog"
3575:
4699:
4637:
4309:
4300:
4271:
4112:
4066:
4014:
3978:
3917:
3874:
3813:
3805:
3726:
3655:
3631:
Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (February 2012).
3604:
3490:
3414:
3357:
2829:
2705:
2630:
2390:
2366:
2314:
remains of true finches are rare, and those that are known can mostly be assigned to extant
2293:
331:
222:
48:
2852:
398:
rosefinches and are now placed within the
Carduelinae subfamily. The three largest genera,
3114:
3024:
2954:
2927:
2898:
2683:
2679:
2551:
2444:
2167:
2145:
1877:
1580:
1576:
1171:
918:
319:
268:
267:
Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches". These groups include the
868:
3974:
3870:
3818:
3793:
3651:
4521:
4508:
3109:
3103:
3079:
3051:
3005:
2981:
2976:
2861:
2617:
2571:
2460:
2319:
2162:
2141:
2103:
1986:
1834:
1373:
703:
518:
450:
leaving just three species in the original genus. Thirty seven species were moved from
446:
440:
342:
280:
229:
4536:
4373:
3694:. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 207.
2318:
at least. Like the other
Passeroidea families, the true finches seem to be of roughly
4693:
4356:
4275:
3452:
3395:
3220:
2989:
2891:
2843:
2777:
2773:
2711:
2645:
2548:
2382:
2358:
2171:
1732:
367:
292:
178:
4448:
4283:
3939:
3738:
3689:
4474:
4124:
3835:
3376:
3135:
3037:
3018:
2985:
2949:
2824:
2801:
2722:
2700:
2689:
2338:
1714:
1689:
1655:
1230:
1036:
1014:
936:
809:
678:
591:
549:
486:
465:
421:
417:
193:
4049:
Tietze, D.T.; Päckert, M.; Martens, J.; Lehmann, H.; Sun, Y.-H. (September 2013).
3239:
3047:– 37 species of canaries, serins and siskins from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula
1403:
322:
from the eighteenth to twentieth century. This practice ceased in the UK in 1986.
3598:
4601:
4557:
4428:
4379:
3878:
3659:
2941:
2872:
2805:
2768:
2733:
2659:
2567:
2516:
2512:
2342:
1637:
1596:
1285:
1277:
1040:
860:
632:
577:
523:
477:
473:
461:
371:
315:
284:
272:
237:
201:
197:
4243:
Hír, János; Kókay, József; Venczel, Márton; Gál, Erika; Kessler, Eugén (2001).
2373:) at as little as 8 g (0.28 oz). The largest species is probably the
4116:
3983:
3958:
3013:
2997:
2876:
2762:
2746:
2741:
2422:
1859:
1802:
1281:
974:
842:
780:
430:
400:
394:
384:
308:
164:
4419:
3992:
3762:
3633:"The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)"
4495:
3165:
3087:
3043:
2909:
2903:
2812:
2796:
2781:
2674:
2606:
2593:
2588:
2540:
2528:
2520:
2504:
2414:
2327:
2082:
1927:
1572:
1348:
1147:
1032:
992:
653:
556:
456:
406:
335:
300:
276:
215:
172:
140:
130:
90:
57:
17:
4051:"Complete phylogeny and historical biogeography of true rosefinches (Aves:
4000:
3886:
3827:
3667:
4413:
3168:
3157:
3127:
3032:
2886:
2867:
2651:
2640:
2611:
2544:
2536:
2436:, the females typically lacking the bright carotenoid markings of males.
1945:
1531:
1513:
1116:
1091:
864:
609:
375:
349:
has been confounded by the recurrence of similar morphologies due to the
257:
253:
245:
110:
2405:
are famous for the wide range of bill shapes and sizes brought about by
353:
of species occupying similar niches. In 1968 the
American ornithologist
4321:
3931:
3809:
3794:"Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches"
3098:
3063:
2960:
2933:
2914:
2790:
2625:
2524:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2346:
2137:
2014:
1326:
1259:
1151:
721:
502:
412:
304:
4071:
4050:
2968:
2817:
2532:
2476:
2315:
2311:
1399:
1391:
1352:
the extinct greater ʻamakihi (could fall anywhere within this clade)
241:
233:
100:
4562:
4549:
4390:
4372:
4313:
3710:
3608:
4500:
4658:
3071:
3056:
2486:
2443:
2032:
1990:
1395:
492:
469:
249:
3901:
3713:
American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds
4149:
Arnaiz-Villena, A.; Gómez-Prieto, P.; Ruiz-de-Valle, V. (2009).
