970:, a dose-escalation scheme may be used. The use of a dose-escalation scheme has been well accepted in countries where galantamine is used. A dose-escalation scheme for Alzheimer's treatment involves a recommended starting dosage of 4 mg galantamine tablets given twice a day (8 mg/day). After a minimum of 4 weeks, the dosage may then be increased to 8 mg given twice a day (16 mg/day). After a minimum of 4 weeks at 16 mg/day, the treatment may be increased to 12 mg given twice a day (24 mg/day). Dosage increases are based upon the assessment of clinical benefit as well as tolerability of the previous dosage. If treatment is interrupted for more than three days, the process is usually restarted, beginning at the starting dosage, and re-escalating to the current dose. It has been found that a dosage between 16–24 mg/day is the optimal dosage.
621:
598:
1214:
1366:. According to the investigators, an unexpected synergistic interaction occurred between galantamine and atropine in an amount of 6 mg/kg or higher. Increasing the dose of galantamine from 5 to 8 mg/kg decreased the dose of atropine needed to protect experimental animals from the toxicity of soman in dosages 1.5 times the dose generally required to kill half the experimental animals.
1134:
40:
31:
6090:
1209:
at its nitrogen atom, forming two other possible metabolites. Galantamine can undergo demethylation at its oxygen atom, forming an intermediate which can then undergo glucuronidation or sulfate conjugation. Lastly, galantamine may be oxidized and then reduced before finally undergoing demethylation
1378:
to autistic children has been shown to improve some of the symptoms of autism such as irritability, lethargy, and social withdrawal. Additionally, the cholinergic and nicotinic receptors are believed to play a role in attentional processes. Some studies have noted that cholinergic and nicotinic
958:
receptors, which causes a conformational change. This allosteric modulation increases the nicotinic receptor's response to acetylcholine. The activation of presynaptic nicotinic receptors increases the release of acetylcholine, further increasing the availability of acetylcholine. Galantamine's
1294:
results primarily from their action as irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase causes an increase in acetylcholine, as the enzyme is no longer available to catalyze its breakdown. In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine accumulation can cause an
1415:, and nivalin (of which the active ingredient is galantamine). The degree of drowsiness and disorientation of the two groups was then assessed 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after surgery. The group that had taken nivalin were found to be more alert 5, 10, and 15 minutes after the surgery.
945:
function. One hypothesis is that this impairment contributes to the cognitive deficits caused by the disease. This hypothesis forms the basis for use of galantamine as a cholinergic enhancer in the treatment of
Alzheimer's. Galantamine inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme which
2870:
2245:
1001:, swelling of the face or throat, and skin rash. Using galantamine may cause chest pain, bloody urine, stomach bleeding, and liver injury, among other side effects. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and headache are considered common side effects.
2896:
Ghaleiha A, Ghyasvand M, Mohammadi MR, Farokhnia M, Yadegari N, Tabrizi M, et al. (July 2014). "Galantamine efficacy and tolerability as an augmentative therapy in autistic children: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".
3049:
Sparrow G, Hurd R, Carlson R, Molina A (August 2018). "Exploring the effects of galantamine paired with meditation and dream reliving on recalled dreams: Toward an integrated protocol for lucid dream induction and nightmare resolution".
1129:
in certain parts of the brain. Galantamine's effects on nAChRs and complementary acetylcholinesterase inhibition make up a dual mechanism of action. It is hypothesized that this action might relieve some of the symptoms of
Alzheimer's.
1835:
1260:
Since the alkaloid is isolated from botanical sources containing low amounts (0.1%) by weight, extraction yields are low. Although galantamine can be produced from natural resources, it also has many industrial syntheses, such as by
1319:. As a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, galantamine has the potential to serve as an effective organophosphate poisoning treatment by preventing irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Additionally, galantamine has
3282:
2874:
2146:
Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV (April 2002). "Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and
Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial".
1295:
overstimulation of muscarinic receptors followed by a desensitization of nicotinic receptors. This leads to severe skeletal muscle fasciculations (involuntary contractions). The effects on the central nervous system include
2241:
4988:
1587:
1561:
3275:
1379:
treatments have improved attention in autistic children. As such, it is hypothesized that galantamine's dual action mechanism might have a similar effect in treating autistic children and adolescents.
1197:
In humans, several metabolic pathways for galantamine exist. These pathways lead to the formation of a number of different metabolites. One of the metabolites that may result can be formed through the
3716:
3762:
1855:
1089:
in certain areas of the brain. By binding to the allosteric site of the nAChRs, a conformational change occurs which increases the receptors response to acetylcholine. This modulation of the
6067:
3268:
6165:
4981:
950:
acetylcholine. As a result of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, galantamine increases the availability of acetylcholine for synaptic transmission. Additionally, galantamine binds to the
1093:
on cholinergic neurons in turn causes an increase in the amount of acetylcholine released. However, recent studies suggest that
Galantamine does not functionally act at human nAChRs
687:
6062:
4950:
1194:
are involved in galantamine metabolism. Within 24 hours of intravenous or oral administration approximately 20% of a dose of galantamine will be excreted unreacted in the urine.
164:
4974:
4955:
2302:
905:(AChE)-inhibiting properties. The first industrial process was developed in 1959. However, it was not until the 1990s when full-scale synthesis was upscaled and optimized.
1528:
1141:
Galantamine in its pure form is a white powder. The atomic resolution 3D structure of the complex of galantamine and its target, acetylcholinesterase, was determined by
6140:
1595:
1498:
2386:
Mannens GS, Snel CA, Hendrickx J, Verhaeghe T, Le Jeune L, Bode W, et al. (May 2002). "The metabolism and excretion of galantamine in rats, dogs, and humans".
2665:
1550:
1493:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
3103:
209:
62:
1896:
Heinrich M, Lee Teoh H (June 2004). "Galanthamine from snowdrop--the development of a modern drug against
Alzheimer's disease from local Caucasian knowledge".
711:
2011:
6110:
5771:
3907:
2535:
3377:
1076:
901:(common snowdrop) in the Soviet Union in the 1940s. The active ingredient was extracted, identified, and studied, in particular in relation to
4829:
4742:
2271:
1362:". Galantamine was studied in the research cited in the patent application for use along with the well-recognized nerve agent antidote
4798:
3602:
1486:
5008:
3096:
1039:
925:
and
Alzheimer's disease. The first person to extract galantamine and theorize its usefulness in medicine, was the Bulgarian chemist
739:
InChI=1S/C17H21NO3/c1-18-8-7-17-6-5-12(19)9-14(17)21-16-13(20-2)4-3-11(10-18)15(16)17/h3-6,12,14,19H,7-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,14-,17-/m0/s1
731:
2298:
3387:
4997:
3882:
1090:
1520:
2563:
2038:"Efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers for patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1982:
933:(FDA) for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia. Galantamine may not be effective for treating mild cognitive impairment.