2880:
2398:
1124:
1120:
366:
Beginning around 1990 a series of phylogenetic studies based on
346:
218:
120:
4394:
2592:– 5 species of chaffinch, 2 species of blue chaffinch, and the
314:
Finches and canaries were used in the UK, US and Canada in the
4378:
4357:
Internet Bird Collection.com: Finch videos, photos, and sounds
3113:– 20 species including the North American goldfinches and the
4487:
4293:"Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches"
3923:
10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0787:MEFTSP]2.0.CO;2
3731:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0923:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2
2570:
includes 18 extinct Hawaiian honeycreepers and the extinct
3582:(15th ed.). London: British Museum. pp. 63–68 .
2296:
as suggested by Tietze and colleagues and adopted by the
4224:
Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan & Davis, John (1993):
3139:– 5 species all with chlorophonia in their English name
2937:– 4 recently extinct species, and 2 prehistoric species
476:
containing 183 species divided into 49 genera, and the
4361:
4184:
by Peter Clement. Princeton University Press (1999).
2401:, which in some species can be quite large; however,
2389:), and weights, to 86.1 g (3.04 oz) in the
3600:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
3131:– 27 species all with euphonia in their English name
2365:) at as little as 9.5 cm (3.8 in) and the
1344:
1255:
1087:
1010:
970:
914:
805:
4403:
4204:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
3902:"Molecular evidence for the systematic position of
2531:to utilize a wide range of food sources, including
424:genera. The American rosefinches were moved from
4339:(New Naturalist series). Taplinger Publishing.
3547:"The Story of the Real Canary in the Coal Mine"
2507:seeds and taking flight, including slow motion.
3580:Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum
2428:are commonplace in this family, and thus blue
2357:The smallest "classical" true finches are the
4226:Finches and Sparrows: an identification guide
2326:(Ma). An unidentifable finch fossil from the
8:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
4362:National Finch and Softbill Society website
3691:Check-list of birds of the world, Volume 14
383:were formerly placed in the tanager family
260:, as well as the morphologically divergent
4391:
4249:Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis
2527:in their diet, and Hawaiian honeycreepers
56:
47:
38:
4291:Marten, Jill A.; Johnson, Ned K. (1986).
4070:
4059:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3982:
3921:
3817:
2761:– contains a single extinct species, the
4151:"Phylogeography of finches and sparrows"
3857:and suggests redefined generic limits".
3527:
3525:
3523:
2945:– 4 species, only one of which is extant
2737:– 6 species of mountain and rosy finches
438:was split by moving the greenfinches to
3769:. International Ornithologists' Union.
3519:
3147:
2890:– single recently extinct species, the
303:islands, now considered members of the
3688:Paynter, Raymond A. Jnr., ed. (1968).
2298:International Ornithological Committee
334:was introduced in 1819 by the English
4366:organization promoting finch breeding
3859:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3640:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1931:African canaries, serins and siskins
7:
4664:880F1003-A274-FF9C-FF23-3DDEFD66FC9E
4625:c16a5a6a-997e-4092-9a4a-407769e162e8
4527:a0927631-2e05-4aee-808b-50d04115575b
3798:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
3761:Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.).
2972:– 5 species, of which one is extinct
2455:) male (left) and female (right) in
2166:American siskins & goldfinches,
330:The name Fringillidae for the finch
2129:
2074:
2067:
2006:
1978:
1971:
1919:
1912:
1851:
1826:
1819:
1794:
1706:
1681:
1629:
1622:
1564:
1557:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1365:
1318:
1247:
1222:
1215:
1139:
1108:
1080:
1073:
962:
907:
899:
892:
833:
826:
798:
772:
765:
695:
670:
645:
638:
595:, chlorophonias and some euphonias
583:
573:
545:
538:
4725:Taxa named by William Elford Leach
3545:Eschener, Kat (30 December 2016).
2828:– 2 recently extinct species, the
2409:. All true finches have 9 primary
341:in a guide to the contents of the
25:
4202:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
3773:from the original on 26 June 2015
2902:– contains a single species, the
4720:Extant Miocene first appearances
4381:The New Student's Reference Work
4331:from the original on 2014-02-22.
4276:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x
3946:from the original on 2014-02-25.
3711:"Forty-fourth supplement to the
3698:from the original on 2015-07-15.
3677:from the original on 2015-06-10.
3483:
3464:
3445:
3426:
3407:
3388:
3369:
3350:
3331:
3312:
3293:
3274:
3254:
3232:
3213:
3194:
3175:
3150:
2519:include considerable amounts of
279:; some members of the Old World
77:
4031:from the original on 2015-09-19
978:the extinct Hawaiian grosbeaks
275:) of the Old World tropics and
3509:The Finch Society of Australia
2926:– single extinct species, the
2547:; foremost among these is the
2472:in Australia and New Zealand.
1:
3162:Coccothraustes coccothraustes
3001:– 3 North America rosefinches
2669:African crimson-winged finch
2629:– 2 oriental grosbeaks, the
2576:List of Fringillidae species
2341:subepoch, has been found at
1095:the extinct ʻula-ʻai-hāwane
4157:. Nova Science Publishers.
3879:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.10.022
3767:World Bird List Version 5.3
3660:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002
3495:Fringilla coelebs moreletti
3320:Gran Canaria blue chaffinch
3028:– 3 golden-winged grosbeaks
2894:, and 3 prehistoric species
2836:, and 2 prehistoric species
2808:, and 2 prehistoric species
2535:. The diet of Fringillidae
2292:is expanded to include the
1806:North American rosefinches
1234:Maui parrotbill or kiwikiu
922:the extinct Lanai hookbill
355:Raymond Andrew Paynter, Jr.
68:(female above, male below)
4741:
3434:Yellow-breasted greenfinch
3362:Chlorophonia elegantissima
3102:– 8 species including the
3091:– 3 species including the
3055:– 4 species including the
2755:group (tribe Drepanidini)
2665:Asian crimson-winged finch
2511:The finches are primarily
940:the possibly extinct ʻōʻū
472:with the chaffinches, the
214:are small to medium-sized
29:
4117:10.1007/s10336-005-0036-2
3984:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039
2871:– 2 extinct species, the
2820:and a prehistoric species
2556:Serinus canaria domestica
2159:
2134:
2127:
2100:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2029:
2011:
2004:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1942:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1874:
1856:
1849:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1799:
1792:
1729:
1711:
1704:
1686:
1679:
1652:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1593:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1528:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1388:
1370:
1363:
1342:
1323:
1316:
1284:and the possibly extinct
1274:
1253:
1245:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1168:
1144:
1137:
1113:
1106:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1029:
1008:
989:
968:
960:
933:
912:
905:
897:
890:
857:
839:
831:
824:
803:
796:
777:
770:
763:
718:
700:
693:
675:
668:
650:
643:
636:
606:
588:
581:
571:
553:
543:
191:
186:
170:
163:
74:Scientific classification
72:
64:
55:
46:
41:
4089:(2001), Mlíkovský (2002)
3189:), an American rosefinch
2440:Distribution and habitat
2322:origin, around 20 to 10
1881:golden-winged grosbeaks
1659:dark-breasted rosefinch
1018:the extinct koa-finches
511:Przewalski's "rosefinch"
326:Systematics and taxonomy
3900:Groth, J. (July 2000).
3531:Newton (1973), Clement
3419:Hesperiphona vespertina
3339:Tenerife blue chaffinch
2860:– extinct species, the
2842:– extinct species, the
2728:dark-breasted rosefinch
2395:Hesperiphona vespertina
1600:crimson-winged finches
519:primary flight feathers
501:, were once treated as
444:and a large clade into
3457:Crithagra flaviventris
2582:Subfamily Fringillinae
2508:
2464:
2403:Hawaiian honeycreepers
1263:the extinct ʻakialoas
506:
420:. Each was split into
390:Hawaiian honeycreepers
364:
262:Hawaiian honeycreepers
32:Finch (disambiguation)
4646:Paleobiology Database
3904:Urocynchramus pylzowi
3572:Leach, William Elford
3248:Hawaiian honeycreeper
3121:Subfamily Euphoniinae
2753:Hawaiian honeycreeper
2655:– 8 bullfinch species
2600:Subfamily Carduelinae
2578:for further details.
2499:
2447:
1693:Blanford's rosefinch
784:Eurasian rosefinches
515:Urocynchramus pylzowi
499:thick-billed euphonia
497:Euphonias, like this
496:
359:
4522:Fauna Europaea (new)
4335:Newton, Ian (1973):
4182:Finches and Sparrows
3763:"Finches, euphonias"
2695:Blanford's rosefinch
813:the extinct poʻouli
468:containing a single
339:William Elford Leach
30:For other uses, see
3975:2011CBio...21.1838L
3871:2009MolPE..51..169N
3652:2012MolPE..62..581Z
3476:Crithagra striolata
3400:Pinicola enucleator
3381:Rhodospiza obsoleta
3324:Fringilla polatzeki
3301:European greenfinch
3286:Carduelis carduelis
3263:violaceous euphonia
3225:Spinus magellanicus
3208:), a true rosefinch
3187:Haemorhous cassinii
2919:Laysan honeycreeper
2434:sexual dichromatism
2387:Pinicola enucleator
2333:, around 12 to 7.3
1736:golden-naped finch
1156:Laysan honeycreeper
725:Oriental grosbeaks
682:American grosbeaks
505:instead of finches.