331:
194:
94:
1464:
1230:
will increase the cholinergic effects of galantamine. Inhibiting these enzymes may lead to adverse effects. It was found that
6135:
6125:
5431:
5027:
3421:
3129:
1270:
770:
3347:
2945:
Nicolson R, Craven-Thuss B, Smith J (October 2006). "A prospective, open-label trial of galantamine in autistic disorder".
1754:
4097:
2242:"Alpha Cognition Announces FDA Acceptance of New Drug Application for ALPHA-1062 for Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease"
1494:
1490:
1274:
1161:
Absorption of galantamine is rapid and complete and shows linear pharmacokinetics. It is well absorbed with absolute oral
1094:
1054:
1043:
3397:
959:
competitive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and allosteric nicotinic modulation serves as a dual mechanism of action.
6115:
6057:
4945:
4684:
3298:
3089:
2672:
1648:
930:
469:
3382:
6160:
6145:
5121:
3892:
1266:
1255:
1172:
The coadministration of food delays the rate of galantamine absorption, but does not affect the extent of absorption.
831:
577:
3392:
3081:
113:
6175:
6080:
5445:
5171:
5041:
4577:
4555:
1778:"Cholinesterase inhibitors for vascular dementia and other vascular cognitive impairments: a network meta-analysis"
1125:
in all areas of the body. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, it increases the concentration and thereby action of
3357:
3342:
3326:
1335:
1186:
Approximately 75% of a dose of galantamine is metabolised in the liver. In vitro studies have shown that hepatic
838:
3362:
6031:
5631:
4772:
4425:
4322:
4047:
1122:
1824:
Proskurnina NF, Areshknina LY. J. Chim. Gen. USSR. Chem. Abst. 1947;1948;1742(1595h):1216. No title available.
1105:
418:
1491:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
5161:
3352:
1262:
281:
150:
3014:
Tan S, Fan J (June 2023). "A systematic review of new empirical data on lucid dream induction techniques".
616:
6155:
6130:
5450:
5191:
2559:"Galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of human α4β2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors"
2004:
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842:
262:
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409:
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4816:
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1210:
or oxidation at its nitrogen atom, or demethylation and subsequent glucuronidation at its oxygen atom.
1165:
between 80 and 100%. It has a terminal elimination half-life of seven hours. Peak effect of inhibiting
5336:
2810:
Albuquerque EX, Pereira EF, Aracava Y, Fawcett WP, Oliveira M, Randall WR, et al. (August 2006).
538:
6011:
5876:
5856:
5696:
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5556:
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865:
297:
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5911:
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4601:
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3622:
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1355:
796:
593:
364:
157:
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4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
3632:
3589:
3540:
2431:"Galantamine: effect on nicotinic receptor binding, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and learning"
1877:
Mashkovsky MD, Kruglikova-Lvova RP (1951). "On the pharmacology of the new alkaloid galantamine".
1004:
A gradual titration over more than three months may enable long-term tolerability in some people.
5946:
5886:
5796:
5721:
5616:
5601:
5591:
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5000:
4418:
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4017:
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3460:
3301:
2922:
2647:
2460:
2411:
2192:"Effects of galantamine in a 2-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study in Alzheimer's disease"
2172:
2125:
1956:
124:
5931:
5241:
3575:
3475:
1153:). There is no evidence that galantamine alters the course of the underlying dementing process.
72:
5626:
5066:
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4242:
4237:
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559:
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4192:
4142:
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3972:
3772:
3067:
3031:
2996:
2962:
2914:
2851:
2812:"Effective countermeasure against poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides and nerve agents"
2777:
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2117:
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1948:
1913:
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was achieved about one hour after a single oral dose of 8 mg in some healthy volunteers.
994:
897:
816:
549:
518:
222:
52:
5473:
5416:
5381:
5356:
5261:
5086:
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3565:
1931:
Scott LJ, Goa KL (November 2000). "Galantamine: a review of its use in
Alzheimer's disease".
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5716:
5611:
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3315:
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2906:
2841:
2831:
2767:
2759:
2718:
2710:
2629:
2580:
2572:
2517:
2509:
2498:"More than Smoke and Patches: The Quest for Pharmacotherapies to Treat Tobacco Use Disorder"
2468:
2450:
2395:
2345:
2337:
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2213:
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2109:
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1940:
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633:
244:
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2557:
Kowal NM, Ahring PK, Liao WY, Indurti DC, Harvey BS, O'Connor SM, et al. (July 2018).
2268:"Alpha Cognition's Oral Therapy Zunveyl Receives FDA Approval to Treat Alzheimer's Disease"
1027:, this tertiary amine will often bond to a hydrogen, and appear mostly as an ammonium ion.
478:
6094:
5561:
4839:
4808:
4722:
4717:
4525:
3812:
3802:
3782:
3138:
3112:
1291:
1243:
1235:
1198:
1162:
1065:
981:(Zunveyl), previously known as ALPHA-1062, to treat mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.
978:
873:
826:
782:
458:
272:
252:
5463:
5455:
373:
2827:
2625:
2446:
2036:
Tricco AC, Soobiah C, Berliner S, Ho JM, Ng CH, Ashoor HM, et al. (November 2013).
1338:. The indications for use of galantamine in the patent application include poisoning by
872:
acetylcholine. This elevates and prolongs acetylcholine levels boosting acetylcholine's
620:
597:
5741:
5467:
5391:
5186:
5131:
4440:
4132:
4052:
3807:
3777:
3617:
2846:
2811:
2772:
2747:
2723:
2698:
2610:"Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with (-)-galanthamine at 2.3 A resolution"
2585:
2558:
2522:
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2191:
2062:
2037:
1802:
1777:
1699:
1674:
1359:
1320:
1213:
1083:
962:
To reduce the prevalence of negative side effects associated with galantamine, such as
926:
889:
802:
2634:
2609:
2160:
977:(NDA) for a pro-drug of galantamine called ALPHA-1062. In July 2024, The FDA approved
6104:
6021:
5851:
5821:
5761:
5711:
5706:
5596:
5566:
5512:
5341:
5156:
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4342:
4117:
4082:
3957:
3612:
3291:
3209:
3199:
2926:
2473:
2430:
2113:
1960:
1944:
1558:
List of nationally authorised medicinal products, Human
Medicines Evaluation Division
1206:
1146:
1126:
1011:
and medical disorders, requiring close assessment between the physician and patient.