318:industry to detect
3810:10.1007/PL00000930
3282:European goldfinch
3093:European goldfinch
2717:golden-naped finch
2509:
2501:American goldfinch
2465:
2449:American goldfinch
2430:structural colours
2407:adaptive radiation
2087:European goldfinch
507:
236:. It includes the
66:Eurasian bullfinch
4687:
4686:
4633:Open Tree of Life
4397:Taxon identifiers
4210:978-0-8493-4258-5
4164:978-1-60741-844-3
4072:10.1111/zoj.12057
3969:(21): 1838–1844.
3472:Streaky seedeater
3438:Chloris spinoides
3267:Euphonia violacea
3244:Drepanis coccinea
3206:Carpodacus roseus
3202:Pallas' rosefinch
3059:and three linnets
2980:– 3 species, the
2913:– 2 species, the
2879:, and the extant
2834:greater koa finch
2816:– 2 species, the
2800:– 4 species, the
2772:– 3 species, the
2749:rosefinch species
2663:– 2 species, the
2635:Japanese grosbeak
2497:
2379:Mycerobas affinis
2375:collared grosbeak
2363:Spinus spinescens
2335:million years ago
2324:million years ago
2304:
2303:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2116:
2115:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2044:
1958:
1957:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1718:spectacled finch
1668:
1667:
1641:mountain finches
1609:
1608:
1544:
1543:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1377:lesser ʻamakihis
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
949:
948:
879:
878:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
733:
622:
621:
416:were found to be
289:New World sparrow
269:estrildid finches
208:
207:
159:
16:(Redirected from
4732:
4715:Quaternary birds
4680:
4679:
4667:
4666:
4654:
4653:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4602:NBNSYS0000051223
4592:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4516:
4504:
4503:
4491:
4490:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4464:
4452:
4451:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4376:
4332:
4330:
4297:
4287:
4256:
4251:(in Hungarian).
4230:Christopher Helm
4213:
4199:
4193:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4167:. Archived from
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4127:. Archived from
4096:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4019:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3986:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3925:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3821:
3804:(8): 1159–1166.
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3758:
3743:
3742:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3637:
3628:
3613:
3612:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3491:Azores chaffinch
3487:
3468:
3449:
3430:
3415:Evening grosbeak
3411:
3392:
3373:
3358:Elegant euphonia
3354:
3343:Fringilla teydea
3335:
3316:
3297:
3278:
3258:
3236:
3217:
3198:
3179:
3154:
3009:– 6 greenfinches
2917:and the extinct
2780:and the extinct
2706:spectacled finch
2498:
2391:evening grosbeak
2367:lesser goldfinch
2337:(Ma) during the
2294:common rosefinch
2130:
2075:
2068:
2007:
1979:
1972:
1920:
1913:
1852:
1827:
1820:
1795:
1707:
1682:
1630:
1623:
1565:
1558:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1366:
1346:
1319:
1257:
1248:
1223:
1216:
1154:and the extinct
1140:
1123:and the extinct
1109:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1012:
972:
963:
916:
908:
900:
893:
867:and the extinct
834:
827:
807:
799:
773:
766:
696:
671:
657:Asian grosbeaks
646:
639:
584:
574:
546:
539:
532:Finch phylogeny
529:
528:
297:Darwin's finches
154:
82:
81:
60:
51:
39:
21:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4644:
4636:
4631:
4623:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4533:
4525:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4499:
4494:
4486:
4481:
4473:
4468:
4460:
4455:
4447:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4399:
4371:
4353:
4328:
4314:10.2307/1368266
4295:
4290:
4259:
4242:
4221:
4216:
4200:
4196:
4180:
4176:
4165:
4155:Animal Genetics
4148:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4080:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3963:Current Biology
3956:
3955:
3951:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3760:
3759:
3746:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3616:
3595:Bock, Walter J.
3593:
3592:
3588:
3576:"Eleventh Room"
3570:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3505:
3498:
3488:
3479:
3469:
3460:
3450:
3441:
3431:
3422:
3412:
3403:
3393:
3384:
3374:
3365:
3355:
3346:
3336:
3327:
3317:
3308:
3305:Chloris chloris
3298:
3289:
3279:
3270:
3259:
3250:
3237:
3228:
3218:
3209:
3199:
3190:
3180:
3171:
3155:
3146:
3115:Eurasian siskin
3025:Rhynchostruthus
2955:Maui parrotbill
2928:greater amakihi
2858:Dysmorodrepanis
2684:Mongolian finch
2610:– 4 Palearctic
2564:
2487:
2485:
2457:Johnston County
2442:
2371:Spinus psaltria
2355:
2309:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2168:Eurasian siskin
2146:Atlantic canary
2117:
2107:mountain serin
2055:
2046:
1959:
1900:
1891:
1878:Rhynchostruthus
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1669:
1610:
1581:Mongolian finch
1545:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1306:
1297:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1061:
1052:
950:
919:Dysmorodrepanis
880:
753:
744:
735:
623:
613:true euphonias
480:containing the
328:
320:carbon monoxide
200:
196:
182:
176:
153:
76:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4668:
4655:
4642:
4629:
4619:
4606:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4531:
4518:
4509:Fauna Europaea
4505:
4492:
4479:
4466:
4453:
4440:
4425:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4369:
4359:
4352:
4351:External links
4349:
4348:
4347:
4333:
4308:(4): 409–420.
4288:
4270:(2): 149–186.
4257:
4240:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4190:978-0691048789
4174:
4171:on 2012-09-02.
4163:
4141:
4091:
4078:
4041:
4006:
3949:
3916:(3): 787–792.
3892:
3865:(2): 169–181.
3841:
3784:
3744:
3725:(3): 923–931.
3701:
3680:
3646:(2): 581–596.
3614:
3586:
3563:
3537:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3432:
3425:
3423:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3183:Cassin's finch
3181:
3174:
3172:
3164:), one of the
3156:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3104:European serin
3095:
3084:
3080:Chrysocorythus
3076:
3075:– 6 crossbills
3068:
3060:
3048:
3040:
3029:
3021:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2977:Chlorodrepanis
2973:
2965:
2957:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2921:
2906:
2895:
2883:
2864:
2862:Lanai hookbill
2855:
2846:
2837:
2821:
2809:
2793:
2784:
2765:
2750:
2738:
2730:
2719:
2708:
2697:
2686:
2671:
2656:
2648:
2637:
2622:
2618:Coccothraustes
2614:
2597:
2596:
2572:Bonin grosbeak
2563:
2562:List of genera
2560:
2484:
2481:
2461:North Carolina
2453:Spinus tristis
2441:
2438:
2354:
2351:
2320:Middle Miocene
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2142:European serin
2133:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2104:Chrysocorythus
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:pine grosbeak
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:honeycreepers
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:Chlorodrepanis
1369:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
967:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
943:
942:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
911:
906:
904:
898:
896:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
877:
876:
873:
872:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
838:
832:
830:
825:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
802:
797:
795:
791:
790:
787:
786:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
728:
727:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
704:Coccothraustes
699:
694:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
674:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
629:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
616:
615:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
587:
582:
580:
572:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
552:
544:
542:
537:
534:
533:
343:British Museum
327:
324:
206:
205:
189:
188:
184:
183:
177:
168:
167:
161:
160:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
70:
69:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4737:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:Miocene birds
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:Featherbase:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4374:"Finch"
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:0-8008-2720-1
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4263:Zool. Scripta
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4238:0-7136-8017-2
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4131:on 2013-07-03
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4042:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:Yellow canary
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3396:Pine grosbeak
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:Hooded siskin
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:Kauai amakihi
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:Ula-ai-hawane
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Kona grosbeak
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:Maui alauahio
2775:
2774:Oahu alauahio
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2712:Pyrrhoplectes
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:pine grosbeak
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:pine grosbeak
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:Andean siskin
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:Fossil record
2306:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:Tibetan serin