861:
849:
impairments, although it has had limited success with the more advanced condition of
698:
609:
86:
2129:
1974:
5936:
5866:
5861:
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5586:
5576:
5527:
5508:
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5226:
5216:
4866:
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4182:
4087:
3992:
3817:
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3244:
3163:
3120:
2415:
2176:
1793:
1456:
1436:
1239:
177:
172:
2651:
1387:
Galantamine may have some limited use in reducing the side-effects of anesthetics
1226:
Since galantamine is metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, inhibiting either of these
3063:
2699:"Pharmacological aspects of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease"
398:
6041:
6006:
5986:
5901:
5891:
5846:
5826:
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4002:
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3455:
3224:
1742:
1424:
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1339:
942:
80:
2816:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2435:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1334:
application for the use of galantamine and/or its derivatives for treatment of
1133:
6001:
5981:
5941:
5916:
5881:
5871:
5816:
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5801:
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3607:
3584:
3550:
3515:
3500:
3465:
3440:
3294:
3189:
3184:
3158:
2748:"The case of galantamine: repurposing and late blooming of a cholinergic drug"
2341:
1909:
1690:
1404:
1231:
1227:
947:
877:
869:
663:
449:
2910:
2869:
Albuquerque, Edson X, Adler, Michael, Pereira, Edna F.R. (January 22, 2009).
2190:
Hager K, Baseman AS, Nye JS, Brashear HR, Han J, Sano M, et al. (2014).
1644:
5841:
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2958:
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1851:
1836:"Snowdrops: The heralds of spring and a modern drug for Alzheimer's disease"
1588:"Sustainable Production of the Natural Product Galanthamine (Defra), NF0612"
1331:
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66:
39:
22:
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1952:
1917:
1811:
1776:
Battle CE, Abdul-Rahim AH, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, Quinn TJ (February 2021).
1750:
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4147:
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885:
850:
811:
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774:
429:
108:
2987:
Chakalova E, Marinova M, Srebreva M, Anastasov D, Ploskov K (1987). "".
2608:
Greenblatt HM, Kryger G, Lewis T, Silman I, Sussman JL (December 1999).
2053:
438:
30:
5991:
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5551:
5522:
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3741:
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3530:
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2464:
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1327:
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777:
384:
3027:
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5581:
5401:
5211:
4187:
3977:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3535:
3309:
2666:"Ortho-McNeil Neurologics, "Razadyne ER US Product Insert", May 2006"
1308:
1304:
1191:
1187:
963:
846:
529:
315:
289:
285:
1431:, dream self-awareness and dream vividness. The enhancement of such
876:
functionality, subsequently enhancing functionality of the various
498:
5951:
4565:
4287:
4277:
4127:
4022:
3372:
1432:
1428:
1347:
1343:
1212:
1132:
1020:
998:
686:
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1323:
properties which may make it even more desirable as an antidote.
3235:
1427:
properties. Research has demonstrated its potential to increase
1316:
489:
228:
4970:
3264:
3085:
216:
103:
2100:
Farlow MR (2003). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine".
1238:
of galantamine by 40%. The CYP3A4 inhibitors ketoconazole and
880:
that acetylcholine is involved in, such as memory processing,
3717:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
1594:. The National Non-Food Crops Centre (NNFCC). Archived from
582:
4830:
4743:
3763:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
1024:
135:
4799:
1745:. StatPearls Publishing, US National Library of Medicine.
941:
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the impairment of
895:
Galantamine was isolated for the first time from bulbs of
5009:
837:
Galantamine is primarily known for its potential to slow
1521:"Razadyne- galantamine hydrobromide tablet, film coated"
892:, such as stomach bleeding, liver injury or chest pain.
203:
1395:. In one study, a control group of patients were given
756:
5432:
5028:
1201:
of galantamine. Additionally, galantamine may undergo
1178:
of galantamine is about 18%, which is relatively low.
800:(Voronov's snowdrop), and other members of the family
6078:
1019:
Galantamine's chemical structure contains a tertiary
929:
in 1959. In the United States, it is approved by the
2429:
Woodruff-Pak DS, Vogel RW, Wenk GL (February 2001).
2244:(Press release). Alpha Cognition. December 7, 2023.
5964:
5425:
5021:
5007:
4884:
4788:
4771:
4741:
4700:
4683:
4610:
3406:
3325:
3308:
3233:
3177:
3128:
2326:"Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease"
1675:"Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease"
697:
675:
662:
632:
627:
608:
576:
548:
528:
508:
488:
468:
448:
428:
417:
408:
383:
363:
322:
309:
296:
271:
261:
251:
243:
193:
188:
163:
149:
123:
93:
79:
61:
51:
46:
2947:Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
2496:Moerke MJ, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL (April 2020).
3327:
2270:(Press release). Alpha Cognition. July 29, 2024.
841:. It is used clinically for treating early-stage
351:)-5,6,9,10,11,12-Hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl-4a
6166:Drugs developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
2873:. US Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from
1560:. European Medicines Agency. November 12, 2020.
397:
864:by the inhibiting activity of an enzyme called
856:It works by increasing the amount of a type of
372:
5927:Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
4672:Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above
2871:"United States Patent Application 20090023706"
1407:and surgery. The experimental group was given
993:profile of galantamine includes potential for
6068:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
4982:
4612:
3276:
3097:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
1246:of galantamine by 30% and 12%, respectively.
8:
6063:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
4951:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
3408:
112:
21:
4956:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
4835:Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein
4748:Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
4702:
2330:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
1782:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1679:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1435:properties can facilitate the induction of
236:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
5018:
4989:
4975:
4967:
4804:Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25
4785:
4697:
3322:
3283:
3269:
3261:
3104:
3090:
3082:
619:
596:
457:
38:
29:
5014:Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2845:
2835:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2771:
2722:
2633:
2584:
2521:
2472:
2454:
2349:
2217:
2207:
2141:
2139:
2061:
2010:. US Food and Drug Administration. 2004.
1801:
1698:
477:
318:(95%, of which 32% unchanged), fecal (5%)
6141:Drugs developed by Johnson & Johnson
5557:Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1673:Birks J (January 2006). Birks JS (ed.).
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1234:, an inhibitor of CYP2D6, increased the
6085:
3908:Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate
2324:Birks J (January 2006). Birks J (ed.).
2293:
2291:
2289:
1668:
1666:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1448:
913:Galantamine, sold under the brand name
736:
716:
592:
437:
336:
85:
5437:Tooltip negative allosteric modulators
5033:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators
2940:
2938:
2936:
2196:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
2005:"Galantamine hydrobromide (trademark)"
1985:from the original on November 17, 2019
1757:from the original on December 26, 2023
1741:Kalola UK, Nguyen H (March 12, 2023).