2169:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:oriole finch
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:desert finch
1862:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:greenfinches
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1733:Pyrrhoplectes
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:Nihoa finches
1038:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
994:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
977:
976:
965:
964:
958:
957:
954:
953:
945:
944:
941:
939:
938:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
921:
920:
910:
909:
902:
901:
895:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
875:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
862:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
845:
844:
836:
835:
829:
828:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
812:
811:
801:
800:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
783:
782:
775:
774:
768:
767:
761:
760:
757:
756:
748:
747:
739:
738:
730:
729:
726:
724:
723:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
706:
705:
698:
697:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
681:
680:
673:
672:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
656:
655:
648:
647:
641:
640:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
618:
617:
614:
612:
611:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
594:
593:
586:
585:
579:
576:
575:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
559:
558:
551:
548:
547:
541:
540:
536:
535:
531:
530:
527:
525:
520:
516:
512:
504:
500:
495:
491:
489:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
409:
408:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
386:
382:
378:
377:
373:
369:
368:mitochondrial
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Passerellidae
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
204:
203:
199:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
174:
169:
166:
162:
157:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
137:Superfamily:
136:
135:
132:
131:Passeriformes
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4705:Fringillidae
4537:fringillidae
4449:Fringillidae
4435:Fringillidae
4405:Fringillidae
4404:
4380:
4365:
4336:
4305:
4299:
4267:
4261:
4252:
4248:
4225:
4201:
4197:
4181:
4177:
4169:the original
4154:
4144:
4133:. Retrieved
4129:the original
4108:
4104:
4094:
4086:
4081:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4044:
4033:. Retrieved
4021:
4009:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3895:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3766:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3690:
3683:
3643:
3639:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3566:
3554:. Retrieved
3550:
3540:
3532:
3494:
3475:
3456:
3437:
3418:
3399:
3380:
3377:Desert finch
3361:
3342:
3323:
3304:
3285:
3266:
3243:
3224:
3205:
3186:
3161:
3136:Chlorophonia
3134:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3097:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3067:– 3 redpolls
3062:
3050:
3042:
3038:oriole finch
3031:
3023:
3019:desert finch
3012:
3004:
2996:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2950:Pseudonestor
2948:
2940:
2932:
2923:
2908:
2897:
2885:
2866:
2857:
2849:Psittirostra
2848:
2839:
2825:Rhodacanthis
2823:
2811:
2802:Laysan finch
2795:
2786:
2767:
2759:Melamprosops
2758:
2740:
2732:
2723:Procarduelis
2721:
2710:
2701:Callacanthis
2699:
2690:Agraphospiza
2688:
2673:
2658:
2650:
2639:
2624:
2616:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2565:
2555:
2549:domesticated
2510:
2474:
2468:been widely
2466:
2452:
2417:. The basic
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2339:Late Miocene
2310:
2289:
2161:
2160:
2136:
2135:
2102:
2101:
2081:
2080:
2031:
2030:
2013:
2012:
1993:and linnets
1985:
1984:
1944:
1943:
1926:
1925:
1876:
1875:
1858:
1857:
1833:
1832:
1801:
1800:
1731:
1730:
1715:Callacanthis
1713:
1712:
1690:Agraphospiza
1688:
1687:
1656:Procarduelis
1654:
1653:
1636:
1635:
1595:
1594:
1571:
1570:
1535:bullfinches
1530:
1529:
1512:
1511:
1390:
1389:
1372:
1371:
1347:
1343:
1325:
1324:
1282:ʻakiapōlāʻau
1276:
1275:
1258:
1254:
1231:Pseudonestor
1229:
1228:
1170:
1169:
1146:
1145:
1115:
1114:
1090:
1086:
1031:
1030:
1015:Rhodacanthis
1013:
1009:
991:
990:
973:
969:
937:Psittirostra
935:
934:
917:
913:
859:
858:
841:
840:
810:Melamprosops
808:
804:
779:
778:
720:
719:
702:
701:
679:Hesperiphona
677:
676:
652:
651:
608:
607:
592:Chlorophonia
590:
589:
560:chaffinches
555:
554:
550:Fringillinae
514:
508:
487:Chlorophonia
485:
481:
466:Fringillinae
455:
451:
445:
439:
435:
429:
425:
422:monophyletic
418:polyphyletic
411:
405:
399:
393:
381:Chlorophonia
380:
374:
365:
360:
329:
313:
266:
226:Fringillidae
225:
212:true finches
211:
209:
194:Fringillinae
192:
187:Subfamilies
171:
151:Fringillidae
150:
36:
18:Fringillidae
4558:iNaturalist
4429:Wikispecies
4065:: 215–234.
3551:Smithsonian
3083:– 2 species
2942:Hemignathus
2873:Hawaii mamo
2806:Nihoa finch
2769:Paroreomyza
2734:Leucosticte
2660:Rhodopechys
2621:– 3 species
2568:Carduelinae
2517:euphoniines
2513:granivorous
2353:Description
2036:crossbills
1638:Leucosticte
1597:Rhodopechys
1278:Hemignathus
1175:ʻākohekohe
861:Paroreomyza
633:Carduelinae
578:Euphoniinae
524:Passeroidea
478:Euphoniinae
474:Carduelinae
462:subfamilies
372:Neotropical
351:convergence
316:coal mining
295:); and the
285:Emberizidae
273:Estrildidae
202:Euphoniinae
198:Carduelinae
141:Passeroidea
4694:Categories
4232:, London.
4135:2013-03-07
4111:: 448–56.
4105:J Ornithol
4053:Carpodacus
4035:2022-06-28
3515:References
3014:Rhodospiza
2998:Haemorhous
2964:– anianiau
2877:black mamo
2840:Chloridops
2787:Oreomystis
2747:Palearctic
2742:Carpodacus
2541:passerines
2521:arthropods
2505:coneflower
2470:introduced
2423:carotenoid
2290:Carpodacus
1860:Rhodospiza
1803:Haemorhous
1330:ʻanianiau
975:Chloridops
865:ʻalauahios
843:Oreomystis
781:Carpodacus
517:) has ten
431:Haemorhous
426:Carpodacus
401:Carpodacus
395:Carpodacus
385:Thraupidae
309:Thraupidae
287:) and the
165:Type genus
3993:0960-9822
3855:Carduelis
3169:grosbeaks
3166:Holarctic
3088:Carduelis
3044:Crithagra
2924:Viridonia
2910:Himatione
2904:akohekohe
2813:Loxioides
2797:Telespiza
2782:kakawahie
2680:trumpeter
2675:Bucanetes
2612:grosbeaks
2607:Mycerobas
2594:brambling
2589:Fringilla
2545:cagebirds
2537:nestlings
2483:Behaviour
2415:rectrices
2328:Messinian
2083:Carduelis
2018:redpolls
1928:Crithagra
1577:trumpeter
1573:Bucanetes
1349:Viridonia
1286:nukupuʻus
1148:Himatione
1033:Telespiza
993:Loxioides
869:kākāwahie
846:ʻakikiki
794:Hawaiian
707:hawfinch
654:Mycerobas
557:Fringilla
509:Although
457:Crithagra
436:Carduelis
407:Carduelis
336:zoologist
301:Galapagos
277:Australia
258:euphonias
254:grosbeaks
216:passerine
173:Fringilla
97:Kingdom:
91:Eukaryota
4414:Wikidata
4326:Archived
4284:85317440
4255:: 41–64.
4026:Archived
4001:22018543
3944:Archived
3940:86164717
3887:19027082
3828:11529508
3819:11337388
3771:Archived
3739:86031929
3696:Archived
3672:Archived
3668:22023825
3609:2246/830
3597:(1994).
3574:(1819).
3503:See also
3158:Hawfinch
3128:Euphonia
3064:Acanthis
3033:Linurgus
2899:Palmeria
2887:Ciridops
2875:and the
2868:Drepanis
2832:and the
2682:and the
2667:and the
2652:Pyrrhula
2641:Pinicola
2633:and the
2426:pigments
2343:Polgárdi
2015:Acanthis
1946:Linurgus
1532:Pyrrhula
1514:Pinicola
1400:ʻakekeʻe
1172:Palmeria
1152:ʻapapane
1117:Drepanis
1092:Ciridops
610:Euphonia
503:tanagers
484:and the
482:Euphonia
379:and the
376:Euphonia
307:family (
291:family (
283:family (
246:redpolls
238:canaries
179:Linnaeus
147:Family:
111:Chordata
107:Phylum:
101:Animalia
87:Domain:
4700:Finches
4420:Q160835
4386:. 1914.
4337:Finches
4322:1368266
4219:Sources
4125:8771417
4022:lsu.edu
3971:Bibcode
3932:4089604
3910:The Auk
3867:Bibcode
3851:Serinus
3836:6241573
3777:23 July
3719:The Auk
3648:Bibcode
3556:11 June
3144:Gallery
3099:Serinus
3052:Linaria
3006:Chloris
2961:Magumma
2934:Akialoa
2915:apapane
2791:akikiki
2763:po'ouli
2631:Chinese
2626:Eophona
2529:evolved
2525:berries
2503:eating
2477:deserts
2419:plumage
2413:and 12
2411:remiges
2347:Hungary
2138:Serinus
1987:Linaria
1835:Chloris
1396:'akepas
1327:Magumma
1260:Akialoa
996:palila
722:Eophona
452:Serinus
441:Chloris
413:Serinus
357:wrote:
305:tanager
299:of the
281:bunting
242:siskins
230:migrate
221:in the
127:Order:
117:Class:
4677:159390
4638:839319
4622:NZOR:
4589:179122
4576:109947
4501:1FRINF
4383:
4343:
4320:
4301:Condor
4282:
4236:
4208:
4188:
4161:
4123:
4087:et al.