1467:from the original on February 25, 2020
1137:Galantamine's dual mechanism of action
921:for the treatment of mild to moderate
610:
20:
4098:Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)
3348:2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
1651:from the original on October 14, 2018
1567:from the original on October 31, 2021
973:In December 2023, the FDA approved a
719:O(c2c1O4C(O)/C=C\43c1c(cc2)CN(C)CC3)C
558:
537:
517:
71:
7:
2538:from the original on October 8, 2021
1111:as a positive allosteric modulator.
564:
176:
4895:
3398:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate
2305:from the original on March 26, 2024
2274:from the original on August 4, 2024
2248:from the original on April 16, 2024
1531:from the original on April 26, 2023
1501:from the original on August 3, 2023
1315:, cardiorespiratory paralysis, and
1009:interactions with other medications
1007:Galantamine has a wide spectrum of
497:
388:
2017:from the original on July 13, 2020
1457:"Galantamine Use During Pregnancy"
1326:Research supported in part by the
830:(red spider lily). It can also be
14:
5642:Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
3332:Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase
1374:Galantamine given in addition to
1217:Metabolic pathways of galantamine
1114:Galantamine also works as a weak
1040:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
6088:
4998:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
4392:Fasciculins (green mamba toxins)
3883:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
2114:10.2165/00003088-200342150-00005
1945:10.2165/00003495-200060050-00008
888:. Galantamine may cause serious
650:
644:
6111:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
6022:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
5347:Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
5342:Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
4323:Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
4048:Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP)
3210:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
2564:British Journal of Pharmacology
2388:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
1551:"Active substance: galantamine"
1091:nicotinic cholinergic receptors
744:Key:ASUTZQLVASHGKV-JDFRZJQESA-N
3393:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
1794:10.1002/14651858.CD013306.pub2
1342:"including but not limited to
780:from the bulbs and flowers of
771:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
653:
638:
1:
6058:Receptor/signaling modulators
5712:Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
4946:Receptor/signaling modulators
4718:Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)
4617:Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase
2899:Journal of Psychopharmacology
2635:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01637-3
2161:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08267-3
1647:. Drugs.com. August 8, 2023.
1423:Galantamine is known to have
1275:Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
703:126.5 °C (259.7 °F)
212:(Other controlled substances)
3413:Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase
3064:10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.012
1898:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
931:Food and Drug Administration
5792:Methorphan (racemethorphan)
5122:Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
4707:Tooltip Choline transporter
4653:Profenamine (ethopropazine)
3893:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
3358:4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
3343:1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
3052:Consciousness and Cognition
1497:(published April 4, 2023).
1267:Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical
1256:Galantamine total synthesis
1075:, and chicken/mouse nAChRs
6192:
5172:Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
4556:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
3363:Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
2989:Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia
2746:Mucke HA (November 2015).
2282:– via Business Wire.
2256:– via Business Wire.
1253:
628:Chemical and physical data
355:-benzofuro benzazepin-6-ol
6050:
4938:
3016:Journal of Sleep Research
2342:10.1002/14651858.CD005593
2102:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
1910:10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.012
1691:10.1002/14651858.CD005593
1336:organophosphate poisoning
1286:Organophosphate poisoning
752:
727:
707:
327:
37:
28:
6032:Phosphatidylethanolamine
4426:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
2911:10.1177/0269881113508830
2697:Kim JK, Park SU (2017).
1879:Farmakologia Toxicologia
1250:Extraction and synthesis
1123:cholinesterase inhibitor
1030:Galantamine is a potent
5812:Morphanol (racemorphan)
5752:Laudexium (laudolissin)
5162:Desformylflustrabromine
3603:+glycopyrronium bromide
2959:10.1089/cap.2006.16.621
2837:10.1073/pnas.0605370103
2502:Pharmacological Reviews
1592:NNFCC Project Factsheet
1495:Diário Oficial da União
936:
16:Neurological medication
3353:3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
3058:. Elsevier BV: 74–88.
2715:10.17179/excli2016-820
2456:10.1073/pnas.031584398
1840:Pharmaceutical Journal
1218:
1176:Plasma protein binding
1138:
832:produced synthetically
6136:Janssen Pharmaceutica
6126:Benzofuranethanamines
6017:Glycerophosphocholine
2514:10.1124/pr.119.018028
2301:. Mayo Clinic. 2024.
1527:. November 11, 2010.
1463:. February 18, 2019.
1216:
1143:X-ray crystallography
1136:
6012:Dimethylethanolamine
5877:Rapacuronium bromide
5857:Pipecuronium bromide
5697:Gantacurium chloride
5657:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
5242:MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
5192:Ethoxysebacylcholine
4914:Atracotoxins (e.g.,
4541:Tetrahydrocannabinol
3888:Diisopropylphosphate
2678:on December 22, 2009
2400:10.1124/dmd.30.5.553
1167:acetylcholinesterase
975:New Drug Application
903:acetylcholinesterase
866:acetylcholinesterase
788:Galanthus caucasicus
6116:Antidementia agents
6027:Phosphatidylcholine
5912:Threohydrobupropion
5897:Stercuronium iodide
5832:Pancuronium bromide
4900:Tooltip Latrophilin
4602:Trimedoxime bromide
4531:Stercuronium iodide
4348:Tricresyl phosphate
3823:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
2828:2006PNAS..10313220A
2626:1999FEBSL.463..321G
2447:2001PNAS...98.2089W
2054:10.1503/cmaj.130451
1858:on October 23, 2018
1834:Heinrich M (2004).
1145:in 1999 (PDB code:
937:Alzheimer's disease
843:Alzheimer's disease
797:Galanthus woronowii
786:(common snowdrop),
25:
6161:Secondary alcohols
6146:Nicotinic agonists
5947:Vecuronium bromide
5887:Rocuronium bromide
5797:Methyllycaconitine
5722:Hydroxynorketamine
5617:Dextropropoxyphene
5602:Dehydronorketamine
5592:Dacuronium bromide
4419:Onchidella binneyi
3761:Organophosphates:
2209:10.2147/NDT.S57909
1598:on March 14, 2012.
1489:(March 31, 2023).
1219:
1139:
6176:Methoxy compounds
6076:
6075:
6037:Phosphorylcholine
5975:
5960:
5959:
5757:Levacetylmethadol
5637:Dihydrochandonium
5517:sodium thiopental
5187:Ethanol (alcohol)
4964:
4963:
4934:
4933:
4782:
4767:
4766:
4694:
4679:
4678:
4318:Tetrachlorvinphos
4193:Pirimiphos-methyl
4143:Oxydemeton-methyl
4093:Methyl phenkapton
3319:
3258:
3257:
3178:Other medications
3119:agents (ATC code
3028:10.1111/jsr.13786
2764:10.4155/fso.15.73
2752:Future Science OA
2577:10.1111/bph.14329
2571:(14): 2911–2925.
2155:(9314): 1283–90.
1222:Drug interactions
995:allergic reaction
923:vascular dementia
917:among others, is
898:Galanthus nivalis
839:cognitive decline
820:(snowflake), and
817:Leucojum aestivum
783:Galanthus nivalis
764:
763:
688:Interactive image
578:CompTox Dashboard
232:
220:
207:
139:
106:
6183:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6084:
5969:
5907:Thiocolchicoside
5717:Hydroxybupropion
5612:Dextromethorphan
5484:Allopregnanolone
5438:
5434:
5337:Suberyldicholine
5047:6-Chloronicotine
5034:
5030:
5019:
5015:
5011:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4968:
4901:
4897:
4836:
4832:
4805:
4801:
4786:
4776:
4749:
4745:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4688:
4618:
4614:
4582:Asoxime chloride
4158:Parathion-methyl
3858:Demeton-S-methyl
3414:
3410:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3313:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3113:Psychoanaleptics
3106:
3099:
3092:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2991:(in Bulgarian).
2984:
2971:
2970:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:on July 13, 2020
2866:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2839:
2807:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2671:. Archived from
2670:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2525:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2383:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2097:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2048:(16): 1393–401.
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1939:(5): 1095–1122.
1928:
1922:
1921:
1904:(2–3): 147–162.
1893:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:. Archived from
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1738:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1600:
1599:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1453:
1299:, restlessness,
1292:organophosphates
1290:The toxicity of
1157:Pharmacokinetics
858:neurotransmitter
760:
759:
690:
670:
655:
652:
646:
640:
623:
612:
601:
600:
586:
584:
568:
562:
541:
521:
501:
481:
461:
441:
421:
401:
391:
390:
376:
301:
230:
227:
218:
215:
205:
202:
180:
137:
134:
116:
105:
102:
89:
75:
57:Razadyne, others
42:
33:
26:
24:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6079:
6077:
6072:
6046:
5968:
5956:
5562:Chlorisondamine
5436:
5429:
5421:
5032:
5025:
5013:
5003:
4995:
4965:
4960:
4930:
4899:
4880:
4840:Botulinum toxin
4834:
4809:Botulinum toxin
4803:
4775:
4763:
4747:
4737:
4723:Triethylcholine
4706:
4687:
4675:
4616:
4606:
4526:Rosmarinic acid
4293:Sulfotep (TEDP)
3963:Ethylsarin (GE)
3843:Cyclosarin (GF)
3813:Chlorfenvinphos
3803:Carbophenothion
3783:Azinphos-methyl
3412:
3402:
3368:Acryloylcholine
3331:
3312:
3304:
3289:
3259:
3254:
3229:
3173:
3139:Benzgalantamine
3124:
3110:
3080:
3079:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2944:
2943:
2934:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2822:(35): 13220–5.
2809:
2808:
2789:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2385:
2384:
2367:
2336:(1): CD005593.
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2108:(15): 1383–92.
2099:
2098:
2079:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1846:(7330): 905–6.
1833:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1788:(2): CD013306.
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1740:
1739:
1716:
1685:(1): CD005593.
1672:
1671:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1603:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1421:
1385:
1372:
1360:Novichok agents
1288:
1283:
1258:
1252:
1244:bioavailability
1236:bioavailability
1224:
1199:glucuronidation
1184:
1163:bioavailability
1159:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1023:. At a neutral
1017:
987:
979:benzgalantamine
939:
911:
890:adverse effects
874:neuromodulatory
827:Lycoris radiata
755:
753:
748:
745:
740:
735:
734:
723:
720:
715:
714:
693:
668:
658:
649:
643:
604:
580:
572:
544:
524:
504:
484:
464:
444:
424:
404:
387:
379:
359:
356:
335:
334:
299:
263:Protein binding
253:Bioavailability
245:Pharmacokinetic
239:
184:
152:
145:
126:
119:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6189:
6187:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5742:Kynurenic acid
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5536:κ-bungarotoxin
5532:α-bungarotoxin
5525:
5520:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5470:, many others)
5460:α-bungarotoxin
5453:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5392:Tribendimidine
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5317:Sebacylcholine
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5132:Butyrylcholine
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5016:
5005:
5004:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4908:
4907:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4875:γ-bungarotoxin
4871:β-bungarotoxin
4860:
4859:
4825:
4824:
4794:
4792:
4783:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4752:
4750:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4711:
4709:
4695:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4621:
4619:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4411:
4389:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4133:Novichok agent
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Isofluorophate
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Chlorethoxyfos
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Azinphos-ethyl
3775:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:Pyridostigmine
3615:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3417:
3415:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3320:
3306:
3305:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3130:AChE inhibitor
3126:
3125:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3041:
3006:
2972:
2932:
2888:
2861:
2787:
2738:
2689:
2657:
2600:
2549:
2508:(2): 527–557.
2488:
2441:(4): 2089–94.
2421:
2365:
2316:
2285:
2259:
2233:
2182:
2135:
2077:
2028:
1996:
1966:
1923:
1888:
1869:
1826:
1817:
1768:
1714:
1662:
1601:
1578:
1542:
1512:
1478:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1420:
1417:
1403:and underwent
1384:
1381:
1371:
1368:
1321:anticonvulsant
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1254:Main article:
1251:
1248:
1242:increased the
1223:
1220:
1183:
1180:
1158:
1155:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1016:
1013:
991:adverse effect
986:
983:
938:
935:
927:Dimitar Paskov
910:
907:
803:Amaryllidaceae
762:
761:
750:
749:
747:
746:
743:
741:
738:
730:
729:
728:
725:
724:
722:
721:
718:
710:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
683:
681:
673:
672:
666:
660:
659:
656:
647:
641:
636:
630:
629:
625:
624:
614:
606:
605:
603:
602:
589:
587:
574:
573:
571:
570:
554:
552:
546:
545:
543:
542:
534:
532:
526:
525:
523:
522:
514:
512:
506:
505:
503:
502:
494:
492:
486:
485:
483:
482:
474:
472:
466:
465:
463:
462:
454:
452:
446:
445:
443:
442:
434:
432:
426:
425:
423:
422:
414:
412:
406:
405:
403:
402:
394:
392:
381:
380:
378:
377:
369:
367:
361:
360:
358:
357:
338:
330:
329:
328:
325:
324:
320:
319:
313:
307:
306:
303:
294:
293:
275:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
249:
248:
241:
240:
238:
237:
234:
225:
213:
199:
197:
191:
190:
186:
185:
183:
182:
169:
167:
161:
160:
155:
153:administration
147:
146:
144:
143:
141:
131:
129:
121:
120:
118:
117:
99:
97:
91:
90:
83:
77:
76:
69:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6188:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6156:Phenol ethers
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Dibenzofurans
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6096:
6086:
6082:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5963:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5852:Phencyclidine
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:Nitrous oxide
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Levomethadone
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Hexafluronium
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Decamethonium
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:Cisatracurium
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5528:Bungarotoxins
5526:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5513:pentobarbital
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5456:α-Neurotoxins
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5435:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:Decamethonium
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Acetylcholine
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4867:Bungarotoxins
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:inactivators:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:inactivators:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4671:
4669:
4668:ZINC-12613047
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Lactucopicrin
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Trichloronate
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Monocrotophos
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Methamidophos
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Echothiophate
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:Irreversible:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Quilostigmine
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Physostigmine
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:; Stigmines:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Chloropropham
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:Acetylcholine
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:Experimental
3232:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Ginkgo folium
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:(3): e13786.