3999:
3991:
3938:
3930:
3885:
3834:
3826:
3816:
3737:
3666:
3535:(1993)
3533:et al.
3240:ʻIʻiwi
3110:Spinus
2982:Hawaii
2969:Loxops
2830:lesser
2818:palila
2804:, the
2776:, the
2574:. See
2552:canary
2533:nectar
2515:, but
2316:genera
2312:Fossil
2163:Spinus
2148:, etc
1404:ʻalawī
1402:, and
1392:Loxops
1121:ʻiʻiwi
1039:&
1037:Laysan
464:, the
447:Spinus
332:family
250:serins
234:genera
223:family
181:, 1758
158:, 1819
42:Finch
4672:WoRMS
4659:Plazi
4651:39450
4571:IRMNG
4514:10875
4475:6244D
4329:(PDF)
4318:JSTOR
4296:(PDF)
4280:S2CID
4121:S2CID
4029:(PDF)
4018:(PDF)
3936:S2CID
3928:JSTOR
3832:S2CID
3735:S2CID
3675:(PDF)
3636:(PDF)
3261:Male
3246:), a
3072:Loxia
3057:twite
2745:– 28
2463:, USA
2399:beaks
2033:Loxia
1991:twite
1125:mamos
470:genus
219:birds
156:Leach
4615:9133
4610:NCBI
4584:ITIS
4563:9079
4550:5242
4545:GBIF
4496:EPPO
4488:7548
4462:1204
4457:BOLD
4341:ISBN
4234:ISBN
4206:ISBN
4186:ISBN
4159:ISBN
4085:Hír
3997:PMID
3989:ISSN
3883:PMID
3853:and
3824:PMID
3779:2015
3664:PMID
3558:2018
2988:and
2986:Oahu
2881:iiwi
2523:and
2170:and
2089:etc
1579:and
410:and
347:taxa
256:and
210:The
121:Aves
4597:NBN
4483:EoL
4470:CoL
4444:AFD
4310:doi
4272:doi
4113:doi
4109:147
4067:doi
4063:169
3979:doi
3918:doi
3914:117
3875:doi
3814:PMC
3806:doi
3727:doi
3723:120
3656:doi
3605:hdl
2345:in
2331:age
454:to
428:to
311:).
4696::
4674::
4661::
4648::
4635::
4612::
4599::
4586::
4573::
4560::
4547::
4524::
4511::
4498::
4485::
4472::
4459::
4446::
4431::
4416::
4377:.
4364:—
4324:.
4316:.
4306:88
4304:.
4298:.
4278:.
4268:35
4266:.
4253:25
4247:.
4228:.
4153:.
4119:.
4107:.
4103:.
4061:.
4057:.
4055:)"
4024:.
4020:.
3995:.
3987:.
3977:.
3967:21
3965:.
3961:.
3942:.
3934:.
3926:.
3912:.
3908:.
3881:.
3873:.
3863:51
3861:.
3830:.
3822:.
3812:.
3802:58
3800:.
3796:.
3765:.
3747:^
3733:.
3721:.
3717:.
3670:.
3662:.
3654:.
3644:62
3642:.
3638:.
3617:^
3578:.
3549:.
3522:^
3402:)
3036:–
3017:–
2984:,
2953:–
2853:ou
2851:–
2789:–
2726:–
2715:–
2704:–
2693:–
2678:–
2644:–
2479:.
2459:,
2349:.
2300:.
2144:,
1398:,
1340:?
1251:?
1006:?
966:?
903:?
837:?
526:.
490:.
434:.
404:,
264:.
252:,
248:,
244:,
240:,
4368:.
4312::
4286:.
4274::
4212:.
4192:.
4138:.
4115::
4075:.
4069::
4038:.
4003:.
3981::
3973::
3920::
3906:"
3889:.
3877::
3869::
3838:.
3808::
3781:.
3741:.
3729::
3715:"
3658::
3650::
3611:.
3607::
3560:.
3497:)
3493:(
3478:)
3474:(
3459:)
3455:(
3440:)
3436:(
3421:)
3417:(
3398:(
3383:)
3379:(
3364:)
3360:(
3345:)
3341:(
3326:)
3322:(
3307:)
3303:(
3288:)
3284:(
3269:)
3265:(
3242:(
3227:)
3223:(
3204:(
3185:(
3160:(
2554:(
2451:(
2393:(
2385:(
2377:(
2369:(
2361:(
1345:†
1256:†
1088:†
1011:†
971:†
915:†
806:†
513:(
271:(
34:.
20:)
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