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2905:(7): 677–85.
2904:
2900:
2892:
2889:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:EXCLI Journal
2700:
2693:
2690:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:(5): 553–63.
2393:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2299:"Galantamine"
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:"Galantamine"
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:"Galantamine"
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1650:
1646:
1645:"Galantamine"
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:Theodorou M.
1582:
1579:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:has led to a
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:demethylation
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:acetylcholine
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1063:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1034:potentiating
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
960:
957:
953:
949:
944:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
906:
904:
900:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:breaking down
867:
863:
862:acetylcholine
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
828:
823:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
776:
772:
769:is a type of
768:
758:
751:
742:
737:
733:
726:
717:
713:
706:
702:
700:
699:Melting point
696:
689:
685:
684:
682:
679:
674:
667:
665:
661:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
615:
613:
611:ECHA InfoCard
607:
599:
595:
594:DTXSID2045606
591:
590:
588:
579:
575:
567:
566:RCSB PDB
561:
556:
555:
553:
551:
547:
540:
536:
535:
533:
531:
527:
520:
516:
515:
513:
511:
507:
500:
496:
495:
493:
491:
487:
480:
476:
475:
473:
471:
467:
460:
456:
455:
453:
451:
447:
440:
436:
435:
433:
431:
427:
420:
416:
415:
413:
411:
407:
400:
396:
395:
393:
386:
382:
375:
371:
370:
368:
366:
362:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
333:
326:
321:
317:
314:
312:
308:
304:
302:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:
233: Rx-only
226:
224:
214:
211:
201:
200:
198:
196:
192:
187:
179:
174:
171:
170:
168:
166:
162:
159:
156:
154:
148:
142:
133:
132:
130:
128:
122:
115:
110:
101:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
6171:Benzazepanes
6121:Benzazepines
5937:Tubocurarine
5867:Promegestone
5862:Progesterone
5777:Mecamylamine
5587:Cyclopropane
5577:Coronaridine
5509:Barbiturates
5494:Anatruxonium
5464:α-cobratoxin
5307:Sazetidine A
5227:JNJ-39393406
5217:Ispronicline
5206:
4911:
4905:α-Latrotoxin
4893:
4863:
4828:
4797:
4755:
4729:
4714:
4658:Rivastigmine
4624:
4578:Reactivators
4551:Ungiminorine
4506:Kobophenol A
4471:Coronaridine
4461:Bulbocapnine
4456:Arisugacin A
4432:
4417:
4303:Tebupirimfos
4183:Phosphamidon
4088:Methidathion
3993:Fenitrothion
3818:Chlorpyrifos
3758:
3671:
3633:Terestigmine
3628:Rivastigmine
3590:Eptastigmine
3541:Phenmedipham
3511:Formparanate
3496:Ethiofencarb
3429:Carbamates:
3426:
3420:
3339:
3250:Verubecestat
3245:Lanabecestat
3164:Rivastigmine
3153:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3019:
3015:
3009:
2995:(3): 28–31.
2992:
2988:
2953:(5): 621–9.
2950:
2946:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2864:
2819:
2815:
2758:(4): FSO73.
2755:
2751:
2741:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2682:December 21,
2680:. Retrieved
2673:the original
2660:
2620:(3): 321–6.
2617:
2614:FEBS Letters
2613:
2603:
2568:
2562:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2505:
2501:
2491:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2391:
2387:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2276:. Retrieved
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2236:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2152:
2148:
2105:
2101:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2021:December 17,
2019:. Retrieved
1999:
1989:November 17,
1987:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1843:
1839:
1829:
1820:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1682:
1678:
1653:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1591:
1581:
1571:December 19,
1569:. Retrieved
1557:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1481:
1471:February 24,
1469:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1437:lucid dreams
1429:dream recall
1422:
1386:
1373:
1340:nerve agents
1325:
1289:
1259:
1240:erythromycin
1225:
1196:
1185:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1140:
1113:
1029:
1018:
1015:Pharmacology
1006:
1003:
997:, including
988:
985:Side effects
972:
961:
940:
914:
912:
909:Medical uses
896:
894:
855:
836:
825:
821:
815:
807:
801:
795:
787:
781:
766:
765:
754:
352:
348:
344:
340:
298:Elimination
195:Legal status
189:Legal status
95:License data
18:
6042:Pirisudanol
6007:Cyprodenate
5987:Adafenoxate
5902:Surugatoxin
5892:Sevoflurane
5847:Pentolinium
5827:Norketamine
5747:Laudanosine
5677:Erythravine
5667:Encenicline
5652:Dipyrandium
5622:Dextrorphan
5468:α-conotoxin
5427:Antagonists
5412:WAY-317,538
5407:Varenicline
5397:Tropisetron
5387:Tebanicline
5332:SSR-180,711
5297:Rivanicline
5287:Pozanicline
5282:PNU-282,987
5277:PNU-120,596
5272:PHA-709,829
5267:PHA-543,613
5207:Galantamine
5182:Epiboxidine
5177:Epibatidine
5097:Altinicline
4756:Inhibitors:
4733:Coluracetam
4715:Inhibitors:
4685:Transporter
4625:Inhibitors:
4597:Pralidoxime
4491:Cyclanoline
4441:α-Viniferin
4338:Trichlorfon
4103:Metrifonate
4018:Fosthiazate
4003:Fluorotabun
3878:Dicrotophos
3833:Crotylsarin
3677:Huperzine A
3672:Galantamine
3667:Edrophonium
3600:Neostigmine
3595:Ganstigmine
3561:Propamocarb
3506:Formetanate
3491:Ethienocarb
3471:Carbosulfan
3461:Carbetamide
3456:Carbendazim
3427:Reversible:
3340:Inhibitors:
3225:Nicergoline
3154:Galantamine
3132:medications
3123:and others)
2542:October 24,
2202:: 391–401.
1425:oneirogenic
1376:risperidone
1151:see complex
1116:competitive
943:cholinergic
790:(Caucasian
773:. It is an
767:Galantamine
671: g·mol
617:100.118.289
519:CHEBI:42944
323:Identifiers
81:MedlinePlus
53:Trade names
23:Galantamine
6151:Nootropics
6105:Categories
6002:Citicoline
5982:Acetyl-coA
5966:Precursors
5942:Vanoxerine
5932:Tropeinium
5917:Toxiferine
5882:Reboxetine
5872:Radafaxine
5817:Neramexane
5807:Mivacurium
5802:Metocurine
5767:Malouetine
5732:Isoflurane
5687:Fazadinium
5682:Esketamine
5662:Doxacurium
5647:Dioscorine
5607:Desflurane
5572:Coclaurine
5504:Atracurium
5489:Amantadine
5479:Alcuronium
5232:Levamisole
5222:Ivermectin
5167:Dianicline
5127:Butinoline
5112:Anatoxin-a
5001:modulators
4920:versutoxin
4916:robustoxin
4790:Inhibitors
4779:modulators
4730:Enhancers:
4691:modulators
4648:Ladostigil
4638:Conodurine
4633:Affinisine
4546:Ungeremine
4521:Phosacetim
4481:Corynoline
4476:Corydaline
4466:Conodurine
4451:Affinisine
4387:Demecarium
4385:; Others:
4298:Tabun (GA)
4288:Soman (GD)
4278:Sarin (GB)
4198:Profenofos
4058:Isoxathion
4043:Guanitoxin
4013:Formothion
3988:Fenamiphos
3918:Disulfoton
3913:Dioxathion
3903:Dimethoate
3873:Dichlorvos
3707:Ladostigil
3697:Ipidacrine
3642:Ambenonium
3637:Acotiamide
3635:; Others:
3608:Phenserine
3585:Distigmine
3576:Thiodicarb
3551:Pirimicarb
3516:Methiocarb
3501:Fenobucarb
3476:Chlorbufam
3466:Carbofuran
3441:Bendiocarb
3422:Inhibitors
3316:modulators
3302:modulators
3295:metabolism
3238:inhibitors
3219:+donepezil
3190:Bifemelane
3185:Aducanumab
3159:Ipidacrine
3148:+memantine
1505:August 16,
1443:References
1405:anesthesia
1383:Anesthesia
1232:paroxetine
1228:isoenzymes
1182:Metabolism
1120:reversible
1032:allosteric
952:allosteric
948:hydrolyzes
878:cognitions
868:known for
824:including
806:, such as
676:3D model (
664:Molar mass
550:PDB ligand
479:0D3Q044KCA
450:ChemSpider
410:IUPHAR/BPS
365:CAS Number
332:IUPAC name
280:partially
273:Metabolism
5842:Pentamine
5837:Pempidine
5787:Methadone
5782:Memantine
5702:Halothane
5692:Gallamine
5672:Enflurane
5627:Diadonium
5542:Bupropion
5327:SIB-1553A
5322:SIB-1508Y
5312:SB-206553
5137:Carbachol
5117:AR-R17779
5107:Anatabine
5102:Anabasine
5067:A-867,744
5062:A-582,941
5057:A-366,833
4902:agonists:
4886:Enhancers
4759:Vesamicol
4643:Cymserine
4592:Obidoxime
4587:Methoxime
4501:Harmaline
4496:Cymserine
4486:Crimidine
4433:Unsorted:
4328:Triazofos
4268:Ro 3-0433
4263:Ro 3-0422
4258:Ro 3-0419
4253:Ro 3-0417
4248:Ro 3-0412
4243:Ro 3-0411
4238:Ro 3-0397
4233:Ro 3-0352
4228:Ro 3-0351
4223:Ro 3-0347
4218:Ro 3-0346
4213:Ro 3-0340
4203:Prothoate
4173:Phosfolan
4168:Phosalone
4153:Parathion
4138:Omethoate
4108:Mevinphos
4073:Malathion
4063:Leptophos
3968:Endothion
3848:Demephion
3838:Cyanophos
3828:Coumaphos
3798:Cadusafos
3793:Bensulide
3788:BAY-29952
3752:Zanapezil
3712:Minaprine
3692:Huprine Y
3687:Huprine X
3682:Huprine W
3652:Donepezil
3581:Thiofanox
3556:Promecarb
3546:Pinmicarb
3526:Metolcarb
3486:Dimetilan
3446:Bufencarb
3436:Aminocarb
3388:CM-54,903
3299:transport
3215:Memantine
3205:Lecanemab
3195:Donanemab
3144:Donepezil
2927:206491732
2709:: 35–39.
2309:March 26,
2278:August 4,
2252:August 5,
1961:250305879
1761:March 26,
1655:March 26,
1535:August 5,
1461:Drugs.com
1419:Oneirogen
1332:US patent
1301:confusion
1203:oxidation
1042:(nAChRs)
1038:of human
956:nicotinic
954:sites of
919:indicated
882:reasoning
808:Narcissus
778:extracted
539:ChEMBL659
311:Excretion
300:half-life
292:substrate
151:Routes of
125:Pregnancy
73:Monograph
67:Drugs.com
6095:Medicine
6054:See also
5996:lecithin
5972:prodrugs
5922:Tramadol
5772:ME-18-MC
5737:Ketamine
5727:Ibogaine
5547:BW284C51
5302:RJR-2429
5292:Pyrantel
5252:Nicotine
5247:Morantel
5237:Lobeline
5202:EVP-6124
5197:EVP-4473
5152:Cytisine
5147:Cotinine
5052:A-84,543
5023:Agonists
4942:See also
4926:Crotoxin
4628:Affinine
4561:BW284C51
4516:Lycorine
4446:Affinine
4436:α-Pinene
4414:Onchidal
4333:Tribufos
4313:Terbufos
4283:Schradan
4148:Paraoxon
4068:Malaoxon
3998:Fenthion
3983:Ethoprop
3868:Diazinon
3863:Dialifor
3768:Acephate
3702:Itopride
3647:Caffeine
3571:Propoxur
3521:Methomyl
3451:Carbaryl
3431:Aldicarb
3117:dementia
3072:29960246
3036:36408823
2967:17069550
2919:24132248
2856:16914529
2782:28031923
2733:28337117
2644:10606746
2595:29669164
2536:Archived
2532:32205338
2483:11172080
2408:11950787
2360:16437532
2303:Archived
2272:Archived
2246:Archived
2228:24591834
2169:11965273
2130:36855768
2122:14674789
2072:24043661
2012:Archived
1983:Archived
1979:alzforum
1953:11129124
1918:15137996
1885:: 27–30.
1862:July 30,
1852:98892008
1812:33704781
1755:Archived
1751:34662060
1709:16437532
1649:Archived
1562:Archived
1529:Archived
1525:DailyMed
1499:Archived
1465:Archived
1413:diazepam
1409:ketamine
1401:diazepam
1397:ketamine
1393:diazepam
1389:ketamine
1364:atropine
1313:seizures
1281:Research
968:vomiting
915:Razadyne
886:thinking
851:dementia
812:daffodil
792:snowdrop
775:alkaloid
757:(verify)
430:DrugBank
374:357-70-0
210:Class C1
165:ATC code
158:By mouth
140: B1
127:category
114:Razadyne
109:DailyMed
5992:Choline
5552:BW-A444
5530:(e.g.,
5523:BNC-210
5511:(e.g.,
5474:ABT-126
5458:(e.g.,
5417:XY-4083
5382:TC-6683
5377:TC-5619
5372:TC-5214
5367:TC-2216
5362:TC-1827
5357:TC-1734
5352:TC-1698
5262:NS-1738
5256:tobacco
5142:Choline
5087:ABT-894
5082:ABT-560
5077:ABT-418
5072:ABT-202
4912:Others:
4864:Others:
4800:SNAP-25
4773:Release
4663:Tacrine
4571:3152 CT
4536:Taspine
4308:Temefos
4208:R-16661
4178:Phosmet
4163:Phorate
4113:Mipafox
4078:Mazidox
4008:Fonofos
3953:EA-4352
3948:EA-3148
3943:EA-2613
3938:EA-2192
3933:EA-2098
3928:EA-2054
3923:EA-2012
3898:Dimefox
3853:Demeton
3747:Tacrine
3742:TL-1238
3662:EA-4056
3657:EA-3990
3566:Propham
3531:Miotine
3169:Tacrine
3115:: Anti-
3001:3631427
2881:May 27,
2847:1550772
2824:Bibcode
2773:5137937
2724:5318685
2622:Bibcode
2586:6016680
2523:7090325
2465:3055005
2443:Bibcode
2416:6795456
2351:9006343
2219:3937252
2177:1172847
2063:3826344
1803:8407366
1700:9006343
1328:US Army
1309:tremors
1297:anxiety
1263:Janssen
822:Lycoris
669:287.359
634:Formula
439:DB00674
385:PubChem
305:7 hours
257:80–100%
181:)
175: (
173:N06DA04
111::
87:a699058
6081:Portal
5582:Curare
5499:AQW051
5446:18-MAC
5402:UB-165
5212:GTS-21
5042:5-HIAA
5010:nAChRs
4273:Ronnel
4188:Phoxim
3978:Ethion
3773:Armine
3737:TL-599
3732:T-1194
3727:T-1152
3722:T-1123
3536:Oxamyl
3310:Enzyme
3070:
3034:
2999:
2965:
2925:
2917:
2854:
2844:
2780:
2770:
2731:
2721:
2652:573270
2650:
2642:
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2583:
2530:
2520:
2481:
2471:
2463:
2414:
2406:
2358:
2348:
2226:
2216:
2175:
2167:
2149:Lancet
2128:
2120:
2070:
2060:
1959:
1951:
1916:
1850:
1810:
1800:
1749:
1707:
1697:
1487:Anvisa
1370:Autism
1358:, and
1350:, and
1305:ataxia
1273:, and
1192:CYP3A4
1188:CYP2D6
1064:, and
1036:ligand
964:nausea
884:, and
860:named
847:memory
712:SMILES
530:ChEMBL
499:D04292
316:Kidney
286:CYP2D6
282:CYP450
223:℞-only
221:
208:
107:
5970:(and
5952:Xenon
5451:18-MC
5430:(and
5026:(and
4744:VAChT
4566:TMTFA
4128:Naled
4033:GT-45
4023:GD-42
3373:AF64A
2923:S2CID
2676:(PDF)
2669:(PDF)
2648:S2CID
2474:29386
2461:JSTOR
2412:S2CID
2173:S2CID
2126:S2CID
2015:(PDF)
2008:(PDF)
1957:S2CID
1933:Drugs
1565:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1433:dream
1356:tabun
1348:sarin
1344:soman
1271:Shire
1021:amine
999:hives
732:InChI
678:JSmol
557:GNT (
510:ChEBI
278:Liver
5632:DHβE
5433:NAMs
5029:PAMs
4896:LPHN
4831:VAMP
4613:BChE
4123:MSPI
3409:AChE
3383:BETA
3378:B115
3328:ChAT
3297:and
3236:BACE
3121:N06D
3068:PMID
3032:PMID
2997:PMID
2963:PMID
2915:PMID
2883:2016
2852:PMID
2778:PMID
2729:PMID
2684:2009
2640:PMID
2591:PMID
2544:2020
2528:PMID
2479:PMID
2404:PMID
2356:PMID
2334:2016
2311:2024
2280:2024
2254:2024
2224:PMID
2165:PMID
2118:PMID
2068:PMID
2042:CMAJ
2023:2017
1991:2019
1949:PMID
1914:PMID
1864:2015
1848:OCLC
1808:PMID
1786:2021
1763:2024
1747:PMID
1705:PMID
1683:2016
1657:2024
1573:2020
1537:2024
1507:2023
1473:2020
1399:and
1391:and
1317:coma
1190:and
1147:1DX6
1118:and
1084:5-HT
989:The
966:and
845:and
560:PDBe
490:KEGG
470:UNII
459:9272
419:6693
399:9651
247:data
63:AHFS
4703:CHT
3973:EPN
3060:doi
3024:doi
2955:doi
2907:doi
2842:PMC
2832:doi
2820:103
2768:PMC
2760:doi
2719:PMC
2711:doi
2630:doi
2618:463
2581:PMC
2573:doi
2569:175
2518:PMC
2510:doi
2469:PMC
2451:doi
2396:doi
2346:PMC
2338:doi
2214:PMC
2204:doi
2157:doi
2153:359
2110:doi
2058:PMC
2050:doi
2046:185
1941:doi
1906:doi
1844:273
1798:PMC
1790:doi
1695:PMC
1687:doi
1205:or
1104:or
814:),
794:),
583:EPA
389:CID
347:,8a
339:(4a
290:3A4
267:18%
178:WHO
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